For Order This And Any Other Test Banks And Solutions Manuals, Course, Assignments, Discussions, Quizzes, Exams, Contact us At: johnmate1122@gmail.com Test Bank Basic Pharmacology for Nurses 15th Edition Solution Clayton: Basic Pharmacology for Nurses, 15th Edition Chapter 1: Definitions, Names, Standards, and Information Sources Answers to Critical Thinking Questions 1. Differentiate among generic, trade, brand, and proprietary names assigned to medicines. The generic name or common name is given to a drug before it becomes official. It may be used by any manufacturer and in any country. The first letter is not capitalized. Nurses are strongly encouraged to learn and refer to drugs by their generic name, because formularies are maintained by generic names. When a therapeutically equivalent drug is available in generic form, a generic medicine is routinely substituted for the brand name medicine. The trademark, brand name, or propriety name is followed by the symbol ®. This indicates that the name is registered and that its use is restricted to the owner of the drug, who is usually the manufacturer. These names are easier to pronounce, spell, and remember, and the first letter is capitalized. 2. Describe the different ways drugs may be classified. Body system that they affect (e.g., drugs affecting the central nervous system) Therapeutic use or clinical indications (e.g., antacids, antibiotics) Physiologic or chemical actions (e.g., anticholinergics) Prescription or nonprescription (over-the-counter [OTC] drugs). Prescription drugs require an order by a health professional who is licensed to prescribe, such as a physician, nurse practitioner, or pharmacist. Nonprescription drugs are sold without a prescription in a pharmacy or the health section of department or grocery stores. Illegal drugs, sometimes referred to as recreational drugs, are used for nontherapeutic purposes, have been obtained illegally, or have not received approval for use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Answers to Critical Thinking Questions
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3. Prepare a list of books used as drug resources. United States drug resources: American Drug Index American Hospital Formulary Service, Drug Information Drug Interaction Facts Drug Facts and Comparisons Handbook on Injectable Drugs Martindale—The Complete Drug Reference Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR) Canadian drug resources: Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialties (CPS) Patient Self-Care: Helping Patients Make Therapeutic Choices Compendium of Self-Care Products 4. Discuss implications of herbal product use and the importance of checking for drugherbal interactions. Herbal products are being used to treat many diseases and nutritional deficiencies. It is important for patients to understand the uses, safety, effectiveness, mechanism of action, active ingredients, adverse reactions, interactions, and dosage and administration. This information can be obtained through sources such as the Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database. 5. Describe the drug approval process in the United States. a. Preclinical research. Discovery, synthesis, and purification of the drug. b. Clinical research and development. Phase 1 determines a drug’s pharmacologic properties. These studies require 20 to 100 subjects who take the drug for 4 to 6 weeks. Phase 2 studies involve smaller patient populations who have the condition that the drug is designed to treat. Phase 3 studies use larger populations to ensure statistical significance of results; also, proper dosing and safety are addressed. c. New Drug Application. When sufficient data demonstrate that the experimental drug is both safe and effective, the investigator submits a New Drug Application to the FDA. This is reviewed by a team of pharmacologists, toxicologists, chemists, physicians, and others (as appropriate), who then make a recommendation to the FDA. Once it is approved by the FDA, it is the manufacturer’s decision as to when to bring a product to the marketplace. d. Postmarketing surveillance. Ongoing review of adverse effects of the new drug, as well as periodic inspections of the manufacturing facilities and products. Studies completed during the fourth phase include identifying other patient populations for whom the drug may be useful, refining dosing recommendations, or exploring potential drug interactions. Health care practitioners make a significant contribution to the knowledge of drug safety by reporting adverse effects of drugs to the FDA by using MEDWATCH.