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Yale’s research labs contend with environmental impacts of plastic use

BY KAYLA YUP AND BRIAN ZHANG STAFF REPORTERS

Plastic’s use has been cemented in scientific research by promises of accuracy and standardized replication. Yet researchers are still weighing the impacts of labs producing an estimated five and a half tons of plastic waste yearly, balancing necessity with efficiency.

With over 1200 labs spanning across disciplines, Yale is not new to the plastic discourse. The imagery of waste bins brimming with discarded single-use plastic and scientists replacing plastic equipment at incredible speed has incited concern from both an internal and external perspective.

But environmentalists, researchers and students alike are urging people to take a step back, weighing in on the paradoxical complexity of the “plastic problem” in science.

“I believe that medical research is a very justified use of discardable plastic,” Ellen Foxman, an associate professor of laboratory medicine and immunobiology at the Yale School of Medicine and the principal investigator of the Foxman Lab, said. “We live in a time when many people worry about sustainability, and I do, too, but there are good uses for plastic as opposed to bad uses.”

Foxaman’s lab works with human pathogens, using disposable plastics to prevent cross contamination and to contain infections. She mentioned that what the public considers to be more “sustainable” forms of plastic may not be suitable for a laboratory setting due to experimental parameters for durability.

Different types of plastics have different polymer makeups and structure, affecting the way it can interact with different substances at various heats and pressures demanded of laboratory work, according to Foxman. Thus, many lab exercises are designed with a specific plastic in mind.

Moreover, some plasticware used in Foxman’s pathogenic experiments undergo corrosive bleaching and disinfecting procedures afterwards, making them “unsuitable” for a subsequent experiment or trial.

“At Yale, we have labs performing research with a wide variety of hazardous materials, all having different degrees of risk,” Kevin Charbonneau, the executive director of Yale Environmental Health and Safety (EHS), wrote to the News. “Safety is the first and most important hurdle to overcome. We have to consider what we are asking people to do and determine whether or not the benefit outweighs the risk to them as well as the workers downstream. Once the safety and regulatory hurdles are taken into account, one also needs to assess the feasibility and economics of implementing such a change.”

According to EHS, which oversees the waste management of lab supplies and equipment at the University’s undergraduate and professional programs, any plastic that has come into contact with biochemical substances is considered a biohazard. Any plastic containing any form of cell culture is then considered Biosafety Level 2, requiring additional care in disposal and transportation to curb contamination and infection.

The classification excludes discarded single-use plastic with biochemical exposure from the list of laboratory materials that can be recycled with official permission, as per a list of guidelines designed by EHS, Yale Sustainability and Yale Recycling.

Used pipette tips fall under this category, making them one of the greatest sources of plastic waste in labs and stymying the effort to curb plastic consumption overall.

Daniel Mendoza ’25, a student researcher at Yale, said that he goes through about 100 plastic pipette tips daily — sometimes even 200 to 300 during a busy day.

Miles Yamner ’25, who also has laboratory experience at Yale, added that much of the disposable plastic pipette tips used in his lab are designed to “degrade faster,” and thus are not meant for reusing. In fact, reuse can be more harmful than helpful.

Compared to shifting to non-plastic labware, recycling single-use plastic can sometimes be environmentally counterproductive in terms of associated greenhouse gas emissions and energy costs, according to Reid Lifset — a research scholar at the Yale School of the Environment.

This paradox contradicts the common “public perception” of plastic as purely an enemy, he said, and of our tendency to ethically default to either recycling or finding alternatives without additional research. While this perspective sometimes holds true and plays a role in creating environmental consciousness, Lifset mentioned that it is important to consider context, urging people to approach the plastic problem from a “lifecycle perspective.”

Rather than limiting our attention to the last stage of single-use plastic’s life cycle — discardment — Lifset suggested that those concerned about the environmental impact of different materi-

DANIEL ZHAO/SENIOR PHOTOGRAPHER

Environmentalists, students and professors say that sustainable research practices will remain a critical area to address.

als consider the entirety of their life cycles. First, substances are extracted from the natural environment, then processed and turned into products before finally being thrown away.

Some materials that are traditionally viewed as greener than plastic, such as glass and metal, may actually have greenhouse gas and energy expenditures throughout their entire life cycles that exceed those of single-use plastic, according to Lifset.

Lifset described this in the context of bags. One single-use plastic bag requires less emissions to make than one cotton tote bag. But the continual use of the tote bag replacing many plastic bags makes it more sustainable in the long term.

Thus, Lifset contended, continual use of products is key. Since the reusable product will leave a more significant environmental dent during production, it will only benefit the environment if it is used many times in place of a single-use product.

Despite acknowledging the advantages of plastic in experimental science, some students are speaking out in favor of streamlining or improving lab practices to be more environmentally favorable. Hyerim Bianca Nam ’24, who is familiar with laboratory settings both at Yale and overseas in Germany, paid close attention to the differences in plastic protocol between the two countries. Nam is also a staff columnist for the News.

“In the German ecological lab where I was working with chemicals and RNA, we would put tips and even gloves into the autoclave bin, where they would be autoclaved for reuse in certain circumstances,” Nam said. “The two labs were in different disciplines, so they’re not perfectly comparable, but … it was interesting that in the lab here [at Yale], people were a lot more careless about throwing away tips that could maybe be reused. “If they missed with the pipette, [if a] tip fell or was crooked in the box … [and sometimes even if pipette tips were] in the same [liquid] medium, we would just throw it away,” Nam said.

EHS currently does not enlist any formal policies for the aforementioned situations, but Charbonneau noted that while there has not been a “monumental change” to wet lab practices that has reversed this policy, the University has been working to engineer a more individualized approach to creating sustainable science over the past decade.

In 2011, Yale launched the Green Lab Initiative, urging scientists to cultivate a socioemotional consciousness of their environmental footprint — even if it’s just “the basics,” he said. Labs would check off small action items like printing double-sided pages and recycling sterile pipette boxes, ultimately working toward four different levels of certification.

As of this year, nearly 363 principal investigators have participated in the program according to EHS records, though Charbonneau described the effort as “more reserved and complicated [when it comes to plastic recycling] due to waste regulations and health and safety risks.”

Virginia Chapman, director of Yale Sustainability, added that Chris Incarvito, associate provost for science initiatives, actively serves on the board for the International Institute for Sustainable Laboratories, which will soon be releasing “recommendations” that her team looks forward to incorporating “as possible,” she said.

Chapman also looks forward to expanding outreach to more intimately engage the broader community in conversations about environmental waste, as well as educating them about what exactly the “best practices” are when it comes to plastic in science.

Meanwhile, on a more localized level, some principal investigators and lab personnel are committing to developing laboratory cultures that “work smarter,” and not just harder, to improve sustainability efforts.

Foxman, for example, keeps efficiency at the forefront of her research, “always thinking” about ways to be resourceful by “carefully planning” out experiments to prioritize “high impact experiments.” Equipment is not the only valuable resource, she said. Her lab is also handling “precious” clinical samples and primary human cells that, like plastic, are not always feasibly recyclable.

“Biomedical research may be one of the last areas where you can get rid of consumables, but we want to get the maximum amount of science done with the minimum amount of cost,” Foxman said.

This year, Yale Sustainability Week took place from Oct. 3 to Oct. 7.

Contact KAYLA YUP at kayla.yup@yale.edu@yale.eduand BRIAN ZHANG at brian.zhang@yale.edu@yale.edu .

Yale increases investment in blockchain research

BY ALEX YE STAFF REPORTER

This time last year, Yale was unranked in CoinDesk’s Best Universities for Blockchain. A year later the University places 34th overall, on par with Harvard and other major universities around the world.

The report’s results recognize Yale’s recent significant investments into blockchain research, including the hiring of four new blockchain experts to the Computer Science faculty, — Ben Fisch, Charalampos Papamanthou, Katerina Sotiraki and Fan Zhang — one of whom is leading a project that has received a $5.75 million grant for blockchain development.

“In the last few years, blockchain, as an interdisciplinary field, has spurred a huge amount of development in distributed systems and cryptography and their intersection,” said Fisch. “This is also why it’s such a fascinating academic topic, because it ties together so many different fields, not only from computer science, but also from economics, law and policy. Yale has a very unique combination of strengths in all these different areas, especially at present.”

In August, Yale blockchain researchers accepted a $5.75 million grant from the Algorand Foundation, a not-for-profit organization focused on the development of blockchain technology.

The grant will support PAVE: A Center for Privacy, Accountability, Verification and Economics of Blockchain Systems, which will be led by Papamanthou. PAVE will bring together a cross-disciplinary team of experts from four institutions — Yale, Columbia University, the City College of New York and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, with Yale being the leading institution — to advance research of blockchain systems.

Apart from the technical agenda, PAVE will also host hackathons, symposiums and blockchain summer schools.

The expansion of blockchain research at Yale coincides with the rise of the blockchain technology market. The value of blockchain technology in the banking, financial services and insurance sector market is expected to grow by $4.02 billion between 2021 and 2026, according to Technavio. The Technavio study found that easier access to technology and disintermediation of banking services will create more growth opportunities within the industry.

Papamanthou believes the hirings acknowledged the importance of blockchain, and that the University has more generally “acknowledged the interdisciplinary nature of the blockchain space.” He emphasized the University provides opportunities to explore the blockchain industry, such as interdisciplinary majors like computer science and economics.

Papamanthou spotlighted the newly established Roberts Innovation Fund created by the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, which assists blockchain projects that could be commercialized through funding and mentoring.

An increasing number of students are interested in the field of blockchain, according to Mariam Alaverdian ’23, president of the Yale Blockchain Club.

Alaverdian explained that because of the many applications of blockchain technology — from personal identity security to healthcare to money transfers — the emergence of blockchain into our lives is “inevitable.” She added that the Yale Blockchain Club has seen interested students come from a variety of backgrounds, with some having no prior exposure and others who already have startups in the space.

“The Yale Blockchain Club started last spring and we received a lot of attention from Yale undergraduate and graduate students,” Alaverdian wrote in an email to the News. “We had 600 people sign up for our mailing list within a couple of weeks … there is definitely a high demand from Yale students for educational materials and guidance.”

As the blockchain industry has continued to grow, Yale has been a “fierce advocate” for blockchain research and development, Papamanthou noted.

Papamanthou explained that because Yale’s faculty is now made up of “leaders in the field of distributed computing and cryptography,” the potential blockchain innovation at Yale could be “unprecedented.”

“It’s amazing that Yale has hired two phenomenal professors,

ZOE BERG/SENIOR PHOTOGRAPHER

Yale, which was ranked 34 in Coindesk’s 2022 Best Universities for Blockchain, has invested significantly in the rapidly growing field.

Ben Fisch and Fan Zhang, whose research focuses on aspects of blockchains,” said Roshan Palakkal ’25, a student in Frontiers of Blockchain Research, a course taught by Fisch. “Yale CS typically isn’t known to be the best, but I think the new classes and faculty have positioned it to become one of the best universities for blockchain, with lots of potential for interdisciplinary collaboration in areas like economics, global affairs, and public policy.”

Papamanthou added that students who are interested in blockchain have access to a variety of courses across the Computer Science and Economics Departments, as well as at the Yale School of Management and Yale Law School.

According to Fisch, from a computer science perspective, Yale is educationally competitive with any other university in the field of blockchain.

“I will be offering a course in the spring that is comparable to the blockchain course that’s offered by Stanford,” Fisch said. “And the research seminar that I’m teaching now is uncommon at other universities, as it really goes in depth at a graduate level into all the most recent research topics that are being worked on currently.”

The Yale Computer Science Department is located at 51 Prospect St.