Portfolio_V3 by xitzc03

P T L

O F I

R O O TIANZE XIN

Contents 1

A MOMENT OF COMMUNICATION

Part 6: Floor Plan of the Project

Part 7: Axonometric Drawing of the Project

3-4

Part 8: Enlarged Elevations & Sections

Part 2: Site Analysis of Kelowna & West Kelowna

Part 9: Exterior & Interior Renderings

Part 3: New “Hand Planning” in Kelowna

2017 Winter Term Studio Project (Individual Work)

Part 1: The Introduction of Okanagan Valley

Part 4: Design Concept & Details Part 4: Rendering

semester-long

7-8 9

INDETERMINED SPACES 2017 Fall Term Studio Project (Team Work)

semester-long

Part 1: Introduction of the Site

10 L

Part 2: Exploring the History of the Quarry.

10 R

Part 3: The Study of Human Behavior

11 L

Part 4: Design Concepts & Details & Renderings

11 R-13

THROUGHLINES & SONGLINES 2016 Fall Term Studio Project; (Individual Work)

semester-long

Part 1: Introduction of Bakken Region

Part 2: Rational Analysis of Bakken Region

Part 3: Perceptual Analysis of Bakken Region

Part 4: Analysis of New Town

Part 5: Site Analysis

EMERGENCE 2014 Fall Term Studio Project (Individual Work)

three weeks

Part 1: Site Analysis & Design Flows

Part 2: Floor Plans & Elevations & Sections

Part 3: Exterior & Interior Renderings

INVERVENED THE FUTURE 2015 Winter Term Studio Project (Individual Work)

three weeks

Part 1: Site Analysis

Part 2: Design Flows

Part 3: Floor Plans & Elevations & Sections

Part 4: Exterior & Interior Renderings

Reference

A MOMENT OF COMMUNICATION A DIALOG BETWEEN LANDSCAPES

City of Kelowna & West Kelowna

1953

No 97 High Way

1987

Shannon Lake Golf Course

1991

Residential Area

The studio project focused on the landscape change in the Okanagan Valley. We begin with a series of investigations, starting at the large scale, then gradually concentrate on specific locations.

“Coding” the ecologies of the region. In part 1 of the project, I am developing the interpretation of the region through the investigation of maps, revealing more than what is existing, but the regional variation process and natures of change.

Basic introduction of The Okanagan Valley The Okanagan Valley is roughly 200 km long and 20 km wide. It lies between the Columbia and Cascade mountain ranges in south-central British Columbia. Its landscape of low hills and oblong lakes was formed by glacial activity during the Pleistocene epoch, the final retreat of the ice between 11,000 and 9,000 years ago.2 The history of The Okanagan Lake The glaciers left large deposits of gravel, silt, and sand on the bottom and sides of the valley. These sediments were eroded by water and wind, resulting in large alluvial fans (i.e., triangle-shaped deposits of sediment) and deltas such as those on which the cities of Vernon, Kelowna, and Penticton partly stand; these sediments are now used for agriculture. The valley includes several lakes, all of which were once part of a large glacial lake. The largest of these lakes is Okanagan Lake. From east to west are Swan, Kalamalka, and Wood lakes, and to the south lie Skaha, Vaseux, and Osoyoos lakes. The whole system drains south through the Okanagan River into the Columbia River.3 Wetland 84% of low elevation wetlands in the Okanagan and lower Similkameen valleys were lost between 1800 and 2003. A second study of low elevation wetlands in the Okanagan Basin indicates a 38% loss of wetlands between 1988 and 2010.4

19 17

1992

Residential Area

3 13

2011

Residential Area

2013

Residential Area

C Okanagan Lake

Lake enlarging due to diastrophism

Main traffic routes

Wet land region in 1800

Wet land region in 2007

The grassland before construction

The forest region before construction

Lake expansion area from 18222016

Lake contraction area from 18222016

Lake size & shoreline The reasons for lake contraction are artificial construction and precipitation. The structure includes bridges, houses, farmland, and illegal docks. Since the nineties, annual rates of precipitation have decreased by100 mm. In addition, a comprehensive report about the lake’s shoreline was completed in

2013 by the government, and the results are alarming. The report reveals that 57% of the shoreline has been developed to various degrees; only 43% of the shoreline has been untouched. Carolina RestrepoTamayo of the Okanagan Collaborative Conservation Program says there has been a rate of change of up to 2%

every year. Anna Warwick Sears from Okanagan Basin Water Board says if this rate of change continues, almost all the shorelines of Okanagan Lake will be lost within one generation. Due to the lake expansion area being the edge of the detachment zone, the detachment fault pushes the lake larger and shallower.1

University of Manitoba I Environmental Design Program I 2017 Winter Term I Studio Project

City of Vernon

No 6 High Way

1953

No 97 High Way

1990

Residential Area

1991

Residential Area

Swan Lake Swan Lake

28 24

City of Penticton

1953

No 97 High Way

1983

Green Wood Forest Product

1984

Residential Area

2011

Residential Area

1992

1941

1998

Residential Area

26 2004

Residential Area

Kalamalka Lake

2005

Residential Area

2006

Residential Area

2012

Residential Area

Kalamalka Lake

The sparse vegetation region before construction

Main traffic routes

Wet land region in 1800

Wet land region in 2007

The grassland before construction

The forest region before construction

Lake expansion from 1822-2016

The riparian region before construction

Wet land region in 1800

Wet land region in 2007

The forest region before construction

Lake expansion area from 18222016

Forest ecosystem

Grassland ecosystem Grasslands commonly occur on sites that are amenable to development (both for agriculture and housing). The grassland area shown on the map had already been lost for urban development. Grasslands

Main traffic routes

are recognized as one of British Columbia’s most threatened ecosystems. Only 8% of the grasslands in the province are protected. About 1/3 of B.C.’s threatened and endangered species are reliant on grasslands.

Grasslands have many important traditional use plants for First Nation peoples. Therefore, the destruction of grasslands will influence the culture of First Nation peoples.5

A forest plays a significant role in maintaining and improving water quality. Thus it is an essential regulator of hydrological processes, especially groundwater hydrology and local evaporation and rainfall/snowfall patterns.

A reduction in forests is terrible for tackling climate change and extreme weather. Perhaps, more importantly, duff layer and leaf litter can form a significant repository of water storage. When this litter is removed or compacted, erosion and

flooding exacerbated and deprivation of dry season water for forest organisms. And the destruction of forests will increase the risk of wildfire. Forest fires become more frequent after 2000.6

Temporal Ecologies: “A Sense of Place: A Sense of time.” In part 2 of the project, I choose the cities of Kelowna and West Kelowna to keep more profound research because they are the most potential cities. I carefully examine how culture and ecologies intertwine and their operation method.

How are landscapes measured? How are landscapes valued? The method we measured and valued landscape before is often one-sided. It means we did not calculate the natural ecosystems as part of urban ecosystem benefits. Therefore, I am trying to compare these two types of ecosystems and find the way of commensalism and all-win. If the landscape cannot talk, we have to change our position and attitude to achieve balanced and sustainable development of Kelowna. Due to the city’s growth, what I am more focused on is the edge of Kelowna. The new edge of the urban has more chances to change the current model of growth. It breeds the possibility of transformation.

What I focus on is how the city and natural ecosystem work. And avoid understanding these ecosystems separately and oppositely, preventing creating a sense of “either this or that.” What I am trying to do first is understand the ecosystems under a large vision. Not only focus on a specific one part or one body but the relationships of connected things.

Edge City The farmlands and urban divide the city of Kelowna. It leads to the effect of “Edge City.” “Edge City” is an American term for a concentration of business, shopping, and entertainment outside a traditional downtown (or central business district) in what had previously been a residential or rural area. Usually, the “Edge City” is a temporary phenomenon. It is a process of urban breeding and is very similar to cell division.8

Number of Households during 1991-2011, five years each strip. 9

Kelowna

1991

Natural Ecosystem Illustration:

Urban Ecosystem Illustration:

The first illustration is the natural ecosystem map. It includes topography, wetlands, stormwater flows, and vegetation pattern outside the city’s edge. The contour lines define the edge of Kelowna. The stormwater flows, and the topography shows the final destination of rainwater and the watershed. Besides, the watershed also shows its relationship with the wetland.

The second illustration is the city ecosystem map. It includes the information of topography, streets, wetland, building groups, and the vegetation pattern outside of the city edge—the edge of Kelowna based on artificial division. Compared with the first illustration, the edge of Kelowna seems unreasonable. The streets are distributed based on the topography(Low-lying). And the construction of buildings is based on land use and street distribution.

Kelowna

2010

1992

2016 Rainwater Flows & Snow Melt Water Flows Wetlands Area

Wetlands Area

Total Precipitation during 1992-2016, five years each strip7

Building Density & Building Distribution Streets Distribution

The idea of The Hand Plan Based on my analysis of Kelowna’s boundary and the hand-shaped plan of Copenhagen, I have drawn a “hand plan” for the city of Kelowna. Although the Highway system of Kelowna was in the lowland areas, fortunately, Kelowna is a young city and has excellent potential to improve.

Everything singing. In part 3 of the project, I am trying to reveal the interaction and interdependent components that make up the landscape through the case study. More specifically, this is about how the landscapes work.

In Copenhagen, the core idea of hand planning is to build urban and streets upon the hills and highlands, leaving the low-lying area for vegetation. The benefit is using vegetation as a filter to clean rainwater that flows through the urban area. Make sure the rainwater is cleaner before rushing into the river.10

The Site

Traditionally, people only think about hand planning from the viewpoint of the city. However, on the other hand, there is another “hand” from the perspective of nature(outside of the city). These two ecosystems merged tightly, just like meshed fingers. Therefore, I believe this idea can provide a new way of thinking about urban development. Context The site where I chose for my project is located at the city’s edge. It is next to a cliff, besides a residential area and farmlands. As you can see, the site is a complex and mixed-use district, which is connected to my case studies -- connectivity between different zones. It is close to the 33 highway, which is the optimum development direction at Kelowna. The topography is flatter and broader to provide an appropriate region for urban growth in the future.

Framed farmland, and provide better views, enhance the communication between farmland and people. Encourage walking and biking, the passageway between urban, farmland, and mountainous region.

The stair structure reserves rainwater. Water can be used for farm irrigation and enhance the quality of the urban landscape.

In this vision, I created a dynamic urban park by incorporating the agricultural strategy of crop rotation and a low maintenance meadow. An elevated floating network of pedestrian paths, platforms and pavilions create a visual frame for this cultivated swathe and the natural features of the terrain and water. With the help of these strategies, a deserted mismanaged landscape was dramatically transformed into a productive and beautiful setting for urban living And preserving the natural and cultural patterns of the site at the same time. The ideas such as agricultural urbanism, productive landscape, minimum intervention, performative landscape, etc. are integrated into the landscape transformation strategy of “quilting terrain”. The vision shows the relationship between topography and urban property—it includes the density of dwellings, woody plants, green space, and distribution of traffic. The metropolitan area and green space position show how plants work as a filter to clean rainwater that goes through the city from the mountain to low-lying areas.

The concept of this vision comes from Ledu’s construction of ‘Sponge city.’

Riverside wetland and Woody plants surrounding pond: clean and pond: used for infiltration, storage, purification, irrigation reuse. remain rainwater. Stage topography divides land, creates water flows, reuses the Farmland: enhance extra water from the upper ground. runoff permeability, sustainable development of economy and agriculture.

Vegetation can protect and enhance the resilience ability of wetland, act as a buffer strip to clean rainwater before flows into the wetland.

Walkway encorage people walk through, and enjoy the landscape, create ecological and economic value for citizens.

Existing wetland and artificial wetland improve the water resilient ability for Kelowna, help to the preservation of biodiversity, improving hydrological characteristics of the city.

The concept comes from the project of LUMING park in China.

The vision shows the particular stair topography on the site to achieve the idea of “Sponge City.” I use depressions to store excess rainwater; the valleys are close to farmlands for irrigation; therefore, it is more economical and reasonable. In addition, the woody plants around ponds can retain water and purify water quality.

The vision shows the relationship between urban, mountain, and green space. As you can see, the green space is built in the depression of urban areas. The ample green space ensures a more stable and more robust water storage subsystem, protecting the existing wetland. At the same time, the walkways inside it allow people to enjoy the space by experience. Also, the ample water-resilient green space becomes a patch and attracts animals to achieve ecological optimization.

The concept comes from the Qunli Stormwater Park in China.

155M

Projective Ecologies: The Agency of Design. Part 4 of the project involves a design study engaged through ecological narratives. It is an attempt to evoke ecology as a metaphor, guideline, model, or perspective on nature.

135°

192 M

53M

Scale 1:1000

31M

Function The water square can collect rainwater to enhance hydrological landscapes and use it for irrigation. The lower water square can catch the runoff from the upper one.

80°

Concept The concept of my project is the connectivity between farmland, residential area, and natural scenery.

Form The form of the project comes from farmland and water element; the flowing water gives the “farmlands“ a sense of dynamic. The path leads the artificial landscape to the natural cliff. The idea of connectivity is reflected everywhere, not just within the variety of landscapes but also different cultures between the cities, countrysides, and natural landscapes.

75M

Residential Area

Structure This project consists of two parts: pathway and water square. The path starts at the farmland and ends at the cliff, and the “water squares” follow the track. The terrain drop creates levels and views. The shape of the water square consists of straight lines intersecting at different angles. Shape and angle come from the form of the existing farmland.

19.3M

lla

The Tributary of Okanagan Lake

Section

Natural Cliff

1.4M

Scale 1:12000

2.5M

9 From this perspective, we can see the scale of the project and people. The relationship between the natural landscape and people shows my ambition of design, which is breaking anthropocentrism. It is not only about equality and sharing but also about the use and integration of ecological resources.

Perspective A

The irregular distribution of water pools creates a drama of the landscape and inspires people’s desire for exploration.

Perspective C The project creates a dialogue with farmlands. The pathway that ends up at the cliff’s edge makes a bridge between the urban area and the natural ridge. It provides a sense of the sublime, includes a sense of fear and a sense of pleasure.

Perspective B

Perspective D The water element hides in this view; the interlaced geometry cement structure creates a sense of ceremony and solemn. In addition, the vast and increasing levels can attract people to climb and see the landscape behind it. The undulating path gives increased contrast and dramatic effects and inspires the desire to walk.

Indetermined SPACES MOMENT WITH REACH Tianze Xin I Elmira Sanatinia

The studio project focused on speculative design drawings for the eviscerated landscape transformation, and its ‘rehabilitation is the goal of the design studio. Within one term, we are thinking: - Is it possible or even desirable to rehabilitate this landscape? - What might be the visual forms the newly emerging landscape take? - Does the new landscape offer practical uses? - Which aesthetic-formal positions are available to us in this process?15

Exploring the history of the quarry. In part 2 of the project, I divided the history of the quarry into four stages: the glacial period, the mining period, the Ordovician period, and the tallgrass prairie period. Use illustrations to create a landscape vision, and describe the characteristics of each period.

Mining period

The Glacial period

Introduction of the site. In part 1 of the project, I understand the region through its historic character and geomorphology. I roughly divided the land into four main periods: the Ordovician period, Glacier period, Tallgrass Prairie period, and Mining period. The pictures are concise with the characteristics of different historical periods.

After discovering the near-surface limestone bedrock, people started mining this golden material to build their cities. The limestone is a sedimentary rock composed of Ordovician sea creatures’ shells and chemical residue. Today, approximately 22% of the 2900 hectares of Rockwood quarry area have been disturbed by mining. That is one of the crucial reasons behind creating many cliffs, terraces, grassland, shrubland, forest, and desert-like land.11

During the late Ordovician, a series of glacial periods led to mass extinction. It was the beginning of the “big five” extinctions of the Phanerozoic that caused the devastation of diverse marine ecosystems. Over the past million years, we had five glaciations; 2 lm of ice was going around to the top of Stone Mountain. Limestone was a surviving material that protected Stone Mountain from the previous glaciation.13

Abandoned Quarry

Scale 1:4000

The site I intervene in is an abandoned quarry adjacent to Stony Mountain(a small community in Manitoba), whose shape has been an attribute to many events that happened in the past. It means all the environmental and natural disasters and human intrusions have made ongoing changes to this land. Looking at the current landscape, one can see a free land with various options to offer, such as hunting, fossils, and enjoying the view while sitting on the cliffs. That is to say, this is a land on which people can be creative in choosing their activities. A future intervention can be to keep this place undetermined by determining public places allowing for equal access and representation or a high degree of social and cultural inclusion.

The Ordovician period

Tallgrass Prairie period

Lasted 42 million years, from 485 to 443 million years ago, it was proceeded by the Cambrian period followed by the Silurian. The biodiversity of the Paleozoic was at one of its highest points in the Ordovician. The early Ordovician was possibly dominated by the trilobites in that they were considered the apex creatures of the era. There is also evidence that the first widely occurring corals, sea stars, orthopedics, and some of the first land plants lived during this time. During this period, Stone Mountain was below sea levels and everything. During this period, Stony Mountain was below sea level, and everything here was marine sediments deposited at the bottom of an ocean 400 million years old.14

After the glacier, the Ordovician landscape converted into a prairie landscape caused by the deposition of parent material (parent material is the soil in the form of unsorted sediment.) about 10,000 years ago. Consequently, deep levels of topsoil were a result of wind-dropped loess and organic matter accumulation. Animals such as bison, elk, deer, and rabbits added nitrogen to the soil through urine and feces. For 5,000 to 8,000 years, more than 240 million acres of prairie grasslands were a significant feature of the landscape. Bison, livestock grazing, and cultivation breached tallgrass root systems, interrupted reproduction, and ultimately collapsed prairies.12

University of Manitoba I Environmental Design Program I 2017 Fall Term I Studio Project I groupe work I Tianze Xin & Elmira Sanatinia

The Study of huaman behavior In part 3 of the project, I decided to use time as the design theme; all the constructions reflect the unique landscape characteristics during the specific period. At the same time, the design gives the abandoned quarry a new meaning and experience for people. It’s more of an enlightenment, which is an integrally and timeless perspective.

Design concepts, details, and renderings

“I care about indetermined space because I think it is one of the cases where people without formal access to politics, industries, etc. actually can <make>... The slum, for example, is a space for making, but our large cities are confining that space more and more. Today, in the time of mega projects, gentrification and gated communities there is not much indetermined space left.” —Saskia Sassen

“Indeterminate spaces are spaces left out of 'time and place' with regard to their urban surroundings, mainly as a consequence of rampant deindustrialisation process and 'shrinking' city. The unclear and undetermined status of these urban 'no-man's-land' may allow for the emergence of a non-planned.”16

The Ordovician Garden

Reflection of The Past Red pond

— Jacqueline Groth 11 Exploded Teracces The Glacier Garden The Icebound Bridge

Scale 1:20000

I am exploring the nature of Eviscerated Landscapes, knowing the history of a landscape, and giving the landscape a new vitality. At the same time, pay attention to aesthetic and poetic dimensions, functional and technical aspects of landscape design.

Rosybloom Garden

5.00

30.00

Butterfly Pond

The Ordovician Garden There is a large cliff behind the construction with an extraordinary reddish-purple shade where you would find hundreds of fossils. The design focused on the fossils as the main characteristic of this site. I built the concrete structure, which would frame a part of the cliff and draw people’s attention to the fossils. The design encourages people to collect fossils and helps people redefine the meaning of wasteland/abandoned land.

Exploded Terraces

Having the cliff at the entrance as a result of mining gave me the idea of building a structure that illustrates the changes in the land. I decided to have concrete cubes in different sizes concentrated on the cliff and then distribute them to the abandoned quarry. So we can simplify the explosion needed to excavate limestone from the land. We chose concrete as our material, as it is a product of the limestone, and it also creates a pleasant contrast between the structures and the landscape itself.

24.00

For these two designs, we recreated a landscape of the Glacier period by using concrete. For the Glacier Garden, I designed the broken playful stages on the ground to imitate the characteristics of a glacier. To attract people to explore and play. For the Icebound Bridge, I created a concrete tunnel with arches and provided people with an illusion of walking through the ice tunnel.

2.00

The Glacier Garden and The Icebound Bridge

22.50

Red Pond 45

When you follow the concrete cubes, you will find yourself walking over a pond leading to a small forest. This design represents the landscape formed as a result of mining showing the ponds and vegetation created on the land. The procedure helps people to have an open view of their surroundings when people walk over the pond. As time passes, the grasses grow taller, limiting your vision, and that would create a whole different walking experience.

.00

-0.80 37.00

-0.00

Rosybloom Garden

18.00

In this design, I decided to have a semienclosed public small garden to achieve more possibilities for human activities. The cliff inside the garden divided the space into two levels and connected through stairs. The flat arches can give people a sense of ceremony and lead people to a higher level, where they can observe the whole site. In addition, the garden planted some Rosybloom Crabapples with concrete planters to provide shade, sounds, creatures, and a sense of sublime.

The View

+2.5

+0.60

Section A-A

±0.00

Reflection of The Past For the last part of the project, I focused on the present. First, to divide the past and the present, which decided to switch the material from concrete to mirror-like material. I chose it as the primary material because our present is a reflection of the past. In addition, the small semi-closed structure can provide a different sense of space compared with the open quarry.

This collage shows the different understanding of creatures on the same land. Behavioral extensibility, and exploratory are the core idea of indeterminate spaces.

The prehistoric marine animal stand for people’s vision and imagination of the Ordovician period. It breaks the limitation of time and space. It is the interaction of the Glacier Garden and people vision. The memory of land has been rediscovered.

this collage shows people’s interaction of actual behavior and imagination.

Rosybloom Garden

This picture is a collage, the structures all come from the objective project design, but I express humans’ imagination and expand humans’ actions. It reflects people’s free will under indeterminate spaces. But, of course, the charm of indeterminate space is not just about action but also the imagined vision of the land history. The prehistoric marine animal and ancient ocean are waking people’s memory of this land.

Introduction of Bakken region

THROUGHLINES & SONGLINES THE STORIES OF BAKKEN UNDER OIL BOOM

The black gold representing wealth affects the souls of countless gold diggers. A considerable amount of wealth brings development opportunities, but at the same time, it also gives indelible pain. Greedy capital and a large influx of people flock to small towns like a vast wave. They ravaged this land without any scruples. Numerous oil pipes were inserted into the ground like needles, greedily sucking the body fluids of the earth. In the shadow of countless tragedies, it reflected the gloom of human nature and the helplessness of the people. The control of barbaric growth is imminent. In this project, I will deeply understand the stories that happened on this land, use a perceptual perspective to explore the truth, and use rational thinking to find the answer. Canada

Saskatoon Bakken Area

Montana

Manitoba North Dakota

14 USA

The Bakken Formation is one of the largest contiguous oil and natural gas deposits in the United States. It is an interbedded sequence of black shale, siltstone, and sandstone that underlies large areas of northwestern North Dakota, northeastern Montana, southern Saskatchewan, and southwestern Manitoba. As technology advances, horizontal drilling, and hydraulic fracturing make extracting shale oil possible, the oil boom started. People crowded into there to get jobs and make money. However, due to the Inadequate infrastructure and industrial pollution, the living environment of residents gets rapidly worse, the contradiction between industry and environment intensifies day by day. Based on this background, I need to try to find and understand the logic behind the tragedy and get my way to treat this event.17

University of Manitoba I Environmental Design Program I 2016 Fall Term I Studio Project I Individual work

Shootings Minot: In 2015 August, a series of shootings events happened in the city -- including a very public incident at an Applebee’s restaurant earlier this month when shots were fired, first inside and then in the parking lot in broad daylight. Another shooting and stabbing in the middle of the afternoon Wednesday on the north side of the city resulted in three people showing up at the Trinity Hospital emergency room for gunshot or knife wounds and charges being filed later in the day against two men. The latest shooting incident was reported just after 3 p.m. Wednesday when police were dispatched to the 500 block of 9th St. NE for a

As of 2013, the Bakken was the source of more than ten percent of all US oil production.23

Lac-Mégantic runaway train

The number of railways carrying oil in 2014 rose by more than 5,000 percent when compared with the

On the evening of July 5, 2013, at about 10:50 p.m., a Montreal, Maine & Atlantic Railway (MMA) train arrived at Nantes, Quebec, carrying 7.7 million liters of petroleum crude oil in 72 Class 111 tank cars. Originating in New Town, North Dakota, these were bound for Saint John, New Brunswick. Unfortunately, after the train derailment, almost all 63 derailed tank cars were damaged, and many had large breaches. As a result, about six million liters of petroleum crude oil was quickly released. The fire began almost immediately, and the ensuing blaze and explosions left 47 people dead. Another 2000 people were forced from their

numbers in 2008.

report of gunshots.19

The Bakken rig count dropped about 60% over the year ending in October 2015 in response to the collapsing oil price, while the new-well (initial) oil production per rig increased by 40%, both plateauing at that time.21

After the Lac-Mégantic rail disaster, operations within Lac-Mégantic were subject to numerous restrictions, such as a prohibition on transport of dangerous cargo, a train’s manifest being released no less than four hours ahead; no parking on tracks within 4 km of the town centre; a conductor and engineer must be on board;

homes, and much of the downtown core was destroyed.18

Labor Force

and a train’s speed must not exceed 16 km/h.

Murder Murder in Willston: In January 2012, when a school teacher out for a predawn jog in Sidney, Montana, was abducted, killed, and buried by the side of a highway. Two Colorado men searching for work in the oil

Sidney: In 2003 October, due to the oil boom, many workers were attracted to the oil industry. Local businesses are unable to find workers. After an expensive advertising program to fill out his seasonal workforce, Sidney Sugars Inc.’s general manager, David Garland, has fewer employees than he needs to process sugar beets from October through February. During these five months, 300 people worked at the factory.20

patch were later charged with her murder.22

It leads the company of MMA railway bankruptcy; oil transportation through the railway decrease by 60%, and the price of oil produced in Bakken decrease to 65 dollars per barrel. (international oil

The US imported 52%

price: 90 dollars per barrel)

of its oil in 2011, down 24

from 65% in the past.

In 2009, the global economic recovery, including the Bakken region, oil price started rebounded.26

Due to the subprime crisis in America in 2008, it gradually evolved into a global financial crisis.25

The subprime crisis influenced the oil investment of Bakken in some way, but it did not bring a significant change to the entire oil industry.27

Rational analysis of Bakken region In part 2 of the project, I have researched people’s life change under the oil boom in the Bakken region from 2001 to 2015. It includes digital data and representative events.

The mapping involves the mapping of the network and infrastructure element relevant to fracking in the Bakken region. I focus on the province of North Dakota due to the railway throughout the whole Bakken area and crossing the entire province from east to west. Therefore it can show the differences between city development methods compared with a traditional city. The elements I focus on are transportation, economy, oil well, population, and water resources.

Due to farmers’ overuse of the water in the Missouri River, the water flow decreased 50 percent in the past and still gets worse. To solve the problem, the government built Garrison Dam downstream. Therefore the water flow rises suddenly and inundates towns and

Perceptual analysis of Bakken region In part 3 of the project, I focus on the deeper reason and impacts of the oil boom tragedy, which is the aspects of politics and economy.

the land which belongs to the aboriginal people.36 Missouri River

one mile

Governor Jack Dalrymple approved all Stripper Well on the spacing unit; there’s an oil extraction tax exemption (or reduction) that probably kicks in for the entire spacing unit, regardless of how intensely productive the rest

On May 10, 2016, a site run by Denbury Onshore LLC in southwestern North Dakota spilled more than 120,000 gallons of oil and wastewater into pastureland after a mechanical failure. Some estimated 17,000 gallons of oil and 105,000 gallons of drilling wastewater containing saltwater and chemicals leaked into pastureland near the city of Marmarth when a tank sensor failed. Workers were excavating the affected pastureland, which

of the fracked wells on the mega-unit are.38

Little Missouri State Park

is equated to the size of a football field.32

The unit square shows where the story happened; it is located in Dunn County(the south of the Lost Bridge area) and includes the Little Missouri State Park, a patchwork of private, state, and federal land beloved for its rugged trails. In 2010, Governor Jack Dalrymple, Attorney General Wayne Stenehjem, and Ag Commissioner Doug Goehring approved creating an unprecedented oil development “spacing unit,” the mega-unit. Each unit is one square mile, and the reason is simply that it is accessible to grabbing land. 31

Missouri River

According to the EPA, in 2007, the amount of pollution dumped into the Missouri River within the state’s boundaries totaled over 11,000 pounds. The pollution from construction and development has decreased the number of fish available for fishers. As a result, commercial fishing harvests on the Missouri North Dakota’s earliest industries were fur trading and agriculture. Although less than 10% of the population is employed in the agricultural sector, it remains a significant part of the state’s economy, ranking 9th in the nation in the value of crops and 18th in the total value of agricultural products sold. Large farms generate the most crops. North Dakota has about 90% of its land area in farms with 27,500,000 acres (111,000 km2) of cropland, the third-largest amount in the nation. Between 2002 and 2007, the total cropland increased by about one million acres (4,000 km2), the only state showing an increase.33

River have reduced by up to 80%.35

On 23 January 2015, nearly 3 million gallons of saltwater and an unknown amount of crude oil leaked from a northwest North Dakota pipeline into a creek that feeds into the Missouri River. Officials have called the leak the largest of its kind in state history.34

The progress of the State Industrial Commission’s administrative hearing process on the approval of the Corral Creek Bakken Unit, as it “coincides” with campaign contributions received by Jack Dalrymple, each of these “campaign donors” has their mineral interests, nearly $82,000 in campaign contributions to Jack Dalrymple as he pushed a lucrative administrative proceeding along to benefit some of his oil industry donors.37

Tree Grass land Lake Oil well

Missouri River

Owner Married

er wn sO v er e tus nt ac Sta l Re yR b ir ta n a tio M ula p Po

The city’s development potential and urban maturity are the two main aspects I am concerned about for my project site chosen. New Town stands out among these cities by its unique geographical advantages, plasticity, development speed, and degree of development.

Div orc ed /Se pa rat ed

American Indian and Alaska Native

gle Sin

r nte Re

2010 2011

New Town

2012

New Town

2013

Site 2014

A large number of oil wells and farmland

Van Hook Arm

ite

2015

2018

2019

Site area The site I choose is along the edge of the urban pattern of New Town; it is an excellent place for demonstration and guidance on a different philosophy of development. At the same time, the site belongs to a developing residential area, and the surrounding infrastructure will make the project more complete and convenient. I decided to design a multifamily residential home against the lack of housing. And reach the goals below to reduce the crime rate in the community and strengthen the sense of identity among different races: 1. Reshaping the method of communication between people and nature, and 2. Reshaping the relationship between people.

th O

With a 2020 population of 2,740, it is the 19th largest city in North Dakota and the 6529th largest city in the United States. New Town is currently growing at a rate of 2.78% annually, and its population has increased by 42.34% since the most recent census, which recorded a population of 1,925 in 2010. As a result, the new Town reached its highest population of 2,740 in 2021. Spanning over 1 mile, New Town has a population density of 2,301 people per square mile.40

Missouri River

2012 2013

Cha nges

Street

2014 2015

City edge

ion

lat

u op

a Ch

2016

Inco

Analysis of New Town In part 4 of the project, I focus on the research of New town, from the aspects of hydrology, urban pattern, streets, race, income, and family situation.

2017 2018

2019

New Town median household income was $59,583 in 2019 and has grown by 100% since 2000.39

Missouri River

N Usable volume of the project. Three floors to meet the needs of suites, at the same time short enough to encourage people to use stairs instead of the elevator.

1 mm

8 mm

1 mm 1. Volume & Floors

8. Wind Study

1 I am using a quadrangle structure to create a public space to increase the likelihood of neighbors meeting each other and frame drama and a sense of suspense.

21 mm

2 mm

-5°C

1°C

-15°C -6°C

-6°C -16°C

7. Public space

13°C

-4°C

1°C

-13°C

33 mm

Site

21°C

8°C

-5°C

Average High and Low Temperature

Sun track

5°C

5 mm

E 2. Building form

14°C

28°C 14°C

Three public areas can meet the diverse needs of all residents.

I combine two quadrangle buildings and towards the sun track, create more light in the interior, and reuse the middle space between buildings shows in diagram “2”.

6°C 12°C

The walk flow throughout the building can create a perfect closed loop around the public areas and increase meet chance between neighbors.

20 mm

21°C 26°C

35 mm

24°C

Wind Direction & Air volume

6. Flow of people 3. Sun track

Average Monthly Rainfall

50 mm

The middle space increases the sense of distance between neighbors. Therefore I combine the north part, shown below.

0°C

13°C

This diagram shows the wind tunnel in winter; With the building form’s help, the public areas ideally avoid the cold wind. The hot summer wind blows from the opposite direction, which means the halfenclosed public area will be relatively cool.

Site analysis & design concept In part 5 of the project, I show the climate and Average Weather and the design process step by step.

50 mm

This diagram shows the public green space, and I cut the red north angle because of the site area limitation. Meantime I can create a new view angle from the interior.

70 mm

& Entrances

4. Green space

5. Vision

1 io n

Public step seats & stage

Structural column.

n io ct Se

24 units for each floor. There are six studios, eight one-bedroom, eight twobedrooms, and two threebedrooms.

5’ -8

”

-2 8’

io ct Se

Eighty-two parking lots for total, it can meet the needs of all residents.

”

. ec m o Ro

M Ro ech om .

El Public green space

Elevator

ule

stb

ule

Bi Pa cyc rk le in g

e cl g cy kin r Pa

Parkade Floor Plan

”

-4

5’

stb

Main Floor Plan

Underground Garage Exit

Underground Garage Entrance

1 n io at El

Out door public green, can be converted into a skating rink in winter

Roof for solar panels

Open to below

n io

Hanging green belt, one belt per floor

Public space

ev a

io Roof patio

ev at

tio

Public space

Roof Plan

2nd & 3rd Floor Plan

38’-11”

Floor plan of the project In part 6, I explained the form evolution of the building, and the floor plans of the project show the basic layout of the suites, green space, and public area.

In part 7, I explained the changes of the buidling shape, and shows the axonometric drawing for more details.

Compared with the content on page 18, on pages 19 and 20, the edges of the building are rounded. The inspiration for the round corner comes from cell division. For me, the healthy growth of a city should be similar to the process of cell reproduction: organic, harmonious, and conforming to the biological concept. Therefore, I solidified this dynamic process of cell division and showed it in the shape of the building. Round corner visually makes the building more warm and cozy and minimize the functional impact on the building.

7 1

7 3

7 1

5 6

7 5 6

2 1

7 1

Enlarged elevations & sections

Elevator

Flexible railing, can flick left and right. Slide rails at the bottom and top .

Fixed balcony dividers

Structural column

Entrance

Structural column

21 Elevation 1

Elevation 2

Structural column

Elevator

Textured cast concrete wall with vertical lines and stripes.

Electrical room

Cut area of the hanging green belt.

Suite

Suite door behind

Suite Outdoor bar table

Suite

Elevator

Public step seats & stage Public green space

Public step seats & stage

Section 1

Section 2

Exterior & Interior renderings

Perspective A

Perspective B

Perspective C

Perspective D

Emergence

Noise Study

THE STORIES OF LIVING

Sun Path Study

“Emergence is becoming. it is processed, change, evolution. emergence theory attempts to describe how things and the interactive systems that comprise all things can change and develop. it seeks explanations for the continual creativity of natural systems, social systems, urban systems, that are always surging forward, overcoming disturbance, growing, redistributing their energy, adapting to new circumstances, propelling themselves into the future, becoming more and more complex.”41

tm ar

Sit

── Barnett Rod This studio project focuses on “Fahrenheit 451”; it is a dystopian novel written by Ray Bradbury. I need to design a dwelling for the leading actor based on the characteristics of the protagonist from the book. For this, I am trying to explore the fundamental relationships between space, form, and order in the context of the built environment. I have summarized the basic housing needs of the main character:

First-Level Street Secondary Street

Sun path Annual variation

Secondary Street

Due to most of the noise coming from the east and north, I decided to build the project in the middle of the site to stay away from the noise source as much as possible.

1. Hide from high dense of people 2. Demand for restaurants 3. Demand for bookstores 4. Enough space for book storage 5. like watching things burning and starry sky at night Wind Study

Site analysis & design flows In the part 1 of the project, I choose the location of the project based on the lead actors’ demand. and show how the dwelling is being designed based on the site research and lead actors’ personal preferences, step by step.

Wind study helps me cut the shape of the project, to use the wind tunnel to create a no wind zone at the entrance can avoid snow and wind. I use north wind as the design base point because north wind often blows in winter.

Floor Design

Project location

Book Store

I decided to design the project as two floors, used to distinguish between meeting area and private area, at the same time, it can create better vision.

Wind tunnel

Restaurant

Based on the sun path study, Sitting north and facing south can maximize the use of sunlight, and I use a rectangle as the basic shape to maximize space utilization, ease of construction, and interior design.

First level

Wind direction

Second level

The Site

No wind zone

Green Space Secondary Street Red River Secondary Street

Vision Study Downtown

The location of the project is situated on the edge of the downtown, this satisfies the need for hiding and ensure the convenience of life. At the same time, there are a large number of bookstores and restaurants around it, which can meet the protagonist’s reading and eating demands.

Vision study influences the window position and size, interior design, and distribution of vegetation.

Vegetation Design

Vegetation and fence design based on noise study and vision Study; can effectively protect homeowners’ privacy and bring more landscape changes in different seasons.

Trees Vision from inside

Vision from outside

Fence

University of Manitoba I Environmental Design Program I 2015 Winter Term I Studio Project I Individual work

Floor plans & elevations & sections 8:00 AM

15’-11”

16’-5”

11’-10”

2 A

18’-6”

Parking Living room

44’-4”

Washroom Dining area

12:00 PM

Storage

26’

Kitchen

Section 1/A Lounge

Section 2/A

1 A

55’-9” Main Floor

24 19:00 PM

8:00 AM

15’-11”

16’-5”

11’-10”

2 A

18’-6”

Balcony Study room

North Elevation

South Elevation

Storage Washroom 44’-4”

Closet

12:00 PM

26’

Bedroom

1 A

Reading room

C 55’-9”

Garage

Second Floor

West Elevation 19:00 PM

East Elevation

Exterior & interior renderings

Perspective A

Perspective B

Perspective C

Perspective D

Intervened the future THINKING ABOUT GROWTH

Sun Path

Male

Boy

In this project, I will produce a speculative drawing: an urban narrative that imagines a new state or condition for the transect (site area), which suggests a potential intervention strategy. And will then design and develop the intervention within the context of this urban narrative. The intervention should engage the urban narrative and develop as a contextual engagement with the study site.

Girl

45,701

91,846

Rid

idg

n lco

lvd

The Site

ra illiv

Linden Woods & Linden Ridge have 380 0-4 years old children, which

G Mc

means all existing kindergartens cannot meet current needs.

0-4 Kid Amount of Linden 44 Ridge in 2011

Income of Linden Ridge 43 in 2011

de Lin

Female

Development is the central theme of a city, and the key to urban development lies in people. The potential of people is unlimited and challenging to quantify. In the context of Winnipeg’s vigorous expansion of new residential areas, I realized the city’s insufficient investment in children’s preschool education, which is regrettable. I decided to intervene to resolve this contradiction.

Dr.

How do we define a ‘place’? How can we measure, understand, and discuss issues of a larger context beyond quantifiable data? How do the dynamics of a larger context inform and influence local conditions?42

Site analysis In part 1 of the project, I produce a speculative drawing to describe the city of Winnipeg.

Advantage Child Care Academy Inc.

Linden Ridge Both Linden Woods & Linden Ridge are residential areas under Residential Multi-Family Zoning, which are allowed to build daycare centers under conditional permitted in Winnipeg. Paradise Montessori Preschool

Linden Woods All the existing kindergartens around the site cannot satisfy the demand

Edge of Districts

of the families. Significantly, there is no kindergarten at all in the Linden

ACME Brand Waldorf Kindergarten

Bridge district. Winnipeg Montessori School Inc.

Ledgend Streets

Existing daycare center

University of Manitoba I Environmental Design Program I 2014 Fall Term I Studio Project I Individual work

To keep the front side’s scale similar to traditional houses, I extend the length to increase the internal use area. 3 4

4.2

To stress childrens’ overall development, I decided to give each classroom a different theme from the five senses: touch, sight, hearing, smell, and taste.

I tried M shape to connect each room. However, children must cross the different classrooms to go to the restaurant at noon, the same as diagram 4.1.

3.1 A curved shape can increase the interest of the space. However, it increased visual blind spots do not help the teacher to master the children’s safety. At the same time increases the risk of collisions between kids. Therefore I give up.

4.1 Arranging all rooms horizontally will lose the change of space— Funless, unexploratory, and inconvenient.

2 Use “home” form can reduce the strangeness to children.

9 The final design

1 The idea of the form of the project comes from children’s drawings of houses.

I was squeezing the structure to seek space change but destroying the stable and straightforward structural form, not feasible.

8.1

Sun track

5 The closed-loop quadrangle structure can meet all demands. The four surrounding buildings are three classrooms and an office. The middle area is a function room (restaurant/meeting room) that connects to each room individually.

Use cross structures at corners to create spaces not included in the circulation, be used as washrooms and Lunch break rooms. 6

Further, optimize the room size, reduce the toilet area, and increase the scope of the lunch break room. 7

Design Concept In part 2, I draw a design concept development process to show the evolution of design.

8 Change the middle function room to cylindrical, create three courtyards for each classroom, the rest of it used as a kitchen.

Ledgend Design Change Abandoned Design Exploration

Roof Plan

Design Details Part 2 draws floor plans, sections, and front elevation to show the design with more details.

Section A

Washroom

Section B

cti

The circular parkade corresponds with the circular multifunctional hall in the kindergarten center.

cti

Forty-eight parking lots can meet the requirements for all parents, visitors, and staff.

tio

c Se

Pla

Section C

Scale 1:170

Each classroom can have ten kids maximum, one teacher and one kindergarten caregiver. The whole kindergarten can accommodate up to 30 children in total.

Pla nB

Bed

Stairs

”

’-1

Pla

Lunch break room

’-1

Interior lean-to roof

Echo room

Slide

Sound installation

”

Table

Stair seating

A Two parking spots for school bus and fire truck.

Scale 1:480

Recessed floor for playing/writing/ drawing

Sloped climbing area

Lunch break room

Carpet area for playing Bed

Plan A

Lunch break room Bed

Plan B

Plan C

Scale 1:230

Exterior & interior renderings

Perspective A

Perspective B

Perspective C

Perspective D

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