Floating Community Designing a floating module for a resilient community in Manila, Phillipines
Yafim Simanovsky Explore Lab Graduation
Tutors Robert Nottrot Diego Sepulveda Jan van de Voort
July 2017
Table of Contents Forward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Chapter 1 : Cities under water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
0_ Megatrends 1_ Assessment of Resilience 2_ Important questions
Chapter 2 : The slums of Manila . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
0_ 1_ 2_ 3_
Geographical context Slum profile Important questions Conclusions
Chapter 3 : Navotas slum as a prototype site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
0_ 1_ 2_ 3_ 4_ 5_ 6_ 7_
Elements of value Fundamental considerations Community Infrastructure and mobility Housing Collective life Development in time Scenarios
Chapter 4 : Wave breaker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Reflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Appendix
i_ ii_ iv_ v_ vi_ vii_ viii_ x_ xi_ xii_ xiii_ xiv_
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Cycle of vulnerability Surface uses Pod technical details Pod layers Pod weight calculations Utility schematic Additional floorplans House structure details Column technical details Suction caisson anchoring Steel spanners Safety
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Forward
This project comes from an unexpected place yet returns somehow to its origin. It was born out of a fascination for the fact that water covers 70% of our planet’s surface, yet we do not use it in any meaningful way. From a concept of a digital-futuristic society in the middle of the ocean, soon it clarified into something much more useful and relevant, which could actually fit to the role we would like water to play in our urban environments, one of cooperation with it, not fighting against it. The aim of the design has been to illuminate the ways in which a real step could be taken towards a more coherent urban landscape that will survive the challenges of our time, both social and physical, and imrpove people’s lives wherever they find it difficult, even if only a little.
1
Chapter 1 : Cities under water
It is well known that the average sea level is rising. What is less known is that many large urban centers are already underwater today. Every year monsoons, typhoons, poor infrastructure and failure of countermeasures are flooding cities around the planet. This is especially evident in the large metropolis fabrics of Southeast Asia. Rivers and coastal floods are exacerbated by monsoon rains and strengthened by lack of resilient capacity to manage these quantities of water. The result is a crisis of hygiene, housing and financial stability for those who find themselves in these conditions. Most often these are the slum and informal housing inhabitants of large cities to which continuous and large scale migration is still ongoing.
2
0_ Megatrends
Asia Bank Development’s Flickr Page – Creative Commons License https://www.flickr.com/photos/asiandevelopmentbank/6980591056
3
Increasing frequency of climatic disasters, coupled with the megatrend of urbanization, to offer long-term resilient solutions in the
43%
36%
29%
450 375
475
especially water related, leads to a sense of urgency urban context.
53%
60%
66%
1000 875 825
Diagram by author based on World Risk Index reports
5
1_ Assessment of Resilience
Typhoon Haiyan damages Source: The Associated Press
6
Resilience “The capacity to recover quickly from stress.” Adaptivity “The capacity to adjust to change in environmental conditions.” In the case of a climate and urbanization context, these mean the extent and speed at which urban populations and infrastructure (especially for the urban poor) can recover from damage to important assets such as housing, economic capacity, education and health, and how well these systems respond to change over time. Definitions based on - Caroline O. N. Moser, “The Asset Vulnerability Framework: Reassessing Urban Poverty Reduction Strategies,” World Development 26, no. 1 (1998), 3.
RESILIENCE
Water Multifunctionality Management Drainage Flooding Sea level Storage
Diagram by author
Mixed use Spatial stacking Biodiversity
Connectivity
Redundancy
Transferability
Transportation Linkage
Risk spreading Safe-to-fail Modularity
Assessment Monitoring Experimentation
7
Manila, Philippines Connectivity and Water Management seem to be the main intrests of the Municipality. Efforts to improve these are doubtful to solve any long-term problems and come at the expense of social unrest and ineffective strategies to relocate inhabitants.
Water Management
Multifunctionality
Transferability
The rehabilitation of rivers and canals does offer some lessons in assessment and quantification of such efforts, therefore these could become transferrable to other similar urban operations in river cities. Connectivity
Redundancy
Dhaka, Bangladesh Water Management
There is hardly any implemented large scale work done to improve the city’s resilience. Some regional water management like dike improvements have been executed over the last years, but these are not effective.
Multifunctionality
Transferability
The only notable work done in the city is by international organizations, such as Habitat for Humanity, which do not constiture part of Municipal or Regional institutions. Connectivity
Redundancy
Resilient Homes, Southeast Asia There are many small interventions that do a great deal to reduce the vulnerability of local urban poor inhabitants and increase resilience in this region of the world. Organizations such as the Development Workshop France (DWF) and ACTED carry out education activities to improve disaster response, and they facilitate home improvements and reconstructions on a local scale, all of which offer valuable lessons for the entire Southeast Asian region.
Water Management
Transferability
Redundancy
Diagrams by author
Multifunctionality
Connectivity
8
Phnom Penh, Cambodia Water Management
Multifunctionality
Transferability
Connectivity
Redundancy
The condition in Phnom Penh is very similar to the one in Dhaka, both with much national and regional level planning and strategic frameworks, but almost no practical implementation in sight and hardly any relation to the lives of the urban poor. Here as well, the only actions in the city’s fabric are the work of institutions such as Habitat for Humanity, improving homes and locally acting to strengthen the resilience of individual families and neighborhoods.
Makoko Floating School, Nigeria Water Management
Multifunctionality
Transferability
Connectivity
Redundancy
The school, designed by KunlĂŠ Adeyemi is a prototype for a resilient education facility and considered one of the most recent and innovative experimentations in sustainable floating architecture. It offers a good design for a multi-layered functionality and services to the community, but it lacks any substantial infrastructure aspect which can connect to existing the fabric, or a risk-spreading element which will increase resilient capacity.
Floating Prototype - Thesis Proposal As a coherent response for the resilient and adaptive needs of current challenges, the design includes a high capacity to manage and store water as a primary consideration.
Water Management
Transferability
Redundancy
Multifunctionality
It offers flexible strategies for social space and services such as spatial stacking and integration with natural systems, and addresses issues of connectivity, and redundancy mainly through modular elements in order to handle long-term adaptation.
Connectivity
9
Resilience
Adaptat ion to
Ass es s t of en m
xt nte o C
Ev
ol
ut
io
na
ry D
a e c i si o n M
ki n
g
The adaptive process allows to select variations of parameters within a framework, and across different contextual scenarios in order to arrive at a correct adaptive character.
Diagram by author
10
2_ Important questions
As well as we might want to design and implement projects which deal effectively with resilience and adapativity in the urban context, we should remember that these issues are related to both the recent past and the future of human habitats, and therefore we will do well to always keep asking ourselves questions which will help to define and refine our way of thinking:
Which risk factors have the most effect on vulnerable inhabitants of urban areas under water risk?
Which
actions are taken at a local level to improve resilience of vulnerable communities in risk areas?
How
can urban interventions be categorized into a methodological framework that will allow assessment on regional, city, neighborhood and family scales?
How
can lessons from current interventions be transferrable to similar vulnerable contexts?
11
Chapter 2 : The slums of Manila
The population density in Manila is one of the highest in the world. Among the main factors contributing to this are the flow of migrants seeking economic opportunity, and the built environment of informal housing, commonly known as slums. Lying on the coast of a large bay in the north of the Philippines, it is officially inhabited by around 12 million people, 30% of which are poor, and 1 million of which live in poor slum conditions. Manila is the largest urban agglomeration in the Philippines, among the top 10 risk-prone countries according to the World Risk Index, surveying the vulnerabilities and capacities of nations in terms of health, economy and climate risk. Infrastructural failure and inadequacy, as well as shortage of housing, are directly linked to the slum environment and efforts are continuously hindered by strong tropical typhoons and heavy monsoon rains which shut down the city for days or weeks at a time on a yearly basis. * see first page of Appendix for illustrative diagram
12
Sources top to bottom: Charism Sayat - AFP/Getty Images, Edo Ankum (photographer), Reuters
13
0_ Geographical context
The Philippines is one of the most exposed countries in the world to tropical storms. Manila, being the largest urban center of this country, is situated on the eastern coast of the Manila Bay, east of the South China Sea. The city is positioned between this Bay and the inner Laguna de Bay, a large freshwater lake which drains through the city to Manila Bay via the Pasig river. In the north-east limit of the city lies the Marikina Valley Fault, which could trigger an earthquake above 7.0 magnitude. The design and research take into consideration this particular vulnerability profile of Manila as a high-risk urban center by declaring it a prototype site and fitting context for addressing all issues.
0
1 km
14
15
1_ Slum profile
Source: Bernard Lang (photographer)
16
As floods hit the city and infrastructure is disrupted, we find a large overlap between slum areas and the incidence of flooding. That is to say - the urban poor are the ones suffering most from the negative consequences of a lack of a resilient built environment and sustainable policies.
Informal Housing
0
5 km
Flood Risk
Maps based on data from NOAH Project flood reports and Urban Poor Associates 2013 Eviction Monitor
17
Population
4,000,000 in slums (33% of city) of which 750,000 near water bodies
Economic needs
40% unemployed. Fishing and unskilled labor, food vending and domestic help. River pollution drives to rubbish scavenging.
Transportation
Rickshaws and taxis, canal boats, bicycles
Water features
Coast, bisecting river, land reclamation
Demography
Family size > 5 with mostly young children. Low life expectancy due to poverty.
Informal housing
12 to 20 m2 shacks often with no flooring, water, or toilet. Whole families crowd together.
Hazards
Floods, river pollution, typhoons and earthquakes.
Source: Philippine Institute for Development Studies, Asian Development Bank 2000 and 2009 reports
18
Age: 23 Previous Occupation: Farming Current occupation: Scavenging Highest education: primary Family size: 6 Residence: Coast slum House size: 14 m2 Shared with: 5 Running water: partial Toilet: no Stove: no Flooring: yes
19
2_ Important questions
The particular situation in Manila regarding the resilience and vulnerability of the urban poor leads us to ask more specific questions within the framework we have defined. These questions pertain to the urban landscape in Manila and attempt to undertand the directions in which a design or possible solution can take: Which areas in the Manila area are most severly effected by multiple risk factors? What are the ways in which Resilience can be improved while keeping social cohesion? How can the connectivity of the proposed design fit within its framework of modularity and contribute to the existing fabric?
20
3_ Conclusions
The specific nature of Manila is a highly dense urban fabric boarding on water, increasing the exposure of weak populations by combining multiple risk factors such as flooding, fire, typhoons and health and infrastructure problems in the same locations close to the city center. This combination, coupled with a strong familial structure of community and particular neighborhood scale and hierarchy of self-governance on the local scale, prompts to think of a solution that will address multiple scales as well as heavily rely on infrastructural security to enable the assets that the urban poor possess. The crucial factors for increased resilience therefore are a flood-free and flexible and modular design, focused on empowerment of the capabilities of the urban poor themselves and a strong continuity with the existing urban landscape.
21
Chapter 3 : Navotas slum as a prototype site
The Navotas slum sits along the Manila Bay coast north of the main city port. One of the biggest and most dense slum areas, it is inhabited by around 250,000 people. Given the requirements of the project and the intersecting aspects of slum nieghborhoods and the risks of Manila City, the Navotas slum presents an optimal location for testing the prototype. The location north of the port still contains much economic activity in terms of the fishing industry, and the area is close to a central coastal bus terminal. The Navotas beach is characterized by combinations of housing and informal slums, giving it an interesting character in terms of assessing the effectivness with which the prototype contributes to the built environment as a continuous part of the city.
22
0
1 km
23
0_ Elements of value
Source: Bernard Lang (photographer)
24
The design was guided by a set of parameters and requirements both physical and conceptual, in order to guarantee a comprehensive view and approach to the entire intervention, on multiple scales and in consideration of an array of solutions combined to create the most benefit. Parameters such as the density and stability on the larger scale, with the constructional and spatial qualities on the smaller scale, allow careful integration of various functions.
City scale
Modularity
Stability
Storm Break
Wave Height
Module Size
Tsunami
Weight
Cost
Energy
Monsoon
Diagram by author
# of People
Module scale
Transport
Education
Health
Energy
Monsoon
# of People
Food
Materials
Demographics
Family scale
Climate
Food
Materials
Demographics
25
1_ Fundamental considerations
Source: Romeo Ranoco/Reuters
26
If the structure is more than twice the wavelength in extent, its response will tend to zero.
Source: Seasteading engineeing report (2011)
A high width to depth ratio will have a very large metacentric height, adding to its stability.
Image: Borg M, Collu M. 2015, A comparison between the dynamics of horizontal and vertical axis offshore floating wind turbines.
27
Modularity adds value in terms of efficiency, riskspreading, and multi-functionality. Stacking utilities and functions in each floating module is one way to improve these aspects.
Pedestrian / Greenery
Soil
Utilities
Water Storage
Diagram by author
28
Optimal volume to surface ratio enables more storage capacity (rain collection), material efficiency (cost and sustainability), and bouyancy (stability).
1.166
0.833
0.56
Specifically in the case of Manila and the contextual adaptivity regarding risk-spreading, a strategy of decentralization of crucial infrastructure helps to improve resilience.
Centralized
Decentralized
Distributed
29
2_ Community
Source: Edo Ankum (photographer)
30
Community cohesion and hierarchy is a very important aspect of slum life in Manila. The design answers to a specific composition of familial ties and group size, as well as the density of the surrounding area to ensure compatibility.
Barangay Administrative urban unit > 2000 people Human social unit Dunbar’s number ~150 people Density of Manila City 300 people / ~7000 m2 Area of stable module 6500 m2
300 300
300 300
300
300 300 31
Many types of urban organization in the form of square versus hexagonal modules were considered. In a process of objective prioritization according to valuable criteria, a selection was made that fit the Manila context appropriately.
Large public space
Medium spaces
Small spaces
Dense housing
32
Number of Units
Courtyard Access
100%
Public Space
Water Collection
Accessibility
2.583
Public Space
Water Collection
Accessibility
Quality of Views
Number of Units
Courtyard Access
Number of Units
Quality of Views
Score
1
1
1
1
1
5
3
1
1
1
1
4
3
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
1
2
2
0
1
Courtyard Access
0
Public Space
0
0
Water Collection
0
0
1
Accessibility
0
0
1
0
Quality of Views
0
0
0
0
2.25
1.917
0
1.667
Weight
1.667
2.25
33
3_ Infrastructure and mobility
Source: Bernard Lang (photographer)
34
To tap into the capabilites already present in the slum communities, the modular units can be fabricated out of a high density plastic material which will strengthen employment and sustainability.
Selecting the right material involves comparatively balancing important physical characteristics for long-term functionality and feasibility.
HDPE (plastic)
Concrete
Wood
Steel
Weight Durability Sustainability
Strength
Cost
Good OK Bad 35
Modular units are reconfigurable into sub-types of surface usage. While the base bouyancy chamber remains constant, the top layers are flexible and can facilitate different functions over time and space.
Variations of surface usage for modular Pods
Street Pod
Wetland Pod
Family Pod
gutter
soil layer
rain collection
septic tank water tank
36
Roof area : Families :
2508 m2 257
Solar panels :
1529
Kwh / Family :
5.95
The basic needs of cooking and sanitation are provided and the electric power is generated through solar paneled roofs of public buildings, providing services such as clinics, classrooms and markets. The footprint of public buildings is configured by the same modularity principles of hexagonal elements and columns, and results in a wide array of possibilities.
Variations of footprints for public buildings
37
A crucial aspect of the design is the function of central courtyards for each house cluster. A rain collection tank (spatial stacking principal) provides enough water for all uses, given the monsoon rain frequency. In addition, the central courtyards act as a Constructed Wetland, filtering grey and black water through a septic tank and a soil layer which are stacked further above the rain collection tank. This provides not only a social space inner to each cluster for semi-private activites, but a source of vegetation growth and possible nutrition, as well as sustainable use of water.
Pod surfaces used for water collection 1 3
2 4
6 Storage 325m3 / Pod
5 7
Sectors
Pipes
Liters collected by amount of surfaces July
August
September
October
...
...
June
1 Pod
23010
30810
26065
11830
18655
2 Pod
28020
71640
105770
111430
51930 38
Rainwater
Waste
Septic Tank
Collection Tank
Washing
Grey Water
Drinking
Black Water Constructed Wetland
Diagram by author
Common Gardens
Pipes
Native Reed “Phragmites Karka” 20cm Sand Black Water
40cm Gravel Grey Water
39
Paths along the perimeter or through inner streets of module neighborhoods allow a differentiation of traffic intensity and activities.
0
5
25m
41
4_ Housing
Source: Edo Ankum (photographer)
42
Vernacular relates not only to past traditions, but also to the accustomed way of building and maintaining practices in daily life over time. Therefore the slums, some of which are several generations old, have become in themselves a vernacular which the local inhabitants refine and practice on a yearly basis. The specific materials in each are different, but the guiding principals are the same for both: Lightweight, cheap, flexible and easy to maintain.
Vernacular materials and their expression Coco Lumber
Wood Scraps
Nipa Hut Bamboo
Nipa Palm
Slum Plastics
Metal Sheet
43
The 35m2 family houses are constructed from 4 concrete columns and a bamboo roof which are provided for the inhabitants. The walls, windows and doors are infilled by the family itself as it moves in, establishing both a sense of ownership as well as personal organization. The capacity to extend the house to a second floor exists, and the orientation of the house can be changed in 3 axis over time to better suit changing needs. A basic utility core is provided, giving each family a kitchen and toilet, and organizing the space.
Metal sheet roof 6cm bamboo purlins 10cm bamboo truss 15cm bamboo beam
Prefab concrete beam
Prefab toilet and kitchen core Prefab concrete column
65m2 pod surface
44
Activity zones
Sleeping
WC Living
Kitchen / Dining
Core utilities
A
A
0
1
5m
Climate section A-A
45
The aim of the project is not to provide high-quality housing, but rather to provide the possibility for such, as built and improved over time by the inhabitants, through a process of increased resilience and economic capacity. A sense of ownership and stability in terms of riskreduction can empower inhabitants to appropriate the housing as their own, leading to improvements over time.
Initial infill by inhabitants
0
1
5m
Sense of ownership leads to improved materials and investments 46
The extension to the 2nd floor leaves more flexibility in terms of private spaces and potential to have functions on a balcony, or to free up the first floor for more public activities.
C
C 0
1
5m
Section C-C
47
5_ Collective life
Source: Edo Ankum (photographer)
48
The modular design allows various configurations of house extensions in the form of the vernacular canopies, used for shading various commercial and social activities.
Variations for canopy extensions between and from house structures
49
Considerations of sunlight allowance and variations of water boundary need to be considered with regards to the effects on the ecosystem as well as the provision of minimum clearance between communities in case of fire. Water, and life on the edge of it, is transformed from a risk and hazard into a new relationship and a way of life.
50
Relationships between house-edge and water
Food source
Nutrient Exchange
Biodiverse zone
Dark zone
51
In order to begin to assess the potential of the modular and flexible arrangement of infrastructural elements, housing, and street life, we must show how different lifestyles, family compositions and physical requirements of privacy can successfully fit into the possible configurations.
Private
Semi-private
Public
Semi-public
A
Couple with 4 children Home shop
A
B
B
3 generation home Fishermen
D
B
C
Young couple with relatives Street vendors
B
C
D
Young couple with children Scavenging trash
D
A
E
Young couple with children Construction worker
E
C
52
Due to the tropical climate and the social traditions of Manila, daily activities focus on street life and the space between houses.
53
1.
1st pod
2.
More attached pods
3.
100 pods per community
4.
Structural columns and beams
56
5.
Core toilet and kitchen
6.
Bamboo and steel roof
7.
Infill walls by inhabitants
8.
Collective street canopies
57
6_ Development in time
60
As generations grow and families expand, more space should be provided and flexible ways of accommodating needs should exist. The design allows replacement of elements and maintenance as well as expansion of private homes and extensions.
Development of housing extent over time according to family growth
Lifespan of elements according to use patterns and maintenance
Base pod 30 years
Modular elements 10 years
Daily life 3 years 61
7_ Scenarios
Scenario 1 - Housing
Scenario 2 - Industry
Scenario 3 - Commerce
Placement of the developement in proximity to current habitation and economic activities creates an extension of the city fabric.
Slums
Housing
63
Scenario 1
0
10
50 m 65
The illustration in this spread and the previous one are of an example scenario, where the floating community is adjecent to an existing residential area. Slums inhabitants are relocated and infrastructure on the shore area can be improved in parallel.
67
Coastal improvements Mixed transport Pedestrian only Housing cluster Boat docking
69
Chapter 4 : Wave breaker
Manila is faced each year with strong typhoons which send high waves bashing against the shoreline. In extreme storms these waves can reach 4 meters in height. The conclusion from this simple fact is that no innovative design to increase resilience would do well without a protective measure against this risk. The strategy is constructing a floating wave breaker at a short distance from the floating community, buffering the waves and protecting the inhabitants. This protection, following the principals identified in other parts of the project, is also multifunctional in nature and contributes beyond being a simple physical barrier.
72
Sources top to bottom: SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department, nzgeo.com, dreamwreath wordpress
73
The floating wave breaker integrates nutrient remediation of the Bay waters which are heavily polluted, provides economic opportunity, and improves resilience on many scales. An integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA)system can be implemented using segmented floating concrete barriers, chained together. This will provide a source of food and income for the people living on the floating community.
Feed Per m2 : “Bangus� Fish Native Seaweed
3 kg of fish 5 kg of shellfish 3 kg of seaweed
Mussels/ shellfish Nitrogen & Phosphorus
Nitrogen Diagram by author
74
aw
d ee
Se
sh ilkfi
ets
hN
s ellfi
Sh
es
Lin
s
ge
Ca
M
315 m
A chain of IMTA units providing employment and protection for the community while strategically placing barriers at a distance from modular pods
50 m
100 m
75
Reflection
The issues presented in the research and throughout the design are immense, to say the least. They address the very core of urbanization and climate risks today and they seem insurmountable at first glance. The interventions proposed try to break them down to their managable components and approach them in a comprehensive way. Nevertheless, this task is surely not fully completed in this singular project, nor can it be improved and propegated without further development of the concepts and design in the future. It does however prove to be a very good tool that enables us to think differently about these issues, and all of its aspects can be tested and assessed, which means it can prove useful to others. I am glad to have made this project and to have attempted to provide some possible solutions to very real problems, which relate to many millions of people around the world.
76
Appendix
77
Slum inhabitants are locked many times in a cycle of vulnerability, which prevents them from leveraging their assets and improving their conditions. Crucial to the understanding of the situation of the urban poor is the diagram below, illustrating their back and forth journey between risk and vulnerability in the urban context.
i
Pod surfaces, due to their modular and flexible nature, can transform quickly into green areas, water features, and other social and functional uses.
Low green
Trees
Trees + Street
Public bathroom
Socializing
Water feature
Small deck
Large deck
ii
Each pod has a cavity of 1m separating two walls of HDPE plastic. This cavity contains seawater to balance the bouyancy of the pod in water.
5
2
1
1
2cm HDPE panel
2
Water and waste service tunnel
3
Zigzag connection between panels
4
HDPE 2cm bolts
5
2cm inner HDPE panel with reinforcing ribs
6
2cm corner HDPE panel for rigidness - 1m cavity chamber
6
Interlocking rings slide into the exterior perimeter panels to join two pods together, and service tunnels a placed high and provide pathways for services. Corner joint 3
Interlocking mechanism between pods
Connecting HDPE bolts
4
iv
On top of each bouyancy chamber there are 2 layers: Layer 1 - Modular HDPE volumes for services and soil. Layer 2 - Modular reinforced concrete slabs with inserts for columns and central gutter.
25cm thick reinforced concrete cap modules
50cm thick 2cm HDPE service modules Center holding ring
v
How far into the water do the pods actually sink? Each pod has a volume of 325 m3, which is used to calculate the relative density of all materials involved to the overall volume, and see the optimal submerged level inside the sea so that the surface is niether dangerously shallow nor deep enough to allow water into service tunnels.
Material
m3
m3 * (Kg/m3)
Kg / 325 m3
% submerged
HDPE plastic
6.5
6240
19.20
1.92
Concrete
17
40800
125.54
12.55
Seawater
111
111000
341.54
34.15
Bamboo
0.25
125
0.38
0.04
x
~5000
15.38
1.54
Other
163165
50
vi
The constructed wetland is connected to each house cluster through a system of a rain collection tank, septic tank and filters which provide all needed services of sanitation and water to the household.
WL OF
F
Filter
OF
Tank Overflow
WT
Water Tank
P
Pump
S
Sink
SH
Solar Heater
SW
Shower
WC
Toilet
ST
Septic Tank
WL
Wetland
ST
WC
SH
SW
OF WT
F
P S F vii
The organization of the house can follow patterns of contextual activities, be that growing food for the family in a garden or selling products through a front shop or any other activity which relies on flexible boundary conditions.
Front shop
Back garden
0
1
5m
viii
The structure of the house is provided to the inhabitants, while they infill this frame of concrete columns and simple truss bamboo roof covered with steel corrugated sheets.
5
6
1
15cm bamboo beam
2
10cm bamboo beam
3
6cm bamboo purlin
4
20x20cm reinforced concrete beam
5
20 degree angle corrugated steel roof
6
Potential DIY hollow brick wall
The aim is that after appropriation of the house, families will improve the materials over time and create better living conditions for themselves.
Bamboo truss and purlins 3
1
2
4
Column section and hollow concrete brick
Column steel pin and roof connection
x
Each column is topped with a steel pin with perforations, both to insert the concrete beam between two columns as well as provide connections for steel wires attached to the bamboo roof. At the footing, the column is inserted onto another steel bar which can optionally be glued to it to add strength or left unglued to provide changes in the future placement of the columns.
xi
An array of anchors is implemented to the sea bottom to tie down the modular pods and floating wave breakers, while allowing some minimal tolerance for movement due to waves and self-weight. Suction caissons are an innovative way for offshore anchoring, offering easier installation and removal, and are a fitting technology for the scale and parameters of the project.
xii
Joining two pods together requires a flexible joint, which will allow movement tolerance on 3 axes due to waves and dynamic loads. Attaching communities at multiple points with steel rods set inside sockets, will give an additional stability to the whole collection of pods making up each community.
Gap covers 1m gap
Flexible joint
Socket
1m steel rod
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Given the innovative nature of the project, certain safety aspects need to be investigated. The high risk of fire usually accompanying slum life urges us to understand what scenario might occur in the event of a fire. The following diagram shows how ladders, fire hydrants, and evacuation paths can be located to ensure safety in extreme scenarios.
Evacuation path [max 50 m] Hydrant and Ladder locations
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3_ Bibliography Reports - An, Leng Heng. “Country Report of Cambodia - Disaster Management.” Asian Disaster Reduction, 2014. Assocciates, Urban Poor. “2013 Eviction Monitor.” 2013. - Anderson, Thea, and Mark Hildebrand. “A Rapid Urban Diagnostic and Proposed Intervention Strategy for Dig in Phnom Penh.” 2009. - Bangladesh, Habitat for Humanity. “Project Conclusion Report: Building Resilience of Urban Slum Settlementsm a Multi-Sectoral Approach to Capacity Building in Dhaka, Bangladesh.” edited by Habitat for Humanity Australia (HFHA). Melbourne, Australia: Habitat for Humanity, 2013. - Cambodia, Royal Government of. “National Adaptation Programme of Action to Climate Change (Napa).” edited by Ministry of Environment, 2006. - Commission, Pasig River Rehabilitation. “Annual Report 2014.” Manila, Philippines, 2014. - Macauslan, Ian, and Laura Phelps. “Oxfam Gb Emergency Food Security and Livelihoods Urban Programme Evaluation Final Report.” Oxfam, 2012. - Need, People In. “Phnom Penh; Multiple Indicator Assessment of the Urban Poor.” UNICEF Cambodia, 2014. - Singru, Naik, Michael Lindfield, and Ramola Lindfield. “Republic of the Philippines National Urban Assessment.” Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2014.
Risk - Aßheuer, Tibor, Insa Thiele-Eich, and Boris Braun. “Coping with the Impacts of Severe Flood Events in Dhaka’s Slums – the Role of Social Capital.” Erdkunde 67, no. 1 (2013): 21-35. - Barua, Sudipta, and Jacko A. van Ast. “Towards Interactive Flood Management in Dhaka, Bangladesh.” Water Policy 13, no. 5 (2011): 693-716. - Cambodia, Kingdom of. “Strategic National Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction 2008-2013.” edited by National Committee for
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Management and and Ministry of Planning, 2008. - Garschagen, Matthias, Michael Hagenlocher, Martina Comes, Mirjam Dubbert, Robert Sabelfeld, Yew Jin Lee, Ludwig Grunewald, et al. “World Risk Report 2016.” In World Risk Report, edited by Lars Jeschonnek, Peter Mucke, Julia Walter and Lotte Kirch. Berlin: Institute for Environment and Human Security, 2016. - Group, World Bank. “Climate Risk and Adaptation Country Profile: Vulnerability, Risk Reduction, and Adaptation to Climate Change, Cambodia.” World Bank Group, 2011.
Poverty - Bank, Asian Development. “Poverty in the Philippines: Causes, Constraints, and Opportunities.”. Manila, Philippines, 2009. - Boquet, Yves. “Metro Manila’s Challenges: Flooding, Housing and Mobility.” In Urban Development Challenges, Risks and Resilience in Asian Mega Cities, edited by R. B. Singh, 447-68. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2015. - Moser, Caroline O. N. “The Asset Vulnerability Framework: Reassessing Urban Poverty Reduction Strategies.” World Development 26, no. 1 (1998/01/01 1998): 1-19.
Urban Challenges - Burkhalter, Laura, and Manuel Castells. “Beyond the Crisis: Towards a New Urban Paradigm.” In The 4th International Conference of the International Forum on Urbanism (IFoU). Amsterdam/Delft, 2009. - United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. “World Urbanization Prospects the 2014 Revision: Highlights.” (2014).
Climate - Hossain, M.A. “Global Warming Induced Sea Level Rise on Soil, Land and Crop Production Loss in Bangladesh “ In 19th World Congress of Soil Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World Brisbane, Australia, 2010. - Ipcc. “Summary for Policymakers.” In Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group Ii to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by C. B. Field, V. R. Barros, D. J. Dokken, K. J. Mach, M. D. Mastrandrea, T. E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, et al., 1-32. Cambridge, United Kingdom, and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press, 2014. - McGregor, Alisdair, Stephen Cole Roberts, and Fiona Cousins. Two Degrees : The Built Environment and Our Changing Climate [in English]. Abingdon, Oxon ;: Routledge, 2013.
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