Planning for a Green New Deal: A Transect Approach for Oregon Energy Landscapes by Ye Kang Ko

Planning for a Green New Deal:

A Transect Approach for Oregon Energy Landscapes Spring 2020 . LA 440/540

Introduction to Landscape Planning Analysis Department of Landscape Architecture University of Oregon

TES FACILITY

TRANSMISSION LINES

LIME WIND FARM

Acknowledgment We would like to thank Nick Pevzner (University of Pennsylvania) and Kirk Dimond (University of Arizona) for sharing their inspiring work and helpful feedback on the final presentation.

Contributors Instructor Yekang Ko, Ph.D. Assistant Professor

Graduate Employee Tshewang Tamang

Students Aaron Woolverton Alison Grover Alissa Brunkhorst Amanda Craig Annie Williams Carmela Sambo Caroline Fitzpatrick Carolyn Corl David Pauls Elizabeth Koonce Emi Halperin Hana Ketterer Heather Tietz Isabela Ospina Rodriguez Jiawei Luo Kris Parr Lexi Smaldone Liza Holtz

Nancy Silvers Paige Harris Paul Hsu Sam Alig Sophia Lui Su Li Taylor Bowden Yeonseo Yu

Executive Summary The goal of this project is to create a vision for Oregonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s energy landscapes, driven by green stimuli, as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic and climate change. Using energy transition to phase out fossil fuel as a core principle for a more resilient and just future, we investigate the impact of climate change in Oregon, Oregonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s renewable energy portfolio, and the spatial impact of energy transition. Case studies on collocating renewable energy infrastructure with other types of land uses, to increase land use efficiency, were surveyed and we discussed potentials for applying them within Oregon landscapes. Finally, we use a transect approach to illustrate how Oregonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s urban, suburban, rural, and coastal landscapes can be transformed. With proactive planning and innovative design approach, our proposal demonstrates that Oregon can mitigate and adapt to climate change through 1) designing a hyperfunctional urban core, 2) retrofitting suburban landscapes to harvest green energy, 3) supporting sustainable and just rural communities, and 4) building resilient coastal small towns. This work was done entirely through online teaching and remote teamwork under the COVID-19 quarantine in Spring 2020.

Table of Contents Introduction

Background Research

Case Studies

Transect Planning Approach for Oregon Energy Landscapes

Urban Core Suburban Rural Coastal

Introduction In 2020, the world is experiencing an unprecedented societal crisis caused by COVID-19. Many local and national governments have been quickly offering stimulus packages to re-boost the economy. While the economic and social impact of the pandemic is substantial, our response to the pandemic can be an opportunity to mitigate climate change, the other urgent catastrophe that the world is facing with only a decade of a time left to act. Many cities, businesses, and local and national governments have already started a discussion on how they can use their stimulus for a more sustainable future by building resilient infrastructure and supporting marginalized communities through green jobs; some call this movement a “Green New Deal”. Among many important principles and strategies, the central action for mitigating climate change is a transition to low-carbon and resilient energy systems through increasing energy efficiency, renewable energy, and energy storages. How can we promote rapid energy transition that can support cleaner and just economy? The answer to this question is much more complicated than setting an impressive renewable energy goal and putting solar and wind farms wherever possible. Since renewable energy sources, including solar and wind energy, require a relatively larger land footprint than conventional energy source like coal and petroleum, renewable energy development has been the largest driver of land use change in the United States and the world in the past decade. There have been numerous land use conflicts in rural communities and wildlife habitats and approaches discussed to resolve such conflicts. Given these challenges, it is important to think about the spatial impact of energy policy and how to mitigate conflicts to achieve our energy goals, while not sacrificing social, cultural and ecological values. Therefore, our main questions in this report are:

• Where and how should the energy infrastructure be situated in the urban, suburban, rural, and coastal landscapes of Oregon? • How can landscape planning help to resolve conflicts between renewable energy structures and existing land use? • How can landscape design increase multiple co-benefits and land-use efficiency? We used the seven major principles of the Oregon Green New Deal, developed by a coalition of various community organizations in Oregon, as our underlying framework and developed our own core principles: • Phase out fossil fuel and rapidly transition to renewable energy • Build community energy independency, self-sufficiency, and democracy • Support community resilience through diversity, redundancy, and • • • •

decentralization Support equity for marginalized and vulnerable populations Design place-based multifunctional and hyper-functional landscapes Protect ecosystems by increasing land use efficiency Improve aesthetics to address the public perception on energy infrastructure

The Green New Deal can be disastrous when it is not thoroughly planned and followed by an adequate process. Due to the nature of stimulus packages, a large amount of money has to be flushed out within a short amount of time and this often results in a top-down policy with minimal consideration for a place-based solution. Our goal is to proactively visualize how we can envision our post-pandemic future through sustainable energy landscapes using the State of Oregon as our case study. We took a transect planning approach that illustrates how urban core, suburban, rural, and coastal landscapes can be transformed through green stimulus in Oregon.

Transect Planning Approach across Oregon Landscapes COASTAL

RURAL

SUBURBAN

URBAN CORE

Resilient coastal small towns

Sustainable & just rural communities

Harvesting renewable energy from suburban landscapes

Hyperfunctional dense urban core

How can we design for coastal small towns to integrate renewable energy systems that are resilient to rising sea levels and big earthquakes?

How can we integrate renewable energy production in rural communities as a way to support farmers, marginalized rural residents, and Indigenous people by boosting rural economy, respecting rural culture and landscapes, and protecting ecosystems and culture?

How can we retrofit suburban areas to incorporate renewable energy generation and multifunctionality using the emerging land opportunities (e.g. parking lots) and unharvested surfaces (e.g. rooftops)?

How can we design a dense urban core that is hyperfunctional to maximize on-site renewable energy potential, implement decentralized energy systems, and manage trade-offs with resilience and other uses?

The key strategies for the four transect zones are:

1. Hyper-functional dense urban core

3. Sustainable and just rural communities

• Addressing limited land resource availability per capita • Addressing pressing needs for increasing land use efficiency

• Seeking co-location strategies generating extra revenues for

through co-location (BIPV, PVs on transportation infrastructure, urban agrovoltaics, brownfields, etc.) and built surface utilization (e.g. green walls in building façade) • Identifying hot spots that have conflicts of different uses and/or most vulnerable • Exploring innovative design approaches for multifunctionality and hyper-functionality (synergizing the advantages of engineering approach and those of a nature-based approach) while managing trade-offs

2. Harvesting renewable energy from suburban landscapes

4. Resilient coastal small towns

• Assessing potentials of unharvested solar energy across suburban

• Seeking pre-disaster risk reduction through resilient energy

landscapes • Identifying land and built-surface opportunities (e.g. singlefamily housing rooftops, rooftops and parking lots of big-box retails, right of ways, transportation infrastructure,) for other uses that can support sustainability and resilience, including harvesting solar and/or other types of renewables • Exploring innovative design solutions to increase land efficiency through co-location (agrovoltaics, brownfields, etc.) while managing trade-offs

rural communities (agrivoltaics with sheep, crops, flotovoltacs in reservoir and irrigation channels, renewables in underutilized, abandoned ag lands or mining areas) • Exploring carbon sequestration potentials in forests • Designing multifunctional and resilient transmission corridors • Supporting energy democracy and independency of rural communities

• • • •

system Exploring least-impact ocean energy renewables (e.g. wave energy, off-shore wind) Exploring innovative co-location strategies (e.g. off-shore agrowind), Designing resilient transmission and energy storage in cases of disasters Seeking Ecosystem-based Disaster Risk Reduction

Study Area 8149 ft. 5000 ft 2500 ft. 0 ft.

COASTAL

Astoria 10

URBAN CORE

Portland

SUBURBAN

Gresham

RURAL

NE Oregon

Background Research

Oregon and Climate Change

Oregon's Renewable Energy Portfolio and Potential

Solar Energy Land Footprint in Oregon

Wind Energy Land Footprint in Oregon

Oregon and Climate Change - David Pauls and Sam Alig

Research question How will Oregon’s climate change by 2050 and 2100?

Background research Effects of climate change on oregon Temperature As global warming’s effects take hold Oregon’s climate is expected to warm from 4 to 9 degrees by 2100. The increase heat and droughts will make wild land fired more frequent and extreme across the state. As well having shorter, warmer winters and springs, leading to longer hotter summers. The coast will have less dramatic effects as the proximity to the ocean will mute much of warming.(7)

Precipitation Total annual precipitation amounts is not projected to change across the state. Rather the perception will come in shorter more intense rainy seasons, having more extreme precipitation events. Leading to short extreme winters and long hot and dry summers. Snow pack will continue to dissipate leading to more chances in droughts.(7)

Oregon Coast The Oregon Coast is set to have dramatic impacts from climate change as sea level will rise up to 8.2’ in certain areas by 2100. Helping to cause increased erosion, loss of beaches and loss of sediment to supply the beaches.(7) Ocean acidification from the oceans absorption of atmospheric CO2 will have dramatic effects on the ecosystem, having mass reductions in shellfish and sea life.(3) Similarly the warming oceans will have greater occurrence of Marine Heat Waves, having impacts on local climate and mass reduction in phytoplankton, further reducing sea life.(3)

Willamette Valley The Willamette Valley will exhibit many of the same impacts of the rest of state from a warming climate. More extreme fire events are expected across the Valley and the Eastern Oregon. The warming climate will prolong the growing seam by 2 months by 2050, but will also increase the risk of invasive and pests damaging crops. As snow pack decreases and more inconsistencies in annual precipitation, droughts and water shortages are expected putting further stress on agricultures increased. As well as straining timber production as trees become more stressed in the hotter and drier climate.(7)

Economic impacts The economic impacts of climate change will be felt across many of Oregon’s most important industries, from over a $1 billion annual losses in the fishing from decline fisheries, to $124 million annually in snow recreation from decreased snow pack and shorter winters. $37 million alone is expected to be spent on air conditioning annually as longer, hotter, and a larger population try to cool their businesses and homes.(2) The greater risk of hotter and larger fires will have a dramatic effect on the timber industry as projections indicated $700 million will be spent annually in fire suppression and upwards of $3 billion could be lost annually by 2080 in timberland. Dealing critical blows to one of the states largest industries.(2)

Source: https://pnwcirc.org/science/hydrology

Population growth will further exacerbated Oregon’s need for green energy and renewable resources as the population is projected to climb to 5.5 million by 2050.(4)

Projected Number of Days

Projected Temp. Change Through 2100

Source: http://www.occri.net/media/1095/ocar4full.pdf

Snow pack Reduction over the last 50 years

Source: http://www.occri.net/media/1095/ ocar4full.pdf

Strategies

House Bill 2020

Listed below are various strategies from different state actors on measures that should One of the states strategies in combating global warming is a proposed cap and trade bill. The bill would cap the amount of annual emissions Oregon will emit each be taken to help mitigate and adapt to a changing climate. year. Letting businesses buy permits for certain amount of emissions they can let off. Generating funds to improve infrastructure and support renewable adoption. The Basic guiding principles according to goals are to reduce emissions by 45% by 2030 and 80% decarbonization by 2050. With estimations that economic outcome of the bill will increase the GDP by 2.5% and ODFW: creations of 50,000 jobs. (5) The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife have outlined some basic building principles to aid in mitigation and adaptation measures. First is the maintenance and restoration of key ecosystem processes. Next, we need establish a stronger interconnected network Oregon Conservation Strategy of lands and waters that support fish and wildlife adaptation. Third, there needs to be Goals and action steps greater acknowledgment and evaluation of the risks of proposed management actions The Oregon Conservation Strategy outlines two major goals and 3 action steps that in the context of anticipated climate conditions. Lastly, there is a need to coordinate can be taken for each goal that agencies can take to achieve the goals. across political and jurisdictional boundaries in order for in order to create a an effective multidisciplinary approach. (8) Goal 1 is to use the best available science, technology, and management tools to determine the vulnerability of species and habitats to climate change at a landscape Oregon’s Climate Change Adaptation scale. Action 1.1 is work with partners to increase information on climate change vulnerability of habitats and species. Action 1.2 is support long-term research on climate Framework trends and ecosystem responses. Action 1.3 is develop and implement monitoring and Four key actions to boost effectiveness: evaluation techniques for vulnerable Strategy Species and Strategy Habitats. Goal 2 Is to identify, prioritize, and implement conservation strategies to mitigate Oregon’s Climate Change Adaptation Framework outlines 4 actions people can take to improve the effectiveness of actions taken by various actors. First is to establish a the negative impacts of climate change on fish, wildlife, and habitats. Action 2.1 states to governance structure comprised of state agency leaders empowered to set direction incorporate currently available climate change information into management plans for and allocate resources. Next they state to encourage a culture of inter-agency species and habitats. Focus on strategies that are robust to a range of potential future collaboration by building an information sharing and coordination platform so that climates and that maintain or restore key ecosystem functions and processes. Action State leadership and staff can draw from the same vetted data and information and 2.2 encourages agencies to minimize other threats. Action 2.3 is develop regional and can easily communicate across agencies to develop coordinated responses to climate local partnerships to coordinate responses to climate change across political, cultural, change. Third, different actors need to prioritize and involve most-affected communities and jurisdictional boundaries. (8) to ensure investments are targeted where they are needed. Lastly, agencies need to integrate climate change adaptation into agency work -- into our missions, authorities, Implications programs, plans and budget requests. (6) Concise and widespread reform is needed to stop and sequester greenhouse gas emissions, arguably the top priority of adaptation and mitigation measures. Models vary in the severity of impacts, but the impacts will be dramatic in all cases if nothing is done. The cost to act may be high to shift our infrastructure over, but the costs will be higher if little to nothing is done. To increase effectiveness of such measures, diverse and multidisciplinary actions need to be implemented. Lastly, our designs need to do more than the bare minimum of what current regulations require, because the regulations in place are not substantial enough to provide the change we need to sequester more carbon from the atmosphere. The strategies outlined here demonstrate that mush of the advice being given to different state actors is broad and gives a lot of room for interpretation. Also, is there any way to hold different state actors accountable for their efforts or lack there of? Source: https://www.oregon.gov/gov/Documents/CPO_BEAR_ HB2020_Economic_Assessment.pdfOver 86 degrees

References (1) “2018 Biennial Report to the Legislature.” Oregon Global Warming Commission, n.d. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/59c554e0f09ca40655ea6eb0/t/5c2e415d0ebbe8aa6284fdef/1546535266189/2018-OGWC-Biennial-Report.pdf. (2) “Changing Climate, Economic Impacts, & Policies for Our Future.” Environmental Entrepreneurs, n.d. https://www.e2.org/ wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Oregon_ Business_Climate_Report.pdf. (3) Climate Impacts Research Consortium. “Climate and Science Impacts,” n.d. https:// pnwcirc.org/our-science. (4) “Demographic Forecast,” n.d. https:// www.oregon.gov/das/OEA/Pages/forecastdemographic.aspx. ( 5) Oregon’s Cap-and-Trade Program (HB2020): An Economic Assessment, Pub. L. No. HB2020 (n.d.). https://www. oregon.gov/gov/Documents/CPO_BEAR_ HB2020_Economic_Assessment.pdf. ( 6) “Oregon’s Climate Change Adaptation Framework Getting Ready for a Changing Climate.” Department of Land Conservation and Development, n.d. https://www.oregon.gov/lcd/ CL/Documents/ClimateChange_ AdaptationFramework_Nov142019.pdf. (7) Oregon Climate Change Research Institute. “Fourth Oregon Climate Assessment Report State of Climate Science: 2019” 4th (n.d.). http://www.occri. net/media/1095/ocar4full.pdf. (8) Oregon Consrvation Strategy. “Cliamte Change,” n.d. https://www.oregonconservationstrategy.org/key-conservation-issue/ climate-change/.

Oregon’s Renewable Energy Portfolio and Potential - Amanda Craig and Carmela Sambo

Research question • What is the state’s renewable energy goals, its renewable energy portfolio and the Green New Deal’s Goal by 2050 and 2100? • What are the renewable energy potentials for solar and wind energy across the state and where are the existing and planned locations for solar energy and wind energy farms?

Solar and wind in the Green New Deal The Green New Deal proposes net-zero global emissions by 2050. It also suggests to prevent global warming to no more than 2.7 degrees Fahrenheit by 2100.

Renewable energy goals

costs of building and operating a generation facility over its assumed financial life, References expressed in a dollars per megawatt hour (MWh) cost in discounted real dollars. The breakout of electricity resources used in Oregon is based on statewide averages using three years of data. A three-year average helps to round out variability of the output from hydropower electricity due to annual weather patterns in the Pacific Northwest. The five largest sources of electricity fuels are labeled; the other resources are each under 1 percent. Due to customer demand, dramatic decreases in costs, and policies like the Renewable Portfolio Standard renewable energy in Oregon has grown. There has been a 741 percent increase in wind energy consumed in between 2004 & 2016, and 212,744 Megawatt (MW) hours of solar photovoltaic added to Oregon’s electricity mix between 2015 and 2016. Oregon ranks 33rd in the country for energy production—and seventh in the country for total renewable energy production. Between 2008 and 2017, the average levelized cost of wind energy dropped by 75 percent (See Figure 3.12). A levelized cost of energy is an accepted way of comparing the costs of various technologies, and includes the costs of building and operating a generation facility over its assumed financial life, expressed in a dollars per megawatt hour (MWh) cost in discounted real dollars. The breakout of electricity resources used in Oregon is based on statewide averages using three years of data. A three-year average helps to round out variability of the output from hydropower electricity due to annual weather patterns in the Pacific Northwest. The five largest sources of electricity fuels are labeled; the other resources are each under 1 percent.

Oregon consumes more than 48 million megawatt hours of electricity each year. Oregon’s Renewable portfolio standard requires that half of the electricity sold to Oregonians by the state’s largest utilities must come from renewable resources by 2040 (https://energyinfo.oregon.gov/ber)

Background research

Oregon’s renewable energy portfolio Due to customer demand, dramatic decreases in costs, and policies like the Renewable Portfolio Standard renewable energy in Oregon has grown. There has been a 741 percent increase in wind energy consumed in between 2004 & 2016, and 212,744 Megawatt (MW) hours of solar photovoltaic added to Oregon’s electricity mix between 2015 and 2016. Oregon ranks 33rd in the country for energy production—and seventh in the country for total renewable energy production. Between 2008 and 2017, the average levelized cost of wind energy dropped by 75 percent (See Figure 3.12). A levelized cost of energy is an accepted way of comparing the costs of various technologies, and includes the 16

This map shows more than 16,000 sites, which include residential rooftops, where energy is being produced across the state. Source: https://energyinfo.oregon.gov/ber

Figure 3.12. Energy costs in Oregon. Source: https://www.oregon.gov/energy/

Oregon Department of Energy, 2018 Biennial Energy Report https://www.oregon.gov/energy/energy-oregon/Pages/Renewable-PortfolioStandard.aspx https://www.oregon.gov/energy/energy-oregon/Pages/Electricity-Mix-inOregon.aspx https://energyinfo.oregon.gov/ber https://www.oregon.gov/energy/facilities-safety/facilities/Pages/FacilitiesUnder-EFSC.aspx?View={0820e20d-761f -4d86-88a6-28050e77ad6a}&SortField=Facility_x0020_Type&SortDir=Desc

References

Results

State of OR, Dept of Energy https://www.oregon.gov

Potential for renewable solar energy

Oregon Biennial Report, 2018 https://energyinfo.oregon.gov/ber

Solar resource availability east of the Cascades is 30-40 percent greater than the Willamette Valley or coast. However, solar energy technologies work throughout Oregon and generate electrical and thermal energy in all parts of the state

USGS https://eerscmap.usgs.gov/uswtdb/

Existing and planned solar energy

US Energy Information Administration https://www.eia.gov/electricity/?src=apiviz

As of 2018, solar energy capacity has reached 296 MW for projects 1 MW or larger; more than 15,000 residential solar projects were placed; there are 114 residential solar projects by county; 685 MW of capacity proposed, approved, or under review.

American Wind Energy Association https://www.awea.org/ National Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy https://windexchange.energy.gov/states/ or#capacity

Oregon’s solar capacity is divided between residential, commercial, and utility-scale projects. 85 percent of the residential capacity is west of the Cascades, and 90 percent of the utility-scale projects are east of the Cascades due to better resources and lower cost of land.

The highest annual potential solar radiation are on steep, south-facing slopes, whereas the lowest values are on north-facing slopes

Annual Average Wind Speed in Oregon. Source: https://windexchange.energy.gov/states/or

Source: http://depts.washington.edu/mtnhydr/ research/PNWsnowforestmap.shtm

Implications Challenges for solar and wind energy planning

Potential for renewable wind energy Existing and planned wind energy Oregon’s wind energy industry has developed mainly on the Columbia River Plateau in north central Oregon. Wind farms have also cropped up in eastern Oregon near Milton-Freewater and North Powder. In 2018, wind power capacity has reached 3,383 MW; 44 operating facilities, 1 spans Oregon and the Washington state line; 2,147 MW of additional capacity proposed, approved, or under review. Sites range from 1.6 to 300 MW; 13 largest facilities makeup 69% of total capacity; 15 facilities, representing 590 MW, came online in 2009. There are currently no offshore wind projects, however there are several feasibility studies along the Oregon Coast. 17

• Intermittent resources, peak outputs occur seasonally and daily. Utilities need to meet customer demands as well as declining values for the energy when demands are low. • Financially viability, facilities should be sited near transmission lines to minimize the cost.This limits the locations in Oregon where energy generation development can occur. • Lack of Education and Outreach on renewable energy and associated initiatives. • Land Use Planning, financial, regulatory and legal barriers with current structures in Oregon. • Environmental impacts, construction and use of these facilities stressors on species and environment.

Solar Energy Land Footprint in Oregon

Oregon’s population is projected to increase from it’s current amount, 4,301,089, to 5,588,500 in 2050 and then to 7,817,142 in 2100. With this growth in population we can assume there will be a growth in energy consumption as well. With Oregon’s ambitious goals to lower carbon emissions and Oregon’s rising population, solar energy will be an important part of the future renewable energy grid.

- Carolyn Corl and Yeongseo Yu

Research question Given the projection of population growth, how many solar panels and land areas would be necessary to meet this energy need 100% by solar PVs by 2050 and 2100? What are the projected issues in urban/suburban/rural and natural areas?

Research method Atlas 2100 Project Calculations Leading to GIS Land Suitability Analysis By using the data provided by the McHarg Center’s 2100 Atlas for the Green New Deal, we were able to use Oregon’s projected population sizes as a ratio against the 100 million people that 2100 Project uses to calculate the amount of solar PVs required for 2050 and 2100. We also used current energy consumption trends in Oregon to predict future rises consumption, then, to find the area of land needed to support these needs, we used the area and energy output of the Topaz Solar Farm (Figure 2) to calculate how many times over the land area of the Topaz Solar Farm we would need to create one large area of solar farming. Now that we have the total land area needed to accommodate Oregon’s growing population’s energy demands, we are then able to use GIS data to determine suitable sites for the amount of land needed across the transect, which is reviewed in the Results section. Oregon is has goals to drastically reduce carbon emissions by switching over to renewable energy sources by 2050 from 62 million metric tons of CO2 to 14 million metric tons of CO2. Currently only 1.47% of Oregon’s energy comes from solar. Most of Oregon’s solar energy comes from large solar farms owned by utility companies located in rural Eastern Oregon’s desert (Figure 1). These farms contrast the many small, residential-scale solar cells installed on private property in more densely populated urban and suburban areas. With large portions of the state that may have the potential to support solar infrastructure in urban, suburban, rural and natural areas, it is important to locate possible sites across the complete transect and propose new strategies where solar energy may be possible.

Figure 1: A map of existing solar energy in Oregon, where 1.47% of the state’s electricity comes from solar.

Figure 2: The 550 megawatt Topaz Solar Farm near San Luis Obispo, California

Image: https://www.oregon.gov/energy/ energy-oregon/Pages/Solar.aspx

Image: https://www.greencitytimes.com/ the-550-megawatt-topaz-solar-plant/

Results Oregon’s future energy and land demands

(1)

It is expected that 2050 Energy demand would be 311.18TWh and 2100 energy demand would be 320.73TWh. Our assumption for the estimation is as follows: Although energy efficiency is expected to increase, we will likely develop new types of electronics or goods that require energy. Therefore, assuming those offset, we can just multiply population and energy consumption per capita. We estimated the future land demand, comparing the numbers of Topaz solar farm References in California, assuming the solar irradiance of Oregon would be 70% of California’s (National Renewable Energy Laboratory 2006 data); our research purpose was to (1) https://www.oregon.gov/energy/ energy-oregon/Pages/Greenhouse-Gasbriefly check the future land demands with energy demands. Thus, we concluded to Snapshot.aspx estimate it as simple as possible.

Future energy demands = ‘Population’ * ‘Energy consumption per capita’

(2) https://www.seia.org/sites/default/ files/2020-03/Oregon.pdf (3) Calculated based on trends found in Oregon’s population demoprahic forecast data at https://www.oregon.gov/das/OEA/ Pages/forecastdemographic.aspx

Table 1. 2050 Energy & land demands of Oregon Energy demand per captia 2050 (million Btu) 190

2050 Population

5,558,500

2050 electricity demands (million Btu) 1,061,815,000

3,4,5,6,7

2050 electricity demands (TWh)

2100 Land demands (acre)

311.18

1,663,800

Table 2. 2100 Energy & land demands of Oregon

Figure 3. Future land demands of Oregon

bringing about energy loss. Cultivating land has comparably good potential because not only could it satisfy future energy demands but also it is close to the urban area. The low-intensity urban area would not satisfy the future energy needs 100%, but it is promising in that it is tangential with the urban area.

81.9km (50mile)

3,4,5,6,7

About 1,650,000 acre

Figure 4. 2100 Energy demand of Oregon Barren land

Energy demand per captia 2100 (million Btu)

2100 Population

2100 electricity demands (million Btu)

2100 electricity demands (TWh)

2100 Land demands (acre)

140

7,817,142

1,094,399,880

320.73

1,714,895

Shrub land

Cultivating land

Low intensity urban area

Estimating the land potential along the contexts

(2)

It is In order to find installable sites for photovoltaic panels, we used the land cover map, land ownership data, and slope analysis. As evaluating criteria, we chose barren land, cultivating land, low-intensity urban area, and shrub land in order to reflect the spatial range from the urban-suburban-rural-natural area. In land ownership map. We divided the private and non-private areas, excluding natural conservation areas. We only consider 0-4%, flat area. Finally, We overlayed three different maps of land cover, slope, and land ownership, and extracted the final results. Land cover

Slope Land Ownership

- Barren land - Cultivating land - Low intensity urban area - Shrub land

- Rural area - Suburban/Rural area - Urban area/Suburban - Natural area

- 0 - 4% - Private - Non Private - Bureau of Land Management - County Lands - Oregon and California lands - State of Oregon lands

The land potential about solar energy

(3)

Barren land could not satisfy the future energy needs 100%. Other solar installable areas need to be together with barren land. Shrub land has potential that could satisfy future energy demands, but transmission lines will be required, which would end up 19

References

Implications Installing solar PVs in all four land types will minimize impact on each one. Utilizing land that has already been disturbed, like cultivated land and low density urban areas offer close proximity to urban centers and opportunities for layering functionality and efficiency. Multifunctionality in agriculture could mean installing PVs among row crops or cultivating shade crops. Barren and shrubland have potential for large-scale solar farms but should not be fully developed to preserve habitat. Figure 5. 2100 Examples of Solar energy applications Urban area (Building Integrated Photovoltaic)

Suburban/Rural area (Agro-Photovoltaic & Solar parking lots)

Natural area (Utility scale solar power)

(1) Mohajeri, Nahid, Govinda Upadhyay, Agust Gudmundsson, Dan Assouline, Jérôme Kämpf, and Jean-Louis Scartezzini. “Effects of Urban Compactness on Solar Energy Potential.” Renewable Energy 93 (2016): 469-82. Web. (2) National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)https://neo.ne.gov/programs/stats/ inf/201.htm (3) https://www.seia.org/sites/default/ files/2020-03/Oregon.pdf (4) https://www.oregon.gov/energy/energy-oregon/Pages/Solar.aspx (5) https://mcharg.upenn. edu/2100-project-atlas-green-new-deal (6) https:://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/ (7) https://www.pdx.edu/prc/opfp (8) Tahri et al., 2015. The evaluation of solar farm locations applying Geographic Information System and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making methods: Case study in southern Morocco, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 51 (2015): 1354–1362 (9) Google images (keywords: solar panels on roofs, agrovoltaic, solar panels on parking lots)

Wind Energy Land Footprint in Oregon

Wind Turbine Types Onshore

Offshore

Airborne

- Alison Grover and Liza Holtz

US Energy Information Association davidgattieblog.wordpress. com/2016/03/13/oregon-coal-ban/

Research questions • Given the projection of population growth, how many wind turbines and how much land area would be necessary to 100% meet this energy need by 2050 and 2100? • What are the projected issues in urban, suburban, rural, and natural areas?

Background research Windmills were historically used to grind grain and pump water by generating mechanical energy. The earliest evidence of windmills was in the 1st century in Egypt, under Roman Empire1. Wind turbines, however, are complex, modern machines designed to harness energy from wind and convert it to electricity. The USA and Denmark currently lead in technological advancements of wind turbines 1. Here is a brief historical timeline: 1887 first built by Professor James Blyth at Anderson’s College in Scotland1 1900-1973 further developed and spread to compete with fossil fuel and centrally-generated electricity1 1973-Present advanced and widespread due to rising concerns over oil prices, fossil fuel depletion, energy security, and global warming 1974-1985 US Government funded NASA to develop utility-scale wind turbines1 1980-Present some US states offer tax rebates for wind power for utility electricity1

Wind turbine mechanics Wind energy is captured when blowing wind moves turbine blades around a rotor, which turns a shaft that spins an electricity-producing generator. Wind Energy Generation cleantechnica.com/2013/06/30/what-iswind-energy-wind-energy-101/

Oregon department of energy wind power statistics

wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ wind_power

Blyth’s windmill (Scotland, 1891) taplondon.co.uk/bwea30/pdf/Closing_ Peter%20Musgrove-web.pdf

NASA/DOE 7.5 MW Mod-2 turbine (Washington, 1981) wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ wind_power

windpoweringamerica.gov/images/windmaps/or_50m_800.jpg

Oregon is 8th in nation with 12.1% annual electricity harnessed by wind power2 Currently, Oregon has 3,383 MW of wind capacity2, 44 operating facilities2 2,147 MW of additional capacity proposed, approved, or under review2,, and 1.6300 MW range in its sites2. Oregon’s 13 largest wind facilities create 69% of the total capacity2. The majority of its wind farms are located on Columbia River Plateau and in Eastern Oregon, and the majority are also privately-owned, utility-scale stands of References turbines. However, Vestas (wind turbine manufacturer) and Iberdrola Renovables (wind farm operator) have their national headquarters in Portland. (1) Vestergaard, J., L. Brandstrup, and R.

Relevant State Legislation

Heron’s wind-powered organ

US DOE, National Renewable Energy Laboratory

1999, 2007 Legislative Assembly passed bills to encourage small and large wind projects3 2007 Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) adopted with just 2% of Oregon’selectricity needs met by renewable power resources3 2016 Senate Bill 1547 raised RPS requirement target to 50% by 20403 2017 Senate Bill 939 required wind, solar, geothermal, and other renewable power types to account for 25% of electric utility retail sales by 20253

D. Goddard III. 2004. “A Brief History of the Wind Turbine Industries in Denmark and the United States.” Academy of International Business Conference Proceedings. November: 322-7. http:// citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.512.4436&rep=rep1&type=pdf. (2) Oregon Department of Energy https:// www.oregon.gov/energy/energy-oregon/ Pages/Wind.aspx (3) Oregon Department of Energy https:// www.oregon.gov/energy/energy-oregon/ Pages/Renewable-Portfolio-Standard.aspx

Methods

Results

Population Predictions Methods

Results Results Results Results

2020: 4.3 million Population Methods Predictions 2050: 5.5 million 4, 5Methods Population Predictions Methods 2020: 4.3 million Predictions 2100: 7.8 million Population 4, 5 Population Predictions

2050: 5.5 million 2020: 4.3 million 2100: 7.8 million 2020: 4.3 million4, 5 2050: 5.5 million 2020: 4.3 million4, 5 Energy Use Per Capita 2050: 5.5 million 2100: 7.8 million 4, 5 2050: 5.5 million Energy UseinPer Capita 2100: million Oregon’s energy use per7.8 capita 2016 was 240 million BTU. In scenarios A and B, 2100: 7.8 million we explore what our 2050 and 2100 energy demand will be using our current level of Energy Use Per Capita Oregon’s energy use per capita in 2016 was 240 million BTU. In Energy Use Per Capita consumption and a Energy decreased, levelwhat of perour capita consumption. Use Per Capita scenarios Aenergy and B,efficient we explore 2050 and 2100 energy Oregon’s energy use per capita in 2016 was 240 million BTU. In demand will be using our current level of consumption and aIn Oregon’s energy use per capitawhat in 2016 was 240 million BTU. scenarios A and B, we explore our 2050 and 2100 energy Oregon’s energy use capita inof2016 240 million BTU. In decreased, effiper cient level per capita consumption. Scenarios scenarios Aenergy and B, we explore what ourwas and 2100 energy demand will be using our current level of2050 consumption and a scenarios A and B, we explore what our 2050 and 2100 energy demand will becapita using our current level of consumption and a A: consumption remains stable per decreased, energy effi cient level of per capita consumption. demand will be using our current level of consumption and a Scenarios decreased, energy effiadvancements cient level of per capita consumption. B: consumption decreases per capita with in energy efficiency decreased, energy efficient level of per capita consumption.

Siting Considerations Grid interconnection and transmission access are two issues around siting wind References Siting Considerations turbines. InGrid addition, they require a significant financial investment: each 2MW interconnection and transmission access are two issues References OPB News https://www.opb.org/news/article/ Siting Considerations Requires significant financial utility-scale 2MW winda turbine costs $3-4 portland-forecast-to-grow-bigger-and-westReferences around siting windinvestment: turbines. Ina addition, they require significant Siting Considerations Grid interconnection and transmission access are two issues References 7 ward/ OPB News https://www.opb.org/news/article/ Siting Considerations million installed fi nancial investment: and eachtransmission 2MW Grid interconnection access are two issues 4

Implications

Scenarios A: consumption remains stable per capita Scenarios Scenarios Population XB: per capita consumption = total consumption decreases per capita with advancements in A: consumption remains stable per capita efficiency consumption energy A: consumption stable per capita B: consumption remains decreases per capita with advancements in A: consumption remains stable per capita B: consumption decreases per capita withconsumption advancements in energy effi ciency Population X per capita consumption = total B: consumption energy efficiencydecreases per capita with advancements in efficiency Scenario A energy Population per capita consumption = total consumption AX Scenario Population X per capita consumption = total consumption 2050: 5.5 million people X 240 BTU = 1320 trillion BTU 2050: 5.5million million people X 240 million BTU==total 1320 trillion BTU Population X per capita consumption consumption A Scenario 2100: 7.8 million people X 190 million BTU = 1045 trillion BTU 2100: 7.8 million people X 190 million = 1045 trillion BTU A BTU Scenario 2050: 5.5 million people X 240 million BTU = 1320 trillion BTU A Scenario 2050: 5.5 million million people people XX190 240million millionBTU BTU= =1045 1320trillion trillionBTU BTU 2100: 7.8 Scenario B 2050: 5.5 million million people XX190 240million millionBTU BTU= =1045 1320trillion trillionBTU BTU 2100: 7.8 people

Scenario B

2050: 7.8 5.5 million million people people X X 190 240million millionBTU BTU==1045 1872trillion trillionBTU BTU 2100: Scenario B 2100: 7.8 million people X 140 million BTU = 1092 trillion BTU 2050: 5.5 million people X 240 BTU = 1872 BTUtrillion BTU Scenario B million 2050: 5.5 million people X 240 milliontrillion BTU = 1872 Scenario B 2050: 5.5 million people X 240 million BTU = 1872 trillionBTU BTU 2100: 7.8 million people X 140 BTU = 1092 trillion 2100: 7.8 million people X 140 million BTU = million 1092 trillion BTU 2050: 5.5 million million people people X X 140 240million millionBTU BTU==1092 1872trillion trillionBTU BTU 2100: 7.8 2100: 7.8 million people X 140 million BTU = 1092 trillion BTU

7 8 7 7 8 8

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Land Area Requirements Land Area Land Area Land Area Requirements Requirements Scenario A Land Area Requirements Requirements Scenario AScenario A Scenario Scenario A B Scenario A Scenario B Scenario B Scenario B Scenario B

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8 more frequent. Environmental Assessment.” Canadian Wildlife Green New https://mcharg.upenn. Turbines and Birds: AWhittam. Background for Kingsley, A. and B.Deal 2005.Review “Wind In urban areas, there also less available land because of higher land value andishigher development rates. doi=10.1.1.172.1664&rep=rep1&type=pdf. Suburban Service edu/2100-project-atlas-green-new-deal and Canada. May Draft. Environmental Assessment.” Canadian Wildlife Turbines andEnvironment Birds: A Background Review for In urban areas, there is also less available land because of higher land valueand andnoise higher development rates. apply to http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?The same visual pollution implications Service and Environment Canada. May Draft. Environmental Assessment.” Canadian Wildlife 9 Suburban Bergström, Kautsky, Malm, Rosenberg, higher land valuealthough andnoise higher development http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?Service and Environment Canada. May Draft. doi=10.1.1.172.1664&rep=rep1&type=pdf. Suburban suburban areas, more land will berates. available to site (7) http://www.windustry.org/ The same visual and pollution implications apply to suburban Wahlberg, Åstrand Capetillo, and Wilhelmsson. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.172.1664&rep=rep1&type=pdf. Suburban The same visual and noise pollution implications apply to “Effects of Offshore Wind Farms on Marine how_much_do_wind_turbines_cost 9 wind turbines. Slightly less density thatto less people will Bergström, Kautsky, Malm, Rosenberg, areas, although more land willland bemeans available site wind turbines. doi=10.1.1.172.1664&rep=rep1&type=pdf. Suburban Wildlife—a Generalized Impact Assessment.” The same visual and noise pollution implications apply to 9 suburban areas, although more will be available to site Wahlberg, Åstrand Capetillo, and Wilhelmsson. Bergström, Kautsky, Malm, Rosenberg, have viewsvisual of theand turbines. Environmental Research Letters 9, no.2005. 3 (2014): The same noise pollution implications apply (8) A. and B. Whittam. 9 “Effects of Kingsley, Offshore Wind Farms Marine “Wind Slightly less density means that less people will views suburban areas, although land will be available toto site Wahlberg, Åstrand Capetillo, andon Wilhelmsson. Bergström, Kautsky, Malm, Rosenberg, wind turbines. Slightly lessmore density means that lesshave people will of the 1-12. Turbines andCapetillo, Birds: A Background Review for Wildlife—a Generalized Impact Assessment.” suburban areas, although more land will be available to site “Effects of Offshore Wind Farms on Marine Wahlberg, Åstrand and Wilhelmsson. wind turbines. Slightly less density means that less people will have views of the turbines. turbines. Environmental Research Letters 9,” no. 3 (2014): Environmental Assessment. Canadian Wildlife Wildlife—a Generalized Impact “Effects Offshore Wind FarmsAssessment.” on Marine 10 Samsø,ofDenmark https://www.bu.edu/ wind turbines. Slightly less density means that less people will Rural have views of the turbines. Environmental Research LettersAssessment.” 9, no. 3 (2014): Wildlife—a Generalized Impact 1-12. Service and Environment Canada. May Draft. ise/2017/11/01/denmarks-renewable-energy-isWildland and habitat will need to be preserved so that they have views of the turbines. Environmental Research Letters 9, no. 3 (2014): http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?1-12. 10 land-comes-of-age/ Samsø, Denmark https://www.bu.edu/ 1-12. Rural doi=10.1.1.172.1664&rep=rep1&type=pdf. are not overshadowed by wind farms. Rural landscapes have 10 ise/2017/11/01/denmarks-renewable-energy-isRural 11 Samsø, Denmark https://www.bu.edu/ Wildland andpotential, habitat will need to of beitpreserved so that they Rural 10Toronto, Canada https://www.thestar.com/ scenic but not all can be safeguarded. ise/2017/11/01/denmarks-renewable-energy-isSamsø, Denmark https://www.bu.edu/ land-comes-of-age/ Wildland and habitat will need to be preserved so that they are not Rural more (9) Bergström, Kautsky, Malm, Rosenberg, Wahlberg, news/gta/2009/06/01/two_more_wind_turbines_ Wildland and habitat will need to be preserved so that they are notopinions overshadowed by windmay farms. Rural landscapes have ise/2017/11/01/denmarks-renewable-energy-isPublic of wind farms bepreserved different in rural areas land-comes-of-age/ eyed_for_ex.html Wildland and habitat will need to be so that they Åstrand Capetillo, and Wilhelmsson. “Effects 11 Toronto, Canada https://www.thestar.com/ are not overshadowed by wind farms. Rural landscapes have overshadowed by wind farms. Rural landscapes have more scenic more scenic potential, but not all of it can be safeguarded. land-comes-of-age/ of Offshore Wind Farms on Marine Wildlife—a than in urban areas. 11 news/gta/2009/06/01/two_more_wind_turbines_ are not overshadowed by wind farms. Rural have Toronto, Canada https://www.thestar.com/ more scenic potential, but not all ofbe it can belandscapes safeguarded. 12 Public opinions of wind farms may different in rural areas 11 Generalized Impact Assessment.” Environmental potential, but not all of it can be safeguarded. Public opinions of eyed_for_ex.html https://www.jimonlight.com/2009/07/19/urnews/gta/2009/06/01/two_more_wind_turbines_ Toronto, Canada https://www.thestar.com/ scenic potential, not may all ofbe it can be safeguarded. Natural more Public opinions of windbut farms different in rural areas Research Letters 9, no. 3 (2014): 1-12. eyed_for_ex.html news/gta/2009/06/01/two_more_wind_turbines_ than infarms urbanmay areas. wind be different in rural areas than in urban Public opinions of wind farms may be different in rural areasareas. 12ban-green-energys-vertical-axis-wind-turbine/ eyed_for_ex.html than in urban areas. Habitat loss and wildlife death are potential implications https://www.jimonlight.com/2009/07/19/ur13 Natural than (10) Samsø, Denmark https:// 12https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encycloin urban areas. https://www.jimonlight.com/2009/07/19/urban-green-energys-vertical-axis-wind-turbine/ of wind turbines in natural areas if implemented without pedia/wind-energy/ Natural www.bu.edu/ise/2017/11/01/ 12 https://www.jimonlight.com/2009/07/19/urHabitat loss and wildlife death are potential implications of wind loss and wildlife death areincreases potential implications ban-green-energys-vertical-axis-wind-turbine/ Natural Habitat Natural 13 denmarks-renewable-energy-island-comes-of-age/ turbine a resilience plan (especially birds, with https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encycloban-green-energys-vertical-axis-wind-turbine/ Habitat loss and wildlife death are implications ofturbines wind turbines in natural areas if potential implemented without 13 in natural areas if implemented without a resilience plan pedia/wind-energy/ 8, 9 https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encycloGraphs heights of 475-639’) Habitat loss and wildlife death are implications of wind turbines in natural areas if potential implemented without 13 (11) Toronto, Canada https://www. https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encycloa resilience plan (especially birds, with turbine Oregon Biennial Energy Report https://www. (especially birds, increases withifincreases turbine heights of 475-639’) 8, 9pedia/wind-energy/ of wind turbines in natural areas implemented without thestar.com/news/gta/2009/06/01/ pedia/wind-energy/ oregon.gov/energy/Data-and-Reports/Docuturbine a resilience plan (especially birds, increases with 8, 9 Graphs heights of 475-639’) Green New Dealplan (especially two_more_wind_turbines_eyed_for_ex.html ments/BER-Chapter-1-Energy-Numbers.pdf a resilience birds, increases with turbine Oregon Graphs Biennial Energy Report https://www. heights of 475-639’) 8, 9

The Green New Deal is about jobs, climate, and social justice. Wind projects would oregon.gov/energy/Data-and-Reports/DocuOregon Biennial Energy Report https://www. Graphs heights of 475-639’) 8, 9 (12) https://www.jimonlight.com/2009/07/19/ create jobs, but this is dependent on political oversight, funding, and financial and ments/BER-Chapter-1-Energy-Numbers.pdf oregon.gov/energy/Data-and-Reports/DocuOregon Biennial Energy Report https://www. urban-green-energys-vertical-axis-wind-turbine/ ecological Who will own these new and energy landscapes? Communities have the The Green drivers. New Deal is about jobs, climate, social justice. Wind projects would ments/BER-Chapter-1-Energy-Numbers.pdf oregon.gov/energy/Data-and-Reports/Documents/BER-Chapter-1-Energy-Numbers.pdf The Green Deal about jobs,on climate, social justice. Wind projects would potential toNew ownthis their own energy if wind isand implemented strategically. create jobs, but isisdependent political oversight, funding, and financial and (13) https://www.nationalgeographic.org/ The Green New Deal about jobs, climate, social justice. Wind projects would create jobs,drivers. but this isisdependent on political oversight, funding, and financial and the ecological Who will own these new and energy landscapes? Communities have The Greencreate New Deal is about jobs, climate, and social justice. Wind projects would encyclopedia/wind-energy/ jobs, but this is dependent on political oversight, funding, and fi nancial and ecological drivers. Who will own these new energy landscapes? Communities have the potential to own their own energy if wind is implemented strategically. ecological Whoown willenergy own on these newisenergy landscapes? Communities the and create jobs, but this is their dependent political oversight, funding, and have financial potential todrivers. own if wind implemented strategically. potential to own their own energy if wind is implemented strategically. Graphs

Green New Deal Deal GreenGreen NewNew Deal Green New Deal

ecological drivers. Who will own these new energy landscapes? Communities have the potential to own their own energy if wind is implemented strategically.

Oregon Biennial Energy Report https://www.oregon. gov/energy/Data-and-Reports/Documents/BERChapter-1-Energy-Numbers.pdf

Case Studies

Innovative design of distributed solar energy generation

Renewable energy on existing infrastructure

Reclaiming brownfields

Ecological energy infrastructure corridor: Integrated vegetation management

Ecological energy infrastructure corridor: Ecological energy network

Agro-wind farms

Agrophotovoltaics

Floatovoltaics

Innovative design of distributed solar energy generation Shipping Container Solar Systems - Hanna Ketterer

hassle of construction and assembly, and supplement solar energy generation with a wide range of amenities.

Planning Process Models of Different Companies • Moveit is based in Poland provides solar generators in either a 20’ shipping

container (70 m2 of solar panels) and 40’ shipping container (140 m2 of solar panels). Both have a sun tracking system that allows for constant alignment with the sun possible through sensors. Both sizes are available in two models, the SunBOX35A (automatic unfolding) and the SunBOX 42 (manual unfolding). (1)

• SPACE (Solar Powered Adaptive Containers for Everyone) is a collaboration between Adaptive containers and the University

Rationale

Why can this product be applied to Oregon? Shipping container solar systems are adaptable products and designs that can provide a wide range of multi-functional services for a community or site. They are favorable to quick turnaround time allowing for more rapid benefits to our urban environment. Models and companies discussed in this product case study can provide amenities that Oregon needs, specifically shelter, energy generation for “pop-up” urban events and agriculture irrigation.

Basic Information Conceptual Model

Shipping container based solar generators provide an innovative solution to easily transport solar energy generation to any location. The model, approached by many different companies, contains foldable solar panels that are stored for transport and when not in use in the shipping container itself. The shipping container is used as the carrier and support so the generators can be shipped anywhere in the world. The folding system and compact design allows the solar systems to be ready quickly upon arrival to the site and easily adapt to different location specific conditions. The project goals with these products include providing accessible power to a variety of locations, avoid

of Houston. Their design provides an 140 sq foot space inside the container with 20 solar panels on its rooftop. This model can provide up to 350 kWh of energy each month. In day-to-day function it is used as a workspace and transitions to selfsustained first response center in face of natural disaster. The first of the models are currently deployed in Houston for testing. (2)

Design Companies with Case Studies • Black Stump based in Melbourne, provides multiple solar powered shipping

container services including: freezers, water purification, and solar generators. Their client base ranges site power, commercial, defense, government, events, first responders, agriculture and aquaculture, and aid and development. Black Stump partnered with an agricultural community in Papua New Guinea to increase quantity and quality in the post-harvest/ pre-cooling process. Products including solar ice makers and solar chillers allowed the farmers to double their revenue compared to conventional diesel equipment. (3) References (1) Moveit Power. Retrieved April 26, 2020. https://www.power-moveit.tech/ (2) Metalab: SPACE shipping container office. Retrieved April 26, 2020. https:// www.designboom.com/architecture/ metalab-space-shipping-container-office/ (3) Black Stump Technologies. Retrieved April 26, 2020. http://blackstumptechnologies.com.au/

Moveit Model (1) 24

SPACE Model (2)

Black Stump Freezer Model (3)

Papua New Guinea Case Study (3)

• BoxPower,based in Grass Valley, CA, provides affordable containerized solar

solutions for residential, agricultural, community resilience and commercial clients. They partner with nonprofit and governmental agencies to provide solar generation to hard to reach communities. Their systems come in two models, a 20’ cargo container providing over 22kW and a 4’ x 8’ mini-box providing over 3.5kW.

Partnering with Mutual Aid Disaster Relief, Arecma, and Footprint Org, BoxPower provided solar generated power to communities in Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria in 2017. The containers brought power to a community resilience center, health clinic and soup kitchen. In January of 2020 BoxPower returned to Puerto Rico to provide container solar generators to communities after a series of earthquakes that left another island wide black out. Working closer to home, BoxPower worked provided a Light Manufacturing Company in Concord, CA with solar plus battery storage. With this client they used their Energy Audit System Integration (EASI) service to recommend the optimal solar system at the least cost.

Evaluation Transecting Urban, Suburban and Rural Landscapes Due to the concept of combining solar panels with shipping containers and other amenities, it can be a very easily transferable model applicable to many densities and conditions. Shipping container solar generators can provide energy to informal settlements due to their no operation and maintenance cost. Additionally, since they are quickly deployable, they can used in rapid disaster relief movements. In the suburban context the solar generators can be used in commercial and industrial settings to start to offset the large quantities of land those industries take up. Lastly, in a rural setting solar generation can be used to power remote agricultural systems like irrigation and pre-cooling models. Within Oregon, shipping container solar generators can be used in transitional housing communities such as Opportunity Village, farmers markets and food truck blocks, yearly festivals, agricultural uses, and commercial/industrial use.

SPACE Container at OVE (5)

Impact BoxPower Pricing Model (4)

Social • These accessible models can provide social benefits such as a home or workspace that is completely off the grid. It can provide power to remote communities in post disaster relief efforts and as a community hub.

Environmental

• Not only are these designs providing off grid energy generation, they are also providing multi-functional “landscapes.” Pairing solar panels with amenities such as freezers or water purifiers takes away the need for that service to be taken up with References other land and energy.

Economic BoxPower Model (4)

BoxPower Puerto Rico Case Study (4)

• Site and project specific models can increase agricultural productivity and revenue for farmers. Once the up-front cost is taken care of, operation and maintenance costs are low to none. However, the up-front cost of these products might be inaccessible to certain communities that could benefit from them.

(4) BoxPower: Clean, Affordable, Reliable Energy Anywhere. Retrieved April 27, 2020. https://boxpower.io/ (5) SPACE Container model (2) and Hana Ketterer.

Renewable Energy on Existing Infrastructure

A Case Study on Solar Bike Paths in the Netherlands - Lexi Smaldone

Rationale

Why Solar Bike Paths Can Work in Oregon The state of Oregon has plans and regulations relevant to both climate action and bicycle infrastructure - there is no reason not to achieve both goals with one design. Oregon’s Climate Action Program, for example, aims to reduce statewide greenhouse gas emmissions to 80 percent below 1990 levels.1 While the state’s “Bike Bill” requires all new road projects to accomodate bicycling and pedestrain travel.2 Moreover, cycling is already popular in Oregon’s urban centers, particularly the cities of Eugene and Portland, and especially in the age of COVID-19.

Basic Information

Pilot Program in North Holland This project is less about enticing people to ride bicycles and more about combining solar energy with existing infrastructure. This project started as a 70-meter stretch of existing bike path in the North Holland province.3 This path is a two-way cycle-track in which one lane is paved with solar cells.4 When the pilot launched in 2014, it was the world’s first public road that included embedded solar cells.5 This 70-meter stretch of solar cells cost $3.7 million to install.5 Since its installation, 20 meters of solar panels were added to the bike path.6 The purpose of this pilot program was to test the viability of solar power production on road infrastructure.5 The program began the study by piloting with bicycle infrastructure because the vehicles are lighter, roadways cover less surface area, and, thus, are less likely to damage the panels than cars, trucks, and other vehicles. The total road surface in the Netherlands is also significantly larger than the area of rooftops suitable for solar installation.5

Planning Process Exponential Expansion

This pilot program was led by the Dutch government, who partnered with solar panel company SolaRoad and research group TNO.5 The initial pilot launched in 2014 and was generally a success. The project is currently in the second phase its planned exponential expansion.7 In 2016, an additional 20 meters were added to this 70-meter stretch in North Holland.6 This year, in 2020, two additional projects are expected to begin in the Utrecht province and near Maartensdijk, but are likely delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.7 Hopefully soon the project can move to the next phase of embedding solar panels into roadways. Each new addition uses lessons learned from the previous study and makes any needed improvements.4 So far, some issues that have been discovered are related to cost, efficiency, and durability. The 70-meter stretch of solar panels cost the same as installing solar panels on the roofs of 173 homes, for example.4 On top of being more expensive, these panels are also less efficient than those placed on rooftops References because they cannot be laid at an angle.5 Durability is an ongoing battle - the top layer (1) State of Oregon Carbon Policy Office. “Summary of Core Elements of of the solar element broke off during poor weather.4

Design

Protect the Panels One lane of the cycle track is paved with solar cells, while the other is paved with regular concrete.4 The cells are laid out in three zones of nine solar elements each for a total of 27 solar elements.8 Each zone includes housing for energy inverters that are connected to the electrical grid.8 The cells sit on top of a damping layer that absorbs any shock produced by passing bicycles, which sits on top of concrete.8 Above the cells is another layer of glass and an anti-skid layer for friction.8

(2) “Oregon Bicycle Bill.” Accessed April 29, 2020. https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/oregon_bicycle_bill/#.XqpYB8hKhPY. (3) Abbasi, Jennifer. “Bike Path Power.” Science World/Current Science, February 29, 2016. Gale Academic OneFile. (4) Huntington, Scott. “Looking at the Dutch Solar Bike Path After One Year,” January 10, 2016. https://www.triplepundit.com/story/2016/looking-dutch-solarbike-path-after-one-year/29346. (5) Schlanger, Zoe. “Designers Building Roadways That Generate Solar Power; Designers in the Netherlands Have Built a Bike Path That Generates Solar Power.” Newsweek, November 28, 2014. Gale Academic OneFile. http://link.gale. com/apps/doc/A398333508/u=euge94201&sid=zotero&xid=ad899453.

Solar Bike Path Rendering7

the Oregon Climate Action Program.” Accessed April 29, 2020. https:// www.oregon.gov/gov/Documents/ OregonClimateActionProgram_ CoreElementsSummary.pdf.

SolaRoad Section8

(6) Taguiam, Rhenn Anthony. “Success! Dutch Solar Bike Path ‘SolaRoad’ to Expand Operations Until 2018.” Nature World News, March 24, 2017. https:// www.natureworldnews.com/articles/36705/20170324/success-dutch-solar-bike-path-solaroad-expand-operations-until-2018.htm.

Evaluation

Suitable in Urban Areas In Oregon, Portland and Eugene already have extensive bicycle infrastructure and plan to create more.2 The state of Oregon has plans and requirements for both climate action (i.e., reducing greenhouse gas emissions) and bike lanes, in which this application would work towards achieving both. The goal of this project was not to entice people to cycle more, but to apply solar energy to existing infrastructure with efficient land use. In Oregon, many people already do not need to be strongly enticed to ride bicycles. While it may be cheaper to install solar panels on roofs, that comes with its own costs. Homes in Oregon are often shaded by many nearby trees. Oregon views itself as a green state, and while solar panels are a green technology, our trees are culturally important in Oregon. Urban streets generally have less shade cast on them due to the regulated height of street trees. Portland has an extensive infrastructure for bikes already, providing ample opportunity for this application.9 In Eugene, the Riverbank Path as well as designated bike routes provide opportunities for implementing a pilot project with this excting technology.10 References (7) Bellini, Emiliano. “Construction Begins on Pilot Solar Bike Lane in the Netherlands.” pv magazine International, January 29, 2020. https://www.pv-magazine. com/2020/01/29/construction-begins-onpilot-solar-bike-lane-in-the-netherlands/.

Project Layout8

Impact

Somewhat Success In the first six months the SolaRoad project, the panels produced 3,000 kWh of electricity, which exceeded expectations.6 After one year, over 300,000 cyclists used the upgraded path, and enough energy was produced to power three homes for a full year.6 20 meters were added to the 70-meter stretch, and two more pilots will begin this year in other provinces of the Netherlands.7 Adjustments are being made before each installation. Besides the one break during the first month, the path is holding up just fine to the cycle traffic and weather.6 The next steps for the team are to figure out how to cut costs and, if possible, increase efficiency. Cycle Track in Eugene, Oregon11

Bike Routes in Portland, Oregon9

(8) Shekhar, Aditya, Vinod Kumar Kumaravel, Stan Klerks, Sten de Wit, Prasanth Venugopal, Nishant Narayan, Pavol Bauer, Olindo Isabella, and Miro Zeman. “Harvesting Roadway Solar Energy—Performance of the Installed Infrastructure Integrated PV Bike Path.” IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 8, no. 4 (July 2018): 1066–73. https://doi.org/10.1109/ JPHOTOV.2018.2820998. (9) “Best Rides around Portland | Recreational Bicycling Rides + Maps | The City of Portland, Oregon.” Accessed April 29, 2020. https://www.portlandoregon. gov/transportation/article/339920. (10) MacRhodes, Shane. “Things to See In Eugene While Visiting On Bike.” WeBikeEugene (blog), August 19, 2014. http://www.webikeeugene. org/2014/08/19/things-to-see-in-eugenewhile-visiting-on-bike/ (11) “Student Group Gets City Backing for New East 13th Bikeway.”

Reclaiming brownfields

Reclaiming Abandoned Mine Lands (AML) for Solar - Caroline Fitzpatrick

Rationale

Opportunity for Oregon There is a large concentration of abandoned mine lands in Oregon. The AML program, headed by the BLM and Forest Service, sites there to be between 1625 and 3250 abandoned hard rock mines. Utilizing contaminated sites for renewable energy allow for large scale development that does not disrupt current uses, it leaves other sensitive areas, such as agricultural land and forested land, protected, the land is relatively flat, lacks forest cover, potentially has preexisting access roads and transmission lines, and is generally not hospitable for reforestation1.

case of the flooded mines that have turned into lakes, floatovoltaics are implemented. These lakes often have a low pH are are generally not suitable for habitat. In addition, the water cools the solar panels, helping them work more efficiently. The lack of surrounding dirt and dust allows the panels to stay clean longer3.

Planning Process

Public and private partnerships The planning process relies on both policy and investment of private interest. The Nature Conservancy aims to develop land previously impacted by economic development, such as mines, rather than developing on intact greenfields. The Nature Conservancy created a plan with the Nevada Mining Association titled “Mining the Sun,” they sited that renewable energy was not listed among state regulations as a possible postproduction use for mine lands Adding this possibility to the list eliminated a gray areas for solar developers4. The BLM and Forest Service have an AML program that was initiated in 1997. Addressing the environemntal impacts of abandoned mines on both BLM and forest Service land is part of their duty. Addrsesing water quality concerns is the main objective of their program mission. Therefore, habitat restoration has been a priority5. Co-locating renewable energy with their restoration efforts could be a very powerful partnership. References (1) “About Aandoned Mines” retrieved from, https://www.abandonedmines.gov/ about_abandoned_mines

Design

SunMine Kimbereley,BC SunMIne solar farm is BC’s largest solar project, it was implemented in 2015. The solar panels are situated on the south facing slope of an abandoned coal mine. The design included 4,032 solar cell modules situated on 96 solar trackers. The abandoned mine is situated high up in the mounatins recieving around 300 days of sunlight per year6. The solar farm is able to produce enough energy to meet the demand of 200 households. The economic impact on the city of Kimberely has been positive and there is a desire for expansion of the project6.

“Concentration of Abandoned Mines”, https://www.abandonedmines.gov/

Basic Information Surface mines

Surface mines, both hardrock and coal, are the basis for this study. Examples include open face abandoned strip mines and collapsed mines that have formed into lakes. In the 28

“SunMine,” http://www.sunmine.ca/

(2) “Learn More About REPowering” retrieved from, https:// www.epa.gov/re-powering/ learn-more-about-re-powering (3) Charlie Campbell, “How China Floated to the Top in Solar,” 2020 Time USA, LLC, retrieved from https://time.com/ china-massive-floating-solar-field/ (4) The Nature Conservancy, “Mining the Sun,” retrieved from, https://www.nature. org/en-us/about-us/where-we-work/ united-states/nevada/stories-in-nevada/ solar-energy-at-former-mines/ (5) Lands, A. M. (2007). A Decade of Progress Reclaiming Hardrock Mines. (6) Choi, Yosoon, and Jinyoung Song. “Review of photovoltaic and wind power systems utilized in the mining industry.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 75 (2017): 1386-1391.7. (7) “SUNMINE,” City of Kimberley, retrieved from, http://www.sunmine.ca/

Design

Impact

Floating solar farm Anhui Province, China The Anhui province of China holds the largest floating solar farm. It is situated on a lake that formed over a collapsed coal mine which was flooding by precipitation. 166,000 panels were installed on flotation devices. These panels are capable of generating 40 MW of energy to meet the demand of 15,000 homes3.

The case studies outlined in this report exemplifiy the potential of large scale renewable production possible on abandoned mine lands. The expanse of open land available at these sites is a great opportunity. Depending on the site, energy could be generated for up to 15,000 homes, as reprsented by the floating solar farm in the Anhui province. The SunMine in Kimberely, BC represents a successul economic outcome. The City of Kimberely directly benefits from the revenue of the SunMine. The project is community owned creating pride and ownership within the community. With the inclusion of more incentives for smaller productions, these types of operations could increase7. The image below illustrates the extent of abandoned mine lands on National Forest and BLM land. It is clear that significant land area exists in the state of Oregon for a solar mine field to be considered.

The Challenge of Reclaiming AMLs The cost of reclaiming a single abandoned “A boat navigates the Huainan solar farm.” https://time.com/china-massive-floating-solar-field/ mine may range from tens of thousands of dollars to tens of millions of Utilizing contaminated land, such as abandoned mine lands, provides adollars unique depending on size, location, opportunity for renewable development. As pointed out in the ‘rationale’ section of this the nature of report, development of these sites protects intact greenfields from development. In present, and contamination addition, these sites are often too contaminated and compacted for successful thehabitat resources that are affected. 2 Aside from the safety hazards restoration . and environmental contamination that However, the BLM and Forest Service AML mission involved the protectionmay of water exist, quality. Development of renewable energy on these contaminated fieldsabandoned has not mines can been shown to help with direct cleanup. Therefore, a co-location of restoration and also be signiﬁcant renewable energy is important. cultural and historic resources and habitat for bats and other wildlife. Protecting these resources makes mitigation and cleanup more costly at these sites.

Evaluation

References

National Forest System Lands BLM Lands Known BLM AML Sites Known Forest Service AML Sites

Currently no single source of funding, whether it be Federal, State, tribal, or private, is adequate on its own to address the magnitude ofAbandoned the problemmine that exists. To remediate land, accessed froma particular site, the BLM and Forest Service may work with Federal, State, and private partners who are able to apply funding from a variety of programs and authorities, including https://www.blm.gov/sites/blm.gov/files/uploads/ SMCRA; the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA); and the Clean Water Act Grant Program.

Beneﬁts of AML Reclamation

(2) “Learn More About REPowering” retrieved from, https:// www.epa.gov/re-powering/ learn-more-about-re-powering’ (3) Charlie Campbell, “How China Floated to the Top in Solar,” 2020 Time USA, LLC, retrieved from https://time.com/ china-massive-floating-solar-field/ (7) “SUNMINE,” City of Kimberley, retrieved from, http://www.sunmine.ca/

Ecological Energy Network A FABRICations Project

Design

Project Goals

- Kris Parr

Rationale

Retrofitting Existing Energy Infrastructure Electric energy corridors are a staple of the landscape. When designing for resiliency, creating dynamic and multifaceted landscapes in these unused corridors deepens function and ecosystem integration. Oregon can benefit from projects like the EEN by hybridizing infrastructure for human use and wildlife habitat. Yet, being mindful of fuel loads under these power-lines is an important factor when approaching the wildfire season of the Pacific Northwest.

Basic Information

Part of a wider analysis on the Urban Metabolism of Rotterdam, Netherlands The Housing Options of 2005 prohibited “prolonged stay” (14-18 hrs) under high voltage lines, restricting a majority of human programs. “Sensitive locations” include schools, childcare facilities, hospitals and other populations that are sensitive to environmental conditions. In fact, especially high voltage corridors include a 50-76m function free zone.

• Creating an urban ecological corridor revitalizing prolonged stay areas under high voltage areas; thus bringing nature into the city. • Connect the missing links in the Netherlands’ National Ecological Networks (EHS) • Nature in electric corridors to become a temporary stay destination for leisure activities

Ecology is a non-sensitive program, and therefore has potential for unlimited use in these restricted areas. Utilizing these programmatic “dead zones” by creating habitat niches allows a multifunctional and dynamic landscape.

Planning Process

Overlaying Strategic Systems This project overlays existing ecological habitat zones with the Netherlands’ national power grid. “If realized, the Ecological Energy Network creates the largest National Park of the Netherlands, larger than the Oosterschelde (370 km²) and Veluwe (52 km²) combined” Designers in FABRICations created typological studies of electric corridors as they would transect urban, suburban and rural landscapes. These spatial studies offer insight and easily reproducible typologies for other areas. 30

Nature and leisure come together in an urban environment.

Power line masts redesigned as trees to emphasize the nature’s role in the energy landscape.

References FABRICations Design https://www.fabrications.nl/portfolio-item/ ecologicalenergynetwork/

Urban, Suburban & Rural Transects Spatial Studies

Impact

Resilience in Redundancy Electric corridors offer opportunity to creating a multi-faceted landscape. Striking a balance between habitat creation and responsible fuel loads for electric corridors would simultaneously benefit native wildlife while limiting devastation in wildfire season. Similar projects are already underway in Eugene natural areas, such as the Howard Burford/ Mt. Pisgah Recreational Areas. In addition, researching collocation of these existing corridors with sheep pasture habitat would benefit the agricultural nature of the Willamette Valley.

Evaluation

A Transferable Framework Many trails and open areas in the Willamette Valley are already bi-sected or tangential to power-lines. In addition, Eugene in particular prioritizes the interconnection of native ecologies, including wetlands, uplands and the urban forests. Therefore projects like EEN would fit governmental and public ideaologies in the ecologically minded Pacific Northwest. In terms of promoting biodiversity and designing responsible fire management landscapes, an example from an Australian research study, led by Donna Clarke, pertains relevent References methods and alterations to fit the EEN design into the context of the Willamette Valley. • Management intervention (mowing, slashing, etc) is recommended at the mid-successional ecological stage. This in in contrast to the current method, which is based off of the timing of the last intervention. Clarke, Donna J., Kate A. Pearce, and John • Standards of success include: 1) Limiting the potential fuel loads in an acceptable range by limiting biomass. 2) Preserving biodiversity in edge conditions before the heterogeneity G. White. “Powerline Corridors: Degraded Ecosystems or Wildlife Havens?” Wildlife of forest vegetation Research 33, no. 8 (2006): 615. https://doi. • Avoiding clearing existing forested areas is recommended. Yet if unavoidable, retrofitting electric masts with a higher power-line clearing for minimal management is an org/10.1071/WR05085. agreeable alternative. FABRICations Design • Vegetative structures of native grass and small shrub species (Carex sp, Juncus sp, Blechnum sp & Acacia sp, etc) benefit small mammals, birds and insects.

https://www.fabrications.nl/portfolio-item/ ecologicalenergynetwork/

Integrated Vegetation Management - Taylor Bowden

Rationale

Why can this case be applied to Oregon? Powerline land is vital to our electrical power transmission systems, and is unlikely to be going anywhere, but and management under power lines can be improved to support ecosystem diversity. Existing powerline management techniques have been known to degrade landscapes and ecological connectivity.3 Prairie habitats are threatened in the Willamette Valley, and powerline infrastructure presents prairie restoration opportunities. Loss of these habitats have resulted in a loss of biodiversity. 1, 2

Planning Process

Stakeholders, Issues, and Timeline Stakeholders include: -Transmission System Operators - Landowners -Private landowners -Utility managers -The public -Wildlife The main roadblock to adopting these strategies lies in making IVM management a priority to people. Issues to adapt to this new management involves stakeholder participation, perception, policy restrictions, resources, and knowledge. 1 These management strategies could be phased in slowly, or used independently from each other in order to make them easier to integrate into existing management techniques. New corridors should immediately implement IVM strategies after construction. Initial implementations of IVM strategies need to be carefully managed until the vegetation successfully establishes, and can better compete with invasive species. There will still need to be regular cleaning and management of trees and invasive species incursion. 1

Design

Basic Information

LIFE- Elia Project: European Green Electricity Corridors

5 Strategies 1. Selective tree cutting:

The goal of integrated vegetation management (IVM) is to turn powerline lands into green corridors and green infrastructure through environmentally sensitive management techniques.

Restore forest edges by creating ecotones. This involves planting management edges with shrub and grassland habitats, softening the gradient of forest to prairie, and allowing for better ecological connectivity.

The LIFE- Elia Project is the application of IVM strategies to European Transmission System Operators (TSOs). These management strategies are suggested for use across Europe’s electric energy corridors and have already been applied to over 30 sites. LIFE- Elia Projects replace unsustainable management techniques like herbicides and slashing, which keep powerline corridors safe, for ecological restoration of grassland, wetland, and scrubland habitats that meet safety guidelines 2.

2. Restoring grasslands: Grasslands offer a high diversity of plant, invertebrate, bird, and small mammal habitats. References Seeding diverse native prairies underneath the powerlines will they will not interfere (1) Green Electricity Corridors Report with access and infrastructure. The prairies can be managed with mowing or prescribed (2019). Ecofirst. Retrieved April 19, 2020, grazing. from https://renewables-grid.eu/fileadmin/ Left Impactful slashing techniques 7 Right LIFE-Elia grassland resoration 2

Traditional ‘U’ Shaped Corridor 32

IVM ‘V’ Shaped Corridor

user_upload/FINAL_Green-electricitycorridors_Report_2019_web.pdf (2) LIFE-Elia Project. (n.d.). Retrieved April 21, 2020, from http://www.life-elia.eu/en/ Managing Utility Corridors for Wildlife Habitat. (n.d.). Habitat Network. Retrieved April 19, 2020, from https://content.yardmap.org/learn/ managing-utility-corridors-wildlife/ (3) Electricity Delivery and its Environmental Impacts (n.d.). US EPA. https://www.epa.gov/energy/electricity-delivery-and-its-environmental-impacts

3. Restoring scrubland and bogs: Woody scrubland and bogs offer specialized habitats that may help increase biosystem diversity. Designing these habitat interventions based on the local ecosystem is more considerate of animal lifecycles.

4. Adding ponds/ vernal pools: Digging small water bodies along the corridor can seasonally support sensitive aquatic species where the topography and ecosystem are appropriate.

5.Controlling invasive plants: Remo=ve and prevent the regrowth of invasives as native plants establish. Managing invasive plants in the early stages of restoration will help block future invasive growth once the native herbaceous plants have colonized the disturbed soils.

Evaluation

IVM is Widely Applicable IVM application is suitable to retrofit existing electric energy corridors and new infrastructure in Oregon. IVM will help mitigate environmental impacts and increase ecological connectivity in urban, suburban, rural, and natural areas. Maintenance of these energy corridors must occur regardless, so these strategies could offer a standard of symbiotic managament practices. 1, 3 A more intentionally designed corridor may serve as prime open space for recreation with the addition of trails in urban and suburban areas; as long as active powerlines are out of reach of people and carefully maintained, the risk of danger to people is low. There are many examples of sites across the US which have already utilized powerline corridors space for human recreation. 4 IVM strategies may help planners decide where to place new energy corridors to correspond with prairie habitats or potential prairie restoration areas using tools like GIS and AHP. Birds flying into powerlines is a risk and hazard that all powerlines must consider, and changes to these bird risks and impacts after IVM need more evaluation. Fire risk by increasing fuels should also be considered in management.6, 5

Impact

Improve Existing and Future Infrastructure Intergrated Vegetation Management strategies increase biodiversity and viable habitat for wildlife along energy corridors by reconnecting habitats and creating edge conditions. IVMs have the potential to set a new standard of environmental and social References practices for energy infrastructure. 7, 1 (4) Perils For Pedestriansâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;Gallery of

Bonneville Power Association transmission lines in the PNW 5

IVMs replaces problematic management methods like slashing and herbicide which degrade the landscape and harm wildlife. More cost/analysis research it may also reveal to be a more efficient use of resources over time by reducing the speed of invasive growth. 7, 1, 2 Implementing IVM strategies will require participation from a variety of stakeholders, and a rehaul of common enegery corridor management practices.1 The issues of implementation would be resolved if fit within a Green New Deal where renewable energy corridors have the labor, resources, and support and to implement these environmentally friendly management techniques. 7

IVM with prescribed grazing 7 33

Howard Buford Recreation Area in Eugene, OR.

Power Line Right of Way Trails. (n.d.). Retrieved April 26, 2020, from http://www. pedestrians.org/topics/row-gallery.htm (5) Vegetation Management. (n.d.). BPA. Retrieved April 21, 2020, from https:// www.bpa.gov/PublicInvolvement/ Vegetation-Management/Pages/ Vegetation-Management.aspx (2015, August 4). (6) Managing Utility Corridors for Wildlife Habitat. (n.d.). Habitat Network. Retrieved April 19, 2020, from https://content.yardmap.org/learn/ managing-utility-corridors-wildlife/ (7) Environmental impacts of transmission lines. (2017, May 19). Fingrid. https://www. fingrid.fi/en/grid/land-use-and-environment/environmental-impacts-of-transmission-lines/

Agro-wind farms

Nordergründe Aquaculture: Offshore Agrowind Solutions to Food Security -Aaron Woolverton

Rationale

Applicability to Oregon There is a great need to establish aquacultural production throughout the United States of America. Although the industry is considered to be well established, the FAO expresses the country’s need to expand its current operations. Interestingly, the USA imports approximately 80% of its seafood and farms a very small percentage; ultimately, the USA depends on both its capture and its imports.1 See Figure 1.1 for a graphic representation of the Country’s dependence on capture and its need for farmed seafood. Meanwhile there is a growing need for wind energy in Oregon, and one study provided by the National Renewable Energy Lab realized the economic viability of establishing offshore, floating wind turbines. One of their priority zones includes a site off the shores of Coos Bay, Oregon.2 Coos Bay, one of the hubs for aquacutlural production, should utilize their infrastructure and consider collocating offshore aquaculture with this wind energy scenario for sustainable economic gains.

80 Sq. Kilometers, or 19,800 Acres. The conditions of this sea are somewhat similar in temperature and wind/wave activity to Oregon’s offshore conditions - however, the Nordergründe is located in 30 meter deep water. Ultimately, the wind farm produces 111 Megawatt System which powers about 100,00 homes in Germany. The offshore aquaculture plot is about 120 acres and produces an economically viable yield. 3

Planning Process

Accessing Stakeholders and Ownership Throughout this case study, there remained several quotations regarding ownership, rights of way, the definition of international waters, and the questions surrounding ecosystem impact within such a maverick proposal. Buck et al. provide insight on their questions with the following quote: At present, there are few frameworks that facilitate integrated strategic and comprehensive planning in relation to all activities taking place in marine areas. In the end, this was a pilot study that didn’t necessarily need approval for a major retrofit - however, the researchers did go about a planning process, public perception analysis, and ecosystem / environmental experiment to chose the right spot for this study. 4 The preliminary planning process included mapping existing wind farms, their proximity to coastal towns, and their accessibility for offshore aquaculture. The researchers went on to assess ownership and right of way between stakeholders, major shipping channels, and government agencies. Using maps provided by miscellaneous studies, References the researchers performed ecosystem experiments ton “ideal” areas to determine the (1) FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture—National best location for Spat reproduction and spawning of bivalves naturally. They concluded Aquaculture Sector Overview—United that these areas of hyperbolic reproduction rates may lead to die offs due to over- States of America. (n.d.). productivity. (2) Walter Musial et al., National

Design

Prototypes, Experiments, and Options

Figure 1.1; Data by FAO

Basic Information This feasibility study aimed to ascertain the economic feasibility of an offshore marine aquaculture structure for breeding of marine organisms (bivalves) in tandem with renewable energy systems. The Nordergründe wind farm is located approximately 17km North of Bremerhaven, Germany in the North Sea. This wind farm, although considered small, is made up of 18 wind turbines and encompasses an area of about 34

The overall goal of this project was to understand the feasibility of utilizing offshore wind farm infrastructure as a means to produce aquatic organisms for consumption. As seen in both figure 2.1 and 2.2 below, the design incorporated several elements and options related to current practices in aquacultural systems. More specifically, these systems include traditional long-line farming, cage farming, and hanging systems, such as oyster lanterns. All together, the designers developed and tested these options through a series of prototypes. Another goal to this project was to assess the feasibility of a spat collector system. This system would reduce resources and subsequent GHG emissions between harvesting spat in typical intensive harvesting processes and the transportation to the wind farm via boat. There were positive results from this natural spat collector, and this invention would greatly reduce resource requirements. The design process between modeling, simulation, and predictive futures allowed the researchers to paint a full picture if this project was to proceed. Figures 3.1 and 3.2

Renewable Energy Laboratory; Oregon Offshore Wind Site Feasibility and Cost Study. 2019 (3) Buck, B. H. (2007). Experimental trials on the feasibility of offshore seed production of the mussel Mytilus edulis in the German Bight: Installation, technical requirements and environmental conditions. (4) Buck, B. H., & Krause, G. (2013). Aquaculture and Renewable Energy Systems, Integration of. In P. Christou, R. Savin, B. A. Costa-Pierce, I. Misztal, & C. B. A. Whitelaw (Eds.), Sustainable Food Production (pp. 152–173). Springer. (5) Buck, B. H. (2007). Experimental trials on the feasibility of offshore seed production of the mussel Mytilus edulis in the German Bight: Installation, technical requirements and environmental conditions.

reveal the design options related to the production of aquaculture and how those systems may work in tandem with the existing wind turbines of Nordergründe. As an add-on to the preliminary goals, the designers decided to consider how this system may enhance ecological diversity. This approach considers both the diversification of aquacultural products, such as bivalve production with fish culture through fish pins. The study also considered establishing artificial reefs (Figure 3.3) at the foundation of the wind farms by incorporating several technologies to enhance reef growth and ensure its health through monitoring devices.

Evaluation

An Economically Feasible Solution Ultimately, through several studies, Buck et al. conclude that the incorporation of aquaculture techniques onto existing wind farming infrastructure is incredibly economically advantageous. The economic study section of their report provides a list of helpful takeaways: With current market values a single long-line could have a production value of 16,750 € (1,000 € × 16.75 metric tons) or $18,143.00 per growing season. A single mussel plot (120 Acres) would provide approximately 1,190,000 € (1,000 € × 1190 metric tons) or $1,288,950.00 per growing season. 6

Figure 2.1; Buck et al.

Figure 2.2; Buck et al.

It is important to note that the German Bight sees 2 growing seasons throughout a year. So these values should be doubled. 7 The team also explored some various concerns regarding operations and management of the aquacultural system. They propose that, if no private entity were to operate the farm, maintenance crews may be trained to mange this system - offering another layer of work to the operation managers at the wind farm. Overall, this report’s conclusion provides an important insight to the advantages of multimodal land-use. It will be important to know how these offshore aquacultural systems impact the local ecosystem and whether or not these conceptual reef structures come to fruition.

Impact

How may this work in Oregon?

Figure 3.1, Long-line Opt.; Buck et al.

Figure 3.3, Artificial Reefs; Buck et al. 35

Figure 3.2, Spat Collector; Buck et al.

If Oregon was to develop an offshore wind farm in the pacific, the principles and ideas presented in this study could have a profound impact on the state’s economy and resilience in terms of sustainable food production. Even if wind farms were applied inshore - within bays like Tilamook and Coos - there is a vast amount of existing References aquaculture infrastructure that may be adapted to work with coastal wind farms. Of course, we must consider limitations to these two options. Option 1, which would (6) Buck, B. H. (2007). Experimental trials consider inshore agrowind farms, would harness slightly more affordable wind turbines, on the feasibility of offshore seed producbe more manageable, accessible; however, it could become more socio-spatially and tion of the mussel Mytilus edulis in the Bight: Installation, technical repolitically charged. Option 2, establishing an offshore agrowind system, would be a huge German quirements and environmental conditions. expansion to Oregon’s aquacultural portfolio, provide more jobs, and allow for cuttingedge experimentation; yet, this may see more technical challenges related to deep- ( 7) Buck, B. H. (2007). Experimental trials sea conditions. Ultimately, both of these options will most likely not happen until wind on the feasibility of offshore seed production of the mussel Mytilus edulis in the energy becomes more affordable. Alas, implementing this form of agriculture would German Bight: Installation, technical regreatly benefit the state and the Country for it sees a deficit in seafood production. 8 quirements and environmental conditions. (8) FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture—National Aquaculture Sector Overview—United States of America. (n.d.).

Agrophotovoltaics

Co-locating Solar with Sheep A Case Study from Cornell University - Liz Koonce

Planning Process Prep & Procedures

Sheep were grazed between May and November 2018 to obtain agronomic and economic data, as well as to gather knowledge of the feasibility of grazing sheep on solar sites (Kochendoerfer et al., 2018). A survey was sent to three entities; (1) sheep farmers grazing solar sites; (2) landscapers maintaining solar sites; and (3) solar site managers. The survey collected data on the economics of solar sites across New York state and the Eastern United States to gain a better understanding of co-located agrivoltaic systems and solar grazing.

Design

Site Specifics A 22-acre solar site was divided into 4 plots. 56 sheep were used, with a grazing density of 3-7 sheep per acre (average 2.5 sheep per acre). Plots were rotated and rested to ensure that pastures were not overgrazed. At each rotation pastures were surveyed for vegetative quality and nutritive value for sheep.

Rationale

How does this apply to Oregon? Oregon is ranked 9th in the country for number of domestic sheep in the livestock industry, with 195,000 head of sheep and lambs grazing annually. This is 4.74% of all domestic sheep in the United States (Census of Agriculture, 2017). Solar energy is measured in kilowatts per square meter per day (kw/m^2/day)/ Annual data for direct solar irradiance shows Oregon to have aboveaverage potential for solar power (US Annual Solar DNI, 2018).

Agricultural, Economic, and Environmental Potential Sheep & Solar

Located in Aurora, NY, this case study focused on large-scale solar using multi-acre sites of ground-mounted solar panels. For these types of large solar installations, 5-8 acres of panels are required per megawatt (M) output. Operation of solar sites in vital summer months with most hours of sunlight requires vegetation to be kept from shading the panels. Traditional methods for keeping panels clear include mowing and string trimming, which are labor intensive maintenance regimes on sites that can be remote and/or hilly. 36

Left: Site plots Bottom: Panel dimensions

Evaluation The study found that solar sites grazed by sheep required no mowing or string trimming for the entire season, from May 1 to Nov 5. Sheep were healthy with positive body scores and low parasite loads. Compared to traditional vegetation management on site, sheep grazing required 2.5 times fewer labor hours. In the survey sent out to sheep farmers on the East coast, 14 responded, and reported 3,503 acres of utility solar being grazed by sheep, with a density of 3-4 sheep per acre. These farmers cited yearly or multi-year contracts with solar utility companies, which were mutually beneficial.

Sheep graze amongst solar panels.

Impact

Why does it matter? Grazing sheep on solar sites is a cost-effective method to control onsite vegetation and prevent panel shading which provides twice the utility on the same amount of land; an important factor as the United States switches towards renewable energies and the large footprints associated with these landscapes. Co-location also preserves of agricultural land while still increasing renewable energy landscapes, whith direct benefits to small-scale sheep farmers. The approach is eco-friendly, without the use of herbicides in the control of vegetation. Overall, co-location of sheep on solar sites is a profitable, environmentally-friendly, and climate-resilient agrivoltaic strategy.

Grazing sheep on solar sites is cost-effective

References Kochendoerfer, Hain, & Thonney (2018). The Agricultural, economic, and environmental potential of co-locating utility scale solar with grazing sheep. Cornell University Animal Sciences Department, Ithaca, NY. Census of Agriculture (2017). Oregon County Data. USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service. US Annual Solar DNI (2018). Solar Resource Data, Tools, and Maps. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), US Department of Energy. 37

Floatovoltaics

Powering up with Floatovoltaics - Heather Tietz

Rationale

Save land and connect to existing infrastructure Floating Photovoltaic (FPVs) panels do well in reservoirs and in relatively temperate areas that are not exposed to icy, turbulent, and high salinity bodies of water and would perform well in key areas in Oregon.1 In Oregon, where land suitability is low for energy generation due to agricultural, conservation, and other purposes, open man-made bodies of water can be used for solar panel projects. In Oregon there are hydroelectric plants where the panels can be installed and connected to the energy grid near urban areas, similar to the Yamakura Dam solar plant.

Basic Information

The largest of its kind at the time The Yamakura Dam FPV project was Japan’s largest solar plant in 2018 producing 13.7 megawatt (MS).2 It is located on the Yamakura Dam reservoir in Ichihara, Chiba Prefecture2. The solar power plant covers 180,000m2 of surface area (the equivalent of 18 soccer fields) with 50,904 270-watt Kyocera modules of 60 cells).2+3 The structure covers 32% of the water’s surface4. The assemblaged panels are anchored at the bottom of the pond and are designed to meet a maximum depth of 15.3 meters.4 The floating photovoltaics produce an estimated 17,170 megawatt hours (MWh) per year which is enough electricity to power 4,970 local households2. It requires roughly three acres of water surface to produce one Megawatt.1 The plant offsets approximately 7,411 tons of carbon dioxide emissions every year that it is operation, equal to 19,000 barrels of oil.3

Planning Process

A joint collaboration for environmental good The process of building the Yamakura floating solar plant began in October of 2014, operations started in 2016, and the panels were installed on March 5th, 2018 in the south-east area of Tokyo, Japan.5 Kyocera TCL Solar is a joint venture between the Kyocera Corporation and Tokyo Century Corporation and was established in 2012 to promote large-scale solar projects.2 At the start of the planning process of the Yamakura floating solar plant, this was set to be the largest floating solar power plant in terms of energy generation in the world.3 This project was Kyocera TCL Solar’s fourth floating plant.3 Ciel et Terre supervised the engineering of the floating photovoltaic system and manufactured the floating Hydrelio® system in Japan.4 To celebrate the opening of the installation, a completion ceremony was held with Kensaku Morita, the References Governor of Chiba Prefecture.2 The plant is installed on the surface of the reservoir (1) https://www.inverse.com/artiand is managed by the waterworks bureau of Chiba Prefecture for industrial use.2 The cle/49520-floating-solar-farms-coming-us generated power is sold to TEPCO Energy Partner, Incorporated.2 This project was (2) KYOCERA TCL Solar begins operation originally started by the Public Enterprises Agency of Chiba Prefecture working to help of Japan’s largest 13.7MW Floating Solar companies reduce environmental degradation.2 Floatovoltaics produced by Kyocera Power Plant. (2018) are located on Japan’s freshater dams and reservoirs instead of on agricultural land, as https://global.kyocera.com/news-archive/2018/0301_wvfh.html it has become increasingly difficult to find suitable land for energy use. (3) Nield, David. (2016). The World’s Largest Floating Solar Power Plant Is Being Built in Japan. https://www.sciencealert. com/the-world-s-largest-floating-solarpower-plant-is-being-built-in-japan

Design

Easy to install and long-lasting Floating installations require less heavy equipment to install such as the use of heavy equipment to clear trees for installations on land, for example.1 The panels are made from the same material as ground installations and are expected to last for approximately thirty years.1 They have a link resistance of 3,000 DaN (3t) and can withstand windspeeds up to 118 mph and water level changes of up to twenty feet.5 On September 11th, 2019, a the Faxai typhoon swept through with winds of 120 miles per hour and loosened the modules resulting in a fire.8 This was difficult to contain as the firefighters were dealing with fire, water and electricity simultaneously.8

(5) Kyocera Floating Solar Power Plant, Chiba Prefecture. https://www.power-technology.com/projects/kyocera-floating-solar-power-plant-chiba-prefecture/ (6) Getty Images. https://www.gettyimages. com/ (7) Spencer, Roberst, Macknick, Jordan, Aznar, Alexandra, Warren, Adam, and Reese, Matthew. (2019).Floating Photovoltaic Systems: Assessing the Technical Potential of Photovoltaic Systems on Man-Made Water Bodies in the Continental United States Environmental Science & Technology 53 (3), 1680-1689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04735

The platform is equipped with Hydrelio® technology produced by Ciel et Terre, a company based in France.5 Ciel et Terre is the largest floatovoltaic manufacturing companies in the world and has been producing floating panels since 2006.3 The support modules of the mounting platform are composed of a metal-free, recyclable, high density polyethylene material that is resistant to corrosion and ultraviolet rays.3

Yamakura Floating Solar Plant. Image courtesy of Ciel et Terre. 4 38

(4) https://www.ciel-et-terre.net/project/ yamakura-13744-kwp/

Yamakura Floating Solar Plant.3

Connections of floatovoltaics.6

(8) Hsu, Emma. (2019). Typhoon Faxai Destroys Japan’s Biggest Floating Solar Plant. 1559 Numbers https://m.energytrend.com/news/view/15190.html

References

Evaluation

Multitudes of Benefits With the placement of FPV systems on the water, the cooling and cleaning effect Multitudes of Benefits from the water increases energy production by 1.5-2.2% in comparison to land-based Multitudes Multitudes ofof Benefits Benefits

Ref. 1: https://www.inverse.com/ article/49520-floating-solar-farmspotential to work with federal and private companies to implement FPVs shows greater coming-us

High suitability for Oregon potential than working with the state, local or directly with utility companies. It References isReferences Oregon falls in the category of having the potential to generate 11-23 TW per hours over a

Ref. 2: KYOCERA TCL Solar begins Evaluation Evaluation advantageous to select sites near existing hydroelectric power, near urban areas, and .7 The collocation of and operation of FPVs the withcooling hydroelectric Ref.Ref. 1: https://www.inverse.com/ 1: https://www.inverse.com/ Withphotovoltaics the placement of FPV systems on the water, and facilities cleaning effect year which shows high suitability in comparison to other states. In Spencer’s assessment, operation of Japan’s largest 13.7MW rural and natural areas. article/49520-floating-solar-farmsarticle/49520-floating-solar-farmsincreases energy output, the ability to meet peak energy demands, and saves costs from the water increases energy production by 1.5-2.2% in comparison to land-based Oregon shows potential in pairing FPVs with irrigation reservoirs. The potential to work with Floating Solar Power Plant. (2018) coming-us coming-us With With the placement placement ofenergy of FPV FPV systems systems onon thethe water, water, the the cooling cooling and and cleaning cleaning effect effect with connecting to existing infrastructure .7 Water evaporation on reservoirs is 7 the High High suitability suitability for for Oregon Oregon https://global.kyocera.com/newsfederal and private companies to implement FPVs shows greater potential than working photovoltaics. The collocation ofenergy andproduction operation ofby FPVs with hydroelectric facilities from from the the water water increases increases energy production by 1.5-2.2% 1.5-2.2% in in comparison comparison to to land-based land-based reduced by limiting surface airflow and absorbing solar radiation that would normally with the The Bonneville Hydroelectric Dam north Portland would beTW able to supply energy Oregon falls falls inor in the the category category of having having thethe potential potential to generate generate 11-23 11-23 TW per per hours hours over over a archive/2018/0301_wvfh.html a state, local directly withofutility companies. Itof is to advantageous to select sites near increasesphotovoltaics energy output, the ability of toof meet peak energy demands, and saves costs Oregon Ref.Ref. 2: KYOCERA 2: KYOCERA TCLTCL Solar Solar begins begins 7 7 7collocation photovoltaics . The . The collocation and and operation operation of of FPVs FPVs with with hydroelectric hydroelectric facilities facilities be exposed to the water. With the coverage of the water, there is a reduction in algae year year which which shows shows high high suitability suitability in in comparison comparison to to other other states. states. In In Spencer’s Spencer’s assessment, assessment, to the urban and suburban residents, easily connecting energy to the existing grid. The 7 operation operation of Japan’s of Japan’s largest largest 13.7MW 13.7MW existing hydroelectric power, near urban areas, and rural and natural areas. The Bonneville withgrowth connecting toenergy existing energy infrastructure. Water evaporation on reservoirs Ref. 3: Nield, David. (2016). The World’s increases increases energy output, output, the ability ability toto meet meet peak energy energy demands, demands, and saves saves costs costsis Oregon and minimal impact onthe wildlife .7 There are peak potential synergies withand pairing this Oregon shows shows potential potential in in pairing pairing FPVs FPVs with with irrigation irrigation reservoirs. reservoirs. The The potential potential toto work work with with Floating Floating Solar Solar Power Power Plant. Plant. (2018) (2018) Hydroelectric Dam north of Portland would be able to supply energy to the urban and second location of the Fern Ridge Reservoir also connects to the urban and local rural Largest Floating Solar Power Plant reduced by limiting surface airflow and absorbing solar would normally with with connecting connecting toto existing existing energy energy infrastructure infrastructure .7 Water .7 radiation Water evaporation evaporation onon reservoirs reservoirs is is federal type of energy with aquaculture and wind energy. The density of FPVsthat is higher than https://global.kyocera.com/newshttps://global.kyocera.com/newsfederal and and private private companies companies toenergy to implement implement FPVs shows shows greater greater potential potential than than working suburban residents, easily connecting to on theFPVs existing grid. The second location ofworking the Is Being Built in Japan. https://www. population near Eugene. The FPVs the reservoir would help protect evaporation 7 With the coverage of theof water, there athat reduction innormally algae with be exposed to systems thebywater. reduced reduced by limiting limiting surface surface airflow airflow and and absorbing absorbing solar solar radiation radiation that would would normally archive/2018/0301_wvfh.html archive/2018/0301_wvfh.html land-based due to the specified tilted angle the panels atisapproximately with the the state, state, local local or or directly directly with utility utility companies. companies. It supply is Itpopulation advantageous is advantageous to select select sites sites near near sciencealert.com/the-world-s-largestFern Ridge Reservoir also connects towith the urban and local rural neartoEugene. The loss during the dry summer months and help the water source for Eugene. 7 7 7 7 be be exposed exposed to to the the water water . With . With the the coverage coverage of of the the water, water, there there is a is reduction a reduction in in algae algae growth and minimal impact on wildlife. There are potential synergies with pairing this 11 degrees resulting in dense arrangments. Man-made bodies of water are preferred FPVs on floating-solar-power-plant-is-beingexisting existing hydroelectric hydroelectric power, power, near near urban urban areas, areas, and and rural rural and and natural natural areas. areas. The The Bonneville Bonneville reservoir wouldnatural, help protect evaporation loss during the summer months Ref.Ref. 3: Nield, 3: Nield, David. David. (2016). (2016). TheThe World’s World’s Athesuitable rural, and recreational location thatdry could be considered for FPV growth growth and and minimal minimal impact impact onon wildlife wildlife .7 There .7 There are are potential potential synergies synergies with pairing pairing this thisHydroelectric typefor ofthe energy with aquaculture wind energy. The density of FPVs iswith higher than development of FPVs overand natural bodies of water as man-made reservoirs are Dam Dam north north of of Portland Portland would would bebe able able toto supply supply energy energy toto thethe urban urban and and built-in-japan and helpHydroelectric supply the water source for Eugene. A suitable rural, natural, and recreational Largest Largest Floating Floating Solar Solar Power Power Plant Plant implementation iseasily theconnecting Krumbo energy Reservoir inexisting the eastern desert region of Oregon. type type of of energy energy with aquaculture and and wind wind energy. energy. The density density ofatof FPVs FPVs higher is higher than than already managed, and itwith likely that nearby transportation infrastructure willis likely land-based systems due toisaquaculture the specified tilted angle ofThe the panels approximately 11 suburban suburban residents, residents, easily connecting energy toto thethe grid. grid. The The second second location location of of the the Is Being Is Being Built Built in Japan. in Japan. https://www. https://www. location that could be considered for FPV implementation is existing the Krumbo Reservoir in Ref. 4: https://www.ciel-et-terre.net/ 7the land-based land-based systems systems due due to to the the specified specified tilted tilted angle angle of of the panels panels at at approximately approximately The FPVs would be visible to visitors and could be informative for showing value of 7 make installation and maintenance processes more accessible . Construction time and sciencealert.com/the-world-s-largestsciencealert.com/the-world-s-largestFern Fern Ridge Ridge Reservoir Reservoir also also connects connects to to the the urban urban and and local local rural rural population population near near Eugene. Eugene. The The degrees resulting in dense arrangments. Man-made bodies of water are preferred References the eastern desert region of Oregon. The FPVs would be visible to visitors and could be project/yamakura-13744-kwp/ 11 degrees degrees resulting in in dense dense arrangments arrangments .7 Man-made .7 Man-made bodies bodies of of water areare preferred preferred FPVs floating-solar-power-plant-is-beingfloating-solar-power-plant-is-beingrenewable energy generation and give energy access to rural residents. .7 water labor for11 FPVs areresulting generally expensive land-based on on the the reservoir reservoir would would help help protect protect evaporation evaporation loss loss during during the the dry dry summer summer months for the development of FPVsless over natural than bodies of waterinstallations as man-made reservoirsinformative are FPVs for showing value of renewable energy generation and give energy access tomonths built-in-japan built-in-japan forfor thethe development development of of FPVs FPVs over over natural natural bodies bodies of of water water asas man-made man-made reservoirs reservoirs areare and (1) Floating https://www.inverse.com/artiand help help supply supply thethe water water source source forfor Eugene. Eugene. A suitable A suitable rural, rural, natural, natural, and and recreational recreational Ref. 5: Kyocera Solar Power rural residents. already managed, and it is likely that nearby transportation infrastructure will likely 7 already already managed, managed, and and it is it likely is likely that that nearby nearby transportation transportation infrastructure infrastructure will will likely likely cle/49520-floating-solar-farms-coming-us It is unknown how the reduced algae growth affects other aquatic7 life. Most FPVs Plant, Chiba Prefecture. https://www. location location that that could could bebe considered considered forfor FPV FPV implementation implementation is the is the Krumbo Krumbo Reservoir Reservoir in in Ref.Ref. 4: https://www.ciel-et-terre.net/ 4: https://www.ciel-et-terre.net/ make installation and maintenance processes moremore accessible. Construction time and 7 7 make make installation installation and and maintenance maintenance processes processes more accessible accessible . Construction . Construction time time and and power-technology.com/projects/ have a static low tilt of 11 degrees which is not optimal for solar especially at 7higher thethe eastern eastern desert desert region region of of Oregon. Oregon. The The FPVs FPVs would would bebe visible visible toto visitors visitors and and could could bebe project/yamakura-13744-kwp/ project/yamakura-13744-kwp/ (2) KYOCERA TCL Solar begins operation labor for labor FPVs are generally less expensive thanthan land-based installations. 7 7 kyocera-floating-solar-power-plantlabor for for FPVs FPVs areare generally generally less expensive expensive than land-based land-based installations installations . latitudes .7 More research needs toless be done on the material durability of FPVs,. such as

Impact

informative informative forfor showing showing value value of of renewable renewable energy energy generation generation and and give give energy energy access access toto Impact of Japan’s largest 13.7MW Floating Solar chiba-prefecture/ Contribution to social, environmental and economic how they endure in various conditions and climates.7 FPVs need to be monitored for Ref.Ref. 5:Power Kyocera 5: Kyocera Floating Floating Solar Solar Power Power rural rural residents. residents. Plant. (2018) 7 It isfurther unknown howand the reduced algaealgae growth affects other aquatic life. Most FPVs systems It positive is It unknown is unknown how how thethe reduced reduced algae growth growth affects affects other other aquatic aquatic life life .7 Most .7 Most FPVs FPVs Plant, Plant, Chiba Chiba Prefecture. Prefecture. https://www. https://www. negative impacts into the future with the additional development Ref. 6: Gettyhttps://global.kyocera.com/news-arImages. https://www. power-technology.com/projects/ power-technology.com/projects/ Contribution to social, environmental and economic systems have have a static a static tilttilt of of 1111 degrees degrees which which is not isoptimal not optimal optimal forfor solar solar especially especially atat at higher higher haveofapolicy static low tiltlow oflow 11 degrees which is not for solar especially higher chive/2018/0301_wvfh.html standards. gettyimages.com/ FPV are systems are a range ofand ecoregions and in Oregon and can kyocera-floating-solar-power-plantkyocera-floating-solar-power-plantFPV suitable to suitable a range oftoecoregions applications in applications Oregon and can .7 More .7 More research research needs to bebe done done onon the the material material durability durability of FPVs, FPVs, such such as latitudes latitudes .7 latitudes More research needsneeds to betodone on the material durability ofofFPVs, such asassystems Impact Impact chiba-prefecture/ chiba-prefecture/ improve the quality of life by reducing pollution and increasing the well-being of Oregon’s 7 7 (3) Nield, David. (2016). The World’s improve the quality of life by reducing pollution and increasing the well-being of Oregon’s 7 . FPVs . FPVs need need toto be monitored monitored for for how they they endure in in various various conditions conditions and climates climates Ref. 7: Spencer, Roberst, Macknick, FPVs need to bebe monitored for how theyhow endure inendure various conditions and and climates. Largest Floating Solar Power Plant Is Being residents. FPVs have low environmental impact and show the possibility of cleanring Jordan, Aznar, Alexandra, Warren, residents. FPVs have low environmental impact and show the possibility of cleanring the further further positive positive and and negative negative impacts impacts into into thethe future future with with the the additional additional development development Ref.Ref. 6:Built Getty 6: Getty Images. Images. https://www. https://www. further positive and negative impacts into the future with the additional development inMatthew. Japan. https://www.sciencealert. Adam, and Reese, (2019). Contribution Contribution to to social, social, environmental environmental and and economic economic systems systems water bythe reducing reducing algae, surfacereducing evaporation, and pair well with man-made wateralgae, by reducing surface evaporation, and pairand well with manof of policy policy standards. standards. gettyimages.com/ gettyimages.com/ com/the-world-s-largest-floating-solarof policy standards. Floating Photovoltaic Systems: FPV FPV systems systems are are suitable suitable toto aFPVs range a systems. range of ecoregions ecoregions and and applications applications in Oregon Oregon and and can can current energy systems. Situating onofthe water eliminates the toin compete with made and current energy Situating FPVs on need the water eliminates the need to power-plant-is-being-built-in-japan Assessing the Technical Potential of improve improve thethe quality quality of of life life by by reducing reducing pollution pollution and and increasing increasing thethe well-being well-being ofFPVs of Oregon’s Oregon’s Ref.Ref. 7: Spencer, 7: Spencer, Roberst, Roberst, Macknick, Macknick, land use for current agricultural, residential and conservation purposes. Economically, compete with land use for current agricultural, residential and conservation purposes. Photovoltaic Systems on Man-Made Jordan, Jordan, Aznar, Aznar, Alexandra, Alexandra, Warren, Warren, residents. residents. FPVs FPVs have have low low environmental environmental impact impact and and show show the the possibility possibility of of cleanring cleanring the the (4)inhttps://www.ciel-et-terre.net/project/ performEconomically, more efficientlyFPVs than their land-based counterparts, andtheir are easier to implement. Water Bodies the Continental perform more efficiently than land-based counterparts, and Adam, Adam, and and Reese, Reese, Matthew. Matthew. (2019). yamakura-13744-kwp/ (2019). water water by by reducing reducing algae, algae, reducing reducing surface surface evaporation, evaporation, and and pair pair well well with with man-made and and United States FPVs reduce competition for land, are long-lasting, and durable and can support a man-made growing and are easier to implement. FPVs reduce competition for land, are long-lasting, durable Floating Floating Photovoltaic Photovoltaic Systems: Systems: current current energy systems. systems. Situating Situating FPVs onon thethe water water eliminates eliminates the need need tofor to compete compete with withEnvironmental Science & Technology economy withenergy increasing energy needs.FPVs FPV systems show show highthe potential being Assessing Assessing the the Technical Technical Potential Potential of of Plant, (5) Kyocera Floating Solar Power and can support a agricultural, growing economy with increasing energy needs. FPV systems 53show (3), 1680-1689 land land use use for for current current agricultural, residential residential and and conservation purposes. purposes. Economically, Economically, FPVs integrated into the suitable water bodies of Oregon toconservation benefit ecosystems, human health FPVs Photovoltaic Photovoltaic Systems Systems on on Man-Made Man-Made Chiba Prefecture. https://www.powDOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04735 show high potential for being integrated into the suitable water bodies of Oregon to perform perform more efficiently efficiently than than their their land-based land-based counterparts, counterparts, and and areare easier easier toto implement. implement. Water Water Bodies Bodies in the in the Continental Continental and equity, andmore improve the economy. er-technology.com/projects/kyocera-floatbenefit ecosystems, human health United United States States FPVs FPVs reduce reduce competition competition forfor land, land, areare long-lasting, long-lasting, and and durable durable and and can can support support a growing a growing ing-solar-power-plant-chiba-prefecture/ Ref. 8: Hsu, Emma. (2019). Typhoon Environmental Environmental Science Science & Technology & Technology economy economy with with increasing increasing energy energy needs. FPV FPV systems systems show show show show high high potential potential forfor being beingFaxai Destroys and equity, and improve the needs. economy. Japan’s Biggest Floating 53 53 (3), (3), 1680-1689 1680-1689 (6) Getty Images. https://www.gettyimages. integrated integrated into into thethe suitable suitable water water bodies bodies of of Oregon Oregon toto benefit benefit ecosystems, ecosystems, human human health healthSolar Plant. 1559 Numbers https://m. DOI: DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04735 10.1021/acs.est.8b04735 com/ energytrend.com/news/view/15190. and and equity, equity, and and improve improve thethe economy. economy. html

Oregon shows high potential of annual Oregon shows high potential of annual generation of FPV systems.7 generation of FPV systems.7

Evaluation

Oregon Oregon shows shows high high potential potential of annual of annual 7 7 generation generation of FPV of FPV systems. systems.

High suitability for Oregon

Annual evaporation rates in Annual evaporation rates in Oregon are Oregon are relatively high and relatively high and would benefit from would benefit from FPV system 7 FPV system protection on lakes . protection on lakes .7 FPV installation proposal near Bonneville Dam Annual Annual evaporation evaporation rates rates in Oregon in Oregon areare north of Portland, OR to increase energy capacity relatively relatively high high and and would would benefit benefit from fromwith existing hydroelectric infrastructure. FPV FPV system system protection protection onon lakes lakes .7 .7

Oregon falls in the category of having the potential to generate 11-23 TW per hours over a year which shows high suitability in comparison to other states. In Spencer’s assessment, Oregon shows potential in pairing FPVs with irrigation reservoirs. The 39

FPV installation proposal on the Fern Ridge Reservoir, close to Eugene inhabitants and rural communities.

FPV FPV installation installation proposal proposal near near Bonneville Bonneville Dam Dam FPV installation proposal near Bonneville north north of Portland, of Portland, OROR to to increase increase energy energy capacity capacity Dam north of Portland, OR to increase with with existing existing hydroelectric hydroelectric infrastructure. infrastructure.

energy capacity with existing hydroelectric infrastructure.

FPV FPV installation installation proposal proposal onon theon the Fern Fern Ridge Ridge FPV installation proposal the Fern Reservoir, Reservoir, close close to to Eugene Eugene inhabitants inhabitants and and rural rural Ridge communities. communities.

Reservoir, close to Eugene inhabitants and rural communities.

Ref.Ref. 8:(7) Hsu, 8:Spencer, Hsu, Emma. Emma. (2019). (2019). Typhoon TyphoonJordan, Roberst, Macknick, Faxai Faxai Destroys Destroys Japan’s Japan’s Biggest Biggest Floating Aznar, Alexandra, Warren,Floating Adam, and Solar Solar Plant. Plant. 1559 1559 Numbers Numbers https://m. https://m. Reese, Matthew. (2019).Floating energytrend.com/news/view/15190. energytrend.com/news/view/15190. Photovoltaic Systems: Assessing the html html Technical Potential of Photovoltaic

Systems on Man-Made Water Bodies in the Continental United States Environmental Science & Technology 53 (3), 1680-1689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04735 (8) Hsu, Emma. (2019). Typhoon Faxai Destroys Japan’s Biggest Floating Solar Plant. 1559 Numbers https://m.energytrend.com/news/view/15190.html

Proposal: Urban Core Enhancing Food/Energy/Plant Connections Solar Panel and Green Walls

Colocation of Mosses and Photovoltaics

Post Post Office Oasis

Post Covid Waterfront

Urban FEW Nexus

Waterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Edge

Social Urban Nodes

Sustainable Transportation

Enhancing Food / Energy / Plant Connections

Urban Inventory/Analysis of Downtown Portland,Oregon

- Emi Halprin, Paul Hsu, Heather Tietz

Group Goals Propose two design interventions in downtown Portland using combinations of plants, photovoltaics, and connective structures to provide synergistic social, environmental, and economic benefits.

Study Area of the Southwest Quadrant

Sourced from Google Maps 6.7.2020

Study Area of the Northwest Quadrant

Waterfront District

1) Small Businesses 2) Small Businesses 3) Harlow Block 4) Greyhound Bus Station Hawthorne Bridge

Tom McCall Waterfront Park

Specific Goals:

5) Construction Site: Multnomah County Health Department HQ 6) PNCA: Pacific Northwest College of Arts 7) Transitions Projects HQ: Gladys McCoy Building, Bud Clark Commons 8) United States Postal Service

• Design for resiliency and aesthetics using adaptive plants

Downtown Portland: Southwest Quadrant : One Main Place Building • Interventions use better use of space such as mosses We were looking to do a design intervenion on a building in downtown Portland that is • Incorporate renewable energy from photovoltaics to increase • Invite the public to access to new spaces such as rooftops mixed use, has distinct facades, is visible, of significant size and area, located near traffic, air quality and balconies and where there is high pollution, and possibility to add green roof space. • Enhance water quality and slow run-off with the addition of • Convert commercially-use spaces to residential downtown plants • Give exciting views for people from building and looking at • Provide opportunities to grow food and engage the community building 41

Solar Panels and Green Walls - WenPo Hsu

Goal Vertical agriculture as a multifunctional(improving air quality and providing food) source of passive cooling

Precedent Rooftop Republic is based in Hong Kong one of the most venerable places to urban heat island effect. They understood that one of the solution towards this problem is with the implications of rooftop gardens, they took a community farm approach to empower the residents to better there roof-top. I want to work on the model that rooftop republic has but with the far more efficient way that Plenty an vertical agriculture startup is approaching it. Framing that takes up less water and soil

Indoor vertical farmers on a mission to bring the freshest, cleanest, most craveable produce to people everywhere.

Rooftop republic a Hong Kong base non profit that teach people to build community base rooftop gardens/ farms.

Site Analysis of One Main Place of the SW Quadrant

Colocation of Mosses and Photovoltaics

PVs installed alongside green roof systems can enhance the efficiency of PV systems. This case study examines vegetation and invertebrate community composition over time on a biosolar roof in London’s Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park. The roof - Heather Tietz was seeded randomly and evenly with a native wildflower mix for green roofs, cornfield annual mixture, and plugs planted with 125 of 8 native wildflower species • Enhance air quality, slow run-off, add green space, increase cooling through ceramic moss panel representative of the regional typical application on vertical and horizontal facades habitat.1 Five habitat features were taken • Colocate photovoltaic panels with moss to provide renewable energy into consideration on the roof and include • Add dimension to building and increase surface area through balcony, pavilion, and skyway niche/synusial distribution, vegetation connection composition, vegetation structure, habitat • Augment aesthetics through moss rope installation, mosses and designed ceramic substrate, and structure, and invertebrate assemblages. views Habitat variation across the green roof was measured according to aspect (four directions), the vegetation’s proximity to panels (open, at the edge or underneath), substrate of two types, and habitat pile or none. Quadrat surveys helped to monitor the vegetation diversity and fixed-point line transects helped to monitor the vegetation dynamics in relation to the structural features of the roof and PVs.1 Invertebrates were monitored by a time/fixed distance survey and pitfall trap survey. The results of the study showed that vegetation was more species-rich and structurally diverse adjacent to the PV panels and habitat piles especially during dry spells. PV panels alter Ako-Suites Aparthotel in Barcelona. Mosses London Olympic Park Green Roof Case Study: the local climate by proving shade and more growing successfully on ecoconcrete in an Biodiversity Potential of Biosolar Roofs. 1 concentrated areas of moisture.1 urban environment. 2

Goal

Background research and precedent

References (1) Bastock, Jessica & Whitfield, Paul & Clough, Jack & Connop, Stuart. (2014). London Borough of Tower Hamlets Sustainable Urban Drainage System Guidance. 10.13140/RG.2.1.1833.0084.

Sunpath Diagram 42

Solar Radiation Diagram

Direct Radiation Diagram

Wind Speed Diagram

(2) https://www.dezeen.com/2013/01/03/ spanish-researchers-develop-biological-concrete-for-moss-covered-walls/. Emilie Chalcraft | 3 January 2013

Opportunities and Constraints

SW 2ND AVE

General Concept Typologies

SW 2ND AVE ROOFTOP SPACE UNUSED

COMMUNITY GARDEN

HIGH SOLAR RADIATION AREA

GREEN PAVILION PHOTOVOLTAIC ROOF WITH MOSS

PHOTOVOLTAIC

FLAT SURFACE VISUALLY UNAPPEALING

ARTISTIC WOVEN MOSS CANOPY

LACK OF VIEWING PLATFORMS SW MAIN ST

SKYWAY WITH MOSS VERTICAL MOSS AND GARDEN PANELS

LACK OF INDOOR/OUTDOOR ACCESS

TERRACE TO NEW RESIDENTIAL SPACES WITH MOSS UNDERSTORY

HIGH POLLUTION FROM TRAFFIC

ONE MAIN PLACE | CONTRAINTS MAP | LOOKING NORTHEAST

SW MAIN ST

ONE MAIN PLACE | OPPORTUNITY MAP | LOOKING NORTHEAST

Pop - Out

Bio Cover

HIGH SOLAR RADIATION AREA FOR GARDEN, PAVILION, PVS

HIGH SOLAR RADIATION AREA MEDIUM SOLAR RADIATION AREA FOR VERTICAL GARDENING

MEDIUM SOLAR RADIATION AREA

In Between

LOW SOLAR RADIATION FOR MOSS PANELS UPPER SPACES TRANSITION TO RESIDENTIAL

LACK OF INDOOR/OUTDOOR ACCESS TERRACES INVITE PEOPLE TO VIEWS OF RIVER

LIMITED VIEW POTENTIAL TO RIVER

MOSS PANELS INSTALL UNDER TERRACE

SW 1ST ST

HIGH POLLUTION FROM TRAFFIC SW SALMON ST

SW SALMON ST ONE MAIN PLACE | CONTRAINTS MAP | LOOKING SOUTHWEST

https://mapdwell.com/en/solar/portland/ building/16584176

Facing Northwest of One Main Place

ONE MAIN PLACE | OPPORTUNITY MAP | LOOKING SOUTHWEST

Facing Southwest of One Main Place

Specific Concept Typologies

Photovoltaics

Solvar Panels and Green Walls - WenPo Hsu

Between every window on the building the area is extruded out for more sunlight exposed surface, which shallow planters & green walls or solar panels can be placed.

Space efficiency with solar panel placed raise a roofed path for the rooftop community garden

Plant list for shallow planters and green wall, Christmas fern, Southern maidenhair,Ebony spleenwort, Muhly grass and Sideoats grama 44

Colocation of Mosses and Photovoltaics - Heather Tietz

Concept Diagram

After doing the solar, wind, and radation analysis, I divided the buildings into four facades to improve with the combination of typologies such as combining balconies, covering with moss panels, adding photovoltaics, and adding a skyway and rope moss installation.

Perspective To make a hyperfunctional urban space, I first proposed adding residential spaces to the upper part of the building. In area 2 of the facade, I added balconies to give people the opportunity to enjoy the environment outside. Underneath the balconies that receive little sunlight, I have added moss panels for additional green and air filtration. Where there is less solar radiation, I proposed adding moss panels to the vertical face of the building. The west side of the building offers a unique opportunity for its close placement to the building beside it. I wanted to connect the building with a skyway for protection during unfavorable weather conditions. I also propose a woven moss rope installation above to further connect the building and give people an enjoyable and shaded experience of walking through the skyway. On to p of the building which receives the most sunlight, I propose including photovoltaics which can serve the immediate community and serve as an alternative to current energy sources. I also placed a pavilion with moss and photovoltaic panels for when shade or protection is needed. The roof is accessible for people to enjoy their immediate space and enjoy the beautiful surroundings of downtown Portland.

Post Post Office Oasis - Emi Halperin

Site Selection Northwest Urban Site

Fig 1.2

Fig 1.0 Comparison of solar installations in 2007 and 2012 illustrates the dramatic increase of rooftop solar in Portland. Source: Portland Bureau of Planning and Sustainability

Individual goal Design dual environmentally conscience spaces in urban centers through synergizing the multifunctionality solar and agricultural approaches through agrophotovoltaics

Site Analysis Solar Installation Data Transition Projects

2007

- Chosen Site

2011

Buildings are responsible for half of all sectorbased emissioBuildings are responsible for half of all sectorbased emissions in Multnomah County. If these spaces were to be retrofitted with renewable energy resources, this would cause a massive decrease in carbon emissions. Programs like Solar Now! Solar Within Reach, and Solar Forward show that the community has massive support for solar. These nonprofit photovoltaic organizations work towards building demand as well as making solar more accessible through the reduction of costs of permitting, zoning, land- use practices, and installation.

Figures

Fig 1.1 Low income Single Adult Housing, The Argyle Garden Apartments located in Kent, Portland with solar panels in view. Source: Transition Projects

1) Small Businesses 2) Small Businesses 3) Harlow Block 4) Greyhound Bus Station

Following the Downtown Portland location and the using the other urban groups reformed water way as a passageway, I chose a different project area in the North West of Portland that I like to call the Broadway Block. The carbon emissions are quite impactful in this area as this block houses the Greyhound Bus Station- building number 4. Another draw to this site was the Transitions Project Headquarters – building number 7; next to the final site of the 5 hundred thousand square foot post office.

Fig 1.2 Aerial photo of nine buildings northwest Portland highlighting the Broadway Block. The chosen site of the United States Postal Service is outlined in red. Source: Google Earth Pro Accessed June 7, 2020 Fig 1.3 Segmented site plan showing the 5 main portions of the USPS site. Source: Google Earth Pro Accessed June 7, 2020 Fig 1.4 Diagram to represent intended programs. The blue meaning 2 programs of photovoltaics and agriculture, where the green is only planting. Source: Google Earth Pro Accessed June 7, 2020

Fig 1.0

A large benefit to the northwest Portland site was because the Transition Projects’ headquarters is located within the proximity. Transitions Projects is an agency that offers currently houseless and people within venerable communities resources through social services including case workers, healthcare, mentorship and housing. There are currently 19 different locations to seek housing; emergency shelters, severe weather shelters, short term residential programs, project centers and apartments. One of the apartment complexes, Argyle Gardens, is a high- efficiency affordable housing model. The modular style creates a deeply affordable housing project that will be in operation for long terms. The Post Post Office Oasis is designed as a community space making this site a large outdoor recreational for all of the patrons of the Transition Projects

References Fig 1.3

To the left is the site plan of the post office divided into major sections; 1 and 4 are the parking lots, 2 and 3 are the USPS buildings, and 5 is a parking structure. To the right is the mass grouping of the design concept. The green spaces are where I propose purely planting while the blue spaces are the agrophotovoltaics with the planting and the solar panels overlaying each other. Fig 1.1

Fig 1.4

“Home: Transition Projects.” Home | Transition Projects, www.tprojects.org/. “Multnomah County Climate Action Plan.” Buildings and Energy, pp. 58–69., https://beta.portland.gov/sites/default/ files/2019-07/cap-2015_june30-2015_ web_0.pdf.

Background Research and Precedent

Figures

Agrophotovoltaics Phasing

APV- RESOLA : Heggelbach, Germany

Photovoltaics PHASE 1- Install Solar Panels Over Two Main Parking Lots Panels- 16 Large, 6 Small PHASE 2- Install Solar Panels on Structure Rooftops- Main USPS Building, Parking Structure Panels- 7 Large, 6 Small

Fig 2.0

Agrophotovoltaics

Fig 2.1

PHASE 3- Add Greenery on Main USPS Structure

In 2019, a 1/3 hectare land near Lake Constance, Germany was set aside as a pilot site to research the synergy between photovoltaics and agriculture also known as, agrophotovoltaics. On site, the photovoltaics were placed 5 meters high to allow for livestock and machinery to pass underneath. Below the panels, winter wheat, potatoes, clover, and celery were planted. Compared to the reference field, the agrophotovoltaic field experienced 30% less solar radiation due to the partial shading of the photovoltaic panels. The panels impacted the distribution of precipitation as well as aided in maintain soil moisture. These changes increased the agricultural outcome; celery yield increased by 12%, winter wheat and potatoes yield increased by 3%, while the outlier, clover, decreased by 8%. Overall, the land use efficiency increased is estimated to have improved 160% through photovoltaic and agricultural output per hectare.

Post office is phased out PHASE 4- Add Greenery Underneath Parking Lot Solar Panels

Fig 2.0 Experimental agrophotovoltaics field with solar panels over top. Example of reference field can be seen in the background. Source: Fraunhofer Institue for Solar Energy Systems ISE Fig 2.1 Perspective of space under the photovoltaic panels. Livestock and machinery can be seen going about buisness as usual with no hinderance from the panels. Source: Fraunhofer Institue for Solar Energy Systems ISE Fig 2.2 Diagram of the breakdown of the agrophotovoltaics process showing the increase in output yield. Source: Emi Halperin Fig 2.3 Exploded axon showing the layering of the different phasing set to happen above the post office. Source: Emi Halperin

PHASE 5- Add Greenery to 4 Level Parking Structure to Create Multilayer Accessible Community Garden

Agrophotovoltaic Typology

References Phasing strategy

Fig 2.2

100% Solar Electricity

100% Wheat

80% Solar Electricity 80% Wheat 160% Output

This diagram shows the multifunctionality of the layering of typologies. Each of those green spaces represents one acre. With one program per acre, there is a possibility of 100% output. By making the acre dual purpose, there is now a 200% possibility of output which is much greater than 100%. It is two for the price of one.

The early phasing of this project is to happen while the post office is still in use. Through the installation of photovoltaics over the parking lot and USPS building, business can continue as usual with the added benefits of having renewable energy and shade for the parking lots. When society has progressed past the need for postal services, the site will be left with 23 large (208’ x 36’) and 12 small (105’ x 36’) solar panels and a green roof on the main building. Once the site is no longer in as frequent usage, the space can be further transformed through the addition of green space underneath the photovoltaics which be utilized for gathering and gardening by patrons of the Transition Projects.

Agrophotovoltaic output The impact of the photovoltaic energy alone could save close approximately $1.8 million. This is based off of an average of 6 hours of sun per day and 7.051¢. price for kWH from Portland General Electric. All of the solar panels would produce approximately 250,000 kWh or 850 mmbtu, classifying this site as medium. With the greenery planted below covering most of the concrete surfacing, there will be a reduction in solar radiation on site as well as the added benefit of aiding in storm water management through the plant palettes chosen root system.

“Agrophotovoltaics: High Harvesting Yield in Hot Summer of 2018 Fraunhofer ISE.” Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, 11 Dec. 2019, www.ise.fraunhofer.de/en/press-media/ press-releases/2019/agrophotovoltaics-hight-harvesting-yield-in-hot-summer-of-2018.html. “Estimating Appliance and Home Electronic Energy Use.” Energy.gov, U.S. Department of Energy, www.energy.gov/energysaver/save-electricity-and-fuel/appliances-and-electronics/ estimating-appliance-and-home. “Need Help? We’re Here for You.” Portland General Electric, www.portlandgeneral.com/.

Post covid waterfront

Group Goal:

- Alison Grover, Carmela Sambo, Isabela Ospina, Su Li

In creating a post covid waterfront for Portland, Oregon we will integrate social urban nodes, sustainable transportation, the urban FEW nexus, and the water’s edge to enhance physical connections, social equity, and recreational amenities. We will incorporate energy generation, transfer, collection, and storage with each of our typologies. Our interventi ons address issues specific to urban riverfronts, mobility, accessibility, and equity while building open space to accommodate individuals and smaller group sizes. Portland’s western waterfront is an ideal site to achieve our team goal because of its solar potential, existing public transportation, high car/bike/pedestrian traffic, social events, proximity to vulnerable populations, and its adjacency to the Willamette river.

PORTLAND, OR WEST BANK WATERFRONT

CRITERIA RIGHT OF WAY TRAIN STATION

WATERFRONT

MAX STATION EXISTING PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION HIGH SOLAR POTENTIAL

WATERFRONT PARK

HIGH BIKE/PED TRAFFIC SOCIAL EVENTS VULNERABLE POPULATIONS

BEACH FRONT

O NAIT

PAR

Y KWA

RIVERPLACE MARINA

STEEL BRIDGE S E D NO N A RB XUS U BURNSIDE BRIDGE L IA W NE C O N S N FE O I T R TA U R B A R E O P V I NS

SATURDAY MARKET

ET L B NA I A T SUSEDGE ’S TER

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References (1) Google Eath 2020, Portland, OR. (2) Justice Map - Visualize race and income data for your community. (n.d.). Retrieved June 11, 2020, from http://www.energyjustice.net/ justice/index.php?gsLayer=income

Urban FEW Nexus

Nidolères Estate Agrivoltaic System:

- Isabela Ospina

Individual goal Within Portland’s West Bank waterfront between Burnside Bridge and Morrison Bridge, is where the Urban FEW Nexus typology will propose a set of designs that support the Urban Core: Post COVID Waterfront. Here, a variety of programs respond not only to a post COVID society but also to the Green New Deal by educating the public through innovative design. This typology in particular focuses on the Food, Energy, Water (FEW) nexus by incorporating agri-voltaics to best utilize sunlight for food and energy, and a water catchment and filtering system that uses the overhead bridge runoff and rainwater to water the adjacent urban agriculture. Coexisting, is a small-scale respite shelter for houseless people under the Morrison Bridge, since the bridge brings a huge asset for shelter. The energy, food, and water can be harvested for this shelter to create power, running water, and food supply with surplus to sell at the Saturday market. Where the waterfront park meets the road, a green buffer can remain to buffer the loud ambience of downtown from the tranquil waterfront gardens. On the northern part of this site, there is a separate garden that can be used predominantly for educational purposes, with chaperones and community members to teach kids, families and anyone interested how to garden.

2 • meets the needs of the plant3 • panels can be swung out to provide the necessary light for the vine. • shade provided to the plants makes it possible “to save 20 to 30% of water according to the crops

Site Conditions

References: (1) “Battery Urban Farm - Urban Farms NYC,” The Battery, accessed June 8, 2020, http://thebattery.org/about-us/ urban-farm/.

1 Precedents The Battery: • Empower New York City children and urban communities to make healthier eating choices1 • Educate and train the public to plant edible and perennial gardens • Inspire the millions who walk by to cultivate organic food in their hometowns • Foster environmental stewardship through sustainable cultivation and waste management 50

(2) “What Is Agrivoltaics? How Can Solar Energy and Agriculture Work Together?,” Metsolar Blog, May 29, 2018, https:// metsolar.eu/blog/what-is-agrivoltaics-how-can-solar-energy-and-agriculture-work-together/. (3) Super User, “First ‘Vitivoltaic’ Power Plant Inaugurated in France,” Energy Review MENA - Media platform about the oil and gas industry, November 15, 2018, https://www.energyreviewmena.com/renewables/item/176-first-vitivoltaic-power-plant-inaugurated-in-france.

Design Proposal Concept

URBAN FEW NEXUS AGRI-VOLTAIC -UTILIZES SUNLIGHT FOR FOOD PRODUCTION AND ENERGY -ENERGY AND FOOD CAN BE HARVESTED FOR RESPITE SHELTER -TREE CLEARING WILL BE NECESSARY FOR OPTIMAL SUN

EDUCATIONAL GARDEN

Schematic Section

-CONTRIBUTE TO OVERALL EDUCATIONAL GND GOAL -SCHOOLS CAN TAKE VISITS ANDLEARN TO GARDEN -TREE CLEARING WILL BE NECESSARY FOR OPTIMAL SUN

GREEN BUFFER -ACTS AS SHADE FOR BIKE PATH -AMBIENCE AND WIND BUFFER FROM GARDENS -NO NEED TO CLEAR EXISTING TREES, ONLY ENHANCE.

MORRISON BRIDGE

RUN

OFF

ENERGY

RESPITE HOUSELESS SHELTER -THE MORRISON BRIDGE ACTS AS EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE FOR SHELTER -RESPITE HOUSELESS SHELTERS ARE NEEDED MORE IN URBAN SPACES FOR VISIBILITY AND INTEGRATION -SMALL SCALE FITS BETTER IN A POST COVID SOCIETY

WATER CATCHMENT -CATCHES RUNOFF FROM THE BRIDGE AND SEASONAL RAIN WATER TO WATER GARDENS -SHOWERS AND RUNNING WATER FOR SHELTER CAN USE THIS WATER ONCE ITS FILTERED

COMMUNITY

FOOD

SATURDAY MARKET

PHOTOVOLATAICS

BATHROOM FILTRATION

ATER CLEAN W

RESPITE HOUSELESS SHELTER

RAISED BEDS

IRRIGATIO

WATER CATCHMENT SYSTEM

AGRI-VOLTAIC GARDEN

EDUCATIONAL/COMMUNITY GARDEN

Water’s Edge - Carmela Sambo

Individual goal The water’s edge is reimagined to accomplish 3 goals: 1) Energize, 2) Entertain, and 3) Engage. Energize - the site is designed to energize local, small businesses and street lighting by utilizing rrenewable energy sources such as solar panels and smart turbines. Entertain - the site promotes healthy and accessible spaces by providing a canoe launch, a tide pool, and multiple viewing platforms that can also function as a helicopter pad for emergency preparedness. Engage - the site seeks to educate the community and its leaders through outdoor classrooms and seating, which are designed for social distancing practices.

Site Analysis Site Conditions

1-BIG + Field Operations - North Brooklyn Waterfront Design 2-Smart Turbine 3-Club Med Finolhu Villas, Maldives

Background research and precedent

The site is located between the Hawthorne Bridge and Marina, as depicted in the above graphic. It is also next to a block consisting of various restaurants, businesses, a hotel and condo. This block could serve as potential energy collection from the smart turbine and solar panels in the site design. The site was chosen due to its proximity and public access to the river. It is also adjacent to an existing bicycle and pedestrian path, which allows easy access from passersby, tourists, and residents. It is also next to an open space park which does not obstruct views from the beach and acts as an extension to promote health and equity to the area. Other than providing areas to lounge near the river, the site lacks multifunctional spaces, direct relationship to the river, and interactive spaces.

Design Proposal

Design with Energy

Design concept

Design inspiration for the water’s edge derived form the North Brooklyn Waterfront Master Plan design by BIG + Field Operations (1). This waterfront design showcases multifunctional spaces for learning and provides areas for an array of water activities. Being that the site is along the river, proper renewable energy sources include a Smart Turbine and solar panels. The Smart Turbine (2) is a hydro-powered generator that is capable of producing up to 5000 W of clean electrical power from the kinetic energy of flowing water. Design insipration from the Club Med Finolhu Villas in the Maldives (3) is sought for its solar panel shade structure. The villa’s solar panels generate around 1 MW of energy per day. Excess energy is stored for rainy or cloudy weather.

Based on the current site conditions, the design concept is to Energize, Entertain, and Engage the site and its surroundings. The design seeks to transform the site into a space that could strengthen the community’s relationship with the Willamette River. It seeks to reactivate the water’s edge into a place for contemplation, learning, and exercise.

References: (1) https://www.archdaily.com/930173/ big-plus-field-operations-design-masterplan-for-river-street-waterfront (2) https://www.smart-hydro. de/renewable-energy-systems/ hydrokinetic-turbines-river-canal/ (3) https://inhabitat.com/this-jaw-dropping-luxury-resort-is-100-solar-powered/

Program Typologies A variety of typologies were explored to reach the goals of the site. To Energize the site, smart turbines would be equipped in the river along with a solar panel shade structure. For entertainment, a canoe launch, tide pool, and various viewing platforms were explored to activate the site and provide cultural and learning opportunities. As engagement tools, the rip rap is designed for seating and extends onto the sand to provide more seating. An outdoor classroom is also explored as a tool to educate the community and its leaders on clean energy practices. In case of emergency, the viewing platform is further explored to serve as a helicopter pad.

Perspective The activated waterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s edge allows the community and its leaders to explore the Willamette River and learn of emerging clean energy resources. By slowly integrating clean energy into our dense urban cities, community members and leaders could understand its integral role in our fight against climate change. It allows for a spatial understanding of the technologyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s relationship with its consumers and the grid.

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Social Urban Nodes - Su Li

Goal The creation of multi-functional, self-sufficient renewable energy infrastructures within the western waterfront in Portland can provide citizens a place for gathering, relaxing, and socializing. The entanglement of social and energy systems creates not only a hyperfunctional landscape, but an aesthetically interesting vista towards the waterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s edge.

Site Analysis It is the Portland saturday market square, however there is no sitting area, gathering space, and do not have any nighttime activities. At the daytime, there is just a normal square without fuctions. People like to walk on the water front, however, it is simple and lack of landscape.

Precedent Light Up Light up proposes to generate lighting for over 900 homes, Luna Park, the Palais Theatre, the Esplanade, and the St Kilda Foreshore. The scheme integrates solar, wind, plant fuelcell energy harvesting and battery storage seamlessly within the landscape of St Kilda. A Lightweight tensile structure made from flexible ultra high efficiency solar photovoltaic modules generates 1552 MWh annually. The modules create a light filtered surface over Jacka Boulevard providing 8,600 solar components. It provides improved sun protection on Jacka Boulevard and makes use of the street area as an energy harvesting opportunity. 70% of the energy is generated by solar photovoltaic cells.

References: Adding solar panel on top of Saturday market which will still allowed wind and light come through and create shade space for people at day time. At night, the solar panels are soft lightings which can provide a nighttime activities space. The continuous of the solar panel will extend to W Burnside St to create an educational landmark. Separating Saturday market and gathering and social space which will suit after COVID-19 era. Having bigger gathering space and green landscape combine which will give more comfort and safety area for daily use and Saturday market. 54

LAGI-2018. (n.d.). Retrieved June 11, 2020, from https://landartgenerator.org/ LAGI-2018/ How Portland, Oregon, became a handicrafts mecca. (2019, June 13). Retrieved June 11, 2020, from https://www.scmp. com/magazines/post-magazine/travel/article/3014166/why-portland-oregon-handicrafts-what-los-angeles

Concept Diagram

Nighttime Activities Rendering

Solar panels provids lighting at night which also provide nighttime activities like dog walking, kids playing on the square, becoming a landmark of portland.

Sustainable Transportation

Site Analysis

Opportunities

This site is just one block of a twenty-one block linear park along Portland’s waterfront. The park is relatively constant in program throughout its length, so I have delineated 5 types of space in the graphic below: The Busy Street, the occasional Street Pull-Out, the Open Park Space, the Promenade, and the Willamette River. Various opportunities and challenges are called out by letters and numbers.

- Alison Grover

Individual goal Small-scale energy generation and sustainable, alternative transportation both enable and catalyze independence. My goals in combining the two at a site in Portland’s Waterfront Park are to move people rather than cars, to generate and distribute clean energy, and to facilitate safe post-COVID gatherings.

Background research and precedent

BUSY STREET

Technologies

(A) Amorphous Silicon Solar Photovoltaics provide 12% efficiency while turning solar panels into art exhibitions1. (B) Solar panels can be installed on bicycle paths with an anti-skid layer applied ontop2. (C) Pavegen pavers use the mechanical energy in footsteps to generate power and collect data on movement patterns3.

1. High bike + pedestrian activity 2. Space and sun for solar pavers 3. Room for Pavegen pavers 4. Vast, unprogrammed social space 5. Ample sun for artful solar PVs

Challenges A. Shade reduces solar potential B. Cherished pastoral aesthetics

RIVER STREET PULL OUT

OPEN PARK SPACE

PROMENADE

4 5

Design Proposal A

Site Selection

Left: Situated within Portland’s waterfront, this one-block stretch is adjacent to the busy Naito Parkway (west) and the picturesque Willamette River (east). The site is just north of the Salmon Street Springs fountain, a small gathering space on the water.

The existing bike and pedestrian corridors can be enhanced for safety and efficiency, as well as retrofitted for energy generation. The open park space in the middle presents an opportunity to convert unprogrammed open space to individual or small gathering space in the context of the postCOVID-19 era.

Site Plan & Program Typologies Energy generation is retrofitted into every part of this park segment, while pedestrian and bike movement is enhanced by reclaiming 2 full car lanes (yellow) from Naito Parkway. Movement corridors in blue and yellow are supplemented by recharge hubs in pink. Providing space to rest, charge devices, and capture solar energy, the hubs promote exercise, active transportation, and smaller gatherings in a postCOVID era. Electric vehicle charge ports allow the remaining cars on Naito Parkway to access clean power. Sporadic existing trees play an important role in this design proposal as they help to shade the area from Oregonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s incessant summer sun, cooling park visitors and increasing efficiency of solar panels.

References (1) â&#x20AC;&#x153;Field Guide to Renewable Energy Technologies.â&#x20AC;? Land Art Generator, 2 Jan. 2016, landartgenerator.org/blagi/archives/1932. (2) <https://www.rte.ie/ news/2014/1112/658809-dutchsolar-road/> (3) <www.pavegen.com> 57

Proposal: Suburban Commercial Suburban Renewable Energy Landscapes Suburban Shopping Center Retrofits

Productive Rooftop Garden

Park(ing) Lot to Park

Residential Suburban Renewable Energy Landscapes

Retrofitting Transit

Tree shades VS PV panels

Renewable Energy Optimal Locations

Commercial Suburban Renewable Energy Landscapes - Sam Alig, Lexi Smaldone, Sophia Lui

Study area Gresham, OR

Introduction We are looking at how to retrofit existing commercial space within the suburb of Gresham, OR and wanted to find a site that is central to the suburb of Portland. We were interested in locating a site that is popular, as we want our design to be visible and integrate well within the site and surrounding area. With a quick search on google maps, we found the Gresham Station, an open air mall in a central location. The site rests between two main thoroughfares, Division street and Burnside with the MAX rail system bisecting though the site. Our site sees a lot of traffic that includes visitors of the mall, people passing by on the two main thoroughfares and the MAX line. The site includes large parking lots, as well as ample roof space that we intend to retrofit with solar and wind energy generation technology. Gresham Station is nestled in the middle of extensive residential neighborhoods and is close to Gresham High School, the Gresham Police Department, Gresham City Hall and two MAX stations.

PORTLAND

GRESHAM GRESHAM STATION

Group Goals Our goal is to transform the typical commercial suburban landscape, specifically shopping centers, to incorporate renewable energy production, while also creating spaces for people. • Sam - Discover how we can simultaneously improve local urban ecology, reduce the urban heat island effect while still providing renewable energy generation. • Lexi - Utilize shopping centers and solar to offer a new purpose for these large open spaces. • Sophia - Transforming parking lots of department/big-box stores into spaces for solar renewable energy production; multi-functionality.

2000’ 4000’

8000’

Sam Alig Goal

Individual Goal Discover how we can simultaneously improve local urban ecology, reduce the urban Background Research and Precedent heat island effect while still providing renewable energy generation.

BUR

POTENTIAL AREAS TO IMPLEMENT RENEWABLE ENERGY

GRESHAM STATION

NSI

RD.

UNDERUTILIZED GREEN SPACE BUILDING INFRASTRUCTURE

PARKING LOTS SEARS

SITE

NW EASTMAN PKWY.

Discover how we can simultaneously improve local urban ecology, reduce the urban heat island effect while still providing renewable energy generation.

NW WALLULA AVE.

Suburban Shopping Center Suburban Shopping Center Retrofits Retrofits - Sam Alig

Site Site Analysis Analysis

GRESHAM STATION PARK AND RIDE

Background Research and Precedent NW DIVISION ST.

Image made by Sophia Lui and Lui altered by Sam Alig Image made by Sophia and altered by Sam Alig

Commercial Building Solar Radiation

Project Area Selection Criteria:

Commercial Building Solar Radiation

• Project Existing commercial area within suburb of Gresham, Area Selection Criteria: Oregon • Existing commercial area within suburb of Gresham, • Popular, central location Oregon • • Large amount of rooftop and parking space Popular, central location • • High traffic area of rooftop and parking space Large amount • • Near MAX linearea High traffic • • Existing greenline space to ecologically connect to Near MAX

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/integrated-solar-green-roofs-greedy-alan-burchell

Solar Green Roofs by Urbanstrong Urbanstrong is a company that makes solar green roofs, where photovoltaic panels are built in conjunction with a green roof. This leads to greater solar potential and cost savings in heating and cooler for the building. https://www.urbanstrong.com/solar-green-roofs/

•

Site Limitations: • Site Southern portion of the site has relatively low to Limitations:

Solar Green Roofs by Urbanstrong Benefits of solar green roofs:

Urbanstrong is a company that makes solar green roofs, where photovoltaic panels are • Combined benefits of green roofs and solar panels built in conjunction with a green roof. This leads to greater solar potential and cost • Boosted electricity production equals greater utility bill savings savings in heating and cooler for the building. • Protects roof membrane from UV radiation = increases lifespan and prevents leaks Benefits of property solarvalue green roofs: • Increases • Improves access to nature • benefits greenand roofs and solar panels • Combined Earns credits forofLEED WELL • electricity production equals greater utility bill savings • Boosted Eligible for government financial incentives for green roofs and solar power • Protects roof membrane from UV radiation = increases lifespan and prevents leaks • Increases property value • Improves access to nature 60 • Earns credits for LEED and WELL

Existing green space to ecologically connect to

Data from Yeongseo Yu

Data from Yeongseo Yu Design Concept

solar radiation withhas current conditions, • standard Southern portion of the site relatively low to according to DEM data standard solar radiation with current conditions, • DEM data canto beDEM unreliable; according data therefore it is inconclusive. should be used for general guidance • Data DEM data only can be unreliable; therefore it is inconclusive. Data should only be used for general guidance

I am proposing to retrofit the roof with a green solar panel system where solar panels are built in conjunction with a green roof. I am imagining this space being a mixed use residential/commercial space in the future and therefore I would like to Design Conceptwalkable area that will provide residents with a place to walk, gather and experience solar energy construct a semi-public, in person. Within this space will be a native plant garden, a path system that will weave through the gardens and solar Ipanels am proposing to retrofit thefor roof with a in green solar panel system where solar panels are built in conjunction with a green and a gathering space residents an innovative rooftop garden experience. roof. I am imagining this space being a mixed use residential/commercial space in the future and therefore I would like to construct a semi-public, walkable area that will provide residents with a place to walk, gather and experience solar energy in person. Within this space will be a native plant garden, a path system that will weave through the gardens and solar

TheThe majority of the spacespace will bewill dedicated to solartoenergy This will help majority of rooftop the rooftop be dedicated solar generation. energy generation. This decentralize energy generation away from 100% reliance on the larger power structure currently will help decentralize energy generation away from 100% reliance on the larger power in place and help save residents money on their heating/cooling and electric bills.

In generation sitting atopatop a green roof will bewill pathways, a gathering space for Inaddition additiontotoenergy energy generation sitting a green roof be pathways, a gathering residents and garden beds with predominately native plants will be included. space for residents and garden beds with predominately native plants will be included.

structure currently in place and help save residents money on their heating/cooling and electric bills.

This rooftop and and energy This rooftopgarden garden production space willspace be connected energy production will to an adjacent to mixed-use rooftop be connected an adjacent mixed-use rooftop that that will provide an additional, will provide unique spaceanin additional, conjunction unique space in conjunction with energy generation. It is the with generation. It is hope energy of this project to illuminate the of this project to the hope possibilities of future illuminate the possibilities energy production in mixed use of future energy production commercial/residential spaces in mixed use commercial/ that provide multiple functions residential spaces that provide nestled into one area. multiple functions nestled into one area. 61

References https://www.urbanstrong.com/projects/ https://www.urbanstrong.com/solargreen-roofs/ https://prosperportland.us/wp-content/

References uploads/2016/07/Lloyd-Crossing-Plan. pdf https://www.urbanstrong.com/projects/ https://www.urbanstrong.com/ solar-green-roofs/

https://prosperportland.us/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Lloyd-Crossing-Plan.pdf

Productive Rooftop Garden - Lexi Smaldone

Goal

Utilize shopping centers and solar energy to offer a new purpose for these large open spaces.

Background research and precedent

https://www.theverge.com/2012/9/12/3321466/walmart-retailers-solar-energy

https://cdn.corporate.walmart.com/eb/80/4c32210b44ccbae634ddedd18a27/walmarts-approach-to-renewable-energy. pdf

Design Proposal BUBBLE DIAGRAM DESIGN CONCEPT

Walmart

FOOD PRODUCTION 0.2 AC

Walmart is one of the few big box stores actively installing renewable energy. They are striving to be supplied by 100% renewable energy by the end of 2020. Walmart prides itself on its “everyday low prices” and strives to make solar energy more accepted, used, and cost effective. They have three core objectives: developing and installing new renewable energy projects at scale, driving down the cost of renewable energy, and securing cost-effecting and stable renewable energy pricing that is cheaper than utility power. Renewable energy can thrive where natural resources, providers, and financial lenders are available, where there are government incentives, knowledge of electricity costs, a framework for regulations, access to the grid, rooftop rights, and permits.

AGROVOLTAICS 0.25 AC MICROTURBINES AND SCULPTURE PARK 0.4 AC SOLAR ROOF 0.65 AC

PATHWAY/CONNECTIVITY N

15’

30’

RENEWABLE ENERGY PARK CONNECTION

60’

A’ RENEWABLE ENERGY PARK CONNECTION

FOOD PRODUCTION

AGROVOLTAICS

FOOD PRODUCTION

SOLAR ROOF

AGROVOLTAICS Concept

30’

A’

It is assumed that this strip mall commercial building will be converted into a mixed use

Concept building featuring commercial shops and restaurants on the first floor and residences on the

AGROVOLTAICS

three floors. Thestrip rooftop be accessible only bywill residents of this building and the Itabove is assumed that this mallwill commercial building be converted into a mixed use adjacent building connected by the renewable energy park connection. building featuring commercial shops and restaurants on the first floor and residences on the above three floors. The rooftop will be accessible only by residents of this building Programs: and the adjacent building connected by the renewable energy park connection.

SOLAR ROOF

1. Food Production

Programs:

Density is likely to increase to accommodate the rising population, meaning more and more land is likely to be developed. With less land available for food production, rooftops become an apt solution. section of the rooftop will be used to grow sun crops, like tomatos and fruit 1. Food This Production trees. Density is likely to increase to accommodate the rising population, meaning more and more land is likely to be developed. With less land available for food production, rooftops become an apt solution. 2.section Agrovoltaics This of the rooftop will be used to grow sun crops, like tomatos and fruit trees. Not all plants prefer sun. Implementing vegetables underneath solar panels creates the opportunity for a variety of fruits and vegetables produced on the rooftop, as well as 2. Agrovoltaics temperature control of the building, reducing the energy cost for residents and business owners. Not all plants prefer sun. Implementing vegetables underneath solar panels creates the opportunity for a variety of fruits and vegetables produced on the rooftop, as well as temperature control of the building, reducing the energy cost for residents and business owners. 3. Solar Roof Our primary goal for this project is energy production. This portion of the rooftop has the highest solar energy potential, so it will be a walkthrough solar park. Renewable energy 3. Solar Roof technology is seen as an eye sore, but hopefully these integrations with plants and art (not Our primary goalsection) for this project is energypositive production. This portion of the rooftop has the highest shown in this will encourage attitudes and normalize renewable energy.solar energy potential, so it will be a walkthrough solar park. Renewable energy technology is seen as an eye sore, but hopefully these integrations with plants and art (not shown in this section) will encourage positive attitudes and normalize renewable energy.

A’

SOLAR ROOF

A’ References

https://cdn.corporate.walmart.com/ eb/80/4c32210b44ccbae634ddedd18a27/walmarts-approach-to-renewable-energy.pdf https://www.pv-magazine. References

com/2019/09/03/food-crops-do-betterin-the-shade-of-solar-panels/ https://cdn.corporate.walmart.com/ eb/80/4c32210b44ccbae634ddedhttps://www.nature.com/articles/ d18a27/walmarts-approach-to-renews41893-019-0364-5?utm_source=feedable-energy.pdf burner&utm_medium=feed&utm_cam-

paign=Feed%3A+natsustain%2Frss%2Fhttps://www.pv-magazine. current+%28Nature+Sustainability%29 com/2019/09/03/food-crops-do-betterin-the-shade-of-solar-panels/ https://www.nature.com/articles/ s41893-019-0364-5?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+natsustain%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+Sustainability%29

Park(ing) Lot to Park - Sophia Lui

Goal Transforming parking lots of department/big-box stores into spaces for solar renewable energy production; multi-functionality.

Background research and precedent

https://www.blueoakenergy.com/solar-portfolio/google-solar

Google Headquarters Google Headquarters incorporate solar arrays into rooftops and carports; altogether it is able to provide around 2MWp. The goal of this project was to install as much selfgenerated electricity infrastructure as possible. Solar arrays were also used at the Google Atheletic and Recreation field (GARfield). Solar array modules are located at the bocce ball courts and soccer field.

Design Proposal https://www.blueoakenergy.com/solar-portfolio/abbot-labs-solar-campus

Abbot Labs Solar Campus Abbot Labs Solar Campus is located in Alameda, California and incorporates a solar carport system in the parking lot to power part of the Abbot Labs campus. The solar carport structures are able to provide around 877 GWh a year. They also provide shade for cars, and improves lighting during the nighttime. The project is expected to be able to provide solar energy for the next 25 years (with a five-year operations and maintenance plan). Blue Oak Energy (manufacturer of the solar carports) are able to receive incentives from the utility company, which increases the financial return of the project.

This parking lot transformation proposes for the parking spots in front of the mixed-use/residential buildings (previously department stores) to be converted into a community green space, connected with solar canopies and walkways. This space can help power the energy needs of the buildings, as well as serve as a unifying outdoor space for the community.

Programs: 1. Seating and Gathering Solar panel canopies provide shade for seating and gathering spaces as families watch their children play in the playground.

2. Agrivoltaics An agrivoltaics program allows for the community to plant and harvest food, similar to a community garden. This space blends into the Renewable Energy Art Installation Garden.

https://www.blueoakenergy.com/ solar-carports

3. Renewable Energy Art Installation Garden

http://solarbyempire.com/why-solar/ solar-options/118-parking-lot-canopies

Inspired by the Chihuly Garden and Glass Museum, this space incorporates renewable energy art sculptures (wind and solar) into a colorful garden to bring life into the community.

4. Playground A childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s playground incorporates solar panel material on the roofs of the structures. 65

References

https://cleantechnica. com/2010/08/03/solar-power-transforms-parking-lots-into-green-job-generators/ https://www.earthlighttech.com/ case-studies/10-north-main-street/

Residential Suburban Renewable Energy Landscapes - Taylor Bowden, Jiawei Luo, Yeongseo Yu

Study Area Gresham, OR

Introduction Gresham the fourth largest city in Oregon with a population of 105,594 in 2010. It sits northeast of Portland within Multnomah County and covers a mostly flat area of 23 square miles. The town began as small farming settlements but grew rapidly after the 1960s and is now considered a suburb within the Portland Metro area. Gresham, compared to the greater metro area, makes about 30% less median household income, has 1.5 times the rate of poverty, and is home to a significant portion of minorities (largely Hispanic). Our demonstration site is centered around the North Gresham Elementary School (Between SE Stark St. and NW Burnside St; and between SE 212th Ave. and SE 223rd Ave.). The site was chosen for the diversity of housing densities in the area, mostly consisting of single-family homes, some medium-density apartments, and one highdensity assisted living center. There are a few small lots of commercial and open spaces, but the site is primarily residential surrounding the public elementary school. Suburban sprawl is responsible for a lot of environmental impacts, but we can begin to mitigate them with renewable energy. Our group is looking at how residential land in the suburbs can support and be supported by renewable energy to form more resilient and equitable settlements.

GRESHAM

N. GRESHAM PORTLAND

ELEMENTARY

Group Goals Our group is focusing on how to best integrate renewable energy with suburban landscapes, our demonstration site is located within Gresham, Oregon. We aim to identify optimal locations for solar panels in residential areas, explore opportunities for renewable energy and energy conservation in homes, and redesign transit infrastructure with energy production.

Retrofitting Transit

Site Analysis

- Taylor Bowden

There are a few small lots of commercial and open spaces, but the site is primarily residential surrounding the public elementary school. Roads within residential areas often do not connect and end in culdesacs. Wider main roads have up to 5 lanes, as pictured below on 223rd Ave.

Goal

Underutlized Space

Finding opportunities to retrofit roads to include solar renewable energy, mitigate impacts of climate change, and provide resilient infrastructure for the community of Gresham. Low density residential suburb

Background research and precedent Solar Shelters and Bike Paths

Unused open beside bus stop

space

Oversized 5 lane road with narrow bike path

Google Street View at SE 223rd Ave & Salmon

Left: http://solarbyempire.com/gallery Right: https://www.triplepundit.com/story/2016/looking-dutch-solar-bike-path-after-one-year/29346

Left: Most shelter areas designed to offer shade and rain protection can be fitted with solar panels. This can be used in the form of covered bike paths, bus stops, or park pavilions.

Right: This experimental Dutch technology gives bike paths dual use as solar panels. These can be implemented reas where solar path shelters are not suitable.

Site Selection The demonstration site was chosen for the diversity of housing densities in the area, mostly consisting of single-family homes, some medium-density apartments, and one high-density assisted living center.

Design Proposal Depaving for the Future Looking forward, autonomous vehicles and remote work will likely change our current transit models and the needs of the community. The demand for paved roads will decrease as autonomous vehicles become more accessible and offer more public transit opportunities. Remote work will also become more commonplace, resulting in less commuters on the street. As cities close to urban centers like Portland grow, housing will become more dense, requiring more open space to meet community needs.

Retrofitting Main Streets If we expect there to be less traffic on roadways, we can begin to envision new ways to utilize streets that can encorporate solar energy, manage stormwater, and beautify our communities. Making renewable energy common practice in these public roadways is an important step in making communities like Gresham more resilient in the face of disaster, injustic, and climate change.

Reducing Culdesacs Culdesacs are an unfortunate waste of space in a future with less cars. Culdesacs are characterized by how they dead-end, making them already low-traffic. If people have less of a need for cars, areas like culdesacs could be redesigned into tiny parks for neighbors to encourge human connection. Where housing density increases, community spaces like this can help fill demand for open space and result in more equitable neighborhoods.

References https://www.sundialenergy.com/se_css_ pages/product_bus_shelt.htm http://solarbyempire.com/gallery https://www.triplepundit.com/story/2016/ looking-dutch-solar-bike-path-after-oneyear/29346 https://www.forbes.com/sites/joelkotkin/2018/02/21/autonomouscars-are-about-to-transform-the-suburbs/#596ac3047e62

Tree shades VS PV panels - Yeongseo Yu

Goal This research investigates the conflict between tree shades and PV panels on the roof. and the specific goal here is to find proper certain distances between a house and a tree to avoid shade conflict that might occur on the roof.

Analysis - 3D simulation for tree shade 1,3

The research question was how far should houses and trees apart from each other. In order to figure it out, I simulated it by using SketchUp. Firstly, there were so many variables relating to this conflict so I had to scope more narrow down to derive a clear conclusion. So I made two types of houses, one story, and two-story house, and then consider three solar azimuths like south, south-east, and southwest, and then, I experiment what distances between house and trees can avoid the shade conflicts in different months. In a year, I considered the following three types of the period because I wanted to consider the number of sunny days. so, type [A] is months which have lots of sunny days like summer season. Type [b] is slightly more than the summer season, and type [C] is the period slightly including winter season with the summer. Two story house

One story house

South West

Background and site

The research site is Gresham, Oregon, which is located northeast part of Portland. A hundred thousand people live there. Gresham is a mostly flat area, and It was a farming settlement in the past, but now it is a suburban of Portland. The notable fact is that Gresham tend to make 30% less household income than Portland, and it has 1.5 times the poverty rate than Portland. We specifically chose a low-density residential area as a research site.

Analysis - solar radiation

South South East Basic info of Gresham

In order to check the feasibility of solar energy technologies, we conducted a brief solar radiation analysis by GIS, as a result, we found that the most Gresham areas have overall good solar radiation condition for energy generation. In the case of the middle analysis, solar radiation for building, is not accurate analysis due to the lack of securing DSM data, so we just tried to refer this analysis to check a brief tendency for solar radiation on buildings. Also, we tried to convert the solar radiation range to five relative scales in order to compare the brief tendency of solar radiation. • •

Program: ArcGIS (Area Solar Radiation) • Input raster: Gresham DEM (10m) 2 • •

Solar radiation anlaysis

Simulation days: 5 to 160 day Mask: building footprint (in environment options) Reclassify the levels of building solar radiation into five classes (by the natural break way in its value distribution)

Building solar radiation

in Low density residential area

Result

This table shows my simulation result. firstly, trees should apart from the house far more in the case of two-story house than one story. Considering the day times in each month in Gresham, I concluded that the Type [b] period would likely be the most efficient for solar energy production. So, the trees should be planted at least far from as much as those distances at different azimuths. Simulation results

1 Year period at Shaded • the certain months • distances Not shaded months Threshold Type distance between tree South and house West for causing South shadow conflicts South East 70

JAN-MAR

• JAN-FEB

•

JAN

mid SEP-DEC

• OCT-DEC

•

NOV-DEC

APR-AUG One story

MAR-SEP

FEB-OCT

Two story

One story

Two story

One story

Two story

25’

28’6’’

37’

42’

60’

70’

17’

19’

24’

26’

33’

38’

25’

26’

37’

37’2’’

60’

73’

References (1) https://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/10.3/tools/spatial-analyst-toolbox/ area-solar-radiation.htm (2) https://spatialdata.oregonexplorer.info/geoportal/detailid=0516198835684a759a422bc0d3cef9d8 (3) https://www.gaisma.com/en/location/ gresham-oregon.html

Suggestion #1: Planting strategies

1,2,3,4

I suggest tree planting strategies not only to promote the energysaving effects but also to minimize the shade conflicts. In the west and east side medium to large size trees should be planted not only to secure privacy for the outside but also to block direct sunlight when either sunrise and sunset. And at the same time, the aesthetic planting should be considered near the entrance, and in the northern part, evergreen trees should be planted to block winter wind. Finally, in the Southern aspect, the deciduous trees should be planted to cool by providing shades in summer and to heat by getting more sunlight in winter. The trees on the southern aspect should be apart from the house as much as the distance as mentioned in the table.

References

Suggestion #2: Agrovoltaic 5

This is my second suggestion, agrovoltiac, If we make agrovoltaic in the garden or unused land, it would bring us more energy production opportunity during the summer, and it also can give us opportunities to grow some crops. Therefore, it will be helpful in getting some organic vegetables and to save energy. For the planting strategy, I think low height screen planting such as shrubs should be planted between agrovoltaic and houses to block the low-quality view seeing from the inside of the house. Except for the northern part of agrovotliac, trees should be planted apart from the agrovoltaic to avoid tree shades. Plant species could be lettuce, tomatoes, eggplants and etc. and finally the photovoltaic panels should be elevated at least 7’’ over the ground to allow people to cultivate crops easily.

(1) Barron-Gafford, G. A., PavaoZuckerman, M. A., Minor, R. L., Sutter, L. F., Barnett-Moreno, I., Blackett, D. T., ... & Macknick, J. E. (2019). Agrivoltaics provide mutual benefits across the food– energy–water nexus in drylands. Nature Sustainability, 2(9), 848-855. ( 2)Ko, Y. (2018). Trees and vegetation for residential energy conservation: A critical review for evidence-based urban greening in North America. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 34, 318-335. (3) Simpson, J. R., & McPherson, E. G. (1996). Potential of tree shade for reducing residential energy use in California. Journal of Arboriculture, 22, 10-18. (4) Tooke, T. R., Coops, N. C., Voogt, J. A., & Meitner, M. J. (2011). Tree structure influences on rooftop-received solar radiation. Landscape and Urban Planning, 102(2), 73-81. (5) Zikeli, S., Lewandowski, I., Schindele, S., & Högy, P. (2019). Agrophotovoltaic systems: applications, challenges, and opportunities. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 39(4), 35.

Renewable Energy Optimal Locations

Site Analysis: Within our chosen site, creating a sun radiation plan would help me to estimate the sun radiation levels. In this Sun radiation plan, the solar radiation is much stronger on the bottom right corner and slowly reduces towards the upper left corner.

- Jiawei Luo

Goal Define the proper location for different kinds of renewable energy installation for maximum benefit within residential sites.

Background Research & Precedents There are many renewable energy could be use in residential areas. However, in order to maximize the efficiency of renewable energy, there are five renewable energy are the best for this task among other renewable energy which are: Rooftop solar panels, solar water heater, tubular skylight, wind turbines and tesla powerwall.

-One of the most popular and effective ways to produce renewable energy is with photovoltaic (PV) panels.

-Solar-powered water heaters are similar to PV solar panels, except that instead of producing electricity, they heat water.

-Tubular skylights donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t actually create electricity, they do produce free natural light for your home, which can slash your electric-light bill. -A tubular skylight, which is often called a Sun Tunnel, consists of a clear roof-mounted dome, round metal tube, and ceiling diffuser. The metal tube runs between the dome on the roof and the diffuser mounted to the ceiling.

-Technically, the Tesla Powerwall (and other similar large rechargeable battery) isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t exactly renewable energy, but it does work well with any home renewable generator and can even save you money without any other renewable systems

-Wind turbines are most commonly found on large tracts of open land, called wind farms, or floating offshore. But, if you have enough real estate you can install a small wind turbine on your property to power your home.

-The inside surface of the tube has a highly reflective, mirror-like coating that reflects over 90% of sunlight and delivers it through the diffuser, which produces a soft, radiant glow of natural light.

In general, placing rooftop solar panels and the solar water heaters on the high level of sun radiation areas would the priority; then placing the wind turbines in a large, open and broad area to capture more wind; tubular skylights could place in low to medium sun radiation area would be fine as long as no tree blocking the sunlight; lastly, the tesla powerwall could support housing with low sun radiation or sunlight block by large tree canopy.

Design Proposal: Identify optimal locations for solar panels in residential areas

Residential-Wind Turbines

Residential-Rooftop Solar Panels

Residential-Solar Water Heater

Residential-Turbular Skylights

Multifunctional/Apt Housing-Solar Panels

Strategies: • Solar panels should be installed at medium to high sun radiation area; No trees blocking sunlight • Wind turbines should install at broad open space; no trees blocking wind • The water heater should be installed at medium to high sun radiation areas • The tubular skylight should be installed at medium sun radiation area • Tesla powerwall should be installed at bad position housing units

Close Up Details

Proposal: Rural Agriculture Rural Agriculture: Colocation with Livestock

Net-Zero Migrant Housing

Independent Agrivoltaic Energy for the Oregon Rural Community

Industry

Floatovoltaics in NE Oregon

Solar Production on Abandoned Mine Lands

Thermal Energy Storage

Wallowa Whitman National Forest - Our Carbon Sink

NE Oregon Agriculture - Liz Koonce, Alissa Brunkhorst, Kristine Parr

Group Goals RTD within advocacy and participatory research knowledge claims focuses on social transformation and the actions needed to realize the envisioned changes. In the advocacy/participatory research, the researcher facilitates an RTD process in which the community itself is involved

Study area Regional Inventory According to the NW Power & Conservation Councilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s map of power generation in the northwest, the NE Oregon region has : 26 wind energy sites totaling an output of 2,263 MW of power and 6 solar energy sites totaling an output of 27 MW of power.

Rural Agriculture: Co-location with livestock - Liz Koonce Co-location of energy landscapes with grazing livestock provides twice the utility on the same amount of land while also preserving of agricultural land while still increasing renewable energy landscapes. This approach offers direct benefits to small and largescale sheep and cattle farmers, and is a profitable, herbicide-free, and climate-resilient agrivoltaic strategy.

Site Analysis The best of both worlds According to information provided by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), rural north-eastern Oregon has enormous potential for large-scale wind resource collection at 140-meter hub height, and higher-than-average potential for solar resource collection. I chose a mostly unforested site on a butte, with high exposure to wind and sunlight, as well as a diverse terrain that will accomodate the varying landscape requirements of both cattle and sheep.

Precedent Study Sheep & Solar 2018 case study focused on large-scale solar using grazing sheep to maintain multi-acre sites of ground-mounted solar panels and found drastic reductions in labor costs.

Design Proposal Site Selection Using the BLMâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s map of grazing alotments in north-eastern Oregon, I selected a 2,000acre parcel which is zoned to be grazed by either sheep or cattle, named Courtney Butte. The sitealso has the benefit of having an access road and flat area with existing outbuildings.

Design concept The implementation of large-scale solar and wind energy sites in rural eastern Oregon without the loss of agricultural lands is possible with a co-location approach benefiting both livestock farmers and solar utility companies. A cohesive design approach that takes into account the interests of farmers and energy companies by making use of public land grazing alotments is the key element of this proposal.

References National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) www.nrel.gov Kochendoerfer, Hain, & Thonney (2018). The Agricultural, economic, and environmental potential of co-locating utility scale solar with grazing sheep. Cornell University Animal Sciences Department, Ithaca, NY. Census of Agriculture (2017). Oregon County Data. USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service. US Annual Solar DNI (2018). Solar Resource Data, Tools, and Maps. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), US Department of Energy.

Site Plan

Perspective Photoshop renderings showing the utilization of photovoltaic and wind energy infrastructures on the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s different landscape typologies, co-located with cattle and sheep.

Program Typologies Cattle need larger ranges than sheep, but are also able utilize steeper and more arid terrain than sheep. Sheep are short enough to graze beneath solar panels, and have been found in case studies to ignore panels without damaging them. It is recommended that sheep be rotated in smaller pastures to avoid overgrazing, as is common in the sheep industry. Due to cattleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s size and strength, they cannot graze under or around solar panels safely, and are best suited to grazing near wind turbines, and have even been found to utilize the shade provided by turbines on their range. Therefore this proposal involves two landscape typologies; generally flat land co-located by sheep pastures and solar panels and larger swathes of steeper, more rough terrain co-located by cattle and wind turbines.

Net-Zero Migrant Housing

Site Analysis

- Alissa Brunkhorst

Solar panels located on the roofs of these homes will be the main source of renewable energy available. This requires a Sun Path diagram analysis to accurately place solar panels. The use of solar energy allows the net-zero village to have a more reliable source of energy to save and re-distribute at will. Other forms of more energy democracy would be smaller and more on a beta test platform.

Goal The Individual Goal of this project is to provide an excellent example of energy democracy by creating a net-zero migrant housing project in Milton-Freewater, OR. The vast majority of migrants in Umatilla county are Hispanic and working as either legal or illegal farmworkers. By providing housing to this population, it will provide much needed resources and potentially be used for community support services in times of crisis.

Solar Energy Efficiency

Design Proposal Design concept

Background research and precedent Transitional Housing at OVE Opportunity Village Eugene (OVE) is a transitional housing site. The property is rented from the Eugene government for $1 each year, and focuses on providing tiny homes to help residents re-establish their lives.

“About Us.” SquareOne Villages, 2019, www.squareonevillages.org/about-us.

Site Selection

RHIhub. Hispanic/Latino Communities for Nonmetropolitian Counties. www.ruralhealthinfo.org/rural-maps/mapfiles/hispanic-latino-population-nonmetro-counties.jpg.

This site was chosen by locating the highest Hispanic population in Umatilla County, as numerous resources site that Hispanic populations are more likely to be exploited by farms and have less access to resources. The Seven Hills Vineyard is nearby, meaning that there will be a source of work / income for these people. The site is located near a bus-stop, allowing people to easily transport to either work or grocery stores. Due to the larger size of this lot in comparison to OVE, I believe that there is potential for more permanent structures and more resources.

Due to the larger size of this site in comparison to OVE, larger and more permanent structures are required. The first design draft includes two mini-villages, separated by a larger plaza area, where the village can host resources and community events. In addition to this the plaza area will be used to test other forms of renewable energy. The plaza area will also promote a community space, allowing residents to mingle and form close bonds with each other. In the corners of the site, there will garden sites where residents can grow food, herbs, or commercial products. However, the main goal of these areas is to provide areas of peace and safety to residents, as studies show that plants help boost mental and physical health.

References “About Farmworkers.” Farmworker Housing Development Corporation, 2020, fhdc.org/ about-farmworkers/. “About Us.” SquareOne Villages, 2019, www.squareonevillages.org/about-us. AFOP Health &amp; Safety, director. Health Effects of the Coronavirus on the Farmworker Community. Youtube, 26 Mar. 2020, youtu.be/74OT7apaFfg. Briskin, Donald P. “Medicinal Plants and Phytomedicines. Linking Plant Biochemistry and Physiology to Human Health.” Plant Physiology, American Society of Plant Biologists, 1 Oct. 2000, www.plantphysiol.org/content/124/2/507.short. “Overview of Milton-Freewater, Oregon (City).” The Demographic Statistical Atlas of the United States - Statistical Atlas, statisticalatlas.com/place/Oregon/ Milton-Freewater/Overview.

Site Plans

Program Typologies

A more thought out plan, now incorporating energy storage areas, appropriate 4-person homes, 2 garden beds per home, bathrooms, indoor communal spaces, and wash stations. In total, this village will house 32 4-person families, approximately 128 people.

This collage shows the different typologies that this project will provide. In addition to the resources describes in the site design and site plan, there will be an effort made to partner with the Farmworker Justice Movement to further help this vulnerable population.

References

Perspective This perspective focuses on the interaction between the solar panel homes and the garden areas. By placing the garden area close to the homes, it allows for a greener area and promotes healthier brain activity and stress relief.

Pederson, Anna, and Tom Henderson. “Fields of Fear: Oregon Farmworkers Lack Safety Net as Pandemic Threatens Jobs, Health.” Kgw.com, KGW, 12 Apr. 2020, www.kgw.com/article/news/local/oregonfarmworkers-lack-safety-net-as-pandemic-threatens-jobs-health/283-60c104c46e81-452d-adf3-12c75d3efdf2. Rahe, Mallory. Estimates of Migrant and Seasonal Farmworkers in Agriculture, 2018 Update. 15 June 2018, www.oregon.gov/ ohcs/DO/Farmworker/2018/05-24-18AWHFT-Oregon-MSFW-EnumerationStudy.pdf. RHIhub. Hispanic/Latino Communities for Nonmetropolitian Counties. www.ruralhealthinfo.org/rural-maps/mapfiles/hispanic-latino-population-nonmetro-counties. jpg. Samayoa, Monica. “Immigrant Farmworkers Face Unique Challenges As Coronavirus Continues To Spread.” Oregon Public Broadcasting, OPB, 10 Apr. 2020, www. opb.org/news/article/immigrant-farmworkers-unique-challenges-coronavirus-continues-to-spread/. “Umatilla County, OR.” Data USA, Deloitte, 2020, datausa.io/profile/geo/ umatilla-county-or.

Independent Agrivoltaic Energy for the Oregon Rural Community

Site Selection For Sale plot: HWY 237, Cove, OR

- Kristine Parr

Goal

29.87 AC

This plot is 116.91 acres of currently vacant land immediately to the west of the town of Cove (population: 609) in Union Co., Oregon. A gentle north easterly slope and high desert solar exposure are vital for growing food as well as placing solar panels to collect and store clean energy. Dividing the site into 4 even width vertical bands was the first step in calculating acreage, systematically demonstrating the amount of money earned and energy collected per area of site usage. 26.11 AC

Utilizing Existing Systems of Agrivoltaics

Retrofitting for Multifunctionality

34.40 AC

Background research and precedent

Site Analysis

26.11 AC

Majority of Oregon is comprised of rural agricultural communities. More often than not, these towns are vulnerable to economic hardship due to their size and isolation. Through the utilization of land on the market (such as the demonstration site), or cooperating with current landowners to redevelop their agricultural operations there are many opportunities for solar energy for rural Oregon.

References (1) Majumdar, Debaleena, and Martin J. Pasqualetti. “Dual Use of Agricultural Land: Introducing ‘Agrivoltaics’ in Phoenix Metropolitan Statistical Area, USA.” Landscape and Urban Planning 170 (February 2018): 150–68. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.10.011.

Cove , Oregon Population: 609

(2) Dinesh, Harshavardhan, and Joshua M. Pearce. “The Potential of Agrivoltaic Systems.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 54 (February 2016): 299–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. rser.2015.10.024.

Image 1 (top left) illustrates a agrivoltaic growing system. Image 2 (top right) from Dinesh & Pearce indicates possible spacing options to maintain tractor usage between panels. Image 3 (bottom) from Marrou, et al 80

2’ Contour Lines

(3) Marrou, H., L. Guilioni, L. Dufour, C. Dupraz, and J. Wery. “Microclimate under Agrivoltaic Systems: Is Crop Growth Rate Affected in the Partial Shade of Solar Panels?” Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 177 (August 2013): 117–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. agrformet.2013.04.012.

•Supply power to 41,753 homes $317,050/ month • $1,419,692 in Data from the Oregon Department of Energy states that, “A typical household in additional revenue Oregon uses about 1,000 kilowatt hours (kWh) of electricity per month” 4 This data is Store Energy for requirements for agrivoltaic solar panel requirements. “When it combined with spatial Emergencies comes to solar energy per acre, a photovoltaic solar plant which on average produces 9,325 MWh x $34/MWh6=

Independent Rural Energy Hubs This agrivoltaic model is designed to be modular in an attempt to create independent energy hubs around rural Oregon, specifically the high desert of the eastern part of the state. Farmers are still able to grow their current list of crops, while solar panels collect extra energy. This could be sold for extra income or stored for extra energy in case of emergencies.

34.40/ 2.8 acres per GWh= 12.28 GWh

1 GWh per year, will require around 2.8 acres of land. Therefore, we can say that for 12,287 MWh/ month every acre, the plant produces an average of 0.357 GWh or 357 MWh of energy per year.” 5 Therefore is a tremendous amount of potential for agrivoltaics to sustainably energize rural Oregon towns.

Standard Energy Sell Energy for Profit Unit Conversion Ratios: 29.87/ 2.8 acres per GWh= 10.67GWh

110,667 Kilowatt (kWh) is equal to 0.001 megawatt hour (MWh) which is equal to 0.001 MWh x hour $34/MWh6= Gigawatt hour (GWh). $362,678/ month

•Elevation of the southern portion of this band is best for agrivoltaics

Program Typologies

29.87 AC

34.40 AC

26.11 AC

Site Plan

Agrivoltaics creates a combination of agriculture, clean Lines energy and sustainable 2’ Contour economic opportunities for an otherwise isolated community. Energize Homes

26.11/ 2.8 acres per GWh= 9.33 GWh

9,325 MWh/ month Supply power to 9,325 homes (Cove 2010 population is 609)

Sell Energy & Save for A Community Fund

26.11/ 2.8 acres per GWh= 9.33 GWh 9,325 MWh x $34/MWh6=

$317,050/ month Store Energy for Emergencies

TOTAL SITE POTENTIAL •1 kWh Panel requires 0.0023 AC •1 MW solar PV power plant should require about 100000 sqft (about 2.5 AC)

116.91/ 2.8 acres per GWh= 41.75 GWh

41,753 MWh •Supply power to 41,753 homes • $1,419,692 in additional revenue

34.40/ 2.8 acres per GWh= 12.28 GWh

12,287 MWh/ month

Sell Energy for Profit

29.87/ 2.8 acres per GWh= 10.67GWh 10,667 MWh x $34/MWh6=

$362,678/ month •Elevation of the southern

References

portion of this band is best for agrivoltaics

2’ Contour Lines

(4) https://www.oregon.gov/energy/ Data-and-Reports/Documents/2013%20 Energy%20101%20Presentation.pdf (5) https://greencoast.org/ solar-farm-land-requirements/ (6) https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=34552

Industry

Urban/Regional Inventory/Analysis

- David Pauls, Williams

• Average annual temperature for Oregon under High Emissions [RCP 8.5] for MidCentury (2040-2059) would increase 2 degrees Fahrenheit, by End of Century (2080-2099) increase by 6 degrees • Oregon’s Renewable Portfolio Standard requires that 50 percent of the electricity Oregonians use come from renewable resources by 2040. • 3% increase in population by 2025 • Possible Carbon Oregon Legislative Carbon TAX, per statewide voting.

Sustainable and Just Rural Communities Nancy Silvers,

Amanda Craig, Annie

Group Goals • Establish a pathway toward 100% renewable energy that prioritizes job creation for existing fossil fuel workers, low-income people and people of color, and creates opportunities for community-owned energy generation by low-income, tribal and rural communities to build thriving and sustainable Oregonian businesses and families. • Develop community-controlled energy projects and requirements for energyneutral construction • Support low-income ratepayers through this transition • Ensure Oregon’s forests, which remove carbon from the air, are sustainability managed • Invest in tree canopies, resilient landscapes, and regenerative agriculture to sequester carbon and clean regional airsheds • Protect farm and forest workers, and the ecosystem from toxic emissions and harmful pesticides • Ensure green workforce opportunities for low-income, people of color, and former forest industry workers to create high-paying, sustainable jobs in the forest economy

Study area

Rational / Assumptions

Regional Inventory Analysis Existing Energy Projects • Small scale wind and solar farms, private industry, 26 farms in Oregon. • Hydro electric dams.

Challenges / Considerations • • • • •

Species Habitats, ESA/TSA. Zoning/Ownership Natural Disasters/Hazards Access to Transmission Lines Renewable Energy Source, wind, solar, etc..

References GIS Mapping from DOGAMI 2016 Oregon State Data & FEMA 2014 Disaster Assessment for Eastern Oregon. Regional Analysis Inventory Energy in Oregon was conducted by the BLM and DOE in 2016 state wide. The map below was edited from their regional map.

Floatovoltaics in NE Oregon

Site Selection

- David Pauls

Goal Increase energy resilience in the region by providing a diverse array of renewable energy. While Increase community interaction with renewable energy systems, so they better understand their role and implication for the future. By Locating floatovoltaics in the most suitable sites where hyper functionality with a diverse set of programs, low impact, and easy access can all be attained.

References To find a suitable site in the North East region of Oregon multiple criteria were considered to find the most suitable site for floatovoltaic array. The criteria for the sites were to have low biological value and be an artificial lake, have easy access for development, be close to communities, have close proximity to the existing power grid, have some type of recreation on the lake, and have water levels that can be controlled from a dam. This lead to the selection of 8 different sites in the region show in the map in the upper left. Among those 8, Thief Valley Reservoir was deemed the most suitable by conforming to most of the criteria stated above.

Source: https://www.ciel-et-terre.net/category/theme/our-partnerships/

Background research and precedent Yamakura Dam FPV project Floatovoltaics offer great opportunities to generate power on water bodies. The systems typically have a 30 year life span. Taking less heavy equipment to install building these arrays is often less environmentally impactful to the sites than traditional solar farms. The added benefit of having solar panels on the water is they can be arrayed in higher densities and the water helps help the panels cooler and thus making them more efficient. The panels also have the added benefit of helping to keep the water cool and support fish habitat in their locations. 10,000 square meters of floatovoltacis have the ability to create one megawatt which is around 2.4 acres. The Yamakura Dam project in Japan is a large floatovoltaic array situated on a reservoir. Covering 180,000 square meters and producing 17,170 megawatts that the helps to power 4970 homes. The system is located next to a hydroelectric dam and easy access to the existing grid. 84

Site Analysis Thief Valley Reservoir

Precedent Information Based off: Nield, David. (2016). The Worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Largest Floating Solar Power Plant Is Being Built in Japan. https://www.sciencealert.com/theworld-s-largest-floating-solar-power-plantis-being-built-in-japan KYOCERA TCL Solar begins operation of Japanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest 13.7MW Floating Solar Power Plant. (2018)https://global.kyocera. com/news-archive/2018/0301_wvfh.html Floatovoltaics information based off :

Thief Valley reservoir is a 740 acre man made lake formed from a reinforced concrete dam, https://www.inverse.com/article/49520-floating-solar-farms-coming-us Spencer, Roberst, Macknick, Jordan, Aznar, Alexandra, Warren, Adam, and Reese, Matthew. (2019).Floating Photovoltaic Systems: Assessing the Technical Potential of Photovoltaic Systems on Man-Made Water Bodies in the Continental United StatesEnvironmental Science & Technology 53 (3), 1680-1689DOI: 10.1021/acs. est.8b04735 Site Analysis based off: https://www.recreation.gov/camping/ gateways/3131 http://union-county.org/public-works/ parks/thief-valley-reservoir/

blocking the Powder River. The lake is home to a County Park where rustic camping and water access are available. Sitting close to I 85 providing easy access for a variety communities. It is located outside Union City and in between Baker city and La Grande, providing easy access to these communities to the lake for water recreation and camping. The lake also site close to a existing Wind turbine field and would provide easy access for the floatovoltacis to hook into.

Design concept By the late 1980s, researchers in landscape architecture discipline too embraced advocacy and participatory research approaches (Deming & Swaffield, 2011; Hester, 2006; Linehan & Gross, 1998). Landscape architecture practice has already extensively applied participatory design.

- The 3.5 acres = 1 megawatt of solar -Each square is equal to one acre -64 acres / 3.5 = 18.2 megawatts -Enough to power around 6,000 homes -Less than 10% of Thief Valley Reservoir Surface

Section The section below and the two zoom ins help to illustrate the design goal in retrofitting the lake to generate more power for the region. The camp ground will be improved to create a better camping experience and hopefully draw more users to the lake, by having more amenities and better lake access. The floatovoltaics array will be developed in the center of the lake where the water level will be impacted less from seasonal changes, The anchoring system for the floatovoltacis will incorporate artificial fish habitat structures to hopefully boost the fish population and fish recreation on the lake. All helping to increase community engagement with the lake and the floatovoltaics array that is helping power their communities. The close proximity to the wind farm will hopefully insure that there is a easy conncetion for the floatovoltaics to join the exisinting power grid. The dam that creates the lake could also hold some potential for generating some hydro electrice power for the area too. Making the lake and the adajcent area around highly productive in producing power for the surround communities. Making them more sustainable and more resilient for our uncertain future with climate change.

Modified camp ground with better water access.

Floatovoltaic Array

Floatovoltaic Array Artifical Fish Habitat

References Energy Information Based off:

Thief Valley Reservoir Design Concept Section, NTS

https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/56290.pdf https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1209/ ML120960701.pdf

Solar Production on Abandoned Mine Lands

Site Selection

- Nancy Silvers

Individual goal The goal of this project is to foster self-sufficiency , resiliency, and energy independence for rural communities through the application of alternative energies. • Production of solar energy on environmentally degraded sites • Use of existing critical energy infrastructure [i.e. transmission lines, roads] • Develop community-controlled energy projects and requirements for energyneutral construction • Renewable energy that prioritizes job creation for existing fossil fuel workers, lowincome people and people of color, and creates opportunities for community-owned energy generation by low-income, tribal and rural communities to build thriving and sustainable Oregonian businesses and families. • Provide job-training for maintenance and installation of solar energy infrastructure

●

Large areas of AMLs with sun exposure

●

Existing critical infrastructure

●

Available workforce

●

Means of transportation for materials

●

Innovative thinking

Background research and precedent Solar Farms on AML’s These lands have existing critical infrastructure and are typically adequately zoned for development of this type use. The redevelopment of brownfield sites can help relieve the stress on greenfield sites for green energy development. Traditional redevelopment of AML’s may not be suitable due to remote location or environmental conditions.1 There are many proposed projects for this type of development. Recently the Cooley Quarry Solar Farm in Novato, California was installed on 11.5 acres of a privately owned serpentine rock quarry and will supply enough energy to power 500 homes.2 https://www.marinij.com/2017/04/25/novato-solar-farm-nearly-ready-to-power-homes/

Site Analysis Blue Moutain Community This site provides opportunities for onsite technical training through close proximity to Blue Mountain Community College. The close proximity to Pendleton also offers possibilty to power specific buildings in emergencies.

Umatilla Chemical College Depot The existing 20,000 acres of degraded land allows for a large scale installation of solar arrays to power adajcent towns

Site Plan ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION

ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION

SOLAR ARRAY PUBLIC ACCESS

ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION

ADJACENT TO COMMUNITY COLLEGE

Program Typologies

EDUCATIONAL SITE

ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION

ADJACENT TO MAJOR TRANSPORTATION CORRIDORS

SOLAR ARRAY EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE TRANSMISSION LINES

EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE TRANSMISSION LINES

ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION

Blue Mtn Community College (Left Image) Umatilla Chemical (Right Image)

ADJACENT TO MAJOR TRANSPORTATION CORRIDOR

• • • •

Jobs Training Public Education/Outreach Ecological Restoration Art Installations

EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE

Design Proposal Design concept Installation of solar arrays on environmentally degraded sites. Support ecological restoration on surrounding areas to support native habitat. Retrofit existing infrastructure. Provide emegency energy support ro select buildings in adjacent towns.

References

Perspective

Through community engagement and research on arrangementsbest suited for the site, a solar array will be installed on the AML and ecological restoration on the surrounding area will be performed. The restoration will both mitigate dust on panels and provide habitat for native species.

(1) https://energycentral.com/c/cp/ closed-mine-sites-transformed-renewable-energy-generators (2) https://www.mcecleanenergy.org/news/press-releases/ cooley-quarry-local-sol/ (3) usgs.gov (4) https://www.census.gov/data.html

Thermal Energy Storage - Amanda Craig

Goal Increase the resilience and diversity of N.E. Oregon’s renewable energy production, decreasing Oregon’s use of hydro-power and dams. While providing sustainable energy storage accessible to rural communities generally, as well as in times of crisis or disaster.

Criteria for Energy Storage Typology • • • • • • •

Sustainable energy storage Resilient to natural disasters, flooding, earthquakes, etc… Accessibility to all rural communities Ethically sourced materials Local employment opportunities Connection with other energy sources/storage facilities in NE Oregon Limit Environmental impacts.

https://www.siemensgamesa.com/products-and-services/hybrid-and-storage/thermal-energystorage-with-etes

https://www.siemensgamesa.com/products-and-services/hybrid-and-storage/thermalenergy-storage-with-etes

Background research / Precedent Based on the research and analysis the Sustainable Evaluation of Energy Storage Solution Technologies 2017, from the Institute for Sustainable Futures, Thermal Energy Storage is the form of energy storage that meets the majority of the individual goals. One remaining concern is the use of water in the storage and conversion process, which in rural N.E. Oregon is potentially problematic, due to seasonal fluctuations, drought and climate change.

TES in Hamburg, Germany

Commissioned in 2019, Hamburgs 24-hour thermal energy storage facility uses over 1,000 tons of metamorphic rock which provides a thermal storage capacity of 130 MWg of electricity energy at charging temperatures of 750 degrees celcius. The rocks are heated using energy obtained through solar and wind sources and then re-converted into electricity through stream. A generator produces electricity of about 1.5 MW. This Project achieved 95% heat storage efficiency, in a 24 hour period this system provides energy supplies to around 3,00 avg. German households. Excess energy, usually due to seasonal fluctuations in wind and solar radiation rates is feed into the local energy grid.

References Oregon Biennial Energy Report 2018, Oregon Department of Energy Impact chart of typologies of energy storage came from the Sustainable Evaluation of Energy Storage Solution Technologies 2017, from the Institute for Sustainable Futures. All information regarding TES in relation to the Hamburg Germany facility is from the SIEMENS Gamesa Renewable Energy Website: https:// www.siemensgamesa.com/products-and-services/hybrid-and-storage/ thermal-energy-storage-with-etes

Site Selection

Site Analysis Environmental Analysis was done in relation to resilience to natural disasters in this area, particularly flooding and earthquakes. The wind farm sites as well as the TES potential site are out of seasonal and 100 year flood plains as well as low exposure to impacts from the future Cascadia Earthquake event. Additionally, there are other environmental concerns that would need to be addressed which include; the sites adjacency to water-bodies; ESA/TSA listed species and habitats, BLM land interests and politics, the financial costs, and the potential need for post industrial site clean up for hazardous waste.

Using the regional analysis by the BLM and DOE, Lime, OR was selected due to its proximity to two privately owned and operated wind farms. The city of Lime is an unincorporated-abandoned community is halfway between Baker City and Ontario on Interstate 84, surrounded by BLM land. The Lime Wind Farms lease BLM land, using re-purposed wind-turbines, the farm delivers electricity into the local grid, transmitted to Idaho Power Company and sold under the guidelines of the Public Utility Regulatory Policy Act (PURPA) for Oregon and provides enough energy to run 800 households. In Lime proper, just off the interstate is the post industrial site that was once Portland Cement Factory, now abandoned, is the sit selected for a potential TES facility. This industrial site would suit the needs of a TES facility due to its; proximity to the existing wind farms as well as its existing infrastructure, including adjacent transmission lines, interstate and railroad. Additionally, the surrounding BLM land has the potential for the expansion of the wind farms as well as additional solar farming.

Section

References

Design Proposal The existing abandoned Portland Cement Factory and property is refurbished, and clean-up, for the installation of a thermal energy storage facility. Like Hamburg, this facility will utilize the adjacent wind farms, and potential expansion, energy production to store energy as heat. This would provide more general energy for adjacent communities, as well as provide energy storage that could be used during times of crisis or disaster. Being a rural communities, they are the last to be served/repaired in energy outages. Additional transmission lines and/or a substation could be added to support a greater TES capacity.

All information in reference to the Lime Wind Farms was obtained through their website: https://limewind.com/ Information on the city of Lime was obtained through the USGS and Baker County Websites respectively.

TES FACILITY

TRANSMISSION LINES

LIME WIND FARM

Flood and Earthquake assessment information was obtained through DOGAMI Flood Risk Assessments via the Oregon Departments of Geology and Mineral Industries.

Wallowa Whitman National Forest - Our Carbon Sink - Annie Williams

Individual goal

Site Analysis From Flourishing Forest to Timber Commodity First large scale logging in the Wallowa Whitman area began as a means to support western European colonial settlements, their mining operations, and rail road construction. It soon became targeted by many distant outside entities looking for profit. Since its becoming a National Forest, the The USFS has been frequently portioning off areas for timber sales and cattle grazing to supplement their own budget. Boise Cascade, based in Idaho state, is now the largest extractor of timber from the Wallowa Whitman. Nearly all of the wood products are processed nearby, but shipped and sold outside of the surrounding communities (3).

Outline a plan to support the local community on their transition to net zero carbon emissions and increase the areas resiliency in the face of the global climate crisis through resilient forest management.v

See source (1)

Background research

Map provided by Oregon Wild

Levels of sequestered carbon based on management Several studies have been released showing that the sequestered carbon levels of unmanaged forests are higher than managed forests. This is largely due to the higher levels of under-story and middle story vegetation (1). Many other studies have suggested that natural healthy forest is also more resilient in the case of wildfire, disease, and insect outbreaks which are on the rise due to global climate change (2).

Site Selection The Wallowa Whitman National Forest is a prominant 2.3 million acre area in this north eastern Oregon region. It is composed of various landscape typologies but mostly dominated by conifer forest. It contains one National Scenic Area, ten Wild and Scenic Rivers, and four Wilderness Areas. It is bordered by the Umatilla and Malheur National Forests. The area was originally home to the Nez Perce Indigenous People (5). GIS data provided by Oregon Spacial Data Library

Design concept The purpose of this project is to explore this forestâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s greatest potential as a regional carbon sink, to eventually phase out all logging for this purpose, and to give the area the same protections as a wilderness area. It is not focused on economic incentive. Logged areas will be restored, areas under transmission lines will be managed for native meadow, and perscribed burning will replace selective logging as the chosen wildfire management practice. In this state, it will not only offer valuable carbon sequestration abilities but also prime habitat and a rare recreational experience. It could be a precedent for a new style of forest management across the country.

Site Plan

Program Typologies The diagram to the right represents the varrying abilities of certain forest typologies to sequester carbon. Clear cut areas are only able to hold carbon in their soils which is also reduced because of damage from heavy machinery.

Discussion The Paris Climate Agreement explicitly discusses the need for “negative emissions” to be part of the climate crisis solution. Carbon sequestration by forests falls into this category. By protecting their health, we are also protecting humanity’s. While economic benefits will be reduced with decreased logging, many other benefits will be realized. We must act quickly and strongly if we are to make a big enough difference to save the planet. Protecting this valuable forest resource for clean air, clear water, diverse ecosystems and fire and drought resiliency should not be too radical a proposal.

These areas may also release more carbon from dead root and debrit decomposition. Plantation style plots sequester some carbon but have other disadvantages such has high risk of severe mortality in the case of a disease or insect outbreak. Managed forests are better than plantations, however they also have their nutrient cycle depleted by selective logging and root damage from heavy machinery. They also require that access roads be built which fragments habitat and disturbs wildlife. Unmanaged forests have been shown to sequester and hold the most carbon, largely due to a higher volume of above ground vegetation. Once mature, they are also the most resilient in the case of wildfire, have the highest water quality, and most robust and healthy ecosystems (1).

References (1) Chatterjee, A., et al. “Carbon Pools of Managed and Unmanaged Stands of Ponderosa and Lodgepole Pine Forests in Wyoming.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 2009. (2) Gorte, Ross W. “Carbon Sequestration in Forests.” CRS Report for Congress, 2007. (3) Powers, Elizabeth M., et al. “Post-Fire Management Regimes Affect Carbon Sequestration and Storage in a Sierra Nevada Mixed Conifer Forest.” Forest Ecology and Management, Elsevier, 7 Jan. 2013. (4) Simmons, Eric A. “Oregon’s Forest Products Industry and Timber Harvest .” USDA, 2016. Image from josephoregon.com

(5) USFS. Wallowa-Whitman National Forest, www.fs.usda.gov/wallowa-whitman.

Proposal: Coastal Wave Energy Wave Energy Buoy Array and Seaweed Farm

Multifunctional Transmission

Community Hub

Wind Energy Coastal Resilience

101

Wave Energy

Regional Inventory + Analysis

Wave Energy for Warrenton,OR - Carolyn Corl, Caroline Fitzpatrick, Hana Ketterer

Group Goal Our goal is to design community-focused wave energy infrastructure and transmission in the coastal community Warrenton, OR that addresses pre and post disaster resilience strategies towards sea level rise, earthquakes, tsunamis.

Study area

Warrenton Population: 5,6021, Warrenton Population Density: 416 per sq mi. Based on the location of Warrenton’s existing substation, tsunami evactuation routes and coastal access, an off-shore wave energy system should be sited near the drop-off zone with a power generation facility located in an upland location out of the tsunami inundation zone. Interference with ships and boats is also a concern, so siting the wave energy in Camp Rilea’s military “danger zone” is suitable.2 Siting a community center near the town’s evacuation zone in an upland setting where wave energy can be transmitted is another important site requirement. Due to the community’s sparse population density a familiar community center meeting point that can gather people will be important during a distater even.

Rationals + Assumptions By focusing on a small, relatively isolated coastal community like Warrenton, OR, we can create a small-scale model for implementing wave energy in a location that is vulnerable to tsunamis and earthquakes. In the event of a disaster, we can assume that Warrenton’s access to electricity will be cut off from the larger state-wide grid that currently supports it. The Bonneville Power Administration, which powers most of Oregon through hydroelectric dam projects, is resposible for Warrenton’s transmission.1 Based on the isolaed location in a tsunami zone and near the Cascadia fault line, it is to be expected that Warrenton’s grid would be entirely disconnetected from BPA transmission lines that run up the Columbia river. The Oregon Coast has been identified as a suitable location for wave energy genertion by the Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center, listing this region as a potential site.1

Planning Proposal Diagram

References (1) “BPA.” Retrieved May 17, 2020, from https://www.bpa.gov/PublicInvolvement/ Vegeta-tionManagement/Pages/Vegetation-Management.aspx. 2 (2) Northwest Economic Research Center (2014). “Wave Energy in Clatsop County, OR: An Economic Impact Analysis. Report by Portland State University”. Report for Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET).

Wave Energy Buoy Array and Seaweed Farm

Site Selection + Analysis Offshore Buoy Array Siting This site was originally identified by the Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center because of the varying depths directly off the coast, the upland military land that could house generation facilities, and the “danger zone” that prohibits seafaring vessels from entering the area outside of the military training area’s beach. It is also located close enough to the existing power substation to transmit generated wave energy along HWY 101 toward the proposed community center.

- Carolyn Corl Individual goal

Habitat Types:

To install below-surface wave energy generation that will provide enough energy to store and support the population of Warrenton during a disaster, while also creating opportunities to farm seaweed and restore the seafloor habitat after installation. https://www. carnegiece. com/project/ garden-island-microgrid-project/

Map created with data from OSU and NOAA maps

Background research and precedents

Design Proposal

Garden Island Microgrid and CETO Wave Energy Technology

This proposal acknowledges the fragile habitat type that exists in the Oregon Coast in this location and chooses the installation of this wave energy buoy system to be offset with a restoration of the seafloor habitat that extends across the benthic zone. Keeping the buoy array close together also minimizes environmental impact of this new offshore wave energy infrastructure.

Carnegie Clean Energies has tested and used their CETO wave energy buoy system to power a military base in Australia called Garden Island. By using the movement of the large metal buoys to pump pressurized water into an onshore turbine facility, 30% of this grid is supported by wave energy.1 https://www. theguardian. com/environment/2019/ jun/11/ingredient-changing-fortunes-alaska-seaweed-kelp

Map created with data from NOAA map

Seaweed Farming

References

Seaweed farms are growing in popularity due to their ability to absorb CO2 from the ocean, provide food for people and livestock, create untapped economic opportunity, and use as a plastic alternative.2 Growth units strung on ropes can easily be attached to the CETO buoys at varying depths.

(1) https://www.carnegiece.com/project/ garden-island-microgrid-project/

(2) https://www.greenwave.org/our-mode

Site Plan

Site Features Water pumped in buried pipes to onshore power generation facility

In order to support the population of Warrenton in the event of a tsunami, earthquake, or flood, enough energy will need to be generated and stored. Each CETO buoy in its latest testing phase can conduct a maximum of 1.5 MW1 at its capacity. Based on average houshold energy consumption, this means that each buoy could theoretically produce enough energy to support 1204 people. To support the entire population and have some extra left over, five CETO buoys will be installed off of the coast. As these buoys move with the ocean to produce energy, seaweed farms will produce food and economic opportunity while absorbing some of the ocean’s carbon.

CETO buoy

5 CETO Wave Energy buoy units and attached subsurface seaweed farm

Program Typologies

Seaweed farm

This subsurface design aims to minimize disturbance to the existing ecosystem, both onshore and offshore. The CETO buoy does not allow for entanglement of sea life like other turbine-based tidal energy does. Seabirds also remain unimpacted by this design as it is fully submerged out of site. Another goal for this project is to postively impact disturbed seafloor habitat with a complete benthic zone restoration done in phases. Seaweed farms also provide a noninvasive habitat structure in the water column. These three typologies show the benefits of colocating function with wave energy.

Buoy pump

Restored benthic habitat

Pressurized water gets pumped to onshore power generation facility

This image shows what the system may look like within a few years of installation. With the benthic zone of the seafloor restored to its previous state, organisms like Dungeness crabs, Pacific Sanddab, English sole and Showy Snailfish2 will be able to thrive there, also supporting local fisheries in the area.

Seaweed farming

7.5 MW capacity buoy array captures ocean’s energy

Restoration of seafloor habitat

The buoys will need to be attached at a depth from 60 to 70 feet deep to be submerged but also be moved by the ocean’s current. Seaweed farm depths will need to be experimented with to figure out at what depth the seaweed can still successfully photosynthesize in relation to its buoy attachments. With smaller floating buoys supporting the seaweed, the depth of the seaweed farm is easily adjusted below the sea surface.

References (1) https://arena.gov.au/projects/ carnegie-ceto-6-technology/ (2) Henkel, S. (2011). “Characterization of Benthic Conditions and Organisms on the Oregon South Coast in areas targeted for Wave Energy Development.” Report by Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC). Report for Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET).

Multifunctional Transmission

Garden Island Microgrid In Western Australia, Carnegie clean energy developed a microgrid on a military base. Using wave energy and solar panels, the island is powered exclusively by renewable energy. The hydroelectric plant that converts wave power into energy doubles as a desalination plant (3).

- Caroline Fitzpatrick

Goal To connect renewable wave energy transmission to disaster mitigation, community recreation, and energy self sufficieny.

Background research and precedent Tsunami Mitigation “A proposal for tsunami mitigation by using coastal vegetations: some findings from southern coastal area of Central Java, Indonesia”-Djati Mardiatno (1) Increased tree planting off the coast is shown to dissipate tsunami height and energy. It is also shown to trap humans and items, such as cars, from washing back out into the ocean (1).

“Bundled Infrastructure” In Speculative Designs for Energy Democracy, Sarah Gaines examines the potential of “bundled infrastructure.” By coupling the transmission lines with a References road and recreational trail, it encourages (1) Mardiatno, Djati. “A proposal for tsunamaintenance, brings awareness of energy mi mitigation by using coastal vegetations: transmission and energy ownership to some findings from southern coastal area of Java, Indonesia.” Journal of Natural the community, and it can serve as an Central Resources and Development 3 (2013): evacuation route (2). 85-95.

Image by Sarah Gaines from “Speculative Designs for Energy Democracy”-Nicholas Pevzner, 2020

(2) Pevzner, N. 2020. Speculative designs for energy democracy. Scenario Journal An in-depth case of Puerto Rico and how landscape design and planning can respond https://scenariojournal.com/article/ speculative-energy-democracy/ (3) Schnitzer, Daniel, et al. “Microgrids for rural electrification.” IEEE Smart Grid (2014).

Site Analysis,Program Typologies,Design Proposal Design intervention typologies were formed based off of existing conditions. Existing forest cover, the military base, highway 101, and the substation formed pinpoints for a tsunami evacuation route to connect. I propose to increase forest cover for tsunami protection (1). I propose a recreational trail that serves as a tsunami evacuation route leading to the off-the grid community center (2). The trail will be coupled with the transmission route as a way to connect people to their energy (2). The transmission will connect to batteries that have the capacity to power the community center. Excess energy will be sold to the grid, by way of the existing substation. 1.Tsunami evacuation public trail route trail head

3. Couple transmission route with trail and HWY 101 bike path

2.Land based transmission and desalination plant

4. Connect transmission to substation, microgrid, battery storage Implement storage batteries at community center

References (1) Mardiatno, Djati. “A proposal for tsunami mitigation by using coastal vegetations: some findings from southern coastal area of Central Java, Indonesia.” Journal of Natural Resources and Development 3 (2013): 85-95. (2) Pevzner, N. 2020. Speculative designs for energy democracy. Scenario Journal An in-depth case of Puerto Rico and how landscape design and planning can respond https://scenariojournal.com/article/ speculative-energy-democracy/ (3) Schnitzer, Daniel, et al. “Microgrids for rural electrification.” IEEE Smart Grid (2014). 97

Community Hub

Site Analysis and Selection

- Hana Ketterer

The first priority for selecting a site for the community hub was making sure it is outside any hazard area or evactuation zone. The second priority is that the site still be within the city limits of Warrenton and easily accesbile for daily use so it will be familiar to the community and easy to get to in the event of a natural disaster. As seen in the image below, the selected site (in orange square) is outsite the distant tsunami evacuation zone as well as the local Cascadia earthquake and tsunami evacution zone and just a 5 min drive from downtown.

Outside Evacuation Zone

Goal My goal is to provide a community hub for Warrenton, OR that supports community development and self-sufficiency on a daily basis and also serves as a post-disaster relief center

Background research and precedent

A proposed central plaza and community hub transition to post-disaster1

Speculative Designs for Energy Democracy Nick Pevznerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s studio, Speculative Designs for Energy Democracy, posed as a precent for how to transition everyday programming into a disaster relief strategy through social and physical infrastructure.1

Casa Pueblo and Corcovada, Puerto Rico

Casa Pueblo is a community self-management project that is committed to appreciating and protecting natural and human resources.2 Corcovada, since 1967, has provided community drinking water for 160 families through an aqueduct and storage tank.3 Both were used as precents for programming and infrastructure for how to bring a community together, pre natural disaster. Left: Casa advertising2

Pueblo

Right: Drinking water spigot in Corcovada3

Design Proposal Design concept In relation to the wave energy buoy array, the community center is located Northeast of the offshore energy generation site and accessed not only by car but also through recreational trails along transmission lines, as seen in the previous two pages. The concept for the community hub is to be a multifunctional space that provides daily community building opportunities that contribute to community resilience for post-disaster relief.

References (1) Pevzner, N. 2020. Speculative designs for energy democracy. Scenario Journal An in-depth case of Puerto Rico and how landscape design and planning can respond https://scenariojournal.com/article/ speculative-energy-democracy/ (2) Casa Pueblo. Adjuntas, Puerto Rico. https://casapueblo.org/ (3 ) Kinnunen, Sami. 2019. Corcovada Community Aqueduct. Energy Transition Blog 2019. https://www.umnconvergencepuertorico.org/blog/2019/1/12/ corcovada-community-aqueduct

Site Plan

Program Typologies The programming has two main drivers, day-to-day function and post-disaster relief. Daily, the Community Hub holds a community garden, outreach programs hosted at the Community Center building centered around sustainability and renewable energy, a farmers market for the garden and other local vendors, and the building is off-the-grid and powered from the wave energy generation. In the event of a natural disaster, the site can host rapidly deployable shelters, continue growth at the community garden and have power, and act as a drop spot for supplies to be distributed to community members.

The site plan above shows the site and surrounding context. The Community Center Building is located right off of SE Ensign Ln with the community garden and farmers market surrounding the building. The site is large enough to host recreational trails and a large number of deployable tents post disaster. The images below show the flexible relationship between the building, landscape and programming on a daily basis and how the space responds post disaster as a community support center to hand out supplies and food and host temporary shelters.

100

Wind

due to several recent economic and technical advancements in floatable wind energy technologies. Astoria, Oregon is a relatively windy place. Being located at the mouth of the Columbia River Valley, wind speeds are typically lower when compared to the upper valley. However, wind speeds are very steady here and typically range from 8 to 18 meters per second (17.8 to 40.2 mph)3. These higher values are right at maximum generation value3.

- Paige Harris, Liza Holtz, Aaron Woolverton

Aquaculture

Coastal Resilience

Wind has strong potential as a renewable energy source and its capacity is rapidly expanding in the United States1. The state of Oregon has substantial wind power resources, ranking in the top ten states for wind farm installation but this energy source only accounts for 12.1% of annual energy generated and the majority is located onshore1. https://www.theguardian.com/environ-

Project Goals

ment/2017/sep/18/green-finance-taskforce-business-investment-clean-energy-infrastructure

• Coastal Communities This project proposal aims to provide resilience to coastal communities through the planning of sustainable, renewable energy systems. Potential natural disasters and the effects of climate change are considered in the planning, design, and suggested management of the proposed wind energy project.

• Wind Power This sustainable wind farm provides economic support through multi-modal land uses, ecological security, and community-wide resilience to natural disasters. Because the majority of Oregon’s energy is consumed by inhabitants of the Willamette Valley, we seek to reduce transmission distance while also supporting coastal communities selfsufficient.

• Energy System Phases This project proposes the appropriate siting and integration of wind farm technology with aquacultural farming practices off the shores of Astoria, Oregon. The energy system was divided into three stages of focus: generation, transmission, and distribution.

Wind Potential There is much wind potential off the Oregon coast. A recent study by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) suggested incorporating floating wind turbines at five sites along the coast of Oregon, Site 1 being adjacent to Astoria3. This study also found a 40% decrease in costs compared to a 2016 analysis2. This means that floating wind energy systems may only cost around $60 MWh compared to $58 MWh for onshore systems by 20302. This is 101

Aquaculture is an established industry in the United States. There are several forms of aquaculture products and Oregon is a known supplier of the national industry, especially for farmed salmon and oysters. Today, there are around 2,839 documented aquacultural farms throughout the country4. In 2018, aquacultural sales accumulated $1.5 billion4. This is important when considering how much we import as a country, with most of our seafood being caught fish versus farmed4. This type of fishing leads to resource depletion and has a larger carbon footprint when compared to farmed seafoods. Astoria has a deeply rooted history in the aquacultural industry and its respective farming practices. Home to several well-known regionally scaled canneries, Astoria’s economic resilience may be attributed to its abundance of local seafood and connection to the Columbia River. Along with fish canneries, Astoria features several oyster farms and seafood companies, like Jolly Roger Oysters & Northwest Wild Products, specializing in mollusk farming that may be interested in working with these wind generation farms to establish offshore long-line practices.

Cascadia Subduction Zone The Cascadia subduction zone is a convergent plate boundary that stretches from northern Vancouver Island in Canada to Northern California in the United States5. The zone varies in width and lies offshore of Oregon. The tectonic processes active in the Cascadia subduction zone are responsible for earthquakes and resulting tsunamis. There have been an estimated 41 earthquakes in the last 10,000 years, ranging from 190 to 1,200 years apart5. The last recorded was in 1700 with a 9.0 magnitude6. With this geological knowledge, scientists predict a future 9.0+ earthquake along the Cascadia subduction zone effecting Oregon west of the I-5 corridor and resulting in a tsunami of up to 100 feet to hit the Oregon coast5.

(1) “Oregon Wind Energy” (PDF). U.S. Wind Energy State Facts. American Wind Energy Association. Retrieved 8 June 2020. https://www.awea.org/Awea/media/ Resources/StateFactSheets/Oregon.pdf (2) Musial, Walter, Philipp Beiter, Jake Nunemaker, Donna Heimiller, Josh Ahmann, and Jason Busch. 2019. Oregon Offshore Wind Site Feasibility and Cost Study. NREL/TP-5000-74597. nrel.gov/ docs/fy20osti/74597.pdf. (3 )US Department of Commerce, N.O. and A.A. (n.d.) NDBC Station Page. Retrieved June 8, 2020, from http://www.ndbc.noaa. gov/station_page.php?station=asto3

https://phys.org/news/2017-11-seafloor-sediments-earthquake-tsunami-danger.html

Climate change is also an active force of change affecting the Oregon coast. Scientists predict an average temperature increase of 0.2-1 degrees Fahrenheit per decade and an average precipitation decrease by 14% by 20806. These changes in temperature and moisture will result in higher intensity storms and the expected human population growth will increase carbon emissions and other pollutants6.

https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy20osti/74597.pdf

References

(4 )FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture—National Aquaculture Sector Overview—United States of America. (n.d.). Retrieved April 27, 2020, from http://www.fao.org/fishery/ countrysector/naso_usa/en (5 )https://www.oregon.gov/OEM/hazardsprep/Pages/Cascadia-Subduction-Zone. aspx (6 )Profita, C. 2018. Oregon Public Broadcasting: Ecotrope. Report: How climate change will affect Oregon. Accessed 8 June 2020. https://www.opb.org/news/ blog/ecotrope/report-how-climatechange-will-affect-oregon/

Precedents Speculative Designs for Energy Democracy in Puerto Rico A University of Pennsylvania landscape architecture studio aimed to learn from the failed response after Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico, envisioning possibilities for improving resilience to future disasters focused not only on recovery but also community autonomy and power7. Students designed a network of public plaza, docks, transportation, shops, services, housing, and community center powered by solar energy for a small coastal town of Húcares7. These developments would serve as “community hubs,” which are locally owned and operated facilities with multifunctional spaces7. Governmental funding and external investment would balance power as tourism and consumers would support facility maintenance7. The multifunctionality of spaces and movement of energy and people towards higher ground is mirrored in the proposed project design.

This feasibility study aimed to ascertain the economic feasibility of an offshore marine aquaculture structure for breeding of marine organisms (bivalves) in tandem with renewable energy systems8. The Nordergründe wind farm is located approximately 17km north of Bremerhaven, Germany in the North Sea8. This wind farm, although considered small, is made up of 18 wind turbines and encompasses an area of about 80 square kilometers or 19,800 acres8. The conditions of this sea are somewhat similar in temperature and wind/wave activity to Oregon’s offshore conditions though the Nordergründe is in 30-meter-deep water7. Ultimately, the wind farm produces 111 megawatts per year, which powers about 100,00 homes in Germany8. The offshore aquaculture plot is about 120 acres and produces an economically viable yield8. These farming systems include traditional long-line farming, cage farming, and hanging systems, such as oyster lanterns8. Altogether, the designers developed and tested these options through a series of prototypes8. This system would substantially reduce required resources and subsequent greenhouse gas emissions by harvesting edible seafood species compared to typical intensive harvesting processes8. If Oregon developed an offshore wind farm in the Pacific Ocean, the principles and ideas presented in this study could have a profound impact on the state’s economy and resilience in terms of sustainable food production. Even if wind farms were applied nearshore, within estuaries like the Tillamook, Coos Bay, or Astoria, there is a vast amount of existing aquaculture infrastructure that may be adapted to work with coastal wind farms.

References (7) Pevzner, N. (2020). Speculative Designs for Energy Democracy. Scenario Power. https://scenariojournal.com/article/ speculative-energy-democracy/

https://scenariojournal.com/article/speculative-energy-democracy/

Nordergründe Aquaculture 102

(8) Buck, B. H., & Krause, G. (2013). Aquaculture and Renewable Energy Systems, Integration of. In P. Christou, R. Savin, B. A. CostaPierce, I. Misztal, & C. B. A. Whitelaw (Eds.), Sustainable Food Production (pp. 152–173). Springer. https://doi. org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5797-8_180

Study Area Astoria Bridge

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Final Raster Calculation and Potential Sites Multiplication of Values Associated throughout the Suitability Analysis

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References

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(10) Baseer, M. A., Rehman, S., Meyer, J. P., & Alam, Md. M. (2017). GIS-based site suitability analysis for wind farm development in Saudi Arabia. Energy, 141,

Lois Island

(11) Department of Land Conservation and Development : Oregon Coastal Management Program : Oregon Coastal Management Program : State of Oregon, n.d.)

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(9) US Census Bureau QuickFacts Astoria, OR 2019 https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/ table/astoriacityoregon/PST045219

Final Raster Calculation and Potential Sites Multiplication of Values Associated throughout the Suitability Analysis

Youngs River

ArcGIS was used to analyze the existing slope, landslide risk, zoning, conservation zones, habitat types, and navigation channel to determine potential sites for wind turbines near Astoria, Oregon. Wind turbines are best suited to relatively low slopes, with 0% to 5% as ideal and 6% to 7% as possible for development10. Anything greater than a 7% slope is not suitable for wind turbine development10. It is important that wind farm development is protected from landslides, as damages lead to expensive repairs. Through this raster class analysis, we may ensure higher resilience against potential earthquakes and tsunamis by positioning the wind farm in lower-risk areas. The zones most conducive to wind farm development include coastal estuary, industrial, parks and open space, public, and rural industrial10. Areas with slight and no potential for development are zoned as rural, residential, commercial, and forest10. Most of Astoria’s land cover is classified as residential and rural, which reduces opportunity. Due to the 1986 Bill for Coastal Management, estuary development is allowed and suitable for wind farms10. This bill, managed by the Oregon Coastal Management Program, is the state’s method of zoning estuary waterways for development. These management units are based on discrete ecological, geological, and biophysical characteristics of areas within a waterway11. The tidal marsh and intertidal sand bar zones are not ideal conditions for wind turbine development11. These habitat types have been classified for conservation and do not typically support aquacultural habitat types11. Suitable areas, both based on estuary development units and aquaculture needs, include intertidal flats and upland zone11. Finally, our wind farm development will occur outside of the navigation channel to ensure that the turbines will not disrupt ships and boats traveling through the port. The Columbia River channel is a heavily trafficked shipping lane, so ensuring enough space between the channel and the wind farm will be necessary.

Based on the dimensions and placement requirements established by NREL, three wind farms are proposed to provide renewable wind energy to the local community and beyond. With 4 turbines in Youngs Bay, 35 turbines north of the Columbia River Channel, and 19 turbines in the Columbia River near Mott and Lois Islands, this proposed project could generate 1,972,000 MWh per year, enough energy for Clatsop County residences and much more12. The visibility of turbines from the three main bridges provides public exposure to this renewable energy source and system. The energy generated would follow seacables along the seafloor, through a series of substations and transformers, along a transmission line, and stored at higher ground, outside of the tsunami inundation zone. The transmission line would double as a tsunami evacuation route, leading the community to a safe, open space uphill. At this site, there will be a community center and energy storage facility. In the event of an emergency, evacuees may congregate in this open public space and receive relief services. There would also be space for post-disaster tents and housing units as well as an ample power source.

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Data sourced by EnergyPlus

Site Suitability Analysis

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Road

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SWT 6.0-154DD offshore wind turbine SG 8.0-167DD offshore wind turbine

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The proposed coastal wind project site is Astoria, Oregon located in Clatsop County. This city is at the very northwest tip of the state and is one of the largest coastal communities in Oregon with a population of about 10,000 people9. Astoria is where the Columbia River meets the Pacific Ocean and is the oldest city in Oregon. The Port of Astoria is a major port both historically and currently, as the channel is mainly used by the Coast Guard, cruise ships, and industrial and commercial shipments. With the goal of offshore and nearshore wind energy generation for coastal communities, Astoria may be considered a potential hub for the coast region, Portland, and rest of Willamette Valley.

0.5

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*Offshore wind turbine dimensions and placement informed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL).

(12) Siemens Gamesa: Offshore Wind Products https://www.siemensgamesa.com/en-int/products-and-services/ offshore

Results and Discussion

25 50

offshore, nearshore, and intertidal flat wind turbines

34,000 MWh

< nearshore > offshore

approximate annual energy production per wind turbine1

1000m

GRID

distance1

15,910

0.7% CO2 emissions vs. fossil fuels1

households in Clatsop County2

1130X

Potential Tsunami Wave Break

Evacuation Route

Disaster Relief

Multifunctional Community Center Tranmission Line

Seacables

Power Storage

Substation and Transformers

Offshore Wind Farm and Aquaculture

Energy Generation 104

Energy Transmission

Community Distribution

annual energy coverage from proposed wind farm

BENEFITS

10,972 kWh

average annual energy consumption per American household3

meters1

year lifetime1

clean, renewable energy for local and regional rapid return on investment $ 7.4 month energy payback1 occupy sandbars that are ! dangerous to boat traffic

CHALLENGES

Coastal wind energy provides a variety of benefits and challenges to consider. Coastal wind farms provide clean, renewable energy for local and regional communities. There is a rapid return on investment as a Siemens Gamesa wind farm has a 7.4-month energy payback period12. In this proposed wind farm project, most of the turbines were placed on sandbars within the Columbia River channel, which are hazardous to boat travel, thus not impeding water traffic. On the other hand, this project would be at risk during the impending earthquake and resulting tsunami, though technology and siting methods are being developed to best withstand a natural disaster. Wind energy has a negative effect on marine animals and birds, though more research is being done to better understand this relationship. As for humans, some are bothered by the noise pollution and sight of wind farms, affecting tourism and property values. Construction and maintenance of wind farms is expensive and complex. Ultimately, wind speeds are faster and steadier offshore than on land but can be unreliable.

Astoria, Oregon Proposed Wind Farm Site Data Sources 1 Siemens Gamesa 2 US Census Bureau 3 US Energy Information Administration

impending threat of earthquake and tsunami effect on marine animals and birds visual and noise pollution wind unreliability

the shoreline, is more accessible to the community13. Ultimately, utilizing the wind turbine as farming infrastructure leads to a plethora of growing benefits throughout the Astoria estuary while strengthening community relations. kelp mussels

bait fish

salmon

BIODIVERSITY

HABITAT CREATION

$$$ ASTORIA

$$$

ECONOMY

$$$

ENERGY GENERATION

AQUACULTURE / FOOD

EVACUATION HUB

CULTURE

The programs that are supported in the near-shore and offshore wind typologies include ecological, economic, and cultural benefits for Astoria. Ecologically, the programming will create habitats and biodiversity between the wind turbines for species like kelp, muscles, salmon and bait fish. Economically, Astoria can benefit monetarily from the generation of wind energy, as this renewable energy source is monetarily efficient. The seafood industry will also benefit financially with the opportunity to harvest from the new habitat creation for aquatic species. Culturally, the production of wind energy being located in the public’s eye can encourage education due to the central placement of the wind turbines. The energy produced will also be stored in evacuation hubs to be used in the event of a natural disaster to assist coastal communities.

ECOLOGY

Program

EDUCATION

EVACUATION HUBS

Typologies The relationship between wind farms and aquaculture can come in the form of three typologies. The deep-water offshore wind farm has the potential to host a variety of kelp species, baitfish, salmon, and mollusk farming13. The nearshore wind farm, which may occur throughout much of the Columbia River channel, includes mussels and oyster species13. The bases of these wind farms may feature artificial reefs to support local ecologies and reduce coastal erosion by acting as wave breaks. The inter-tidal flat wind farm allows for the growth of native clams and oysters and due to its vicinity to

Siemens Gamesa SG 8.0-167 DD 8.0 MW

PACIFIC OCEAN

Siemens Gamesa SG 8.0-167 DD 8.0 MW

barnacles

mussels salmon bait fish

mussels

Clatsop County

oysters

barnacles

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Offshore Wind Farm

clams

oysters

establish reefs

Nearshore Wind Farm

There is a strong need to incorporate renewable energy in the State of Oregon. This proposal would help establish wind energy within Oregon’s largest coastal community while providing infrastructure to establish low-carbon food production. Through this form of resilience and food security, we may utilize energy as an important asset for both pre and post natural disasters. Ideally, this proposal will be educational and will fortify community relations while democratizing energy for what’s considered a vulnerable community. A growing coalition of groups from across the state have been working to develop Oregon’s Green New Deal, with a seven-point proposal calling for14: 1. Phasing out fossil fuel infrastructure 2. Strong regulation for healthy, breathable air 3. 100% community-owned renewable energy 4. Climate-smart, sustainable farms and forests 5. Action to address transportation emissions 6. Protecting communities already experiencing a changing climate 7. Funding for job training, hiring, and infrastructure to support the changes called for in the plan Supporting Oregon’s Green New Deal, this proposed offshore wind farm with integrated aquaculture provides energy, food, and economic resources to Astoria, Oregon with the potential to increase resiliency during a natural disaster.

References

Siemens Gamesa SG 8.0-167 DD 8.0 MW

Clatsop County

Oregon, USA kelp

Conclusion

Intertidal Flats Wind Farm

Astoria Aqua-Wind Farm Typologies These aquacultural wind farm typologies explore different ways we may produce food while simultaneously boosting local aquatic ecologies. Through this form of multi-modal land use, the Astoria 105

Wind farm may provide much more for coastal communites. These typoologies do so by establishing food security while also reducing wave action by forming natural breakwaters through ecologies. This kind of support will be imperative as the Oregon Coast braces for the expected “Big One”, a high magnitude earthquake stimulated by the Cascadia Subduction Zone, followed by a large tidal wave.

(13) Langan, R. (n.d.). Offshore Aquaculture in the Pacific Northwest. 2009, 24. (14) Oregon Just Transition Alliance. “Oregon Needs A Green New Deal.” http:// www.orjta.org/ognd/