Yasunaka Cho Portfolio 2 by Yasunaka Cho

Yasunaka Cho Portfolio

Downtown Mahasarakham Future Development Plan Mahasarakham, Thailand, June 2012

With Ico and Yuwadee

CRITERIA ELEMENTS STRENGTHS

WEAKNESSES

OPPORTUNITIES

THREATS

Socio-economics

High economic dynamic

Few regulations on landuse

Increase of economic activities

Increase of informal development

Young population

Centralized political power

Formalize existing commercial activities

Reduction of city beauty

Medium to high income students

Lack of civic discipline

Attract additional youth

Risk of political corruption

Many local private businesses

Low income farmers

Consume local food

Inconsistent development

Education center of Isan

Lack of administrative collaboration

Evolve into mature economy

Decrease of the number of farmers

Agricultural activities

Few leisure attractions

Large working population

Less attractive places

Strong service sector

Lack of interaction with nature

Social capital

Increase living cost

People's welcoming attitude

Lack of skilled workers

Increase of learning community

Risk of auto accidents Lower growth rates

Culinary culture Strong existing social bonds

Monopoly

shift from production to service economy

Lack of cohesions

Cultural activities

Environmental

Physical Context

ASEAN2015

Lack of regulation on commercial activities

Large amount of green space

Lack of solid waste management

Opportunity of new developing model

Ecosystem degradation

Several natural water bodies

Too many motorcycles

Possibility for diverse water management

Elevated CO2 emission

Few factories

High fuel consumption

Use of relative healthy soil

Few impervious surfaces

Lack of natural places

Chance of forest recovery

Existing biodiversity

Pollution (air, water, solid waste)

Rich in minerals

Low land productivity

Improve local ecosystem

A nearby national park

Lack of water management

Create of new green public spaces

Endemic species

Pesticides used in farming

Attract nature-interested tourism

Good soil conditions

River erosion for construction

Convenient location to explore Southeast Asia Constructed ponds and canals Road communication ・bypass#23 Educational institutions Land use diversity Cultural and religious sites Relatively low built environment Regular topography Diverse development suitability

Increase in the number of mosquitoes ・health issues

Shortage of emergency organizations

Develop regional strategy

Lack of collaboration between political jurisdictions

Improve built landscape

Lack of crosswalks

Develop alternative transportation

Improve production dynamics Shortage of public transportation

Reduce city inner transit

Lack of parking spaces

Keep youth population

Sprawing

Attract new population

Lack of respect for public realm

Increase knowledge production

Lack of transit signals

Maximize tourism potential

Lack of public spaces

Encourage smart growth

Road conditions

Take advantage of diverse development suitability

・loss of soil quality Limited food security

Lack of correlation in regional management Increase in private transportation means Creation of community malfunction Increase of accidents rate Emerge congestion Possibility of transit chaos Decrease of vehicle quality

Kantarawichai 213

4km

Mueang and Mahasarakham Districts have developed rapidly, especially with regard to the speed of economic and population growth. Due to the fast development speed, the region cannot deal with its environmental and transportation issues. Urban sprawl has generally been viewed as an undesirable pattern of growth, which results in longer commute times, higher cost of infrastructure to be built and paid by governments to support the new development of suburbs, increases in greenhouse gases due to the rising number of people driving cars back and forth between their homes and workplaces, underground and surface water degradation as runoff water passes through parking lots and roads, reduction of farmland and forest lands (Daniels, 2001).

2367 208

Concentrating residences in the core of cities would bolster the city center’s economy as there would be more demand for commodities and more people would be employed. In turn, the crime rate would also decrease. As Henry (2011) writes, “A more efficient business climate can result from employment centers located in close proximity rather than in scattered sites. The health of central city downtowns is intertwined with that of the region as a whole.”(Henry, 2011) The development would create more jobs in the city center, elevate the standard of living of people in the city, and provide more housing opportunities.

Mueang Maha Sarakham

References Daniels, Tom. Smart Growth: A New American Approach to Regional Planning. Research, Vol. 16, Nos. 3/4, pp. 271–279, 2001.

Planning Practice &

Henry, Yahya Aribra. "5 Reasons Why Infill Development is needed Now." Last modified December 20, 2011. Accessed July 12, 2012. http://aribra.com/5-reasons-why-infill-development-is-needed-now.

Legend A.D.1057 A.D.1865 A.D.1912 A.D.1947 A.D.1968 A.D.1989

A.D.1999 A.D.2007 No Data

2040

4km

Paths

Districts

Kantarawichai

Kantarawichai 213

2367 208 Mueang Maha Sarakham

Mueang Maha Sarakham

Legend

paths

Primary Secondary

Primary

Terciary

Secondary

landmarks

Terciary

landmarks temples

nodes edges

temples

nodes

Legend edges districts

districts

2040 0

Temples, Landmarks, and Nodes

4km

Edges

Kantarawichai

213

2367

208

Mueang Maha Sarakham

paths

Legend Primary

Primary

Secondary

Terciary

landmarks

temples edges districts

4km

Kantarawichai 213

nodes

temples

Legend nodes edges districts

2040

4km

23 2040

4km

THE IMAGE OF THE CITY ANALYSIS

Scenario 1:

228,378

153,274

96,408

Existing Direction Pattern 93,312

MSU

1993 2003 2011 2021 Mueang Maha Sarakham Population

Image of existing direction pattern

heavy traffic light traffic

MORE personal vehicles MORE traffic jams MORE sprawls

Scenario 2: MSU

Alternative Direction Pattern 60% of MSU students commute in motorcycles: about 25,267 units

Image of alternative direction pattern

BRT stops BRT lane

heavy traffic light traffic

BRT capacity, which can range from 50 up to 200

GIS Analysis for Community Revitalization Cincinnati, USA, April 2012

PROJECT

Figure 1. Residential Areas in Cincinnati

This project aims to find the five most appropriate vacant buildings for artist communities. They are required to be within 5 -10 minutes walk-distance from dense residential areas.

ANALYSIS

First of all, I used the clip tool to create maps of vacant buildings and their surrounding residential areas (Figure1). Then, I created the Kernel density by including all residences in all Cincinnati neighborhoods (Figure2). Next, among a couple of places that are much denser than other areas, I intentionally chose Clifton Heights, University Heights, and Fairview (CUF), the nearest neighborhoods to downtown Cincinnati (Figure3). After this

Figure 2. Kernel Density of Residential Areas

operation, I used the median center tool to figure out what is the center of the CUF residences (Figure4). Finally, I used the Kernel density and the buffer and buffer to find the closest cluster from the median center in CUF (Figure5 and 6).

RESULT

The analysis shows the best 13 vacant buildings in CUF for the new art communities. GIS ANALYSIS

Source: CAGIS and OKI

Figure 3. CUF Neighborhood

Figure 5. 1 to 10 Minutes-walk Distances

Figure 4. Median Center in CUF

Figure 6. 13 Best Places for the Project

GIS ANALYSIS

Housing Project in the Yokohama Chinatown Yokohama, Japan, March 2011

THEME

Background

After a series of wars in the 20th century, people might have seen a hope towards peace in the new era. However, we have still met a lot of conflicts while trying to achieve peace in the 21th century. The conflicts can be a result of the difficulties of understanding other groups with different nationalities, ethnicities, and languages. How can architecture be a device to change this condition?

Proposal This proposal is a cooperative housing project in the Yokohama Chinatown. Even though Japanese and Chinese occupy the same neighborhood, there is not a strong sense of community. A path penetrates from the basement to the top floor of the building and connects each room. By walking through the path, people can feel its community, and understand each other better. If this housing can provide different perspectives to the way people view reality, architecture has the potential to change society. DIPLOMA PROJECT

SITE

The target site is in Yokohama, Japan, where the port plays a key role to connect Japanese and Chinese through trade for more than 150 years. The Yokohama Chinatown, the largest Chinatown in Japan, is one of the most popular sightseeing places. Because of its unique history, the urban tissue of the area is special in terms of its buildings, infrastructure, and density.

buildings

streets

infrastructure

base map

DIPLOMA PROJECT

CONCEPT

02. Large Windows

01. Underground Path

03. Aerial Path

04 ARCHITECTURE c' c' SHOP

SHOP

SHOP PLAYROOM

COMMON PLACE

PLAYROOM PLAYROOM

COMMON PLACE

a a'

SHOP RESTAURANT

INSTRUMENT STORE

SHOP

B1F Plan 1:600 DIPLOMA PROJECT

N 0m

15m

30m

60m

90m

Site Plan & 1F Plan 1:600 03

HOUSE

7,500

FREE SPACE

HOUSE

FLOWER SHOP

HOUSE

INTERIOR SHOP

SHOP

HOUSE

a' HOUSE

HOUSE

SHOP

FREE SPACE

a' MUSIC STUDIO HOUSE

4,800

COOKING SCHOOL

FLOWER SHOP

6,300

HOUSE

b' 39,000

6,200

HOUSE

3,600

RESIDENTIAL

FASHION SCHOOL

HOUSE

c 6,100

11,300

6,900

5,100

2F Plan 1:600

34,200

3F Plan 1:600

STOREHOUSE

CAFE

RESTAURANT

OPEN CAFE

b HOUSE

SHOP

b' OBSERVATION DECK

4F Plan 1:600

5F Plan 1:600 N 0m

DIPLOMA PROJECT

15m

30m

60m

90m

OBSERVATION DECK

HOUSE

SHOP

HOUSE

SHOP

HOUSE

SHOP

b-b’ Section 1:600

OBSERVATION DECK

RESTAURANT

HOUSE

COOKING SCHOOL

RESTAURANT

SHOP

MUSIC STUDIO

HOUSE

SHOP

HOUSE

COOKING SCHOOL

COMMON PLACE

RESTAURANT

SHOP

INSTRUMENT STORE

HOUSE

a-a’ Section 1:600

c-c’ Section 1:600

DIPLOMA PROJECT

15m

30m

60m

90m

Evaluation of the Baan Mankong Program Bangkok, Thailand, 2012-2013

TIES

ELOPMENT

1. Globalization Globalization has taken place since the 1970s, at first gradually and now at a quickened pace. As capitalism grew and counties or nation-states were established, these sovereign or independent political units engaged in economic relations with one another. “Globalization reflects (1) the geographic reorganization of industrial production and service provision; (2) the interpenetration of corporations across national boundaries; (3) the worldwide diffusion and deliberate creation of markets being offered identical or nearly identical consumer goods; (4) the internal movement of populations within developing countries to large cities, and the immigration of people from developing countries to the United States, Canada, and Western Europe” (Kaplan, Wheeler & Holloway, 2008). Globalization increases the speed and global scale of economic interactions, as well as increases the mobility of goods and people. The profound economic changes that characterize globalization have deepened economic and social polarization in both country and city levels. The emergence of so-called world cities, such as New York, London, and Tokyo, play key roles in the new concentrated financial system. Figure1. Connectedness of Global Cities acc o to G rding aWC

ve had an increasing impact on ons and territories from the societal, ical points of view. Since 1998 the globalization has been extensively n and World Cities (GaWC) Research

hic and economic-based overview

is its categorization of world , based upon their international

d from the point of view of the cities, a new image emerges, where ted to other cities of the same level onal or continental maps give way to

y separated from its geographical to other cities of same level. The

arily in the global economic system.

rld cities according to the GaWC

ed national and local boundaries real disposition based upon their ss.

α+ city α city α- city connection with α group city β+ city β city β- city connection with β group city γ+ city γ city γ- city

OSAKA OK_25.20 BRISBANE BB_28.98

CALGARY CG_25.36

DENVER DV_27.90 ST. LOUIS SL_26.74 DETROIT DT_28.43 CLEVELAND CV_25.74 RIO JANEIRO BIRMINGHAM RJ_29.48 BM_29.51 CASABLANCA COLOGNE CS_27.44 CO_26.82 LAGOS STUTTGART LG_25.88 GENEVA GN_28.59 ST_27.10 BRATISLAVA HELSINKI BV_27.55 SOFIA HL_26.73 NICOSIA SO_26.91 NC_29.58 MANAMA MM_27.11 PORT LOUIS ABU DHABI PL_27.44 AB_29.84 CALCUTTA PERTH CC_28.47 PE_25.82 SHENZHEN SZ_25.80

Source: http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/visual/globalcities2010.pdf

SAN DIEGO SD_26.07 MONTERREY MY_27.81 GUATEMALA GT_25.30 PANAMA PN_26.14 SAN JUAN SN_25.45

AUCKLAND AK_33.53

GUANGZHOU GZ_34.12 HO CHI MINH HC_33.86

KARACHI KR_31.21 CHENNAI CN_32.81

BUDAPEST BD_34.91 KIEV KV_33.38 BEIRUT BT_34.74 RIYADH RY_30.51

MANCHESTER MC_31.43 OSLO OS_33.51

LUXEMBOURG CAPE TOWN LX_34.56 CT_30.69 BUCHAREST BU_32.38

MONTEVIDEO MV_30.45

CARACAS CR_33.97

SEATTLE SE_34.01

MINNEAPOLIS MP_30.34 LIMA LM_31.05

MANILA MN_37.20

BANGALORE BN_36.58

DUSSELDORF DS_38.91 BERLIN HAMBURG BL_36.83 HB_37.30 ROME COPENHAGEN RM_38.10 CP_36.57 ATHENS STOCKHOLM AS_36.77 PRAGUE SK_38.53 CAIRO PR_38.50 CA_36.42 TEL AVIV TA_36.59

MONTREAL MT_38.13 BOGOTA BG_35.62

VANCOUVER VN_35.61 HOUSTON HS_37.17

SHANGAI SH_62.70

TOKIO TK_63.75 SYDNEY SY_61,06

HONG KONG HK_72,96

SINGAPORE SG_67.46

DUBAI DU_61.36

Map of Global Cities 2010. The map clearly shows areas of the world rather dense and others almost irrelevant in terms of world city connectivity

PARIS PA_68.28

CHICAGO CH_61.60

NEW YORK NY_94.35

THESIS

LONDON LN_100

Shape of connectivity amongst world cities of same tier and Proportional Global Network Connectivity (GNC) Scores 2010, according to GaWC

2. Urbanization The United Nations (UN) has projected that 70% of all populations in the world will live in urban areas by 2050. This is a result of changing demographic, technological, and international relationships. The main reasons for urbanization are the rapid decline in death rates, rise in birth rates, and rural to urban migration. Rural to urban migration is a common trend a in many countries as impoverished rural residents migrate to the larger towns and cities in search of a more prosperous life. They are driven by the desire for employment and the prospect of access to public facilities and services that are often unavailable in rural regions (Knox & McCarthy, 2005). However, they have poured into cities out of desperation and hope, rather than being drawn by actual jobs and opportunities. Urbanization has the potential to be positive in terms of economic development, easier access to health centers, and educational facilities. However, rural immigrants typically cannot afford to live in the formal sector of urban areas due to land price. Typically, they end up living in the slums. Figure2. The new urban world The new urban world The earth reaches a momentous milestone: by next year, for the first time in history, more than half its population will be living in cities. Those 3.3 billion people are expected to grow to 5 billion by 2030 — this unique map of the world shows where those people live now

Norway

Canada 26.3 80%

Ireland

New York 21.8

Urban population in millions

81%

Urban percentage Portugal

Mexico 84.392 77% Mexico City 22.1

Honduras Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama

Colombia 34.3 73% Ecuador Peru 21.0 73% Bolivia

Predominantly urban 50—74% Predominantly rural 25—49% urban Predominantly rural 0—24% urban Cities over 10 million people (greater urban area)

Chile 14.6 88%

Ivory Coast 8.6

Venezuela 26.0 94%

8.7

Predominantly urban 75% or over

Switzerland

Italy 39.6 68%

Spain 33.6 77%

Liberia

Trinidad & Tobago

Key

Germany 62.0 75%

Belgium 10.2 97%

Morocco 19.4 Gambia 60% Senegal Guinea-Bissau Mauritania Lagos Sierra Leone Guinea 10.0

Guatemala El Salvador

Belarus

Denmark

Algeria 22.0 65%

Haiti Dominican Puerto Republic Rico

Mali Burkina

Ghana 11.3 49% Togo

Paraguay

Argentina Uruguay 35.6 Buenos 90% Aires

Canton 14.5

7.4

Romania 11.6 Istanbul 54%

Slovenia Croatia Serbia & Mont Bulgaria Bosnia Macedonia Albania

Greece

Cairo 15.9

Lebanon Palestine

Egypt 33.1 43%

Libya Niger

Chad

Sudan 16.3 43%

11.7

Syria 10.2 51%

Iraq 20.3 67%

Ethiopia 13.0 16%

Tajikistan

Afghanistan 7.8

Bhutan Nepal

By 2030, the towns and cities of the developing world will make up 80% of urban humanity

Mauritius

Hong Kong

Bangladesh 38.2 26%

India 329.3 29%

Somalia

Madagascar

42%

Burma 16.5 32%

Dacca 13.8

Delhi 21.1

Laos

Cambodia

Thailand 21.5 33% Malaysia 18.1 69% Singapore

Sri Lanka

Calcutta 15.5

Seoul 23.2

Vietnam 23.3 27%

Bombay 21.3

Swaziland Lesotho

Japan 84.7 66%

S Korea 39.0 81%

Urban percentage

Karachi 14.8

Yemen

N Korea 14.1 62%

Urban population in millions

Pakistan 59.3 36%

Kenya

Zimbabwe

S Africa 28.6 60%

Kuwait

Saudi Arabia UAE 20.9 81% Oman

Eritrea

7.6 DR Congo Rwanda 20.2 33% BurundiTanzania

Namibia

Uzbekistan 10.1 Kyrgyzstan Turkmenistan 37%

Iran 48.4 68%

Jordan

China 559.2

Kazakhstan 8.6

Tehran 12.1 Azerbaijan

Georgia Armenia

Turkey 51.1 68%

Israel

Uganda

Beijing 12.7

Mongolia

Moldova

Austria Hungary

Cameroon Congo 9.9 9.5 Zambia 25% Gabon Angola Malawi 9.3 MozamBotswana bique

Rio de Janeiro 12.2

Shanghai 17.3

Ukraine 30.9 Czech 68% Republic Slovakia

CAR

Sao Paulo 20.4

Moscow 13.4

Poland 23.9 62%

Nigeria 68.6 50%

Benin

Brazil 162.6 85%

Russia 103.6 73%

Estonia Latvia

Tunisia

Cuba 8.5 Jamaica

Netherlands 13.3 81%

France 46.9 77%

At the beginning of the 20th century, the world's urban population was only 220 million, mainly in the west

Sweden Finland 7.6

Lithuania

London 12.0

US 246.2

LA 17.9

UK 54.0 90%

Osaka 16.6

Philippines 55.0 64%

Indonesia 114.1 50%

Jakarta 14.9

Tokyo 33.4

Manila 15.4

Papua New Guinea Melanesia

E Timor

Australia 18.3 89%

New Zealand

Urban growth, 2005—2010

3.2%

2.8%

13.5

2.4% 1.7%

Africa

Arab States

Asia

Latin America & Caribbean

1.3%

Oceania

North America

0.1% Europe

-0.4%

Eastern Europe

3,307,950,000 The world’s urban population — from a total of 6,615.9 million

SOURCE: UNFPA GRAPHIC: PAUL SCRUTON

Source: http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2007/jun/28/climatechange.conservation THESIS

3. Slum generation The Millennium Development Goals, created by the United Nations, reported that the share of the urban population living in slums in the developing world has declined significantly over the past 10 years (see the Figure). However, in absolute terms, the number of slum dwellers in the developing world is actually growing, and will continue to rise in the near future. According to the United Nations (UN), the slum population of the world will grow to 2 billion in the next 20 years if no preventive measures are taken (UN-HABITAT, 2003). The UN has listed the Baan Mankong Program (BMP) in Thailand as one of the few unique and sustainable examples of participatory slum upgrading programs.

Figure3. Population living in urban slums and proportion of urban population living in slums, 1990-2010 Population in slums Percentage of urban population living in slums 900,000

46.1 42.8 39.3

Populaiton in slums (Millions)

600,000

THESIS

35.7

40 34.3

32.7

300,000

0 1990

1995

2000

2005

2007

Proportion of urban population in slums (Percentage)

2010

4. Research questions This paper evaluates how successful the BMP is, and makes recommendations for the future of the slum upgrading program in Thailand. In order to achieve these goals, the research questions are:

1) What are the gaps between the initial goals of BMP and the current situation? 2) Why have differences occurred between the plan and reality both in quality and quantity? 3) How can a further slum upgrading program be developed from the BMP?

5. Methodology Slum definition

The problem with measuring slums begins with the lack of an agreed definition. As a result, enumeration of slums has not yet been incorporated within mainstream monitoring instruments, such as national population censuses, demographic and health surveys, and global surveys. The UN itself has developed indicators and thresholds for defining slums for evaluate slum. This research uses the UN slum indicator to evaluate the physical condition of slums in the analyses portion.

Case study method

This paper uses the single (embedded) case study method as the research methodology for analyzing both the macro level analyses of how many projects have been implemented in a certain periods, and the micro level analyses of how a target community improves through the program.

THESIS

Table. Indicators and thresholds for defining slums

Source: UN-HABITAT, 2003 THESIS

6. Baan Mankong Program Baan Monkong Program (BMP) is one of two slum upgrading programs under the Thai government’s policy to provide One Million Housing Units within 5 years between 2003 and 2007. Baan Mankong has set a goal of improving housing, in terms of living and tenure security for 300,000 households in 2,000 poor communities in 200 Thai cities within five years. BMP channels government funds, in the form of infrastructure subsidies and soft housing loans, directly to poor communities. The main difference from conventional programs of delivering housing units to individual poor families is that the BMP encourages existing slum communities to form co-ops to develop their housing in a collective way. This method is designed to discourage speculators from buying off individual housing units from the poor and selling them out to higher income groups (CODI, “History,” 2011). Each community can choose one of five types of upgrading, which can be chosen by the community to fit their best practices.

THESIS

7. Results During the expected target period from January 2003 to March 2008, the BMPâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 512 projects involving 1,010 communities were approved. These communities were located in 226 cities in 76 different provinces, and affected 53, 976 families (CODI Monthly Report, March 2008). The program, which has upgraded 1546 communities and 90,000 households by January 2011, is still progressing towards reaching its initial target.

Figure5. Number of projects implemented through the BMP

project 900 800 700 600 500

t_project

400 300 200 100

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Figure6. Number of communties implemented through the BMP

community 1600 1400 1200 1000

800

t_community

600 400 200

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Figure7. Number of units implemented through the BMP

unit 90000 80000 70000 60000 50000

t_unit

40000 30000 20000 10000 0

THESIS

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

8. Conclusion Quantity

The CODI initially expected to construct 150 housing units by 2003, 1,500 units by 2004, and 300,000 units by the end of 2007. However, they have only achieved about a third of that goal, which is 90,813 housing units, by January 2011. There were significant differences of speed of implementation in each year. Additionally, although the project is still in progress, its speed of implementation has slowed down since then. The Primary reason of failure to achieve the ambitious goal is due to its financial system. First of all, the government has strong influences on the program. Its finances were strongly affected by the global economy including the world financial crises in 2008. In addition, the unstable government political situation strongly changed the situation. Mr. Thaksin emphasized on the support to the poor, however Ms. Yingluck, the current prime minister, focuses less on them. Secondly, the financial model of the BMP was no longer sustainable after 2008 when the program was suppose to have achieved their initial goals. The reason for this is because the financial model, theoretically, takes 15 years to be able to collect all loans from the recipients. CODI had a budget to implement the program for the first five years from 2003 to 2007, but the organization was forced to slow down the project without a government injection, as they could not collect all the loans within five years. Therefore, they could not allocate the same amount of money to other communities for implementing the projects.

Quality

The newly built living environment created through the BMP showed sufficient improvements. Klong Toey Block 7-12, a community this focused on in this research, has improved significantly in terms of the living conditions that the UN slum indicators specify. Access to water, access to sanitation, building structure, and overcrowding were all addressed. Housing units in the community have access to water and sanitation and built durable structures with sufficient materials. However, the location and land tenure could have been improved more. Although this is not a hazardous place as the UN slum indicator mentions, the site of the community located next to a slum were just across a small path. Although the community has got tenure of its land, they have to move out after the leases are over. The mental condition of the residents is indicative of the preferences they have toward their housings and the financial situation they are facing. According a CODIâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s survey many residents show affection towards the new houses. Despite of the high popularity of their housing, more than 35 percent of the residents complained about the size of the land. Therefore, there is room to improve the size of land through more flexible approaches of distribution that are based on needs. Since many residences borrow loans from CODI and other financial institutions, they have to return their loans periodically. Approximately, 35 percent of them have problem of returning their loans. The budget system of the program is suitable for low-income residents who need a little bit more financial supports to build their houses. It is not suitable for the lowest-income residents who need a larger amount of money for building their houses.

THESIS

Bibliography ACHR. (2007). Housing by people in Asia. Bangkok: Asian Coalition for Housing Rights Boonyabancha, S. (2005). Baan Mankong: going to scale with ''slum'' and squatter upgrading in Thailand. Environment and Urbanization, 17(1), 21-46. Retrieved from http://eau.sagepub.com/content/17/1/21.full.pdf html CODI. (n.d.). Results: Statistics January 2011. Retrieved from http://www.codi.or.th/housing/results.html CODI. (2004). CODI update. Bangkok: Community Organisations Development Institute CODI. (2012, July). Approve Report Baanmankong Project. Bangkok: Excel spreadsheet at CODI Kaplan, D., Wheeler, J., & Holloway, S. (2008). Urban geography. Danvers: Wiley and Sons Inc. Knox, P. L., & McCarthy, L. M. (2005). Urbanization, an introduction to urban geography. (2 ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. United Nations. (2010, June 15). The millennium development goals report 2010. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/MDG Report 2010 En r15 -low res 20100615 -.pdf UN-HABITAT. (2003). The challenge of slums - Global report on human settlements 2003. Retrieved from http://www.unhabitat.org/pmss/listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID=1156

THESIS