REINVENTING EDEN City As A Shared Habitat For Humans And Non-Humans
XIYAO MO | MLA Y2 BARC0111: Landscape, Ecology & Urban Environments Submission B: Design project review Prac ce tutor: Lyn Poon (Studio 8) Module coordinator: Ana Abram
LIS T OF CONTENT S
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Introduction
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Section 1 | Project background and strategy 1.1 Urban and landscape context 1.2 Urban expansion and following problems 1.3 Municipal Planning and sponge city 1.4 Reflection
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Section 2 | Topic research 2.1 Critical guidelines 2.2 Planing site constrain_3000m x1500m 2.3 Overall strategies 2.4 The use of Willow
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Section 3 | Landscape inhabitation 3.1 Site context_ the pilot site 3.2 Design analysis 3.3 Key design proposals 3.4 Drainage system improvement 3.5 Planting plate
29
Section 4 | Landscape realization 4.1 Ecological farmland - supporting willow filtration facilities 4.2 Ecological Bank - details of living willow bank 4.3 Utilization of abandoned buildings and forest protection 4.4 Bio-retention 4.5 Permeable pavement
N 30°07ʹ53ʺ
Wuling district _city center of Changde
N 28°24ʹ31ʺ 0
20km
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Introduction
Cities are expanding, however, with the attendant global warming, extreme weather as well as epidemics, urban environment are becoming uninhabitable for humans while the wild is also no longer an ideal habitat for non-human creatures. Where the city is headed in the future? Carolyn Merchant, in her book Reinventing Eden, explained the western culture as human’s attempt to Reinventing Eden, and propose a new environmental ethica partnership ethic in 21C to reinventing Eden. It calls for both nature and human to be seen as actors at equal position, then discusses the possibility of a mutually beneficial situation. Changde, as a small developing city in southern China, offers opportunities for the idea. It is a city surrounded by forests and wetland, yet urban development and nature are isolated from each other. The developing economic and social status as well as imperfect infrastructure provide opportunities for landscape intervention. This project focuses on the fragile urban ecosystem, and intends to create a corridor for urban wildlife, so that the future city will become a habitat suitable for humans and non-human to live together.
Changde city, Hunan Province, China, E 111°39’ N 29°00’.
Ci t y A s S ha r e d H abitat
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Section 1
Project background
1.1 Urban and landscape context 1.2 Urban expansion and following problems 1.3 Municipal Planning and sponge city 1.4 Reflection
This sec
on will introduce the landscape and urban context of Changde city, study the main problems in the urban development of Changde at the regional scale, and analyze the current municipal planning and urban development strategies.
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Jingzhou city(Hubei)
-10m
Yichang city (Hubei)
N 30°00’
China
2732m
1.1 Urban and landscape context
Wuling Mount
Zhangjiajie city
Yueyang city
N 29°50’
Hunan province
Wuling district
West of Dongting lake
Xuefeng Mount
Yiyang city
N 28°50’
Changde is located in Southern China, west of Dong ng Lake and east of Wuling mountain. The gangland-water accumula on plain and lake accumula on surround are the sequen al distribu on of the plain. Mountains and hillls account for 56%, and 35.9% of the lacustrine plain area, 8.1% of the water surface. Willow Lake is the largest urban inland lake in China, it covers an area of 21.8 km². There are also numerous lakes, ponds, and streams in the city although many have been diverted or buried.
N 29°00’
Location and Terrain:
N
Huaihua city E 110°50’
E 111°00’
E 111°50’
E 112°00’
o1. Forest resource and hydrology in Changde City Forests Hydrology Wuling district (city center)
0 10
30km
1896m -3m
Climate: Changde belongs to the transition zone from the humid monsoon climate in the middle subtropics to the north subtropics. The climate is warm, with four distinct seasons. Spring temperature is changeable; summer is typically long, hot and humid; autumn is short with cold rain; winter is long and severely cold. o2. Annual Weather Averages in Changde (Data collected from Weather-atlas.com) m
Humidity (%) Rainfall (mm)
Rainfall days (d)
Daylight hours (h) Sunshine hours (h)
High Temp. (C) Low Temp. (C)
Ci t y A s S ha r e d H abitat
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S e c ti on 1 | Pro j ect Backgr ou nd
1.2 Urban expansion and following problems
Development: Compared with other cities in China, Changde's developing rate is relatively slow. The main urban areas account for 3.4% of the whole city. By the end of 2019, the permanent population is 5.772 million, including 3.142 million urban residents and 2.629 million rural residents. In 2019, the city's gross regional product reached 362.42 billion RMB, an increase of 7.9% over the previous year.
1950s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020
o3. Urban expansion in Changde (1950~2020) Site loca on Urban areas Surface water
N
0
5
10km
Ecological security: Under the expansion of the city, the ecological suitability of Changde has been damaged to a certain extent. In order to consider the ecological security pattern, a kind of landscape security pattern, and support the natural life system of Changde. The figure on the right analyzes the existing ecological suitability of Wuling district*, and the ideal scale of urban development of Changde according to the interference of different standards of Ecology infrastructure*(EI). * Wuling district: Administra ve center and main urban area of Changde city. * Ecology infrastructure: “It refers to naturally func oning ecosystems that deliver valuable services to people. It is the naturebased equivalent of built or hard infrastructure, and can be just as important for providing services and underpinning socio-economic development.” (SANBI, 2021)
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R e inventing Eden
o4. Ecology habitat suitability analysis in Wuling (2021) High-suitability Mid-suitability Low-suitability None-suitability
Site loca on
o5. Ecological security pattern in Wuling Standard of EI Low Middle High
Construc on area 310km² 230km² 180km²
popula on 2.6 million 2.1 million 1.8 million N
0
2
5km
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Flooding : Changde area in summer often heavy rain, rainfall is abundant. Many low-lying areas face serious urban waterlogging problems. The problem is particularly serious in the central urban area of Changde, Wuling District.
- Catchment in Wuling district
- Precipitation during the highest - Flooding risk in Wuling district flood peak (16th~18th July, 2019) Wuling district 0~10mm
10~25mm 25~50mm 50~100mm
Site Catchment line Catchment areas
Site High risk Low risk
Water-logging: A - Nature condi on:
Xuefeng Mount
Hefu Mount Sunyang Mount
Yuan river
De Mount
West of Dong ng lake
With the urbanization of Changde, roads and urban development destroy the integrity and continuity of the mountain and caused damages to the original hydrology system. The urban in land rivers have lost their integrity and continuity. - The change of Dong ng Lake:
Liuye Lake
Yuan r iv
er
1640s¬1820s
o6. Hydrological changes in Wuling district (1985~2020) Urban area Planning site Design site
Hydrology (2020) Hydrology (1985) High risk of waterlogging (2020) N
1950s¬2000s
0
1
Ci t y A s S ha r e d H abitat
2km
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S e c ti on 1 | Pro j ect Backgr ou nd
1.3 Municipal planning and sponge city In order to solve the serious problem of urban waterlogging and flooding in China, the Chinese government has put forward the idea of sponge cities* is a form of a SuDS on an Urban scale.
Sponge city in Changde:
Sun SSu un uny nyyan yaan ang ffo orre res eesstt p park arrk aark rk
Hua uasha uasha sh han wetl h han ettland an aand nd
H fu fore Hef He reest st p paa k par
Wilillow llo low ow o w lake lakee la
In 2015, Changde became one of the first 16 pilot cities for the construction of sponge cities in China. - Municipal planning 2015-2030
New Town Pilot (2015-2019)
Old Town Pilot (2015-2020)
Site loca on Construc on areas Green networks Surface water Mountains
By 2021, through the construction of sponge city, urban waterlogging in Changde has been largely eliminated, water quality of rivers and lakes has been effectively improved, biodiversity has increased, and the heat island effect in the urban area has been alleviated to a certain extent. However, these successes have been concentrated in the old and new urban areas. Some suburban development areas, due to the complexity of their population composition and the chaotic management of land, The ecological level of the area is still poor. o10
R e inventing Eden
Wangsh Wan gsshui ggsh ui we wetland d
Paaan Pan P ntan tan ng wet etl t aand tl tland an nd
o7. Landuse in Changde 0
1
2
Residen al Administra on Commercial Entertainment
N
4km
Travel Public facili es Medical Educa onal
Industrial Warehouse Agricultural land Ecological land
Public green space Sports green space Landscape green buffer Isola on green belt
Flood dike Surface water External traffic Design site (Data reference from Changde.gov)
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1.4 Reflection The contradiction between development and ecological security pattern According to previous deductions, even a low-level ecological security model can only accommodate a population of 2.6 million in Wuling District. But as of 2019. The urban population of urban area has reached 3.14 million, and it continues to increase. (Hunan.gov.cn, 2019) The lack of sponge city The suggested index of ecological security pattern in changde is middle. (Peng, 2016) After the construction of sponge cities, the number of open green spaces has increased to a certain extent. However, the strategy of sponge cities pays more attention to solving the problems of rainwater and urban drainage. The new green spaces involved are more fragmentary spaces. Less consideration is given to the connectivity between green spaces. There are still shortcomings for the overall ecological security of the city.
the original green land, cropland, and woodland around towns are constantly being converted into construc on land.
o8 Landuse changes during 2006-2020
0
2
4
8km N
The encroached green space Cropland Ecological reserve
At the same time, the cost of construction materials required by sponge cities is too high, and problems such as management difficulties and relatively single evaluation criteria are common in Chinese cities. In the ideal model, the ecological security pattern and sponge city development strategies should be combined at the same time. Based on this, this project will take both green infrastructure and ecological infrastructure into consider.
o9. Lack of Sponge city in Changde
0
Green spaces in the sponge city strategies The lack of medium standard ecological security space
2
4
8km N
o10. Lack of Sponge city in Changde (Site surrounding)
0
0.5
1km N
Planning site The pilot site
Ci t y A s S ha r e d H abitat
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Section 2
Topic research
2.1 Critical guidelines 2.2 Planing site constrain_3000m x1500m 2.3 Overall strategies 2.4 The use of Willow
The research toipc is how to use EI and GI to alleviate urban problems caused by urban expansion. Improve the habitability of the environment for both human and nonn-humans.
In order to achieve this goal, the research topic will start from the current situa on of the site. And reflect on local biological species. Especially consider the ecological links between green spaces, and consider how to apply Baubotanic to the construc on of green infrastructure and ecological infrastructure.
Critical guidelines The idea of sponge city is adopted in the overall planning
“A sponge city is a new urban construc on model for flood management, strengthening ecological infrastructure and drainage systems. It can alleviate the city’s waterlogging, water resources shortage, and urban heat island effect and improve the ecological environment and biodiversity by absorbing and capturing rain water and u lizing it to reduce floods. Rain water harvested can be repurposed for irriga on and for home use. It is a form of a sustainable drainage system on an urban scale.”
Green infrustructure + Ecological infrustructure
“it refers to the natural or semi-natural structural elements of ecosystems and landscapes that are important in delivering ecosystem services.”(ipbe, 2021) In this project, ecological infrastructure refers to the ecological corridor and en re green ecosystem that connects the “dots” of Green infrastructure.
S e c ti on 2 | To pic research
2.2 Planing site constrain_3000m x 1500m Pilot site
Sport Green Space
Univers A'
A
Rainwater pump station R Rainwat
Site constrain: 1. Drainage problems 2. Non-point source pollution - Air and water pollu on from transporta on and industrial park - Water and soil pollution from cropland 3. Green space - Lake of public green space - Fractured system 4. Urban divide
PE Schhol
Middle dd Schhol
Public Park
Yinyuan River
Industrial polluted area Agricultural polluted area High risk of waterlogged area Cottage area Surface water Public green space Building accessory green space Protec ve belts & undeveloped woodland Cropland
B
i Rainwater pump station
Rainwater pump station R
Primary Schhol
Cross-river Bridge
Central Hospital
Industrial par Residential area Railway Vehicle roads Pedestrians Bridge Rainwater pump station Water flow Control line(1m)
The planning site being considered is the eastern suburban area of Wuling district. The site here links the eastern wetland of Changde city with the hub area. In this area, the Yinyuanqiao River separates the hub area from the eastern suburban area. This river is the main catchment area in the eastern part of Changwuling District and flows into the Yuanjiang River. o14
R e inventing Eden
Yuan River Primary Schhol
o12. Site situation_ current N
0
100 100 0
200 00 0
300m 300 0m
City center
ea Cottage area
Pilot site Cropland
Waterlogged logged area e
Section A
Waterlogged a
o13. Sections_ current situation (Grid:100m x100m) 0
100
200
300m
Section B
Drainage problems
Nonpoint Pollution from cropland
Many of the development sites were originally rivers and ponds, so they are prone to waterlogged. At the same time, the lower part of soil contains silt or silty soil. Soil moisture content is always high but permeability is low.
Fertilizer used in cultivation is mainly compou up to 160kg/ km²; Pesticides are mainly trichl usage of 500ml/ km². Excessive use of pestici land. Residual pesticides and fertilizers ente enlarging the polluted area.
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sity
Railway Railwa ay
University
B'
C
C'
Agriculture market
Industrial Park
Primary Schhol
Cottage area Cropland
area Cropland
Cropland Waterlogged area
Section C
und fertilizer, the general annual use of 60kg/km², some farmland orfon, glyphosate, insecticidal phosphorus, etc., with an average de and chemical fertilizer leads to serious pollution of cultivated er groundwater, ponds and ditches through various channels,
Nonpoint Pollution from industry The construction waste, road waste, slag, industrial waste, household waste, sewage and other pollutants produced by production and construction activities, under the shower and scour action of rainfall and runoff, scour into the receiving water body, thus causing water pollution. Ci t y A s S ha r e d H abitat
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S e c ti on 2 | To pic research
2.3 Overall strategies Section A
Section B
Water punp station Hub urban area
Based on the sponge city proposed by the government and the deduction of ecological safety pattern, these two critical guidelines are applied to the planning site. Green infrastructure and ecological infrastructure will work together to build a green corridor suitable for the local creatures in Changde. When planning the ecological corridor, consider the habits of human and non-humans at the same time. Divide green infrastructure into different levels based on human accessibility. Green spaces with high accessibility will give priority to attracting human-friendly creatures. vice versa.
Waterlogged area
Waterlogged a
Before The amount of earth removed to build the wetland is used to pile the terrain in the park
Section A
Section B
Green roof
Green wall
Ecologica Wetland
Wetland
SSection eecct o B
After After Polluted area Pollution movement Purified resources movement
Public park
Green roof
Ver cal greening
Wetlan
Ecology infrastructure & Green infrastructure Public accessibility Low Neutral High
Habitat provided Shrub land
Nectar Meadow
Urban wildlife (in Changde) Human-friendly Low Neutral High
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R e inventing Eden
Small insects, birds and rep les
Small mammals
Wetlan
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Section C
Industrial park Cropland
Cropland
Cottage area
area Waterlogged area
Section C
Windbreak woodland Industrial park Green belt
al terraces
nd Garden
Ecological terraces
Ecological terraces
Waterlogged area
o13. Overall strategies (Grid:100m x100m) 0
Bio-reten on
Wetland
nd birds, amphibians, fish
Ecological terraces
Green belt
Cropland
Rep les, insects, small mammals
100
200
300m
Urban forest
Woodland
Birds, midle and small mammals Ci t y A s S ha r e d H abitat
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S e c ti on 2 | To pic research
Benefits for using living plants as constructional materials The living tree provides a possibility for ci es and human to grow together, habitats suitable for both human and animals, and emo onal connec ons passed down from genera on to genera on. Moreover, it benefits current and future ecological systems of earth, reducing a lot of carbon emissions from tradi onal building materials considering how to priori es our ac ons to maximize life beyond our own human lives .
2.4 The use of Willow Why Willow? 1. Cultural idenƟty: History and culture context of Willow in Changde - The history of Willow-cul va on is early in China. (Le : Tradi onal Chinese pain ng of Willow_ Ying Chou, 14C) - Changde is called Willow city. The biggest urban inland lake named Willow Lake. - Willow trees are widely distributed in Changde and grow well. (o13) - Willow weaving was once famous as a tradi onal handicra in Changde, but now it is in decline
Willow Lake
Case study and inspiration
Yuan
In the public green space
r
Rive
Along streets
Plant joint: a key technique of Baubotanic
(Photo by Ludwing)
Baubotanic: a fundamental approach to engineering with living plants. Supposed by Ferdinand Ludwig in 2007. The ini al ideas focused on how to use this technology to build buildings, but the management of plant growth and weighing structures make it difficult to generalize in building areas.
Along the dike
o14. Willow in the main distribution of Changde 2
o18
4km
2. Ecologic value of Willow (Salicaceae) Slow down the wind and noise *Be similar as the “Dead hedge”
Dead branches
N2 02
Polluted soil and water Zn 2+
Roots provide fish habitat, filter water and erosio erosion controll
Fe3+
Cd2+
However, landscape infrastructure, such as fences, walls and river embankments is more tolerant of growing precess of plant. Thus provide the possibility of wider use of the technology.
Areas that willow trees as the key species for greening Surface water
N
0
(Photo by author)
Pb2+
Cu2+ N 3-
P 5+
Purified water Phytoremedia on
K+
Phytostabiliza on *“Willow has high poten al for removal of significant amounts of Cd at stem harvest (about 2.6–16.5 g Cd ha−1year−1)” Especially for deeper soil contamina on(Kuzovkina; Yulia, 2005).
Biodiversity_ Ecosystem restoraƟon - Important browse of small mammals during winter.(Judd, 2002) - Important source of nectar for bees during early Spring.(Anon, 1979) - The dead branches, living roots and shading can provide habitats. Environment role Phytoremedia on (phytoextrac on, phytodegrada on, rhizofiltra on and phytostabiliza on) - Bioengineering (water, wind and soil erosion protec ve structures; flooding reduc on) - Carbon sequestra on
Reference: Kuzovkina, Yulia A & Quigley, Martin F, 2005. Willows Beyond Wetlands: Uses of Salix L. Species for Environmental Projects. Water, air, and soil pollution, 162(1), pp.183–204. Judd et al., 2002. Plant systematics : a phylogenetic approach / Walter S. Judd et al.. 2nd ed., Basingstoke : New York: Palgrave Macmillan, W. H. Freeman : ; Anon, 1979. Stories about Plants The Green World: An Introduction to Plants and People Richard M. Klein. Bioscience, 29(9), p.548
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R e inventing Eden
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Application of Willow
3. Sustainable economics of Willow (Salicaceae)
In this project, willow will be used as the main material applied in GI and EI, in order to realize the ideal of “living tree as an urban fabric”. The willow has a high growth rate and low growth requirements. It is an easy raw material in Changde. The living willow is in a natural and wild state which also benefits the ecology system and urban environment. The dead willows can also be made into an effec ve urban fabric through simple processing. The weaving process can also be applied to living willows, thus it offers a bridge to connect human and non-humans. The labor force of the weaving process was also considered, the project was selected the area with serious urban divide. There are large numbers of unemployed and lowincome families living there. Also, there is the only official university and lots of primary schools. The project will advise the local governments: 1. Offering free weaving workshop to promote the reemployment of the local unemployed. 2. Encouraging college students to par cipate in social weaving prac ce, 3. Introducing willow weaving courses into outdoor prac ce in local primary schools. 4. Organizing regular weaving exhibi ons, developing the interest of public in weaving art.
Fast growing (Average DBH growth in the first four years of can reach 2-4cm/year)
Easy reproduce Cul va on
Public par cipa on
Ecological value Cu ng
- Windbreak - Purifica on ......
Manufacturer
Government
Interest of Weaving Art Free workshop
Increase income
Willow weaving
Wood produc on Weaving labors
Playing landscape elements
Biomass produc on
Encourage reemployment
River/ terraces/ road bank
Wildlife corridor/ habitats
1
1
2
3
4
5
8
6
9
7
10
o15. Application of Willow The source of cases: 1. Moesgaard Museum; 2.Stefanie Meyer &Simon Oberhammer. ©ppat.ag; 3. Laura Ellen Bacon; 4, 5, 7. Wonderwoodwillow.com; 6. JPR environmental; 8. Aleta Florentin; 9. GoJardin; 10. Unkonw_Internet.
Ci t y A s S ha r e d H abitat
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Section 3
Landscape inhabitation
3.1 Site context_ the pilot site 3.2 Design analysis 3.3 Key design proposals 3.4 Drainage system improvement 3.5 Planting plate
This chapter will select a key site in the planning site as a pilot
to consider how to combine the needs of human residents, non-human creatures, urban development and the applica on of willow weaving technology.
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3.1 Site context_ the pilot site R3 R1
R1
R*
R1
S R3
This area is an important link between the city center and the suburbs. According drawing o6 this area lacks the connec vity of open green space, and according o10 it is all in the high risk of water-logging. In addi on, there is a serious problem of urban divide, near the new residen al high-buildings, there are lots of privately bungalow and abandoned buildings. And the thing to no ce is a rainwater pumping sta on could be used and a small forests need to protected.
Users requirement:
R1 +32.0m
P
G2
- Parking - Cultivation - Education - Increase income - Leisure
R*
Privately bungalow along the river.
+29.5m
+30.5m
Pollution: Residents along the river grow vegetables on the embankment, and the fertilizer goes directly into the water.
+31.0m
G1
R3
R1
Target problems:
1. Drainage 2. Pollution 3. Urban divide 4. Improvement of green space
+28.0m
+32.0m
R*: Abandon building The abandoned building are unused, but the basic structure is well preserved and there is abundant vegetation.
+32.0m
A2
+33.0m
G2
Water logging There are 13 old Metasequoia trees and a small Camphor grove. Forms an urban forest. However, the muddy space under the forest is easy to water, which causes inconvenience to the residents.
+31.5m
P
R2
+31.0m
+31.5m +28.0m
A1
W
+31.0m
+31.3m
Parking need improved Cars occupy the pedestrian and the entrance of urban forest.
+32.0m
+32.0m
S
+31.0m
P R3 o16. The pilot site constrain (grid_50mx 50m) N
0
25
50m
Surface water Surface drainage direction Rainwater pumping station
Water purification: Unaccessible rainwater collection pool with an unpleasant smell.
A2 Vehicle road Pedestrians Grassland Urban forest
S: School P: Parking G: Green space - G1: Street garden - G2: Riverside green space
R: Resident - R1: Bungalow (1-2F) - R2: Low buildings (3-6F) - R3: High buildings (>15F) - R*: Abandon building (3F)
Ci t y A s S ha r e d H abitat
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S e c ti on 3 | Landscape inh a bit a t ion
3.2 The design analysis
The Great Cold_20 Jan
Winter solstice_22 Dec N
Sunshine analysis
0
50 100m
The sunshine analysis of the day with the shortest sunshine duration(22 Dec) and the coldest day(20 Jan) of the year can help determine the basic spatial function and planting strategy of the site. Most of the rest site have 5-6 hours of daylight throughout the year except the existing rain pumping station pool and car park area to the south, In these areas, therefore, plants with good shade tolerance need to be considered. At the same time, the lack of shade in the central part of the site by the river requires consideration of sun-loving plants and shade for pedestrians.
CirculaƟon and access Main Vehicles Parking and willow transport Bicycle Main pedestrian access Residents access
Daylight hours 7-8h 6-7h 5-6h 4-5h 3-4h 2-3h 1-2h 0-1h
Drainage
Main greenery Forests Loose planting Shrub Lawn
Bio-retention Wetland plant Willow nursery Green house
Main Service Targets Resident Students/ School Visitor Main flow
Green roof Permeable pavement Sinking green space Collection and purification
Surface runoff Main under pipe Water supply for irrigation Building downspout
FuncƟon Commercial Bungalow New residents School
Cultivation Green space (adding) Weaving exhibition Leisure
Parking Management Workshop Willow retail
o17. Multiple analyses 0
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R e inventing Eden
50
100m
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3.3 Key design proposals 1
Turning some of the abandoned buildings into vegetable greenhouses, to meet the needs of residents to grow vegetables.
2
Encourage local residents plant weaving willow on the river embankment. Filter the pollution of fertilizer.
3
In the original area of Metasequoia forest set up a wooden trestle to reduce human intervention and use stagnant water to form natural wetlands.
4
Set up a green belt on the main road to form a bio-retention and clean up the pollution from vehicles.
5
The dismantled building materials were reused for permeable paving.
6
Transforming the original rainwater pools into wetlands garden to purify the water discharged into rivers and to provide a leisure park for locals.
7
Using live willows as a structure to stabilize river banks and built wetland garden.
8
Refurbishment of structurally abandon buildings into workshops.
5
4 8
1
5 3
1 2
7
6
o18. Design typologies
5 8 1 2
4 3 5
7
5
6 7
Ci t y A s S ha r e d H abitat
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S e c ti on 3 | Landscape inh a bit a t ion
3.4 Drainage system improvement
+30.35m
+30.00m_Heavy rain& Flooding
+28.00m
+28.00m
The exis ng embankment.
11.8m The exis ng mud road, no pavement, weeds spring up.
7.5m 6.2m Crop land expropriated by the residents.
6.5m A clu ered place
9.5m An abandoned bungalow
An abando
0.2%
+38.14 +37
0.2%
0.2% +30.70m
+30.00m_Heavy rain& Flooding
+29.09m
+28.64m
Wooden trestle 1.5m
Residents path
+28.86m
+28.00m
12.0m Amphibious playground
5.0m Main road
8.0m Willow filtra on
7.0m Rainwater garden
3.0 m
+28.95m
Atr 9.5m Green house
Willow ac ve cente
o19. Before and after section 0
5
10m
0.2% 0.2%
River
Storm drain
Rain garden
Agricultural
o20. Diagram of Drainage Facilities
Alleviate urban drainage problems and increase the connec vity of green space through green infrastructure. o24
R e inventing Eden
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36.0m oned low building
10.0m Commercial building in use
16.0m Pedestrian, but o en used for parking
17.0m Road (half)
4m .49m 0.2%
+34.49m
0.2%
+31.27m
+30.22m
ium connec ng the forest area 12.0m 36.0m r, with workshop, warehouse, management center
0.2%
canal
Roof garden
+29.92m
0.2%
+29.72m
Green belt 10.0m Willow sales
0.2%
6.4m Square
6.6m Parking
3.0m 3.0m Cycle path
0.2%
Permeable pavement
12.0m Road
4.0m Bio-reten on
0.2%
Plan ng pool
Bio-reten on Rainfall Permea on Waterfowl
Ci t y A s S ha r e d H abitat
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S e c ti on 4 | Landscape realiz a t ion
3.3 Planting strategies NaƟve forests
The principles of plan ng design are based on local botanical and ecological values. Choose the right plants according to the light and different types of green spaces
Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl
Ligustrum lucidum Ait.
Elaeocarpus sylvestris (Lour.) Poir.
Magnolia grandiflora L.
Albizzia julibrissin Durazz.
Melia azedarach L.
Ailanthus al ssima (Mill.)Swingle
Salix babylonica L.
Arundo donax var. versicolor Stokes
Iris pseudacorus L.
Cyperus papyrus
Cynodon dactylon Lolium spp.
Campsis grandiflora (Thunb.) Loisel
Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Sieb.et Zucc.)Planch.
Wetland plants
Phragmites australis
Grassland plants
Festuca arundinacea
Special focus: Cuƫng willow species
VIMINALIS Osier “SUPER WILLOW” Producing long straight rods up to 3m+ (1O’+) a year. Tradi onally used to make sturdy, prac cal baskets for fishing and agricultural use. Other uses include living structures, windbreaks, soil stabiliza on, waste filtra on, fuel produc on, and ar st charcoal. Long leaves and catkins.
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R e inventing Eden
TRIANDRA Almond-leafed Willow Useful for dried willow cra s and living willow structures and ornamental use. Glossy serrated leaves, catkins. Does not like extreme environments.
DAPHNOIDES Violet Willow Salix daphnoides Intense violet purple stems, pearly white catkins in the spring and glossy deep green serrated leaves make this a very popular all round variety for landscaping and cra work. Also used as garden hedges. Produce rods/ whips 6 to 8 in length.
CALLIANTHA Salix x calliantha An a rac ve var rods/whips that a diameter at the b 7 long. A popular makers.
LEUE
Platanus orientalis L.
Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu et Cheng
Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm.
Zelkova schneideriana Hand.-Mazz.
Cel s sinenis Pers.
Osmanthus fragrans (Thunb.) Lour. var. Semperflorens Hort
Prunus cerasifera cv. Atropurpurea
Pho nia serrulata Lindl.
Nerium indicum Mill.
Prunus persica f. Duplex
Scirpus validus Vahl
Typha orientalis Presl
Lythrum salicaria L.
Nymphoides peltatum(Gmel.) O.Kuntze
Hydrilla ver cillata (Linn. f.) Royle
Lonicera japonica Thunb.
Jasminum nudiflorum Lindl.
Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai
Spiraea X bumalda 'Goldflame'
Ligustrum quihoui Carr.
iety that produces re about 4 to 7mm base and from 4 to r variety with basket
PURPUREA Tradi onal basket variety producing medium fine rods up to 2m long. Mainly green in colour. A rac ve blue/green glaucus leaves. Will make an a rac ve garden hedge.
PHEASANT BROWN Salix triandra x viminalis Rods/whips are o en 5 to 8 long. A few are fairly thick at the base, some mes up to about 12mm and occasionally with some side branching. A useful variety for garden hedges.
SARDA Salix triandra x viminalis Rods/whips are a smooth milk chocolate brown in colour and grow from 6 to 10 long. Lower stem thickness can be up to about 8mm or more. A useful variety for large basket work.
CHINESE “SUPER WILLOW” Producing long rods up to 3m+ (10’+). Shiny green stems turning orangey shades towards the ps. Suitable for living structures, soil stabilisa on, waste filtra on, fuel produc on, ornamental use. A rac ve long, narrow leaves and abundant catkins
Ci t y A s S ha r e d H abitat
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Section 4
Landscape realization
4.1 Ecological farmland - supporting willow filtration facilities 4.2 Ecological Bank - details of living willow bank 4.3 Utilization of abandoned buildings and forest protection 4.4 Bio-retention 4.5 Permeable pavement
This sec
on will focus on the details of the willow plan ng and purifica on facility, the specific weaving details of the willow weaving technology, and other construc on details help to realize “the shared habitat“.
S e c ti on 4 | Landscape realiz a t ion
4.1 Ecological farmland - supporting willow filtration facilities Par t as a of the Wit vege old b ta h u cov 8mm ble g ilding erin ree is p oly nh g. car ou prese bon se. rve ate
d
gre
enh
ng lan ng p low avi wil d we e d wi n an 8 m ltra o fi for 8m
t
bel
3m
Plan ng spacing and plan:
Plan ng details
Shrub willow Weed barrier fabric_Mulch mat Stake to hold mat
15cm 5
25cm c
Willow roots Water pipe Spreading pipe and net Humus clay (pH of 6.2 – 7.0 approx) Protec on of membrane straw geotex Plyethylene geomembrane Protec on pf membrane geotex le Original soil
o22. Detailed section of Willow filtration
Evapora on of water and rain water from willow stems and leaves
o24. Working principle of Willow filtration
25cm 2
Clay Mulch mat 1. Permeable 2. Near 100% weed control 3. Black- Heat preserva on
350cm
~60mm
A minimal Willow plan suit can be planted on a very small area. Basically, a 2m x 3.5m land could contain 52 willow cu ngs. Generally one cu ng producing 6 or more willow rods each year.
~35cm
The willow plan ng season is usually from late November to next April. At this me the wicker in the dormant period, easy to survive
~15mm Plant
1 week
2~3 months
o23. Minimal plan suit and planting principle
Pump
Se ling tank
Flushing tank
Agricultural drains
N
0
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R e inventing Eden
e
Re Pe sid rm en ea a bl l p e as pa sa ve ge m w en ay t. w ith
Weaving willows and cu ngs are used for a variety of purposes, and local residents can choose which specie of willows to plant according to their own needs. These willows can grow quickly in a small area, so residents can use their backyards or corners of buildings to grow them economically and ecological value. An example of braided willows being used to filter agricultural wastewater is shown here
ous
10
20m
LEUE
4.2 Ecological Bank - details of living willow bank Considering the large demand of willow growth for water, the prac ce of living willow is mainly applied to the greenbelt along the river. To protect the embankment and support the biodiversity with low maintenance cost and high ornamental value a er construc on.
3 Living willow cuƫngs
Behind the weaving bank. Diameter: 6cm~7.5cm Length: 90~100cm
1 Stakes
2 SoŌ living wicker
1 sed Used for structural reinforcement. Diameter: 3~5 cm
Diameter: 10cm Length: 150cm
120cm
1 3
2
60cm
Top view
2cm 60cm
58cm
4 PlanƟng soil 5 GeotexƟle 32cm 90cm
6 Placed rock. 50cm 7 The original soil
15cm
Front view
Step 8 Put secure plant pallets. Step 4 Fixed toe boards.
Step 6 Weave living wickers and then dirve cu ngs 120cm
120cm
Step 5/ 7 Fill plan ng soil with geotex le.
Wickers woven around stakes will also sprout and strike roots to hold fill in the bank.
10cm
30cm
60cm
50cm
50cm
Step 3 Driving the second layer of stakes. Step 1 Driving stakes ver cally into the river bed, Step 2 make sure the bo om of the live willow is Place rock fill around touching the bank. stakes
o25. Section and construction method of willow bank
Ci t y A s S ha r e d H abitat
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S e c ti on 4 | Landscape realiz a t ion
4.3 Utilization of abandoned buildings and forest protection The original small urban forest was redesigned as minimally as possible while preserving the original trees.
7
Insula ng layer. 5cm The waterproof layer for parapet wall is closed under the pressure, and the building sealing paste is sealed.
5%
Vegeta on and plan ng soil Filtering layer: 150 g/mq geotex le Draining layer: fine gravel thick. Depth: 10 cm Concrete hood. armed. Depth: 4 cm Desolariza on layer: sand. Depth:5 cm Waterproof menbrana in plas cized PVC. (Laid independently) Insula ng layer applied for adhesion thickness. Depth: 8.5 cm
Fire protec on layer Concrete
Vapor barrier applied for adhesion (bituminous sheets)
Bricks
Monolithic load-bearing element in brick
Glass
o26. Detail drawing of Roof garden
7
5
1
3
1
5 2 1 6
6
6
6
4
o27. Section of Willow weaving center 0
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1
2m
R e inventing Eden
LEUE
Step 4. Weaving trestle fence with wicker (Op onal, as a prac cal course of workshop, not considered in ini al construc on)
Basic weaving method
1
Wicker fence
1500 150
1200 430
100
40
490
50 60
430
250
150
50
100X48X5.3 U-steel
Steel nail 50 thicknessX 150width an sep c wood
o28. Section of Basic trestle
1. Wooden pla orm connec ng the forest trail 2. Bird observa on pla orm 3. Rope bridge 4. Na ve vegeta on 5. Workshop/ Exhibi on room 6. Warehouse 7. Roof garden
8
5
9
Step 3. Laid wood for pedestrian access, which do not directly touch the land. Allowing space for insects to pass and for the growth of the underlying vegeta on.
Step 2. Determine the height of the trestle founda on on the original ground based on the topography and trees.
8. Lounge 9. Main stairwell 10. Management Office 11. Willow Retail Store 12. Main entrance *The building has more than one entrance and stairwell, which is not indicated in the sec on.
Step 1. The original concrete paving in the forest will be broken up and the rubble is brought back into use as forest walks and pond boundaries
10
11
12 6
o29. Construction process of forest trail
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S e c ti on 4 | Landscape realiz a t ion
4.4 Bio-retention
4.5 Perm
60mm thick permeable asphalt PAC-13 surface layer, the permeability coefficient is not less than 0.5mm/s
40mm 30mm
High viscosity asphalt gravel sealing layer + waterproof bonding layer
150mm
150mm
Old cement concrete base Packed soil
Packed
C30 Previous concrete BXH= 250mmx 200mm Permeable blind pipe D100 (Outside geotex le) Concrete curb
1%
Rainwater recovery and purifica on facili es are used in various parts of the site, the rainwater garden and bioreten on pond being the most typical examples
Pedestr
Overflow port
In order to be er solve the problem of urban drainage, the paving scheme will all adopt permeable paving, and pavements, squares, parking lots and bicycle paths will adopt different paving method. Take the parking for example.
Permeable blind pipe D200 (Outside geotex le)
Discharging tube D200
o30. Section of Bio-retention
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R e inventing Eden
LEUE
meable pavement SecƟon A
SecƟon B
thick moorstone thick 1:3 cement mortar layer
100mm thick concrete precast blocks 30mm thick 1:3 cement mortar layer
m thick C15 concrete
150mm thick C15 concrete
m thick gravel cushion
300mm thick gray granite (rough surface)
150mm thick gravel cushion
soil
100mm thick concrete precast blocks
50
400 40
50
800 600
100
50mm thick loess layer mixed with grass seed
50mm thick loses layer mixed with grass seed
50 80
100
400
Packed soil
50
rians Parking
Livestock water 250mm Cobblestone Osmo c plan ng soil 500mm Permeable geotex le Sand layer 100mm Permeable geotex le Gravel layer 300mm Impermeable membrane 1mm Packed soil (Compac on rate>85%) B
A
6000
B
A
Water inlet D100
800
o31. Details of parking
5000
800
6600
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