PORTFOLIO Yang Wenrui / 2019-2024 Applacation for University College London Programme: MSc Architectural Computation Application number: 24159212
Wuhan University Tel: +86 15050836130 Email: yangwenrui0404@gmail.com yangwenrui0404@163.com
MODULE VALLEY
01
2023.3-2023.5 Indivadual Design; Academic: Architecture Design Studio: Integrated Competition: NCDA (Second Prize) Science Research Building Design
Location: WuHan Univercity, WuHan, HuBei, China The design revolves around the concept of "modular architecture," aiming to explore potential architectural forms of the future. In this design, the space in the central part of the building was developed using a parametric design approach. It relies on a series of objective physical parameters, such as ventilation and lighting, and employs a genetic algorithm to generate the basic form of the building, aiming to achieve a possible organization of the interior space. How to balance the flexibility and structural form of modular architecture with the functional requirements of a research building is the key issue addressed in this design.
-SITE ANALYSIS
The site selection is in Wuhan, where there is relatively high humidity and sufficient heat throughout the year, requiring good ventilation conditions.
Entrance
Entrance
Entrance
The site is within Wuhan University, close to the famous attractions. To the south of the site, there is a park above a tunnel, which is open to the public. Therefore, the southern façade of the architecture will serve as the main façade.
-DESIGN STRATEGY Overall Form Generation based on Wallacei genetic algorithm
Unitization Spatial transformation based on calculus theory
Spatial Design Modular assembly Public spaces design
Main Entrance
Underground Parking
After the genetic algorithm generates the basic forms, since irregular geometries cannot be used as architectural spaces, we borrow the concept of calculus to convert the forms into units, complemented by modular design and construction methods to generate the entire building.
1) Original site environment
2) Establish basic volume according to the line
3) Define negative shapes according to the algorithm
4) Determine internal units based on negative shapes
5) Set up circulation on both sides
6) Add various types of finishes
SITE PLAN
-WALLACEI GENETIC ALGORITHM
-OPTIMIZATION SOLUTIONS
Natural Lighting Considerations:
Considering architectural energy conservation and human comfort, we have set the optimization objectives taking into account the following two sets of indicators: Lighting Considerations: Includes the sunlight and radiation received by buildings; 01 Basic Module
Ventilation Considerations.
02 Set up a lighttransmitting well
Ventilation Considerations:
03 Considering south-facing lighting
Design Building Definition Define Design Parameters and Optimization Objectives
Optimization
Optimization Algorithm Definition
Objective Function Evaluation
Optimized Generation
step 2
Gene Mutation
Gene Crossing
FO1: make FAR as close to 7 as possible. The grid represents an example of the sampling points.
step 1
01 Basic Module
02 Design openings according to environmental wind directions
03 Openings ensure ventilation conditions
Selection of exported solutions:
Optimize the Design Parameters of the New Generation
FO2: Calculate the radiation difference of the building surface at the highest and lowest temperatures
Sunshine Calculation Parametric Design
Sunlight Simulation Settings
step 3
Gen41, ind29 was chosen as the basic form for this design.
Architectural sunlight simulation results
CFD Simulation Set Computational Simulation
Set Boundary
Set Calculate Area and Grid FO3: Calculate the sunlight exposure of sampling points on the winter solstice day
step 4
CFD Calculation
After 1500 calculations (50 generations, 30 times per generation)，I get 75 optimization solutions. Due to the space limit, select 11 solutions with large differences for analysis and display.
Objective Function Final Optimization Objective Function
No
meet criteria？ Pareto Solutions of Optimizatior Calculation
Yes
FO4: Establish wind tunnels according to the prevailing wind direction in Wuhan, calculate the wind speed at sampling points
Manual Selection of Good Individuals Architectural Designers
Pareto Solutions Final Architectural Model
step 5
FO1: The volume ratio target is used to control the proportion of negative shapes; FO2: to minimize the radiant temperature difference between the coldest and hottest days on the building's surface to ensure the least building energy consumption; FO3: to minimize the proportion of sampling points with less than 2 hours of sunlight on the coldest days; FO4: to maximize the proportion of sampling points where the wind speed is within the human comfort range of 1-5 m/s.
-INTERMEDIATE FLOOR PLAN (Taking The 3rd Floor As An Example)
-GROUND PLAN
Main Entrance
27
15
27
1
2
3
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27
16
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18 19
22
Entrance
27
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28 23
Entrance 5 12 27
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11 7
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Main Entrance
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1F
-SECTION
9
1 Lobby 2 Fire Control Room 3 Electron Microscope Room 4 Research Achievements Gallery 5 Reception
6 Administrative Office 7 Scientific Research Office 8 Fire Lane 9 Space Above Underground Garage Entrance
10 Men's Restroom 11 Women's Restroom 12 Accessible Restroom 13 Machine Room 14 General Laboratory
15 Physics Laboratory 16 Safety Officer's Office 17 Buffer Zone 18 First Changing Room 19 Second Changing Room
20 Emergency Exit 21 Corridor 22 Normally Closed Fire Door 23 Shared Space 24 Study Area
25 Public Platform 26 Storage Room 27 enclosed stairwell lobby 28 Vacant Frame
-FUNCTIONAL & STREAM ANALYSIS 01 Streamline Analysis The main flow lines are constructed with simplified cores on both sides, with a connection set up in the middle.
02 Special Function Zones Specialized laboratories on the north side, general laboratories in the center. special laboratory
subjects
Lecture hall General laboratory
-PESPECTIVE SECTIONS
03 General Unit Display The functions composed are mostly various types of office spaces.
-STRUCTURAL DESCRIPTION OF UNIT MODULES The structure of the unit uses square tube steel as the main framework, supplemented by I-beam steel as the secondary purlin. The diagrams below show the modulus control (01) the structure (02) when the unit modules are combined and the internal force is redistributed after the central module or the end module fails (03). Steel Corrugated Sheet
ETFE
Suspended Ceiling
Screw Washers
Main Frame Steel Angle Secondary Keel
Expansion Bolt
02 Tie force
Adding
03 01
If the central or end modules need to be evacuated or repaired due to laboratory leaks, the stress on the remaining modules will not cause the building to collapse.
-UNIT DESIGN AND COMBINATION A
E
B
F
C
G
D A: Laboratory C: Shared Space E: Storage Room G: Platform B: Office D: Meeting F: Control Room
A: 1*2
A: 2*1
B-1
B-2
C: 1*2
C: 2*1
D-1
D-2
G
The unit design includes 4 types of 8 basic units (A-D) and 3 auxiliary units (EG), which together form a large laboratory setup with two types of anterooms. The smaller one is only equipped with a security officer's office and an emergency passage, while the larger one has, in addition to the security officer's office, a first and second shift room and a buffer space. 1
-ARCHITECTURAL DETAIL DRAWING & SECTION 2 3
Vertical sections 1
2 3
30 mm glass-fibre reinforced concrete 120 mm mineral wool thermal insulation In situ concrete column, 240 x 240 mm Wooden window, larch, transparent glaze finish
-EXPLODED VIEWS BY LAYER
-HANDMADE MODEL The laser cutting part: - basswood boards(1.5mm, 2mm, 3mm, used to represent the site and both sides of the building); - acrylic boards(1.5mm, used to represent the glass); - coffee-colored kraft paper(used to represent the grass);
9F Roof Garden
The 3d printed part: created layer by layer; - a photopolymerization printer; - white water-wash resin.
8F Office
7-8F Lecture Hall
Truss
6F Office
5F Office
4F Public
Canon EOS R6, 50mm, f/6.3 ISO-250
-MODEL ENSEMBLE PROCESS B1&Entrance
1
2
3
4
5
02
Nexus: Urban Blueprint 2023.9-2023.11 Indivadual Design Academic: Special Topics on Architectural Design Urban Renovation
Location: Qiaokou Distraict, WuHan, HuBei, China This design is for the urban renewal and transformation of the Chongren Area. The basic approach to the research is to analyze the actual observed data (website heat maps) and the results of simulations based on real information (PEDSIM and spatial syntax) as the subjects of the study, in order to identify the specific issues and contradictions that need to be clarified before the research. Then, the data and results obtained from the research will be transformed to create an urban renewal system plan that truly responds to the residents' needs, incorporating public spaces and a transportation system.
-SITE ANALYSIS
-FUNCTION ANALYSIS The site is a shantytown area located by the Han River in Qiaokou District of Wuhan, which is called 'Chongren Area'.
It belongs to the old city district of Wuhan, with comprehensive living service facilities and convenient transportation.
Artisan
-HISTORY&CULTURE ANALYSIS The two main roads within the site, Changdi Street and Han Zheng Street, both originated from the docks of Hankou and have a long history, eventually leading to the formation of distinct cultures and positioning of the superior urban planning. Night market
Old garment factory
CITY HISTORY
Residence Education Catering Industry Medical Care Services Clothing Trade
-HEATMAP ANALYSIS The crowd heat map originates from the Baidu Maps website, which allows us to ascertain the level of crowd concentration in the surveyed area at different times. After processing these heat maps, I obtained a set of superimposable grayscale images, where the darker the area, the higher the concentration of people. The result of superimposing these 40 images shows the overall crowd concentration and distribution at the venue. In addition to this, I paid special attention to the four time points. The reasons for their formation are vastly different, which guided the functional arrangement in the subsequent design.
23:30
00:00
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01:30
02:00
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08:00
07:.30
07:00
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Turn to Grayscale Images
Superimpose
…… Result
-PEDSIM By setting the physical spatial conditions and POI (Points of Interest) data, we can simulate the potential real-world transit paths of people within the environment we have researched. The software used for this program is the GRASSHOPPER plugin for RHINO, with the original data set derived from the CAD base maps given in the assignment brief and the POI data of the site available online. STEPS:
1) Set the Gates and Targets
-RESULT 2) Set the POI and Obstacles 3) Simulation
POI Paths of People Gate
After overlaying these images, it can be observed that the congregation of crowds does not fully coincide with the spatial structure and road width of this neighborhood. This is a cause of traffic congestion and also indicates a need for spatial improvement.
-DESIGN STRATEGY Improve Sunlight Conditions based on ladybug sunlight simulation
-EXPLANATION OF SYSTEM Satisfy Request of Space based on heat map
Allocate
Connect
based on the distance between the route and building
with transportation and public space
1）SUN HOURS
a
b
To select the block which have poor sunlight duration(<1h), Simulate the sun hours witn Ladybug Tools (a) and average the data for each surface of every building (b).
2) HEAT MAP
a
b
The higher the heat, the larger the area's demand for space, which means more space is needed. Convert the grayscale values of the heatmap into height (a), raising the corresponding buildings (b).
3) PEDSIM
a
b
Simulate human flow lines based on POI (a), calculate the distance between the buildings and the routes (b), and allocate the boards. The closer to the path, the more boards there need.
4) Physarealm
a
b
Simulate the connection methods with Physarealm (a), and analyze their topological relationships (b). On this basis, organize the spatial structure which include two parts: transportation and public spaces.
The overall framework is completed.
-SITE PLAN
-PERSPECTIVE VIEW
A
B
-EXPLANATION OF MODES Overall, the newly constructed system can be divided into three modes, namely A, B, and C. A and B together constitute the system's connective layer, providing a vast amount of public activity space, linking various nodes across the entire area, while also increasing greenery and enriching the landscape. A mainly serves to adjust heights, whereas B is the core connection point, with a form based on circles and no height variation. C is a space formed by elevated buildings, responding to the site's original requirements. By relocating these industries to an elevated space, the ground-level roads will no longer be congested due to their occupation.
MODE A:
MODE B:
MODE C: The building with poor sunlight
By geometrically fractalizing the shape of the roof, several pieces of glass are segmented out.
exposure that need to be raised up.
This section of the roof garden Glass structure of the roof
The staircase serving as a thoroughfare is interspersed with small platforms, providing spaces for people to pause.
The roof is covered with a combination of glass and grass. The grassy sections are elevated to be level, which also facilitates ventilation. Concrete pillar
The staircase that connects the upper and lower floors.
The staircase that connects the upper and lower floors.
This section of the roof features two forms, glass and greenery. In addition to the regular grass, there are also hanging vine plants used to enrich the landscape. Tree pits with resting Function
Steel frame 3m×3m×3m
The functions of these boards are relatively fixed and clear, primarily pertaining to the existing night market and service trade industries within the venue. Shop sign
C
03
FOLDING SHENZHEN
Location: Gangxia Village, ShenZhen, GuangDong, China
2022.5-2022.7 Team Work: Concepts, Drawing, Models Competition: 2022 UIA-HYP (Finalist) Urban-Rural Infrastructure
This design is dedicated to creating a new type of urban-rural infrastructure and its operational model, in response to the current issue of urban and rural areas expanding and squeezing against each other. The design draws inspiration from the theory of plate tectonics in geology—we regard the urban and rural areas as plates that are pressing against one another, with their edges being compressed, folded, and uplifted, ultimately forming a complex three-dimensional spatial form.
-GOALS
-SITE ANALYSIS
We are committed to creating a new infrastructure system that preserves the advantages of urban villages to accommodate a high population density, while introducing farmland, public Spaces and rural landscapes to improve the lives of urban and rural residents. We will alleviate the dilemma of dualism between urban and rural areas.
Urban Village
Larger Building Spacing
Higher FAR
Farmland
Rural Landscape
间距改小
Urban Public Space
-BACKGROUND: URBAN-RURAL CONFLICTS 1.1 Quality of Living High floor area ratio small Spacing of the housesnoise Lighting problems Poor quality of living 2.1 Memory & History
Dependent on the land and the village style of life
1.2 Public Spaces - Lack of public space increases crime rate - Community policing problem - Urban heat island effect - Grain transportation problem - Luck of cultivated lands
2.2 Community Vitality Loose autonomous management Rustic society of acquaintances Community care Community cohesion -
- Lower rents - Providing accomendations for low-income population - Higher FAR
-DATA ANALYSIS: NATIONAL LEVEL 1978 17.9%
1984 23.0%
2000 36.2%
Relatively low rent good location
2.3 Inclusivity
2022 2020 64.7% 63.0% 2011 2018 54.0% 59.0%
The distribution of land resources changed little, while the differences of income level and resource distribution between urban and rural areas prompted the rural population to pour into cities, reduced the number of primary industry employees.
China's arable land area is at a low level compared with the global mean, so it needs a large number of imported agricultural products to meet the market supply.We urgently need to find more efficient ways to use land resources.
Electrical Circuit Aging
Pollution
Fire Safety
Narrow Roads
Aging Buildings
Low Green Ccoverage
Artistic and cultural atmosphere High population density, large passenger flow Illegal construction should be demolished
60
20 Urbanization rate (%)
Informal Construction
A complete "maker" supporting industrial chain
40
Distribution(%) & Renovation Progress
Handshake Building
Romantic memories of the Gangsha factory
1.3 Vegetation
Sense of belonging Cultural heritage Memories of places -
1949 The People's Republic of China was founded 10.6%
Hoping to improve accommodation
People Employed in the Primary Industry： 1) China 2) Guangzhou 3) Shenzhen
0
01 Special Economic Zone 04 Distribution of Urban Villages
02 Blue and Green Space 05 Distribution of Basic Farmland
03 Regional Heat 06 Building Height
Shenzhen realized "no countryside and no farmers" in 2004. Now, the number of agricultural employees is very small. Basic farmland and concentrated green space are distributed in the edge of the city, and the urban heat is basically matched with the distribution of building height. Vegetables and grain have a long transport distance into the region.
1) The distance of agricultural products entering the cityis is far.
2) The difference in building heights creates a low-pressure area.
3) Urban heat island effect
4) High-density cities lack public recreational spaces.
-CONCEPT & THEORETICAL SOURCES Plate Tectonics Theory： Convergent boundaries occur where is a continental collision. Plafe edges are compressed, folded, uplifted.
1) Choose the Site
2) Filter with Sunshine Simulation
3) Structure, Water Cycle, Power
4) Artificial Terraced Fields
5) Comprehensive Features
-PHOTOGRAPH OF THE EXPERIMENTAL MODEL
The generation process has gone through FOUR main steps: 1) SIMULATION EVALUATION 2)BUILDING FLOW 3)RECONSTRUCTION OF TERRAIN 4) POINT SELECTION AND CONSTRUCTION The buildings with better sunshine are selected in the site to be retained, and other buildings flow upwards with the folded base plane like a "treadmill", forming a suspended urban building on the facade. Blocks are picked out and hung upside down on trusses, and reconfigured with a lightweight, easy-to-assemble, and agronomic wood frame.
-METHOD INFERENCE
-SYSTEM
EXPLANATION OF SPACE-
ti
G r ai n s
Pla
te
nt
Planting Space
va
i
n
o a r d s: C u l gB
Equipped with planting boards, crop processing facilities, and storage rooms. Crops collected from the planting boards are either directly transported to the storage silo, or conveyed to the city.
Urban Public Activity Area
Rainwater Collection Space The slanted roofed small houses serve as rainwater collection systems. The wastewater is transformed into clean water meeting usage standards through a greywater recycling system, then used for domestic purposes.
A glass box space integrates office, residential, commercial, and living functions and habitat garden. Compensatimg for the deficiencies in urban ecological landscapes, while also providing a variety of functional public activity spaces.
-UNITS DESIGN
Ra
anage m t S yste m
Using terraced fields to address the lack of agricultural planting space and ecological landscape, and creating unique scenes of changing landscapes through folding in different dimensions.
in w at er
M
en
Terraced Landscape
Transitional Space Extending the wooden structure to the village houses to create a unique dynamic space, injecting new vitality into the village.
I have created several unit designs for residents to choose from. Within this system, they can be freely combined to meet the needs of various groups of people. The functions of the units include both residential and public services, which are sufficient to satisfy the living requirements of most people. The framework is constructed using mortise and tenon joints, allowing residents to assemble it themselves. FRAMEWORK CONSTRUCTION PROCESS Bottom: V-shaped steel frame Side: Truss structures Middle: Steel structures
Structure
Bedroom
Single Room
Living room
Kitchen
Bathroom
Square The building and terrace enclose a large amount of open space.
Restaurant
Office
Clinic
Library
Store
-GREEN BUILDING ANALYSIS
-SECTION
-PLANT CONFIGURATION ANALYSIS Planting ecological forest land in areas not suitable for planting commercial crops can make up for the vacancies in terraced fields while forming a high-efficiency noise reduction effect in the urban environment.
By screening local crops , two types of crops were selected. 1) fruit tree crops, creating ecological forests according to local conditions: Lychees, Longan, Mangoes, Bananas; 2) terraced crops, creating ecological terraces.: Rice, Peanuts, Soybeans, Sugarcane.
Color Proportion
Ecological terraces grow commercial crops, develop urban agriculture and form an urban folded landscape. According to the crop growth cycle and sunlight demand, crops are planted to form an efficient food supply industry chain.
-HANDMADE MODEL
04
FLOATING ELYSIUM 2022.11-2022.12 Team Work: Concepts, Drawing, Models, Experiments Competition: 2023 SKYSCRAPER COMPETITION (Honorary Award) Utopia after War
Location: Ukraine The ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine, which escalated to a full-scale conflict on February 24, 2022, has had devastating effects, including massive casualties, a refugee crisis, and a global food shortage due to decreased agricultural production. To address the challenges of displacement and infrastructure destruction, a concept named Floating Elysium has been proposed. It envisions a suspended, balloon-lifted structure to provide a new, dynamic habitat for Ukrainians, integrating agricultural and living spaces. This transitional solution aims to support the resumption of democratic life, cultivation of land, and rebuilding of society.
-CONCEPT
-BACKGROUND On February 24, 2022, the Russian military attacked Ukraine, and the ongoing conflict between the two countries officially turned into a full-scale war, which quickly evolved into one of the largest wars in post-World War II Europe. By the end of 2022, the war had killed at least 146,748 people and created the largest refugee crisis in Europe since World War il, with at least 12 million people fleeing their homes, includino more than 5 million to neighboring countries and another 7.1 million displaced within Ukraine. Themassive influx of refugees has also created economic and political problems for neighboring countries.
"If there is freedom anywhere, it lies on a high." The shelling of the earth in Kiev, the end of the war, and the clearing and rebuilding of the ruins after the war will take vears, creating a rather long blank period. Therefore, we focus on how we can enable the Ukrainian people to resume their democratic life moresafely during this transitional period, to open up the land for cultivation, to have a new home to live inand to allow civilization to flourish again. We want to create a Floating Elysium for the Ukrainian people.With the destruction of the original farming and urban land, we centralized the agricultural production units and the residential and commercial building units and organized these units into a monolithic structure by means of suspension cables and structural supports. A large number of hot air balloonson top will lift the building up to the sky. In addition, small units around the constructions can landon the ground to enable the exchange of materials and provide productive resources for post disaster reconstruction as well as the renewal of floating clusters. Floating Elysium is a dynamic, new postwar homeland that complements Kiev city.
-CONCEPTUAL MODEL (HANDMAKE) A model made of helium-filled balloons, cotton threads and balsa wood chips was used to simulate the development of Floating Elysium. 1)Similar to the formation of cities, there are fewer boards in the initial stage, which are mainly used for residence; 2) As the number of plates and balloons gradually increased, more functions were introduced; Destination Of Refugees In Ukraine
The losses from the war were also reflected in the agricultural sector. As the war rages on, Ukraine's spring sowing area has been reduced by more than half, causing a serious global food crisis that has made the lives and livelihoods of hundreds of millions of people around the world extremely vulnerable. Homes were lost, food production was reduced, gas was disrupted, ports wereshut down...... The war brought untold havoc to civilians on both sides, to the European region and to people around the world.It's been along winter, long and cold. Actualgrain Exportsfrom March To June 2022 Wheat 37.5%
3)Some isolated land plots have been combined into urban agglomerations and have played a more integrated role; 4) In the end, the complete system is basically formed, and some balloons can be detached from the system for supply
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
1.41 Million Tons 1.20 Million Tons
corn sunflower 23% 36%
0.97 Million Tons 322,000 Tons
Increasing Pressure Since the war in Ukraine, prices ofenergy, grains, and metals have risen sharply signaling an acceleration in inflation. Brent Crude Oil Unit: USD/barrel
European and U.S.Natural Gas Unit: USD/Million British thermal unit
Corn and wheat Unit: USD/bushel
Metal Index 2016=100
30.4% drop in GDP in 2022
$113.5 billion in losses
-DESIGN LOGIC
Reduced living space for people due to the destruction of houses caused by war
The safety zone is designated and the confined space cannot meet the normal living needs
The existing space is lifted upwards to form a threedimensional city
Cities float in the air to escape from the war on the ground and enjoy better environmental conditions
Balloons can be detached from the system to finish resupplying the ground
The building systems can rebuild new human homes in the ruins of war
-PHYSICS SIMULATION
-BASIC DATA
We can abstract the entire system to calculate physical possibilities using helium balloons and a 1:1000 scale architectural model. I created the architectural models using 3D printing and placed them in bags, tying them to the balloons with fishing line. In this experimental model, there exists a simple mechanical relationship:
∑ kR³= ∑ nR²+ ∑ G, G=mg, g ≈ 9.81 N / kg In this context, "kR³" represents the buoyancy provided by the helium in the balloon, which is related to the volume of the balloon. "nR²" is the weight of a hot air balloon with a radius "R" and is a fixed value in this simple model, which is the weight of the balloon itself (2g). "m" is the mass of the building being lifted. In this model, the density of the water-washable resin used for 3D printing is approximately 1.2g/ml, which allows for the calculation of the model's area and mass. Based on experimental data, the value of "k" can be roughly estimated, thereby determining the number and scale relationship between the balloons and the lifted buildings. Index
Function
A B C D
cultural meeting resident resident
Coverage area(mm²) 707.56 745.20 534.60 534.60
Usable area(mm²) 707.56 745.20 734.80 748.30
Mass(g)
Coefficient(t/m²)
3.61 1.78 1.97 2.08
5.10 2.38 2.68 1.94
-EXPERIMENT PROCESS AND RESULTS
Under normal circumstances, the approximate weight of a building is 1.1 tons per square meter. If a lightweight wooden structure is used, its weight is about 1/10th of an equivalent volume of reinforced concrete construction. The volume of a typical hot air balloon is around 1800 cubic meters, and when approximated as a sphere, the diameter is about 15 meters; its carrying capacity can reach 620 kilograms. In this experiment, k ≈ 6.8, if the calculation is converted, the actual weight per square meter of the building is above 1.9 tons(in the last column of the table). Therefore, the data from the experiment is sufficient to support the theoretical calculations.
-SHAPE SIMULATION Assuming there are 600 refugees, ensuring an average living space of 30 square meters per person, with every hundred people sharing one 'meeting place', and every two hundred people sharing one 'Cultural Facilities'. A total of 33 houses are needed, and calculated using k=6.8, approximately 35 helium balloons with a radius of 100 meters in total are needed. Below is their forms that I simulated using Kangaroo.
-THE EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS PROCESS OF 35 BALLOONS
Index Function Usable area(m²) Number(/100 people) A cultural 707.56 0.5 B meeting 745.20 1 C resident 734.80 2 D resident 748.30 2