YEOH HAN JOO YONG ZHI KANG YONG SOOK YIM YAP SHU WON YEOW WAN YEE YAW XIN QI
0330959 0327791 0327258 0331392 0331154 0326980
TUTOR: EN. AHMAD NAZMI MOHAMED ANUAR
PROJECT 2: REPORT ARCHITECTURE CULTURE & HISTORY II (ARC 60203)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
YEOH HAN JOO (HAN JOO) | YONG ZHI KANG (ZHI KANG) | YONG SOOK YIM (SOOK YIM) | YAP SHU WON (SHU WON) | YEOW WAN YEE (WAN YEE) | YAW XIN QI (XIN QI)
NO. 1
2
CONTENT 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 FAST FACTS 1.2 HISTORY 1.3 THE ARCHITECT
NO.
1-5
5
6-12
6
PAGE NUMBER
5.0 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, STRUCTURE & MATERIALS ANALYSIS
30-42
6.0 ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS/COMPONENTS ANALYSIS
43-56
6.1 DIAMOND FORM 6.2 ROOF 6.3 STAIRCASES 6.4 STAINLESS STEEL COLUMN 6.5 DISTINCTIVE LIGHT BOX 6.6 SHADING 6.7 DOORS 6.8 WALL DECORATIONS 6.9 WINDOWS & CURTAIN WALL
SURROUNDINGS
3
3.0 ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT OF BUILDING
13-21
4
4.0 ARCHITECTURE STYLE ANALYSIS
22-28
3.1 PLAN TO SECTION/ELEVATION ANALYSIS 3.2 CIRCULATION TO USE SPACE 3.3 ORGANIZATION ANALYSIS
4.1 MODERNISM 4.2 MODERNISM IN MALAYSIA 4.3 CHARACTERISTIC OF MODERNISM 4.4 ELEMENTS AND CHARACTERISTICS
CONTENT
5.1 SUBSTRUCTURE 5.2 STRUCTURE 5.3 ROOF 5.4 REINFORCED CONCRETE 5.5 GLASS 5.6 STAINLESS STEEL 5.7 GRANITE 5.8 MARBLE 5.9 MOSAIC TILES 5.10 COMPARISON TO WESTERN BUILDINGS
2.0 SITE CONTEXT ANALYSIS 2.1 SITE LOCATION 2.2 BUILDING ACCESSIBILITY 2.3 RELATIONSHIP OF BUILDING TO 2.4 RESPONSE TO CLIMATE
PAGE NUMBER
7
7.0 CONCLUSION
57
1.0 INTRODUCTION The brand new Wisma Lee Rubber was refurbished to a 29 story building at the area of 12,077 square meters in 2008. This building is located at the city center in Jalan Melaka is touted as Kuala Lumpur’s first high rise office tower at that moment. The upgrade made to Wisma Lee Rubber building helps in the acceleration of urban redevelopment in the city. The refurbishment on the former OCBC Bank office has created a sleek and sophisticated design on its exterior façade. The architectural design that creates this office tower’s identity is based on the “modern simplicity” style. This modernism style is kept up by using glass and stainless steel curtain wall with vertical stainless steel sun- shading fins juxtaposed against a fully glazed façade. The penthouse floors which cantilever out which sit on top of the building forms a transparent, elegant glass box. It will then transforms into a lit lantern crowning the top of the structure illuminating at night. A glass roof canopy creates a semi- outdoor verandah at street level which engages with the vibrant of the street life along the road.
1
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 FAST FACTS
Year built :1980 Address: 17, Jalan Melaka, City Centre, 50100 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia. Location: At the heart of business district of the old city centre. Easy Accessibility: Well connected via the Federal Highway, Maju Expressway (MEX), SMART tunnel by Jalan Imbi, Jalan Tun Razak ,1 minute walk to the Masjid Jamek Putra LRT station and STAR LRT. Floor area : Square shaped lot of 17,000 sf.
Photo 1.1 Wisma Lee Rubber Building Office
Net lettable area :Approximately 128,000sf. Function: 29 storey office building. Refurbishment: Veritas design group rejuvenated the old building in June, 2005 in a more contemporary image suited to the company's current outlook.The refurbishment was completed in 2008. Special features : ●
One of the early skyscrapers in Kuala Lumpur.
●
Headquarters of Lee Rubber, and today houses a branch of OCBC Bank.
●
The top penthouse floors which cantilever out can be seen as a delicate glass box crowning the building.It transforms into a lit lantern perched atop the structure at night.
●
Former car porch at street level is extended with a glass roof canopy to create a semi-outdoor verandah with a sidewalk café .
Photo 1.2 Perspective view of Wisma Lee Rubber Building
2
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.2 HISTORY In 1930, the building was constructed with a grey color facade and become the tallest building in Kuala Lumpur. Ten years later during World War II, it was used as the head-quarter of Japanese secret police by their government. Then, the building was modified in structure to become a five storey building in 1950s and the Popular bookstore was in operation in 2003. Despite of the Kuala Lumpur City Hall laws which prohibit the destruction and alteration of building, it was sold in 2015 which causes the Popular bookshop and Kasturi tuition centre to be vacated in few months. Wisma Lee Rubber was recently renovated and upgraded into a 29-storey building costing RM24 million. it is owned by the Lee Rubber group and also a former OCBC Bank Malaysia main office which has moved to its own Menara OCBC. The major shareholder of both groups of companies is the family of the late Singaporean tycoon and philanthropist, Lee Kong Chian. The appearance of these upgraded building helps to urbanize in the area. During the time in which Malaya and Singapore were considered as one country, the Lee Rubber Co. (Pte) Ltd. started its business in Muar, Johor in 1927. Based on the Lee Foundation financial controller and director, Lee Seng Chuan, the Lee Rubber group has a high and continuous confidence in Malaysia by investing in several infrastructures. Recently, two new rubber processing factories were built in Kedah and Kelantan, each costing RM40 million. In
Photo 1.3: Old Wisma Lee Building completed in 1980.
addition, hypermarket was started in operation in Malacca, Segamat and Batu Pahat, each costing RM20 million in structure. 3
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.3 THE ARCHITECTS
â—?
Original Architect: Arthur Oakley Coltman (A.O. Coltman) was a British architect practising in Malaya for 32 years where he worked as manager of the architecture firm Booty Edwards & Partners. He was the first earliest architect that brings in Art Deco architecture style into
Photo 1.4 The Clock Tower
Malaya during 1920s. He arrived in Malaya in 1925 and retired in 1957. He was on active service during the First World War before working in the Transvaal, and was officially listed as an absentee member of the Transvaal Provincial Institute of Architects from about 1931 to 1938. He was responsible for many of Kuala Lumpur's greatest Art Deco structures, including the Clock Tower, OCBC Building, and Oriental Building. He also designed the Anglo-Oriental Building, which is now known as Wisma Ekran; Lee Rubber Building, Rubber Research Institute and the Odeon Cinema. Coltman died in Sussex, England at the age of 67 in 1961. Photo 1.5 The Anglo- Oriental Building
Photo 1.8 Odeon Cinema
Photo 1.7 Rubber Research Institute of Malaya
Photo 1.6 Lee Rubber Building
4
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.3 THE ARCHITECTS
â—?
Architect in-charge of refurbishment: The VERITAS Design Group was founded in 1987 upon the principles of constant innovation and a commitment to quality. Today the VERITAS Design Group is led by its Group President David Mizan Hashim and Principals Lillian Tay, Azif Nasaruddin, Ng Yiek Seng, Azril Amir Jaafar, Zainal F. Abdul Aziz, Shamsuddin Wahap, Eric Tham, Shah Jaffar and Richard Raymond and is backed by a team of over 330 qualified professionals and professional support staff. Refurbishment of the Wisma Lee Rubber was taken place of the whole building was done by Veritas Architects Sdn Bhd company, by
Photo 1.9 Ar. Azril Azmi Jaafar
Architect Azril Azmi Jaafar. Azril proceed with the 'modern simplicity' of the first building. The new outlook tries to restore the old building in a more contemporary revolution of style to suit the organization's present viewpoint. Azril Amir Jaafar studied architecture at the University of Manchester, UK and went on to gain early professional exposure at Brock Carmichael Architects in Liverpool, Holford Associates in Manchester and TR Hamzah & Yeang in Kuala Lumpur before joining VERITAS in 1999. Azril is a corporate member of Malaysian Institute of Architects and a Green Building Index Facilitator. His professional development growth has been in-parallel with the growth of the company. Azril became Senior Architect in 2004, an Associate in 2007 and in 2009 he was promoted to become a Principal of VERITAS Design Group.
Photo 2.0 Veritas main office Bangunan Getah Asli Level 2
5
2.0
INTRODUCTION Wisma Lee Rubber is a building located at Jalan Melaka, Kuala Lumpur
SITE CONTEXT ANALYSIS
which is a suitable and convenient location in the city area. It is easy to access and reach this building. There are many facilities and transportation available in and surrounding the building. One can reach the entrance easily as it is obvious in the main road and parking lot
YAW XIN QI 0326980
2.1 SITE LOCATION 2.2 BUILDING ACCESSIBILITY 2.3 RELATIONSHIP OF BUILDING TO SURROUNDINGS 2.4 RESPONSE TO CLIMATE
entrance is available to solve the visitor parking problem. The building is just opposite to the Masjid Jamek LRT Station. Although other transportations are available such as bus and taxi, the most convenience way to reach there is by using the LRT to avoid the road traffic. Wisma Lee Rubber is surrounded by many tall buildings such as commercial buildings, banks, offices and shopping centres. Thus, there are a lot of walking pavement and pedestrian crossing surrounding. The safety features are still available. Since Wisma Lee Rubber is located at Kuala Lumpur city area, it is normally rainy and humid over the year. The building comprises with high quality of day lighting and air ventilation. Besides, energy saving method is used by the building.
6
2.0 SITE CONTEXTYAW ANALYSIS XIN QI 0326980 2.1 SITE LOCATION Wisma Lee Rubber is located at 17, Jalan Melaka, City Centre, 50100 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur.
2.2 BUILDING ACCESSIBILITY Wisma Lee Rubber is a building located at Jalan Melaka which is just right opposite to the Masjid Jamek LRT Station. Since it is located at city area with LRT station nearby, traffic jam can be observed especially during peak hours. It is easy to access and reach this building. One just needs to recognize the Oriental Building at the junction when they make a right turn from Jalan Tun Perak into Jalan Melaka. The Wisma Lee Rubber building is located right beside the Oriental Building at the same row.
Photo 2.1: Location of Wisma Lee Rubber from Google Map.
Diagram 2.1: Location of Wisma Lee Rubber. Photo 2.2: Location of Wisma Lee Rubber from Google Map.
7
2.0 SITE CONTEXTYAW ANALYSIS XIN QI 0326980 2.2.1 ENTRY POINTS OF BUILDING
There are two entrances at the building. The first entrance is the main entrance where the passengers are allowed to
MAIN ENTRANCE
unload and prevent blocking of the main road. Another
PARKING LOT LIFT
entrance is the parking lot entrance at the back of the building where people can park their cars at the basement and access to different levels of the building using the lift. Ground Floor Plan 2.2.1: Entry Points
Photo 2.2.1: Main Entrance
Photo 2.2.2: Parking Lot Entrance
8
2.0 SITE CONTEXTYAW ANALYSIS XIN QI 0326980 2.2.2 MODES OF TRANSPORTATION
There are many types of transportation to approach the Wisma Lee Rubber building. Most common transportations are the usage of cars and motorcycles. Besides that, public transports are available around the building such as bus and taxi. A more convenient way is by using the LRT transportation in order to avoid traffic on the road.
Photo 2.2.3: Motorcycle
Photo 2.2.4: Car
Photo 2.2.5: Bus
Photo 2.2.6: LRT
9
2.0 SITE CONTEXTYAW ANALYSIS XIN QI 0326980 2.2.3 WALKABILITY
As the Wisma Lee Rubber building is located at city area, there are a lot of people walking around to reach their destination. Thus, walking pavement and pedestrian crossing can be found everywhere for safety purpose. The walkability rate is high at the location.
Photo 2.2.7: Pedestrian Crossing
Photo 2.2.8: Pedestrian Walk
Ground Floor Plan 2.2.3: Pedestrian Walk
10
2.0 SITE CONTEXTYAW ANALYSIS XIN QI 0326980 2.3 RELATIONSHIP OF BUILDING TO SURROUNDINGS The Wisma Lee Rubber is located along Jalan Melaka, bounded by Jalan Tun Perak, Jalan Gerega and the old colonial cluster at Dataran Merdeka. It is also a convenient location in the city as there is a LRT (Masjid Jamek) station nearby where people can approach the easily without the hassle of traffic jam. Wisma Lee Rubber is surrounded by many tall building such as commercial buildings, banks, offices and shopping centres. It is located 16 metres from Menara Bumiputera, 26 metres from Bangunan Moccis, 48 metres from Wisma Tas, 62 metres from Wisma Konwa and 107 metres from Bangunan Abdul Zamal. All
Diagram 2.3: Surrounding Buildings
these buildings are located and surrounded in the same area which has a one-way entrance from Lebuh Ampang to Jalan Melaka.
Photo 2.3: Wisma Lee Rubber juxtaposed against the surrounding buildings
Photo 2.4: Menara Bumiputra
Photo 2.5: Wisma TAS
Photo 2.6: Oriental Building
Photo 2.7: Wisma Konwa
11
2.0 SITE CONTEXTYAW ANALYSIS XIN QI 0326980 2.4 RESPONSE TO CLIMATE
The climate condition of Kuala Lumpur is normally rainy and humid over the year. The building comprises of day lighting from various directions to create a high even quality of lighting. The overhang North windows form shade to enhance the internal comfort. The oriented east-west floor plan controls the daylight well by allowing the penetration of sunlight. In addition, the interior and exterior glazing maximizes the daylight transmission into the building. The building is exposed to the south and west as the prevailing winds allow cross ventilation easily. The air essentially reduces the pressure of the air conditioning system to cool down the whole building. Thus, it is also an energy saving method.
Diagram 2.4: Light Direction.
Ground Floor Plan 2.1: Daylight Transmission.
Section 2.1: Light Direction.
12
3.0 ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT OF BUILDING
INTRODUCTION Wisma Lee Rubber is one of the pioneer in modernism office building in Malaysia.It comprises of 29-storey and facing Jalan Melaka at 45 degree (right angle).The building was refurbished to rejuvenate the old building in a more contemporary and modern image .The architectural layout is slightly altered after the refurbishment but overall it remains almost the
YEOW WAN YEE 0331154
same.The primary purpose of the office building is to facilitate the provision of a workplace for information and knowledge processing activities.The layout of the plan is developed in response to the need to coordinate these activities .It is imperative that this workplace
3.1 PLAN TO SECTION/ELEVATION ANALYSIS 3.2 CIRCULATION TO USE SPACE 3.3 ORGANIZATION ANALYSIS
environment is planned, design and equipped as carefully as possible to maximize the efficiency of the workforce and space.
13
3.0 ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT OF BUILDING YEOW WAN YEE 0331154 3.1 Plan To Elevation Analysis
Diagram 3.1 Ground floor plan.
Photo 3.1 Main access point to entrance
The overall floor plans for the building are relatively simple and direct as this building serves the main function as an office building and it is crucial to use the spaces within to an optimum to obtain the best economic benefits as being fixed assets for the organization.Spaces and activities on ground floor of Wisma Lee Rubber is restricted because it is used for reception and security purposes .Spaces before the security gate which is the reception counter and foyer are accessible by public. The entrance has an oblique approach.This enhances the effect of perspective on the front facade and form of the building , bestowing it the illusion of a gigantic scale .The indirect path also prolongs and delays the sequence of approach to the entrance.This building faces the street at an angle of 45 degree and project the entrance beyond its facade to be more clearly visible. Wisma Lee Rubber has an elevated base plane.The visual continuity is maintained but the spatial continuity is interrupted due to the level change.This degree of the level change performed calls for the need of physical access through the usage of stairs or ramps.The elevated plane defined a transitional space between the interior of a building and the outdoor environment. (Francis D.K. Ching ,Form, Space and Order 4th Edition, 114-119 ) 14
3.0 ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT OF BUILDING YEOW WAN YEE 0331154 3.1 Plan To Elevation Analysis ACCESS POINTS
Photo 3.4 Stairs (entrance)
Photo 3.2 Ramp (East)
Photo 3.5 Ramp (West)
Diagram 3.2 Ground floor plan. Photo 3.3 Stairs (cafe) Photo 3.6 Stairs to entrance.
There are few access points to the main entrance.Stairs are introduced at the access points before the main entrance as this building has an elevated base.Wheelchair ramps are designed at some of the access points to facilitate the mobility of the disabled.This allow the building to be more user friendly to the disabled and is an essential part which should not be overlooked when comes to building infrastructure and design of this kind. 15
3.0 ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT OF BUILDING YEOW WAN YEE 0331154 3.1 Plan To Analysis 3.2Elevation Circulation to use space
Diagram 3.3 Circulation on ground floor
LEGEND Radial
Photo 3.7 Reception
Photo 3.8 Security speed gate
.Photo 3.9 Lift lobby
Linear
Circulation on ground floor is fairly simple . Prior entry,reception can be seen located on the left (west) while the security speed gate located directly in front.Composite circulation is employed on ground floor of mainly linear and radial patterns.The lift lobby is the center of activity which provide common vertical circulation and is the termination of all paths.There are total 7 lifts that are in used in this building.West side lifts numbered 1-3 are for transportation to the lower levels , floor 1- 16.Lifts on the east side numbered 4-6 provides circulation to the higher level ,floor 16-28.Lift 7 at the middle provides access to the lower ground car park.The arrangement of lifts to their assigned floors ensure smooth flow of circulation and prevent congestion at peak hours.Stairs provides vertical circulation during emergency. 16
3.0 ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT OF BUILDING YEOW WAN YEE 0331154 3.2 Circulation to use space
Photo 3.11 Gymnasium
Diagram 3.4 16th floor plan
Diagram 3.5 Circulation on 16th floor.
Photo 3.9 Lift 4-6
Photo 3.10 Lift 1-3
Floor plan for 16th floor which is the management floor can be divided into east and west wing due to the location of placement of the lifts.The lobby corridor effectively links all the different parts of spaces together and helped increase the efficiency with which people could move through the floor, while also turning functional spaces into a series of dead ends by separating circulation from destination.This provide ease to circulate within the building for the users. 17
3.0 ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT OF BUILDING YEOW WAN YEE 0331154 3.3 Organization Analysis Analysis 3.3 Organization 1) SYMMETRY AND BALANCE
Diagram 3.6 Front Elevation
Diagram 3.7 Roof plan
This building employs bilateral symmetry as there is a balanced arrangement of equivalent elements on opposite sides of the dividing axis and only one plane can divide the whole into essentially identical halves.(Francis D.K. Ching,Form, Space and Order 4th edition,360-369 )The architectural composition of this building utilize symmetry to organize its forms and spaces.The symmetrical condition helps in the space usage to an optimum and avoid wastage of space . 18
3.0 ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT OF BUILDING YEOW WAN YEE 0331154 3.3 Organization Analysis 2) GEOMETRY
2) GEOMETRY
Figure 3.1 Exterior view.
Diagram 3.8 Ground floor plan
The form of a this building is determined by its functionality to maximize the usage of space.Wisma Lee Rubber adapted form follows function in modernism by using form and arrangement in a geometric fashion. The key massing of the building is a basic cuboid.The sheltered semi-outdoor verandah space provides the illusion of a square base.Additive element to the design which is the top penthouse floors that cantilever out crowning the building also implements geometry elements to the overall form. The arrangement of windows with mullions creates a repetitive and geometrical patterns on the facade and enhances verticality of the building. The floor plans changes accordingly to different floors.The shape of the ground floor plan is a basic square which is divided into two parts following the functions which is the office region and the area for human traffic flow which is the lift lobby to the entrance area.
19
3.0 ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT OF BUILDING YEOW WAN YEE 0331154 3.3 Organization Analysis 2) GEOMETRY
Diagram 3.9 Level 2-25( except 16th management floor)
Diagram 3.10 Level 26-28
Typical floor plan from level 2-25 is composed mainly of a square with an additional of two rectangles on the east and west side to accommodate the stairs for fire escape.Level 26-28 which is the cantilever crowning the building has a different approach in the floor plan layout.It is composed of two overlapping rectangles to form the cantilever part and two smaller fire escape stairs rectangles are also added to it..
20
3.0 ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT OF BUILDING YEOW WAN YEE 0331154 3.3 Organization Analysis
3) HIERARCHY
Diagram 3.11 Typical floor plan (2-25) hierarchy by placement
Diagram 3.12 Front elevation
Diagram 3.12 Ground floor plan
There are two types of hierarchy in spatial organization found in this building.The first one is hierarchy by placement.Office spaces are strategically placed to call attention to themselves as being the important elements in composition of space in this building.The other type of hierarchy can be seen through the arrangement of a space which follows the hierarchical order by the function and importance of a space.Spaces like personal offices that requires more privacy than the others are placed at inner part of the building or the upper floors to avoid unnecessary disturbance. Ground floor of Wisma Lee Rubber can be segregated into three main parts, namely public, semi-public and private.There is a safety and security policy which is the gate pass security system that only allows entry for workers to safeguard the company from outside visitors.Region before the gate which is the foyer and reception area are accessible by public.Lifts of this building require a pass for workers and permission for visitors.Therefore,lift lobby is a semi-public zone as it is partially but not entirely open to the use of the public .Upper floors of the building are in used by the Lee Rubber Group ,OCBC bank and other tenants while floor 16 is the management floor that 21 composed of a management office,a surau and a gymnasium.
4.0 ARCHITECTURE STYLE ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
From Lee Building to the new refurbished Wisma Lee Building, We can see that the architectural style had been changed from art deco to modernism. Modernism, also been called International Modern or International Style. The new design the building is a more
YAP SHU WON 0331392
contemporary image suited to the company’s current outlook. The architectural style has influenced the overall of the building design as we can see a lot of characteristics and elements of modernism from
4.1 MODERNISM 4.2 MODERNISM IN MALAYSIA 4.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF MODERNISM 4.4 ELEMENTS AND CHARACTERISTICS
the building.
22
4.0 ARCHITECTURAL STYLE ANALYSIS YAP SHU WON 0331392 4.1 MODERNISM
Modernism also called as International style, a type of architectural style that has became dominant global movement in 20th-century architecture and design. This style has been generally designated as modern, although the labels International Style. It emphasis on “form follows function”, means the result of design should derive directly from its purpose. It also emphasis on simplicity and clarity of forms, unnecessary details are removed. During this period, the influential modernist architects that inspired Malaysian architects included Frank Lloyd Wright, Le Corbusier, Mies van der Rohe and many more. ( Waters, 2017 ) Photo 4.1.1 : Wisma Lee Rubber Building
Skyscrapers of this style have square or rectangular footprints, outside of the facades are covered with glass and have 90-degree angles faces. Modernism is often applied to reconcile the principle of architectural design with rapid technological advancement and the modernisation of society today. Honesty of materials are important as the natural appearance of a materials are ought to be seen with the implementation of “skin and bone architecture”. ( Encyclopæ
Figure 4.1.2 : Le Corbusier, Villa Savoye,
23
4.0 ARCHITECTURAL STYLE ANALYSIS YAP SHU WON 0331392 4.2 MODERNISM IN MALAYSIA
Modernism in Malaysia raised after independence in 1957. With the rise of economical status of Malaysia, demand for large numbers of office buildings, commercial structures
buildings had
and
increasing
civic rapidly.
Freshly graduated Malaysian architects from oversea such as from England and Australia brought in modern architecture into Malaysia. Another pathway was
Figure 4.2.1 : Dayabumi Complex, KL
through written books, magazines, and
Figure 4.2.2 : Menara Mesiniaga, Subang Jaya
texts, where Malaysian architects were exposed to modernism with its debut of new
construction
materials
and
techniques. (Wan Ismail, 2005)
Figure 4.2.3 : The Iron Mosque, Putrajaya
Figure 4.2.4 : Putra Mosque, Putrajaya
24
4.0 ARCHITECTURAL STYLE ANALYSIS YAP SHU WON 0331392 4.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF MODERNISM
Modern style emphasised on minimal
The characteristics of modern architecture are including plain, simple, rectangular
style and devoiding on ornamentation.
shapes, geometric forms and also linear elements. Plans often with open-plan
This early form of minimalism had a
interiors, arranged loosely and fully utilized externally and internally. It focused more
distinctively "modern look", reinforced
on rational and efficiency use of space defined with the credo of ‘form follows
by
function’ than picturesque construction like the other type of architectural style such
uses
of
industrially-produced
materials, including glass for the facade,
as art nouveau, art deco and so on.
stainless steel for exterior support, and concrete for interior supports and floors. Building with modernism style is created using
clean
lines,
basic
geometric
shapes and forms.
Photo 4.3.1 : Entrance of Wisma Lee Rubber Building
Photo 4.3.2 : Perspective of Wisma Lee Rubber Building
Photo 4.3.3 : Perspective of Wisma Lee Rubber Building
25
4.0 ARCHITECTURAL STYLE ANALYSIS YAP SHU WON 0331392
Rectangular shape
4.4 ELEMENT AND CHARACTERISTICS SIMPLICITY Simple and neat by regular shapes created by lines gives clean and aesthetic feeling to the users. In Wisma Lee Rubber Building, it emphasis on rectangular forms and straight lines. Straight lines such as horizontal lines and vertical lines are used to create patterns and it creates a visual emphasis to users. There are no decorative moldings or other unnecessary elements, only repetitive shapes which creates a sleek and linear appearance for the exterior of the office tower. The architect maintained the simplicity by using the necessary materials and let the geometry speak for the architecture. Photo 4.4.1 : Rectangular shape on the facade
Vertical lines
Horizontal lines
Photo 4.4.2 : Vertical lines is highlighted on the facade.
Diagram 4.4.3 : Horizontal lines and vertical lines are used on the facade.
Photo 4.4.4 : Horizontal lines is highlighted on the facade.
26
4.0 ARCHITECTURAL STYLE ANALYSIS YAP SHU WON 0331392 4.4 ELEMENT AND CHARACTERISTICS SIMPLICITY
FLAT ROOF
Wisma Lee Rubber Building is a box-like building. made by 2
Wisma Lee Building has flat roof with no cornice or overhang. In
rectangular forms. It is simple and clean for the users.
modern architecture building, the usage of flat roof is concerned
The entrance provides an oblique approach that enhances the effect
as it might be suffer from leaky roofs. With today’s advanced
of perspective on the front façade as the building faces the street at
technology, Wisma Lee Rubber Building did not suffer from
45 degree with an elevated base to create a different feelings
leaks as it is waterproofed with a layer of rubber before being
instead of just a cuboid type of shape.
covered with an attractive, weather-resistant layer of tiles.
45°
Diagram 4.4.5 : A cuboid placed 45° on a elevated square base.
Figure 4.4.6 : A cuboid placed 45° on an elevated square base.
North Elevation 4.4.7 : Highlighted flat roof
27
4.0 ARCHITECTURAL STYLE ANALYSIS YAP SHU WON 0331392 4.4 ELEMENT AND CHARACTERISTICS FUNCTION AND EFFICIENCY Utilization of space and increasing the efficiency of the building is
In this case, Wisma Lee Rubber Building is built in a simple,
also important for modern architecture. Functionality and
rectangular form to maximize the usage of building space,
efficiency of the building space is taken into consideration. All the
Ornamentations are devoided to minimize unnecessary wastage
spaces are served with certain purpose as “Form follows
of building space.functionality and the space efficiency of the
function�. The shape of the building is primarily based upon its
building.
intended function or purpose. ( Benzu JK, 2016 )
Ground floor plan 4.4.8 : Each area serves a purpose
Roof plan 4.4.9 : Every space designed with a purpose. North Elevation 4.4.10 : Rectangular form, maximize the usable volume in the building
28
4.0 ARCHITECTURAL STYLE ANALYSIS YAP SHU WON 0331392 4.4 ELEMENT AND CHARACTERISTICS HONESTY TO MATERIAL
OPEN PLAN AND NATURAL LIGHTS
Truth to materials is one of the characteristics of modernism
Living spaces are no longer defined by walls, doors and
architecture, which is opposed to postmodernism. Any materials that
hallways. All the spaces tend to flow together as part of one
had been used in the building shall display its “true” purpose and its
contiguous interior space, reflecting a more casual and relaxed
nature should not be hidden.
way of life.
Wisma Lee Building is honest in the use of structures and materials.
Curtain wall glass is widely used in this building in order to
In the development of new building technologies, centring the use
maximize the visual comfort and also providing sun shading to
of iron and steel, reinforcement concrete and glass. Technology was
the interior of the building.
a crucial factor, the discovery in the 1890s of these materials, the new availability of cheap, mass-produced iron and steel satisfy the society’s new building needs while still appealing to aesthetic taste.
Stainless steel fins
Glass and stainless steel curtain wall
Photo taken by Han Joo
Photo 4.4.11 : Highlighted stainless steel fins, glass and stainless steel curtain wall
Floor Plan 4.4.12 : Interior spaces contain less wall than other type of typical office tower.
Photo 4.4.13 : Allows ample daylight into the building brightening the interior 29 spaces
5.0
INTRODUCTION
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, STRUCTURE & MATERIALS ANALYSIS
The main materials making up Wisma Lee Rubber’s imposing exterior are two of its main materials - curtain glass walls with stainless steel cladding on its four corners. With its stained glass canopy with protruding out of its base, coupled with an extensive usage of granite tile flooring, all these exterior materials make Wisma Lee Rubber stand out against its surroundings, starkly juxtaposed with the concrete facades of the neighbour buildings in that area. Underneath the aesthetics,
YEOH HAN JOO 0330959 GLASS
STAINLESS STEEL
reinforced
concrete
was
used
to
construct
the
superstructure of the building. GRANITE
5.1 SUBSTRUCTURE 5.2 STRUCTURE 5.3 ROOF 5.4 REINFORCED CONCRETE 5.5 GLASS 5.6 STAINLESS STEEL 5.7 GRANITE 5.8 MARBLE 5.9 MOSAIC TILES 5.10 COMPARISON TO WESTERN BUILDINGS
MARBLE
REINFORCED CONCRETE
Traversing into the interior, the doubled ceiling height accentuates the modernistic outlook of the materials cladding the walls and flooring. Polished marble finishing line the walls and floor, the use of stained and tempered glass windows and doors continues to exert a modernistic effect on the interior. Additionally, the mirror stainless steel lifts serve to reflect the elegant lighting of the interior, adding a sense of superiority to its interior look. The analysis and construction methods of the aforementioned materials will be discussed in detail.
30
5.0 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION & MATERIALS ANALYSIS YEOH HAN JOO 0330959 5.1 SUBSTRUCTURE
5.2 STRUCTURE
MAT FOUNDATION
RIGID FRAME SYSTEM
Wisma Lee Rubber was constructed using mat foundation. Kuala
With 29 storeys, Wisma Lee Rubber adapts the rigid frame system
Lumpur has soil of low load-bearing capacity, thus why this
which provides more stability to the high-rise building. It is made
foundation was used to support the heavy structural load. Mat
up of linear elements of beams and columns connected to one
foundation is made up of thick reinforced concrete slab which
another at the ends with fixed joints which prevent any form of
covers the entire area of the bottom of the structure like a floor. The
relative rotation from occurring between the ends. This system
slab is reinforced with bars at right angles to each other at the
provides flexibility in floor planning construction.
bottom and top face of the slab.
Figure 5.1: Mat foundation
Section: Highlighted Continuous columns for rigid frame system
31
5.0 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION & MATERIALS ANALYSIS YEOH HAN JOO 0330959 5.3 ROOF
5.4 REINFORCED CONCRETE
The roof of the building is a flat roof. The roof is constructed with
The superstructure of the building is constructed using reinforced
stainless steel and concrete in a decorative manner. Necessary
concrete. Reinforced concrete consists of cement, aggregate,
water proofing measures are taken during construction. The flat
water and steel reinforcement bars (rebar). The embedded
roof follows the Art Deco architectural style which is the style
reinforcement provides a higher tensile strength to the concrete
Wisma Lee Rubber before its refurbishment.
to reduce the risk of cracking and structural failure. Reinforced concrete also bears properties such as being fire and weather resistant, and is also an economical choice for building construction as it can be easily molded in a wide range of shapes. Reinforced concrete beams and columns acts as the main superstructure for the building as its main support system.
Rebar
Concrete
Roof plan 5.1: Flat roof
Photo 5.1.: Highlighted walls seen at the stairwell
Diagram 5.1: Concrete embedded with rebar (Reinforced concrete)
32
5.0 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION & MATERIALS ANALYSIS YEOH HAN JOO 0330959 5.5 GLASS 1)
CURTAIN GLASS WALL
The curtain wall system of the building as seen from the facade is non-structural and non-load bearing, while keeping the outside weather at bay and the occupants comfortable. The materials making up the fully glazed facade with vertical alignment, creating a soaring visual effect to accentuate the height of the building when gazing up from the bottom. The choice of this material proves the modernism architectural style of the building. The materials which make up this glaze are laminated glass and tinted laminated glass. The usage of laminated glass comes with sound-proofing properties due to it having a higher sound reduction index than monolithic glass of equal thickness,
Photo 5.2: Highlighted curtain glass wall
with its viscoelastic interlayer material providing the sound dampening characteristic. This quality is important as the building is located at the city center, where vehicle density is at a high level. With its tinted property, it provides privacy and security to the building. MATERIAL: A) 10.76mm thick laminated glass Composition: 5mm thick green tinted annealed float glass, 0.76mm clear PVB, 5mm thick clear annealed with low emission glass B) 9.38mm thick light green tinted laminated glass Composition: 5mm thick light green tinted annealed glass, 0.38mm clear interlayer PVB, 4mm thick clear annealed glass
North Elevation 5.1: Highlighted curtain glass wall
33
5.0 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION & MATERIALS ANALYSIS YEOH HAN JOO 0330959 5.5 GLASS
CONSTRUCTION METHOD: UNITIZED WALL SYSTEM The curtain wall system is constructed using a unitized wall system method due to a large number of glass panels needed to be installed. The unitized wall system allows for quick installation time (a third of the installation time of the stick-built system) as it does not require on-site glazing. No scaffolding was required during its installation which is done from the inside of the building. The integration of panels, windows and lighting is also easy with this system. Most importantly, this method allows for large glass elements which makes up Wisma Lee Rubber’s stunning facade.
Aluminium transom Structure glue + Double-sided tape Gasket Foam rod + Weather glue Aluminium transom
Diagram 5.2: Unitized wall system installation detailed section
34
5.0 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION & MATERIALS ANALYSIS YEOH HAN JOO 0330959 5.5 GLASS 2)
2
GLASS CANOPY
MATERIAL
1
17.52mm thick laminated glass Composition: 8mm thick clear heat strengthened glass, 1.52mm thick clear PVB layer
Photo 5.3: Highlighted glass canopy
For the glass canopy, it is made out of green tinted laminated glass,. The tinted canopy provides shade from the intense sunlight, effectively cooling the entrance area of the building. CONSTRUCTION METHOD: ALUMINIUM GLASS CANOPY SYSTEM The overhead canopy is constructed with a aluminium glass canopy system involving aluminium extrusions. This allows the rafter and glass to cantilever off the edge of the building, providing a sleek view. Cap with concealed fastener
Flush exterior surface
Rafter tube depth engineered for project loads Engineered attachment cup
Engineered silicone adhesive Aluminium glazing channel factory attached to glass
Diagram 5.3: Structurally glazed detailed section
Horizontal structural support
Diagram 5.4: Tube rafter detailed section
Photos 5.4 & 5.5: Highlighted aluminium extrusions
35
5.0 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION & MATERIALS ANALYSIS YEOH HAN JOO 0330959 5.5 GLASS VERTICAL GLASS PANELS ON GLASS CANOPY MATERIAL: 21.52mm thick transparent laminated glass Composition: 10 mm thick light green tinted annealed glass, 1.52mm thick clear PVB layer, 10mm thick clear annealed float glass CONSTRUCTION METHOD: SPIDER FITTINGS The vertical laminated glass panels were installed using spider fittings to achieve a frameless and sleek look for the facade. Spider fittings allow multiple pieces of glass panels to connect together, and is designed to resist wind pressure. For Wisma Lee
Photo 5.6: Highlighted vertical glass panels
Photo 5.7: Two-way spider fittings
Rubber, two-way spider fittings were used as can be seen in Photo 5.7. It functions to block incoming rain from reaching the porch, also serving its aesthetic purpose to the glass-clad building.
Routel Two-way spider fitting Silicone sealant with backer rod Connector Steel tube
Figure 5.2: Two-way spider fitting
Diagram 5.5: Two-way spider fitting diagram
North Elevation 5.2.: Highlighted vertical glass panel location
36
5.0 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION & MATERIALS ANALYSIS YEOH HAN JOO 0330959 Rivet/self-drill /tap screw Wall bracket bolted/riveted to carrier rail
5.5 STAINLESS STEEL
Synthetic rubber seat
Bolt/rivet Cladding
Insulation
STAINLESS STEEL CLADDING MATERIAL
Diagram 5.6: Stainless steel wall cladding installation section (Top View)
4mm thick fire rated stainless steel composite panel with hairline finish
Carrier rail
A stainless steel cladding covers the building’s external structure and columns. Apart from it serving its striking aesthetic purpose, with stainless steel being a strong material
Insulation batt Infill wall Compartment
Cladding
against weathering, It is durable and has a high tolerance of corrosion due to it possessing self-healing qualities. Its chromo oxide combined with oxygen will enable it to recover itself from scratches. The material is highly environmentally friendly due to its recyclable qualities and is easy to install as well. They give off a glossy polished finish, spanning from column to column. Each aluminium panel is orientated horizontally, separated by a synthetic rubber joint which contains cavity to allow air flow. This material perfectly aligns with the building’s modernism architectural style.
1mm thick perforated and pressed steel intumescent coated fire barrier
Diagram 5.7: Stainless steel wall cladding installation section (Side section)
Joint
2 1 Photo 5.8: Stainless steel column focus
Photo 5.9: Stainless steel corner facade (East view)
Photo 5.10 & 5.11: Column close-up
Photos 5.12: South view with stainless steel facade by carpark entrance
37
5.0 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION & MATERIALS ANALYSIS YEOH HAN JOO 0330959 5.6 GRANITE GRANITE CLADDING & FLOOR TILES At the entrance area, 1 sqft granite tiles were used extensively throughout the whole area. The whole walkable area of the porch including stairwells and ramps are cladded with granite cladding. This material is chosen for this area due to its high human traffic, thus it needs to be durable and strong to withstand constant pressure without cracking. Its grey and rough surface provides friction to avoid users from tripping. The uniformity of the grey colour of the material accentuates the modern outlook of the front entrance of the building. Marble floor tiles line the interior flooring in each floor. Its polished and clean look adds aesthetic value to the building’s interior.
Photo 5.13: Granite clad staircase
Photo 5.14: Granite focus
Photo 5.15: Granite tiles
Ground floor plan: Granite tiled area Wall finish Grouted joints
Granite cladding Granite tiles
40mm thick cement bed
Photo 5.16: Entrance close up view of granite cladding
Photo 5.17: Granite cladded ramp
Expansion joint
Diagram 5.8: Granite tile construction diagram
38
5.0 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION & MATERIALS ANALYSIS YEOH HAN JOO 0330959 5.7 MARBLE
5.8 MOSAIC TILES
MARBLE WALL CLADDING & FLOOR TILES & DECORATIVE SLAB
MOSAIC TILES
Marble floor tiles line the interior flooring in each floor. Its elegant
Mosaic tiles are used at the stairwell area, on the stairs as well as
and clean look adds aesthetic value to the building’s interior. It is
the flooring. The purpose of using mosaics are to increase the
used in the interior walkways where there is moderate traffic. The
amount of friction so people do not slip easily. Mosaic tiles
walls of the lobby are also clad with marble. Marble tiles are
require low maintenance and do not need to be cleaned
porous and require high maintenance and thus must be cleaned
frequently. This option is also of an economic purpose as mosaic
regularly
tiles are cheaper to install than marble tiles. It is used at the staircase area since the area has low human traffic, thus there is no need for aesthetic appeal.
Photo 5.18: Marble decorative slab
Photo 5.19: Marble cladded walls at lobby
Photo 5.20: Marble cladded walls at the lifts
Photo 5.22: Mosaic tiled staircase
Photo 5.21: Marble surface
Photo 5.23: Mosaic tile pattern
Photo 5.24: Top view of mosaic staircase
39
5.0 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION & MATERIALS ANALYSIS YEOH HAN JOO 0330959 5.9 WESTERN BUILDING COMPARISON INTRODUCTION The Burj Khalifa is a famous skyscraper located in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It spans to a height of 829.8m with a roof height of 828m. Currently it stands as the tallest structure in the world. The architects of the building are Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM). CHOICE OF BUILDING: REASON Burj Khalifa adapts the modernism architectural style, which is the same as Wisma Lee Rubber. They also use the same facade materials which is glass, and adapt the same curtain glass wall system, which is the unitized wall system. The long vertical lines bear huge resemblance with the facade of Wisma Lee Rubber which is an element of the modernism architectural style. CONSTRUCTION
Figure 5.3: Burj Khalifa
The structure of Burj Khalifa uses the bundled tube design of the Willis Tower, the invention of Fazlur Rahman Khan. There are a total of 27 setbacks in a spiralling pattern, which are arranged and aligned to minimize vibration and wind loading from eddy currents and vortices. The cladding system consists of 142,000 m2 of more than 26,000 reflective glass panels, along with aluminium and textured stainless steel spandrel panels with vertical tubular fins. 40
5.0 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION & MATERIALS ANALYSIS YEOH HAN JOO 0330959 5.9 WESTERN BUILDING COMPARISON COMPARISONS WITH WISMA LEE RUBBER The floor area covered by Burj Khalifa is an impressive 3,331,100 sq ft, compared to Wisma Lee Rubber which covers 17,000 sq ft. As mentioned earlier, Burj Khalifa adopts the same facade wall system with its materials as Wisma Lee Rubber. The first difference between the two buildings is its structure. Wisma Lee Rubber is constructed using the rigid frame system due to it being lower than 30 storeys tall. Burj Khalifa on the other hand uses the bundled tube structure consisting of a number of individual tubes which are interconnected, forming a multicell tube. The frames in the lateral load direction functions to resist the shears while the flange frames function to carry most of the overturning moments. This structural system is the most effective system to withstand heavy wind loads, for a building located in Dubai which receives high pressure winds. Both buildings also have different types of roofs, with Wisma Lee Rubber having a flat roof which is not the case for the roof of Burj Khalifa which is adorned with an antenna. The function of the two buildings are also different, with Wisma Lee Rubber being an office building while Burj Khalifa is a residential building. As for the interior of both of the building, they share a few materials such as glass, stainless steel, polished marble flooring and stone flooring.
41
5.0 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION & MATERIALS ANALYSIS YEOH HAN JOO 0330959 Comparison Table between Wisma Lee Rubber and Burj Khalifa Comparisons
Wisma Lee Rubber
Burj Khalifa
Building type
Office building
Luxury residence building
Location
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Architecture Style
Modernism
Modernism
Number of floors
29
163
Building type
Office building
Luxury residence building
Structure
Rigid frame
Bundled Tube
Wall
Reinforced concrete
Reinforced concrete
Facade
Glass
Glass
Cladding
Stainless steel
Aluminum, textured stainless steel spandrel panels, stainless steel vertical tubular fins
Roof
Flat roof
Pointed
Interior materials
Glass, stainless steel, polished marble flooring, stone flooring
Glass, stainless steel and polished dark stones, together with silver travertine flooring, Venetian stucco walls, handmade rugs and stone flooring
42
6.0
INTRODUCTION
ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS/COMPONENTS ANALYSIS
Wisma Lee Rubber Building was a heritage building once before the refurbishment due to urbanisation of Kuala Lumpur city. Now, it still exists as an iconic office building under the VERITAS company. It consists of various architectural elements that we can analysed from the aspects of aesthetic and functionality within the building itself. It conveys the characteristics of modernism style- International style through its physical appearance and from the spaces and forms of the building. In overall, it has a geometrical diamond form, a flat roof and
YONG ZHI KANG 0327791
| YONG SOOK YIM 0327258
6.1 Diamond Form 6.2 Roofs 6.3 Stainless Steel Column 6.4 Staircases 6.5 Distinctive Light Box 6.6 Shading 6.7 Doors 6.8 Wall Decorations 6.9 Windows & Curtain Wall
also a canopy glass roof. The staircase and ramp used on site are mainly from stainless steel and glass materials.
It incorporates the
modern style material, uses stainless steel columns as the main building structure. Furthermore, at the top penthouse floors, the distinctive light box acts as a prominent element to showcase the modernity of the building. The shading for the building also part of the component we analysed on site. Within the building, there are various types of doors and windows based on the functionality of the spaces. Wall decorations are also placed in the interior of the building as a decorative feature.
43
6.0 ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS/ COMPONENTS ANALYSIS YONG ZHI KANG 0327791 6.1 DIAMOND FORM As we can see, from the roof plan and overview of Wisma Lee Rubber Building, it transforms the Inspiration and imagination from the latex(rubber) extraction into the building design. The latex vessels are being cut through into slices in lines during the latex extraction process. Latex is being collected into a bowl. In Wisma Lee Rubber Building, the stainless steel cladding structure at the four corners are being the focal point of the building. Also, Wisma Lee Rubber building translate the prominent characteristics of international style which is rectilinear form.
Figure 6.1.1: The collection of latex from layers of latex vessels.
Roof plan of Wisma Lee Rubber Building. Rectilinear Form- Diamond.
Photo 6.1.2
Photo 6.1.3 Overview of the Wisma Lee Rubber Building which looks like a diamond form, transform from the idea of latex extraction process.
44
6.0 ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS/ COMPONENTS ANALYSIS YONG ZHI KANG 0327791 6.2 ROOF FLAT ROOF Modern style designers adorned flat roofs with parapets, spires, or tower-like constructs to accentuate a corner or entrance. Like most urban modernism buildings, the Wisma Lee Rubber Building has a flat roof with no cornice or overhang. The roofs built much like a floor, and then waterproofed with a layer of rubber before being covered with an attractive, weather-resistant layer of tiles. The roof level is not accessible to the public, including us, not being permitted to access. The roof level is being used to place domestic water tanks, sprinkler tanks, wet riser tank and also serves as one of the mechanical floor of the building. The Gondola system which is used for cleaning the exterior windows can be found on the roof level too.
North elevation of Wisma Lee Rubber Building Figure 6.2.1 Gondola system
45
6.0 ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS/ COMPONENTS ANALYSIS YONG ZHI KANG 0327791 6.2 ROOF
CANOPY GLASS ROOF At street level, the former car porch is extended with a glass roof canopy to create a semi-outdoor verandah with a sidewalk cafĂŠ to engage the vibrant street life of its neighbourhood. The glass roof canopy increases daylight penetration, visibility of surrounding landscapes and the sky during both day and night. Increased daylight penetration not only improves the design and appearance of the building itself, moreover it helps in
Photo 6.2.2 Canopy Glass roof
improving the comfort level of people who uses the building, the visitors, employees and customers. The glass roof also enhances ventilation and helps in reducing electricity costs for lighting.
Roof plan: Roof plan of Wisma Lee Rubber Building showing canopy glass roof
46
6.0 ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS/ COMPONENTS ANALYSIS YONG ZHI KANG 0327791 6.3 STAIRCASE MAIN STAIRCASE AND RAMP There are different types of staircases in the Wisma Lee Rubber building and each one of them gives out different feeling. It is an important element in the building because it allows people to get from one level to another. Mainly the public areas in Wisma Lee Rubber building are using stepped forms as the form of the space, especially the staircases and ramp.
Photo 6.3.1: Entrance staircase
Photo 6.3.2: Porch staircase
Photo 6.3.3: Ramp
The entrance consists of staircases and ramp. The staircase right in front of the main entrance is rather large which creates a welcoming feeling for the visitors. The ramp which is located right beside the main staircase allows access for physical disabilities people and also weight loading purpose. Rough Granite floor tile is used as the floorings because it can enhance the gripping between the shoes and the stairs. It helps to prevent any accidents, besides that, it also enhances the aesthetics of the stairs. Mostly, the staircases were being designed follow the simplicity and symmetry balance concept to showcase the minimalism ambience to the users. Consistency in using the rough granite floor tile and the thin stainless steel handrail create a clean and uniform look to have a greater volume in terms of architecture spaces and form. 47
6.0 ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS/ COMPONENTS ANALYSIS YONG ZHI KANG 0327791 6.3 STAIRCASE SIDE STAIRCASE AND RAMP To relate back the architecture style used in Wisma Lee Rubber Building- modernism style, the staircase and ramp at the main entrance is in rectilinear form and solely based on functional arrangement without much fuss. The staircase design using inlaid wood staircase will somehow smoothen the sturdiness of the whole structure which is using both glass and stainless steel .
Photo 6.3.4: Wooden staircase
Photo 6.3.5: Mosaic tile staircase
Other stairs in the Wisma Lee Rubber building are narrower compared to the stairs at the main entrance. This indirectly acknowledges visitors that these stairs are for private use only. For example, the narrow stairs located at the side entrance is meant only for the staffs who work in the office building. Photo 6.3.6: Top view
Photo 6.3.7: Sidewalk beside the building
48
6.0 ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS/ COMPONENTS ANALYSIS YONG ZHI KANG 0327791 6.4 STAINLESS STEEL COLUMN Stainless steel is one of the crucial element that shows the glorification of modern industrial material which used in modernism style itself. The columns in Wisma Lee Rubber look smooth and glossy. Stainless steel columns have resistance to corrosion and they are visually appealing. It is also easier to maintain as it can be easily cleaned. The smooth metallic surface is not only modern and luxurious, it also creates a minimalistic clean look. All the sharp and clean cut edges relatively showcase the prominent feature of modernism style.
Photo 6.4.1 Stainless steel structure for the entire building.
Photo 6.4.2 Stainless steel column for the welcoming area
Photo 6.4.3: Stainless steel column close up
Diagram 6.4.1 Highlighted stainless steel as building structure
49
6.0 ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS/ COMPONENTS ANALYSIS YONG ZHI KANG 0327791 6.5 DISTINCTIVE LIGHT BOX The architecture element of the light box distinguished the identity of Wisma Lee Rubber Building from the nearby buildings within the site context. The top penthouse floors which cantilever out are unified to read as a transparent, delicate glass box crowning the building. When it Illuminated at night, it transforms into a lit lantern perched atop the structure. It illuminates the vibrant and colourful nightlife of Kuala Lumpur
Photo 6.4.4 Wisma Lee Building at daytime.
Figure 6.4.5 WIsma Lee Building at night time.
50
6.0 ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS/ COMPONENTS ANALYSIS YONG SOOK YIM 0327258 6.6 SHADING The shading system of the building mainly emphasizes on the vertical side fins made from stainless steel creates an internal comfort where the penetration of daylight is shaded. The voids which act as lift shaft provide shade to the users travelling floor to floor. This prevents the heat from transferring directly into the building. The entrance glass roof consists of a vertical glass panel installed for shading purposes. The high ceiling of the spacious entrance is protected by the
Diagram 6.61 Vertical shading
glass panel from the strong sunlight penetration and
devices protect from sun at
rain too. Also, the high entrance ceiling cools the
sides of the elevation. Whole
space easily and prevents stuffiness.
Building Design Guide (2016)
Photo 6.61 Vertical stainless steel sunshading side fins
Diagram 6.62 Vertical glass panel indication on the front elevation Photo 6.62 Vertical glass panel
Photo 6.63 High entrance ceiling
51
6.0 ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS/ COMPONENTS ANALYSIS YONG SOOK YIM 0327258 6.7 DOORS Wisma Lee Rubber uses a variety of door ranging from its visibility; opaque, translucent to transparent. Every type of door built in the building is based on the functionality of the space. The highest visibility of door is situated at the public area of the building while its visibility decreases when it is situated at a more private space. SLIDING DOOR
FIRE DOOR
The main entrance of Wisma Lee Rubber building uses sliding
The fire doors are found in every floor found at the exits
door which function automatically where it is typically used in
leading to the staircases of building. This fire- resistance
large retail businesses. The door representing a large glass
rating door reduces the spread of fire and smoke between
window opening provides access from the outdoors to the
each separate space to allow safety evacuation of people
insides of the building. The transparency of the sliding door
during emergency cases.
allows the penetration of natural light into the reception area.
Photo 6.71 Sliding door
Photo 6.72 Fire door
52
6.0 ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS/ COMPONENTS ANALYSIS YONG SOOK YIM 0327258 6.7 DOORS -
FLUSH DOOR
The most common type of door found in the building is swing door. Different types of flush door are used for specific uses in a certain space. The flush doors used for most of the office rooms are made of timber coated with lacquer. The toilet doors used a different type of timber to show cast its specific function. Some other flush doors found consist of transparent glass on the side of the timber door where it allows vision into the space. All these doors give off a natural feel like appearance to the surrounding due to its materiality.
Photo 6.73, 6.74, 6.75 Types of flush doors
53
6.0 ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS/ COMPONENTS ANALYSIS YONG SOOK YIM 0327258 6.7 DOORS TRANSLUCENT GLASS DOOR The semi- transparent glass doors are found nearer to the naturally lit spaces. It provides a sense of privacy while keeping an open feel by allowing natural light into the space. This also allows others to acknowledge the space being occupied and hence prevent disturbance to the users.
Photo 6.76, 6.77 Translucent Glass Door
54
6.0 ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS/ COMPONENTS ANALYSIS YONG SOOK YIM 0327258 6.8 WALL DECORATION Timber decorations are placed above the lift on the polished marble tiled wall. The wall decorations are aligned parallel to each and every lift door giving it a sense of harmony. Wall art emphasizes on the floral designs where it is associated with nature. The patterns give out a feeling of unity despite its asymmetrical layout of the floral design. The timber wall art brings out the marbled tiled wall by giving a huge contrast in terms of materiality. FIgure 6.91 Wall decorations placed above the lift parallely;
Figure 6.92 Close up of the timber floral designs
55
6.0 ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS/ COMPONENTS ANALYSIS YONG SOOK YIM 0327258 6.9 WINDOWS & CURTAIN WALL Windows of Wisma Lee Rubber building can be seen through the International style which focuses on modernism in architecture. The windows that are arranged in a vertical manner separated by a stainless steel fins create a sleek design which symbolized elegance and sophistication; also providing sun shading to the interior of the building. The wall opening covered with glass creates a contrast of horizontal opaque band (spandrel glass) and transparent band (vision glass). (Clockwise) Photo 6.81 Window from the lift area: Photo 6.82 WIndow from the staircase; Photo 6.83 Close-up window handle
The unitized curtain wall system and unitized punch window system allows ample daylight into the building brightening the interior spaces. The non- structural curtain wall is made of a lightweight material which is glass surrounded by an aluminum frame. This system shows off a modernism style on the building giving it an urbanization feel.
Photo 6.84 Curtain wall system
Diagram 6.81 Unitized system.
56
7.0 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, Wisma Lee Rubber is the first high rise office tower that was refurbished in the year of 2008, which is an example of modernism architectural style in Malaysia. The new architectural design by Veritas Architects Sdn Bhd continue the “modern simplicity” of the original Lee Building. The form, space and spatial arrangement of Wisma Lee Rubber clearly shows that it has the elements and features of modernism. The building is not only visual appearing but it is also functionable as the concept “form follows function”. The usage of glass and stainless steel curtain wall creates a soaring visual effect to accentuate the height of the building and very distinctive clean facade. After completing this report, we had truly understand about the history of the building which related to its architecture style and building components, from the old Lee building to the new Wisma Lee Building. .We had conduct a site visit in order to experience the building and the environment surrounding ourselves. Throughout this project, we had learned some architectural layout, style, and how to conduct analysis through online and also by our own eyes. 57
REFERENCES 1.0 Introduction ●
Group, T. (2017). Retrieved 12 November 2017, from http://theveritasdesigngroup.com/portfolio/architecture/office-buildings/wisma-lee-rubber.html
●
Arthur Oakley Coltman. (2017). Ipfs.io. Retrieved 12 November 2017, from https://ipfs.io/ipfs/QmXoypizjW3WknFiJnKLwHCnL72vedxjQkDDP1mXWo6uco/wiki/Arthur_Oakley_Coltman.h tml
●
●
Wisma Lee Rubber. Veritas Design Group. Retrieved 14 November 2017, from http://theveritasdesigngroup.com/portfolio/architecture/office-buildings/wisma-lee-rubber.html
●
Architectural design values. En.wikipedia.org. Retrieved 14 November 2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_design_values
●
Spry, E. (2013). Simplicity vs. Simpleness in Architecture — and Why You Should Care. Houzz. Retrieved 14 November 2017, from https://www.houzz.com/ideabooks/9223498/list/simplicity-vs-simpleness-in-architecture-and-why-y ou-should-care
●
JK, B. (2016). Architecture… where Form Follows Function | Architecture Student Chronicles. Architecture Student Chronicles. Retrieved 14 November 2017, from http://www.architecture-student.com/architecture/architecture-form-follows-function/
Wisma Lee Rubber. Retrieved from https://www.emporis.com/buildings/106013/wisma-lee-rubber-kuala-lumpur-malaysia
2.0 Site Context Analysis ●
●
Johnni, W. (2005). RM24 mil facelift for Wisma Lee Rubber. Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2005/06/03/rm24mil-facelift-for-wisma-lee-rubber/ Wikipedia. (2017). Lee Rubber Building. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Rubber_Building
5.0 Building Construction, Structure & Materials Analysis ●
Figure 5.1 : Source : ARCH29969 - MODULE 10. (2017). Trantor.sheridanc.on.ca. Retrieved 15 November 2017, from http://trantor.sheridanc.on.ca/webct/arct4001/HTML/ARCH29969_mod10_Structures_2013.html
●
Diagram 5.2 : Source : Uncategorized – Yocelyne Portillo_Building Tech III_Project Research. (2017). Openlab.citytech.cuny.edu. Retrieved 15 November 2017, from https://openlab.citytech.cuny.edu/yocelyneportillo-btechiii-projectresearch/category/uncategorized/
●
Diagram 5.3 and 5.4 : Source Tubular Canopy System | DeaMor. (2017). Deamor.com. Retrieved 15 November 2017, from http://www.deamor.com/solutions/products/glass-canopies/tubular/:
●
Figure 4.1.2 : Source : Kroll.A (2010) Retrieved 15 November 2017, from https://www.archdaily.com/84524/ad-classics-villa-savoye-le-corbusier
Diagram 5.5 : Source : Curtain Wall Spider Fitting. (2016). BE1341 Boulmer Lifeboat Station. Retrieved 15 November 2017, from https://be1341korgul13028872.wordpress.com/curtain-wall-spider-fitting/
●
Figure 4.2.1 : Source : Tye.T (2006) Retrieved 15 November 2017, from http://www.timothytye.com/asia/malaysia/kuala-lumpur/dayabumi-complex.htm
Diagrams 5.6 & 5.7 : Source : Chudley. R. (n.d.). Rainscreen cladding. in Advanced Construction Technology (4th ed., p.406), Pearson
●
Figure 4.2.2 : Source : Douglass-Jaimes, D. (2015) Retrieved 15 November 2017, from https://www.archdaily.com/774098/ad-classics-menara-mesiniaga-t-r-hamzah-and-yeang-sdn-bhd
Diagram 5.8 : Source : R.C. (n.d.). Finishes, floor, wall and ceiling. In Construction Technology (2nd ed., Vol. 1, p.180). Longman
●
Figure 4.2.3 : Source : Soufyan, A. (2017). Retrieved 15 November 2017, from https://passtheknowledge.wordpress.com/2014/08/09/tuanku-mizan-zainal-abidin-mosque-image/
Figure 5.3 : Source : Facts & Figures | Burj Khalifa. (2017). Burjkhalifa.ae. Retrieved 15 November 2017, from http://www.burjkhalifa.ae/en/the-tower/factsandfigures.aspx
●
Figure 4.2.4 : Source : 30 Incredible Putra Mosque Pictures And Images. (2016). Retrieved 15 November 2017, from https://www.askideas.com/30-incredible-putra-mosque-pictures-and-images/
Raft or Mat Foundations | The Construction Civil. The Construction Civil. Retrieved 15 November 2017, from https://www.theconstructioncivil.org/raft-or-mat-foundations/
●
Figure 4.4.6 : Source : Group, T. (2017). Retrieved 15 November 2017, from http://theveritasdesigngroup.com/portfolio/architecture/office-buildings/wisma-lee-rubber.html
Raft or Mat Foundations | The Construction Civil. The Construction Civil. Retrieved 15 November 2017, from https://www.theconstructioncivil.org/raft-or-mat-foundations/
●
Aljoat, M. (2016). Rigid frame systems. Slideshare.net. Retrieved 15 November 2017, from https://www.slideshare.net/MuftahAljoat/rigid-frame-systems
●
Din, R. (2016). Advantages of Reinforced Concrete. LinkedIn. Retrieved 15 November 2017, from https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/advantages-disadvantages-reinforced-concrete-reza-din/
●
WFM, T. (2016). Spider Glazing System - Specification & Installation. WFM. Retrieved 15 November 2017, from https://www.wfm.co.in/what-is-spider-glazing/
●
Two-way 180 degree Fin Spider Fitting - KerolHardware.co.uk. (2017). Kerolhardware.co.uk. Retrieved 15 November 2017, from https://www.kerolhardware.co.uk/spider-fittings/180-degree-two-arm-fin-spiders-fittings.html
●
Coetzee, M. (2016). Advantages of Reynaers Unitized Curtain Wall Systems. LinkedIn. Retrieved 15 November 2017, from https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/advantages-reynaers-unitized-curtain-wall-systems-coetzee/
3.0 Architectural Layout of Building ●
Types of circulation,Retrieved from http://portico.space/journal//architectural-concepts-circulation
●
Wisma Lee Rubber Refurbishment. Retrieved from http://theveritasdesigngroup.com/portfolio/architecture/office-buildings/wisma-lee-rubber.html
●
Francis DK Ching-Form, Space and Order 4th Edition
4.0 Architectural Style Analysis ●
●
●
●
●
●
● ●
Waters, S. Modernism: an architectural style guide. Architecture.com. Retrieved 13 November 2017, from https://www.architecture.com/knowledge-and-resources/knowledge-landing-page/modernism Clowers, T. (2012). Modern Architecture. Slideshare.net. Retrieved 13 November 2017, from https://www.slideshare.net/tclowers/modern-architecture-11352152
●
International Style | architecture. (2016). Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 13 November 2017, from https://www.britannica.com/art/International-Style-architecture
●
Malaysia Design Archive | An Influence of Colonial Architecture to Building Styles and Motifs in Colonial Cities in Malaysia. Malaysiadesignarchive.org. Retrieved 13 November 2017, from http://www.malaysiadesignarchive.org/an-influence-of-colonial-architecture-to-building-styles-and-motifs-in-c olonial-cities-in-malaysia/
REFERENCES ●
The 4 Kinds of Flat Roofs. (2017). Thisoldhouse.com. Retrieved 12 November 2017, from https://www.thisoldhouse.com/ideas/4-kinds-flat-roofs
●
NZEB. (2017). Shading - NZEB. [online] Retrieved 13 November 2017 from http://www.nzeb.in/knowledge-centre/passive-design/shading/
Product Catalog: Unitized, Preglazed, & Fabricated Aluminum Curtain Wall System, 2500 PG Wall™ | Arconic. Arconic.com. Retrieved 15 November 2017, from https://www.arconic.com/global/en/products/product.asp?prod_id=1811
●
Wbdg.org. (2017). Sun Control and Shading Devices | WBDG Whole Building Design Guide. [online] Retrieved 12 November 2017 from https://www.wbdg.org/resources/sun-control-and-shading-devices
●
Should I Use a Unitized Curtain Wall or Stick-Built System? | W&W Glass, LLC. W&W Glass, LLC. Retrieved 15 November 2017, from http://www.wwglass.com/blog/post/unitized-curtain-wall-or-stick-built-system/
●
●
Stainless Steel Cladding | Architectural Facade Solutions. AFS International. Retrieved 15 November 2017, from https://architectural-facade-solutions.com/stainless-steel-cladding/
Wong, J. (2005). RM24mil facelift for Wisma Lee Rubber - Business News | The Star Online. [online] Thestar.com.my. Retrieved 12 November 2017 from https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2005/06/03/rm24mil-facelift-for-wisma-lee-ru bber/
●
Flooring, A. (2017). Advantages and Disadvantages of Mosaic Flooring | InteriorMantra. Interiormantra.com. Retrieved 15 November 2017, from http://www.interiormantra.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-mosaic-flooring
●
Farooq, U. (2013). Bundled Tube Structural System. Slideshare.net. Retrieved 15 November 2017, from https://www.slideshare.net/faumijk/bundled-tube-structural-system
●
●
Unitized Curtain Wall - Buy Curtain Wall,Curtain Wall Price,Chinese Curtain Wall Price Product on Alibaba.com. www.alibaba.com. Retrieved 15 November 2017, from https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Unitized-Curtain-Wall_549534924.html
6.0 Architectural Elements/ Component Analysis ●
Accessibility Design Manual : 2-Architecture : 1-Ramps. (2017). Un.org. Retrieved 12 November 2017, from http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/designm/AD2-01.htm
●
Arconic.com. (2017). Product Catalog: Unitized, Preglazed, & Fabricated Aluminum Curtain Wall System, 2500 PG Wall™ | Arconic. [online] Retrieved 13 November 2017 from https://www.arconic.com/global/en/products/product.asp?prod_id=1811
●
Elements Of Architecture | Tag | ArchDaily. (2017). Archdaily.com. Retrieved 12 November 2017, from https://www.archdaily.com/tag/elements-of-architecture
●
“Elements of Architecture” by ROB KRIER | Architect & Sculptor. (2017). Rob Krier. Retrieved 12 November 2017, from http://robkrier.de/elements-of-architecture.php#page-001
●
Echiverri-Quintano. (2017). 03 architectural principles & elements. Slideshare.net. Retrieved 12 November 2017, from https://www.slideshare.net/janicemaireneechiverri/03-architectural-principles-elements
●
En.wikipedia.org. (2017). Fire door. [online] Retrieved 12 November 2017 from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_door
●
Group, T. (2017). Retrieved 14 November 2017, from http://theveritasdesigngroup.com/portfolio/architecture/office-buildings/wisma-lee-rubber.html
●
Glassed.vitroglazings.com. (2017). Spandrel Glass| Vitro Glass Education Center. [online] Retrieved 12 November 2017 from http://glassed.vitroglazings.com/glasstopics/spandrel_glass.aspx
●
How skyscraper is made - material, history, used, components, composition, structure, steps, History, Raw Materials. (2017). Madehow.com. Retrieved 12 November 2017, from http://www.madehow.com/Volume-6/Skyscraper.html
●
Standing Tall. (2017). Popular Science. Retrieved 12 November 2017, from https://www.popsci.com/scitech/article/2001-12/standing-tall