Everyday Therapeutic Forest Walk and Bath by Yifan GUO

Everyday Therapeutic Forest Walk and Bath E S TA B LI S H DA I L Y RECREATION ROUTES THROUGH HOT SPRING LA NDS CA P E DE S I G N TO SUPPORT TRARALGON COMMUN ITY

THES IS DES IGN Y IFAN GUO 1011857 2021.03-06

ME NTA L WE L L B E I NG.

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Contents

THESIS STATEMENT

6 8 14

SITE BACKGROUND Mental Health in Victoria Mental Health in Latrobe City

20 22 32

SITE ANALYSIS Site Opportunities Site Problems: Space need to Imoprove

34 STATEGY AND APPROACH 36 Theory Structure 42 Forest Bath 50 Precedent 54 Experience 58 Stategy and approach 70

MASTERPLAN AND DETAIL DESIGN

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Thesis Statement The proportion of people with anxiety in Latrobe City is much higher than the Victorian average due to the long term stressful lives caused by work pressure, increased crime rate, and significant disasters. As the most inland location on the Great Victorian Bathing Trail, Hubert Osborne Park, situated in a regional city centre, is only composed of lawn and scattered trees and does not have high mental health value. The thesis focuses on the influence of design based on natural therapy to mitigate anxiety. The thesis design advocates and provides daily routine activities comprised of the forest walk, meditation and hot spring bathing experiences. The forest bath experience addresses anxiety by connecting people deeply with nature through their senses of sight, hearing, taste, smell and touch. Hot springs landscape acts as an intermediary to solve local communities' and future visitors' anxiety. It imbues the park with essential relationships with mental health and wellbeing to invigorate the community and foster prosperity.

Everyday Therapeutic Forest Walk and Bath E S TA B L I S H DA ILY RECREATION ROUTES THROUGH HOT S P RI NG L A NDS CAPE DESIGN TO SUPPORT TRARALGON CO MMUNI TY M ENTAL WELLBEING.

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SITE BACKGROUND

Picture resources from: https://namimchenrycounty.org/living-with-a-mental-health-condition/

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1.1 - Mental Health in Victoria

[Figure 1.1] Source: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare

Mental health is a crucial question that the Australian government focus on, especially the recently popular covid-19 period. According to the Australian Institute of health and welfare estimates, mental disorders injuries make up 26.2 years lost per 1000 population, the second-highest disease group burden(Figure 1.1). However, Victoria has a higher estimated disease burden from mental illness than most other states and territories. For instance, in 2015, the percentage of load in victoria was over 2% than the national average(Figure 1.2).

Mental illness in Victoria

[Figure 1.2] Source: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare

Every year, almost one in five Victorians, more than 1 million people, experiences mental illness. The most prevalent phenomena of diagnosed mental illnesses are anxiety disorders and affective disorders such as depression. The Victorian Population Health Survey measures the proportion of adult Victorians who have ever been diagnosed with an anxiety disorder or depression—this increased from 14.7 per cent in 2003 to 27.4 per cent in 2017 (Figure 1.3)(1). An analysis of registered mental health consumers treated in the Victorian mental health system indicates the major mental illnesses of consumers are schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, mood disorders, stress and anxiety disorders(Figure 1.4). From 2008-09 to 2017-18, the reported proportion of anxiety-related conditions and personality disorders have steadily increased by 2.3 per cent and 3 per cent, respectively.

[Figure 1.3] Proportion of adult population (>18 years) who were ever diagnosed with anxiety or depression in Victoria, between 2003 and 2017 Source: Victoria Population Health Servey 2016 and 2017

However, poor mental health is often not an isolated health concern for those experiencing it. The experience of mental illness— and associated disadvantages and treatment side effects—can undermine people’s physical health. In contrast, understanding physical health problems or disabilities can contribute to or exacerbate mental illness. More than half of the people living with cognitive and behavioural conditions have a coexisting chronic disease across Australia(2). Poor mental health also frequently occurs in conjunction with the misuse of alcohol and other drugs. The relationship is complex between alcohol and other drug misuses that can cause mental illness. Studies indicate that more than one-third of people with an alcohol or other drug use problem live with mental illness(3).

The many factors that shape mental health The causes of poor mental health are multifaceted, and the development of mental illness is influenced by personal attributes and people’s social, cultural, economic and physical environments.56 In turn, social factors such as family and social connections can affect how well people recover from mental illness. The role of social determinants in increasing or decreasing the prospect of psychological distress and mental illness is well established. Social determinants contributing to mental health include social and cultural characteristics, environmental events, neighbourhood, economic, and demographic factors(5). Biogenetic factors, including biological, neurobiological, genetic and epigenetic factors, contribute to mental health. The relationship between mental health, biology and neurobiology is complex. The 2016 Royal Commission on Family Violence said that living with the chronic stress experienced in family violence situations can lead to biological and neurobiological changes. These, in turn, can contribute to poor mental and physical health(6).

[Figure 1.4] Principal diagnosis trends of people treated by the public specialist mental health system Resources from Interim Report (2020) Royal Commission into Victoria's Mental Health System

Sex and Gender can also be crucial social determinant of mental health. Social, economic and environmental factors can be experienced differently across genders(4). Gendered stereotypes and expectations, alongside broader structural gender inequalities, can play a central role in influencing mental health outcomes. Reported rates of poor mental health vary across genders. The 2017–18 National Health Survey estimated that mental illness and behavioural problems were more prevalent in Victorian women, at 23.7 per cent, than Victorian men, at 16.7 per cent(2). Trauma There is a growing understanding of the close relationship between trauma, poor mental health and mental illness, and increasing recognition of the need for trauma-informed mental health treatment, care and support. Stage of life Poor mental health has varying impacts across age groups, driven by different factors that people can experience throughout their lives. As shown in Figure 1.5, the burden of mental illness increases in people’s early years, peaking for those aged between 25 and 29 years and persisting through adulthood(7). Mental illness accounts for a more significant burden in younger cohorts, while chronic illness (including cancer, cardiovascular and

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musculoskeletal diseases) is a more substantial burden for older cohorts.

[Figure 1.5] Australian burden of disease by disease group and age,2015 Resources: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare

[Figure 1.6] The proportion of children at school entry with emotional or behavioural difficulties, Victotria, 2010 to 2018 Resources: Department of Education and Training

[Figure 1.7] Proportion of young who showed high levels of psychological distress (depressive symptoms), Victotria, 2014 to 2018 Resources: Department of Education and Training

Children and young people Mental illness can interrupt formative, developmental experiences and, if left unresolved, can create long-term, even lifelong, consequences(8). About half of all lifetime cases of anxiety, mood, impulse-control and substance use disorders manifest by the age of 14, and 75 per cent emerge by the age of 24(9). Almost a quarter of Victorian children are rated as developmentally vulnerable at school entry, or risk, in the domains of social competence (22.8 per cent) and emotional maturity (22.5 per cent). The number of those entering school with emotional or behavioural difficulties has steadily increased since 2011 (Figure 1.6). Further, One in five Victorian school students shows high levels of psychological distress (Figure 1.7)(10).

are not due to sexuality or gender identity but to discrimination and exclusion as key determinants of mental health. This is sometimes referred to as ‘minority stress’. For example, LGBTIQ+ people appear to be over-represented in family violence and violence in the community. They are subjected to levels of stereotyping and vilification not endured by other sections of the population. The 2017 Victorian Population Health Survey found that the proportion of the adult LGBTIQ+ population ever diagnosed with anxiety or depression is 44.8 per cent compared with 27.4 per cent of the total Victorian population. The rates of suicide and self-harm in rural and regional communities are much higher than in metropolitan areas(14). People living in rural and provincial regions experience a range of factors that may have protective or negative impacts on their mental health, such as higher levels of community wellbeing and life satisfaction but more inadequate access to services.

Mental health in specific social groups Victoria is experiencing social and demographic change. Between 2011 and 2016, Aboriginal people in Victoria increased by almost 10,000, growing from 37,992 to 47,788.148. About 4,000 refugees settle in Victoria each year, and an estimated 10,000 asylum seekers live in the state, waiting to determine their refugee status(11). Because of the lack of comprehensive, publicly available data, it is difficult to estimate the total LGBTIQ+ population in Australia. However, it is estimated that approximately 11 per cent of Australians could be of diverse sexual orientation, sex or gender identity(12). The impact of colonisation, racism, discrimination, marginalisation and the compounding effect of intergenerational trauma has had a profound and enduring impact on mental health outcomes for Aboriginal people. These factors contribute to Aboriginal people experiencing higher rates of mental illness than non-Aboriginal Victorians(13). People from culturally diverse backgrounds often have to deal with multiple intersecting factors that can negatively affect their mental health and access to services. For example, racism remains a part of the everyday experience of far too many Victorians. It has a particularly profound impact on some newer migrant groups such as Muslim and African-Australians. Importantly, elevated levels of mental illness and suicidality

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The latest survey of prisoner health of those in Australian prisons indicates that 61 per cent of people entering Victorian prisons had a diagnosed mental illness, and 35 per cent of Victorian prisoners were referred to a prison mental health service(15). The Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health, known as ‘Forensicare’, suggests the rates of mental illness are three times higher than among the general population, with prisoners 10–15 times more likely to have a psychotic disorder(16). Although poor mental health can impact certain social groups differently, the Commission recognises that people have layers to their identity. Everyone is more than just their cultural background or their Gender. The Victorian Government’s 2019 Inclusion and Equity Statement, developed in response to the Royal Commission on Family Violence, defines intersectionality as A theoretical approach. It understands the interconnected nature of social categorisations— such as Gender, sexual orientation, ethnicity, language, religion, class, socioeconomic status, gender identity, ability or age—which create overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage an individual or group(17).

Perspectives on mental health Mental illness has an impact on every Victorian in some way, directly or indirectly. Every year almost one in five Victorians—more

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than 1.1 million people—experiences mental illness(18). It is possible that, for everyone, someone close to them—a family member, loved one, friend, work colleague, social acquaintance—or they will experience a period of poor mental health at some time in their life. l experience a period of poor mental health at some time in their life. Despite increased awareness of mental illness, sometimes public discourse heightens perceptions of people living with mental illness as being dangerous. Some of it stems from fear or ignorance of mental illness and how many people it affects. At a societal level, this can manifest in the promulgation of stigmatising and discriminatory attitudes; this contributes to risk-averse policies at the policy level. People do not have a personal connection to mental illness, either through living with mental illness themselves or through the experience of someone they know. Public portrayals may more influence their understanding(19). Stigmatising and discriminatory attitudes manifest in structural stigma (such as discriminatory policies), public stigmas (attitudes towards people living with mental illness) and self-stigma (internalising stigmatising perspectives where a person can come to agree with stigmatising views and apply them to themselves) (19). This can result in people living with mental illness being discriminated against when accessing housing, employment and education opportunities. Families and carers play a significant role in providing care and support to people living with mental illness. However, balancing caring responsibilities can be challenging and profoundly impact families and carers’ mental health, social life, and incomes. Approximately 58,000 Victorians care for an adult with mental illneApproximately 58,000 Victorians care for an adult with mental illness, and about 5,600 of them are under 25 years of age(20). Families and carers undertake a breadth of responsibilities—they are advocates, primary carers, financial managers, counsellors, caseworkers, cleaners and friends. The social and emotional toll of caring can be heavy. One study of Australians found that carers experience the lowest collective wellbeing of the groups identified(21). Another found that more than half of family carers whose children were sharing the first-episode psychosis suffered a level of anxiety or depression that could meet the criteria for a ‘psychiatric illness(19). Other studies have found that one-quarter of carers have high or very high levels of psychological distress

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(22). Carers can participate less in activities outside of the home and become more isolated from their social networks. Caring for a loved one can also affect carers’ employment and work. The weekly median income of carers is reported to be 42 per cent lower than that of non-carers, and more than one-third of carers are concerned about job loss because of their caring role(19). The employment and educational opportunities of young carers can be adversely affected by their caring role. The Commission has been told about a lack of support for the needs of families and carers, including limited education and information to enable people better to support the people they care for; barriers to accessing supports because of fear of separation or little knowledge; and limited financial support.

Reference [1] interim report Royal Commission into Victoria’s Mental Health System [2] Australian Bureau of Statistics, National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing: Summary of Results 2007. [3] Turning Point, Submission to the RCVMHS: SUB.0002.0028.0533 [4] World Health Organization, Social Determinants of Mental Health, 2014 [5] Crick Lund and others, ‘Social determinants of mental disorders and the Sustainable Development Goals: a systematic review of reviews’, The Lancet Psychiatry, 5 (2018), 357–69 (p. 357). [6] Royal Commission into Family Violence, Royal Commission into Family Violence, March 2016. [7] Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, ‘Australian Burden of Disease Study: Impact and Causes of Illness and Death in Australia 2015. [8] National Mental Health Commission, Monitoring Mental Health and Suicide Prevention Reform: National Report 2018. [9] Witness Statement of Professor Patrick McGorry AO, 2 July 2019. [10] Department of Education and Training, ‘Victorian Student Health and Wellbeing Survey 2018’, 2019. [11] Department of Health, ‘Refugee and Asylum Seeker Health and Wellbeing’. [12] Australian Human Rights Commission, Face the Facts: LGBTI People, 2014. [13] Victorian Aboriginal Legal Service, Submission to the RCVMHS: SUB.0002.0030.0226, July 2019. [14] Department of Health and Human Services [15] Anthony Hogan and others, The Social Wellbeing of Rural Australians: An Analysis of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Longitudinal Dataset . [16] Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, The Health of Australia’s Prisoners, 2018, Supplementary Tables — States and Territories. [17] Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health, Submission to the RCVMHS: SUB.0002.0030.0126, 2019. [18] Family Safety Victoria, Everybody Matters: Inclusion and Equity Statement, December 2018. [19] Commission analysis of National Mental Health Service Planning Framework and Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Victoria in Future 2019, June 2019. [20] Witness Statement of Associate Professor Nicola Reavley, 3 July 2019. [21] Carers Victoria, Submission to the RCVMHS: SUB.0002.0028.0712, July 2019. [22] Professor Robert A Cummins, Australian Unity Wellbeing Index 17.1: Special Report – The Wellbeing of Australians – Carer Health and Wellbeing (Deakin University, October 2007).

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1.2 - Mental Health in Latrobe City

[Figure 1.8] The Proportion of Doctor diagnosed anxiety and depression in Latrobe and Victoria Source: 2018 Victorian Population Health Survey

[Figure 1.9] The Proportion of Self-reported health status: Fair in Latrobe and Victoria Source: 2018 Victorian Population Health Survey

[Figure 1.10] The Proportion of Low Satisfaction with Life in Latrobe and Victoria Source: 2018 Victorian Population Health Survey

In recent years, the mental health of Latrobe Valley has become very bad and has caused widespread concern. The 2018 Victorian Demographic Health Survey showed that the mental health of people in Latrobe is not optimistic. Several data indicate that Latrobe’s mental health problems exceed the Victorian average. For example, the ratio of people diagnosed with anxiety and depression is about 10% higher than it (Figure 1.8). More than one-fifth of local people think they have terrible health problems (Figure 1.9). It is worth noting that 30% of local women are not satisfied with their lives (Figure 1.10), and 20% of women believe that their lives are not worthwhile (Figure 1.11)(2). Some local government research reports can show a detailed explanation of the mental health status of Latrobe City and the factors that shape mental health. The research mainly based on these three documents, 2012 Gippsland health status Summary profiles, Municipal Public Health and Wellbeing Plan 2017-2021 and MPHWP Survey Data Summary. 2012 Gippsland health status Summary profiles introduce the data of determinants, health status and health system of people in Gippsland (including Latrobe city). The profiles present a broad range of data that can be used to inform system planning by staff within the Department of Health or in partner agencies across Victoria. MPHWP Survey Data Summary is Latrobe City Council embarked upon neighbourhood door knock surveys in four townships in Morwell, Moe, Churchill and Traralgon. It provided some rich qualitative data and obtained valuable insight into the community and their ideas on improving their health and wellbeing. Following the survey, Municipal Public Health and Wellbeing Plan 2017-2021 collected and analysed data, then gave a plan from six aspects that have a strong connection of health and wellbeing. The research described that the main factors that shape Latrobe City multi-social groups of people living with mental health are social, environmental, and economic impacts. They are easier to feel isolated, unsafe, and stigma in their lives, which harmed healthy living (including mental health), and as a result, issues tended to emerge.

Isolation [Figure 1.11] The Proportion of Low Feeling of Life being worthwhile in Latrobe and Victoria Source: 2018 Victorian Population Health Survey

Social and community connection was a fundamental part of how other areas fit together and affect each other. In Latrobe, people who lived with depression often feel isolated when they are dissatisfied with their lives and lose touch with their communities and family and friends. Twenty-eight per cent of people feel like they do not belong

to the community, which indicates that they disconnect with the community(5). For example, the percentage of population volunteers in Latrobe is lower than average in Gippsland, only having 19.5% (Gippsland 24.9%) (3). More than a third of people have not participated in community activities(4). “I am not in the footy club or soccer club - there is no community spirit here if this isn’t the case.”

In other words, they also disconnect from their friends and family. Ten per cent and 17 per cent of people do not have a good relationship with their family and friends, respectively. They cannot see them often and cannot rely on them(5). furthermore, there are 4/10 people aged over 75 years live alone. “A bit lonely.”

unsafe A sense of safety and security is integral to people’s mental health and wellbeing. Feeling unsafe increases chronic stress and anxiety levels and instils negative feelings about a person’s neighbourhood. In Latrobe, people’s insecurities stem mainly from domestic violence, traffic and street lighting at night. For instance, Victoria Police Law Enforcement Assistance Program on 18 July 2020 indicates that Family violence incidents 3147.1 rates per 100,000 population, which up to the third-highest rate in Victoria. “Family violence has had a big effect on my families life.”

Thirty-two per cent of people feel unsafe and vulnerable in their community. Numerous community members said they would not go out after dark alone or felt threatened when in the neighbourhood around certain groups or individuals(5). People would like for their children to walk to school by themselves but felt that they would not feel comfortable letting them do this. For example, 58 per cent of people are at increased risk of alcohol-related harm on a single occasion.

[2]

2018

Victorian

Demographic Health Survey [3] 2012 Gippsland health status Summary profiles, [4] Municipal Public Health

“The kids that roam the streets and abuse you and cause damage do not make me feel safe anymore. Also, I feel unsafe for my kids at times.”

and Wellbeing Plan 2017-2021 [5] MPHWP Survey Data Summary

“I don’t feel safe walking down the street. I have to be on my guard all the time. Too many undesirable people on the streets. On drugs and angry.”

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Street lighting was raised as an issue; either that there was not enough or the lights that were there were broken or not adequate. Another issue that affected residents feelings of safety was hoon driving, with many people raising it as an issue in their areas. “Need better lighting on streets.”

low level of physical health Poor mental health is often not an isolated health concern for those experiencing it. Physical health problems or disabilities can contribute to or exacerbate mental illness. Of the recipients surveyed, 38% said they felt they did not have a good physical health level. Half people in Latrobe City do not meet dietary guidelines for fruit or vegetable consumption. Also, There is 1/5 report being obese(4). “Asthma, overweight, depression.”

Stigma Stigmatising attitudes manifest in public stigmas and self-stigma. Many people do not understand mental illness, so they stigma towards people living with mental illness, making them agree with stigmatising views and applying to themselves. These attitudes can result in people living with mental illness being discriminated against when accessing housing, employment and education opportunities. “If mental health was treated as an illness, not something that will ‘go away’. If it were more widely accepted, I would feel so much better.”

Low income and education There is the main reason they feel dissatisfaction with their lives because most do not have good access to education and employment. Almost one-third of children developmentally vulnerable in more than 1 area. Moreover, 45% of people have income less than $400 per week. It was shown that these respondents also felt as though they did not have adequate money to live comfortably. “Living in an area with no job prospects is depressing.”

Rescours from MPHWP Survey Data Summary Latrobe City Express

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Anxiety in Traralgon

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Mental Illness Structure

50%

Healthy diet

Top 3 Family violence

UNS

Street Light

Obese

38% Low level of physical health

home FEand

commun A at ity

Alcohol risk

1/5

Disability

Traffic

Self-Stigma

Unsafe

Stigma People Lived With Mental Problems

Publid Stigma

y ien C , f a m il O N y a n d fr NECT

Isolation

Low Income and Education 45%

income less than $400 per week

1/3

w it

h co m mu

2/3

participated in community activities

19.5%

75%

Volunteers

Aged people live alone

children developmentally vulnerable

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2 S ite A nalysis

SITE ANALYSIS

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S ite A nalysis

Location

Latrobe City

Art Centre City Council

Gippsland Regional Aquatic Centre Traralgon

This site is a park located in Traralgon, Latrobe city. It is in the city centre, with residential areas on the left and public areas on the right, with schools, churches, hospitals.

Site: Hubert Osborne Park

Church Primary School Woolworths

Gippsland Physiotherapy group

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S ite A nalysis

Site Opportunities: The Great Victorian Bathing Trail The Great Victorian Bathing Trail is a blueprint for a Victorian hot springs and bathing tourism strategy produced by the 2018 recipient of VTIC’s Lynette Bergin Tourism Award, Matt Sykes of Peninsula Hot Springs. He has proposed a 900km bathing trail along Australia’s southern coastline to connect around 50 locations, business and initiatives. The trail will combine a wide variety of bathing destinations, including hot springs and sea baths, river baths and beaches, mineral springs, forest baths, salt, ice, and lake baths. It also connects with Victoria’s Aboriginal Cultural Trail and hiking, trail and bike trails, and routes in Victoria’s Green Necklace and Melbourne’s Blue Necklace.

A vision for Victorian nature-based tourism in 2030

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S ite A nalysis

Site Opportunities: Wellness Programs Traralgon Railway Reservoir

Kay Street Garden

Traralgon Creek

Apex Park

Gippsland Regional Aquatic Centre

Traralgon Tennis Centre Traralgon Recreation Reserve

Traralgon sports stadium

The local government established Gippsland Regional Aquatic Centre in Traralgon urban centre by developing geothermal resources to provide many active water experiences to meet citizens' long-term

Natural Space Sports Space Primary care and general conselling services Clinical treatment and psychosocial support services

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T raralgon C reek T rack

Site Opportunities: Access to Nature

TRARALGON CREEK TRACK This walk showcases Traralgon's hidden treasures, including an arterial waterway that blends a rich diversity of the natural world with the centre of Gippsland’s largest city. Resouces from Walking Mps https://walkingmaps.com.au/walk/3073

Amphitheatre

War Memorial Memorial Wall

Chairs And Bin

Sculpture

Tree Pond

WALKING TRACK

Traralgon Creek Traralgon Creek in south Victoria starts below Valley View at an elevation of 535m and ends at an elevation of 28.9m flowing into the La Trobe River. The Traralgon Creek drops around 506m over its 38.3km length. Resouces from bonzle: http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=203429&cmd=sp&place=Traralg on%20Creek&file=Traralgon%5FCreek%2Ehtm

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T raralgon C reek T rack

Tree Species Eucalyptus

Elm

Important Tree： Eucalyptus polyanthemos (Red Box)

Ulmus procera, (English Elm) Ulmus x hollandica, (Dutch Elm) Ulmus glabra, (Wych Elm)

This specimen is the last remnant of this species in the township of Traralgon

Quantity 48

Height

Eucalyptus bosistoana (Coast Grey Box) Eucalyptus bridgesiana (Apple Box)

40M

36 25M 24

Height 48M

Quantity 8

36M

24M

12M

2 Red Box Coast Grey Box Mature Mature

Coast Grey Box Semi-mature

Apple Box mature

Apple Box Young Semi-mature

12 Mature

Engliah Oak Quercus robur (English Oak) Height

Quantity 4

24M

Lightwood

Acacia implexa (Lightwood) Height

12M Quantity

3 2

Semi-Mature

Mature

1 Mature

She-oak Allocasuarina littoralis (Black She-oak) Height 9M

Quantity 3 2

1 Semi-Mature

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T raralgon C reek T rack

Site Problems: Space need to Imoprove Space Problem Description

Space Problem Diagram

Site Photos

Isolation: less connection to the natural walkway. The Natural walkway is broke. Isolation: Less connection to residentia area. NO crossing road connect natural walkway and residential area. Unsafe: NO pedestrain crossing. Crosssection is not safety for walking people. Unsafe: NO cycle road. Natural walkway is too narrow.

1500mm

5-6 M

Unsafe: NO Streetlight. Natural walkway is not support streetlight at night.

10 -15 M

Functions: Negative afterschool way.

Functions: Simple funtion for local people and futural visitors.

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3 APPROACH

STATEGY AND APPROACH

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APPROACH

Theory Structure Issues of Mental Health | Mental Illness in Victoria [8] Anxiety Disorders Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence

People lived with mental Disorder

Eating Disorders Mood Disorders Personality Disorders Sleep Disorders Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders

Stress and Adjustment Disorders

Family & Community

Requirements | Natural Therapies

Strategies

Forest Bath Therapy [2]

Two-hour Forest Bath Experience [10]

Balneotherapy [1] [3] [6] [7]

| Programs

Meditation [5] [4]

Aroma Plants Natural Smell

| Spatical Need in Urban [9]

Breathing

Green Space and access to nature

Bare Foot

Pro-social places to encourage positive social interaction Active space for exercise

Hot Spring Komorebin Natural Colors

Safety in city

Fractal Patterns

Sleep

Natural Walkway

Air Pollution Transportation and connection

Lack of Mental health Services

Improve Public Awareness to Prevent [8]

Lack of Mental health knowledge

Improve Public Knowlege of Mental Health [8]

Reference: [1] Fioravanti, A., Adamczyk, P., Pascarelli, N. A., Giannitti, C., Urso, R., Tołodziecki, M., & Ponikowska, I. (2015). Clinical and biochemical effects of a 3-week program of diet combined with spa therapy in obese and diabetic patients: a pilot open study. International journal of biometeorology, 59(7), 783–789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-014-0894-5 [2] Hansen MM, Jones R, Tocchini K. Shinrin-Yoku (Forest Bathing) and Nature Therapy: A State-of-the-Art Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(8):851. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080851 [3] Kanda, K., Tochihara, Y., & Ohnaka, T. (1999). Bathing before sleep in the young and in the elderly. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology, 80(2), 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210050560 [4] Katya R. (2009) The neurobiology of Meditation and its clinical effectiveness in psychiatric disorders. Biological Psychology, Volume 82, Issue 1, Pages 1-11, ISSN 0301-0511, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.04.003. 36

Park

The Sound of nature Edible plants Yoga Meditation

[5] Nagendra R, Maruthai N, Kutty B.( 2012). Meditation and Its Regulatory Role on Sleep. Frontiers in Neurology, Volume 3, Pages 54, ISSN 1664-2295, https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fneur.2012.00054 [6] Olivier D, Roger S, Christine G, Marie-France P, Christiane V, Bernard B, Fayçal M, André G, Jean P O.( 2010). Balneotherapy versus paroxetine in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder,Complementary Therapies in Medicine, Volume 18, Issue 1,Pages 1-7, ISSN 0965-2299, https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.ctim.2009.11.003. [7] Yang, B., Qin, Qz., Han, Ll. et al. (2018) Spa therapy (balneotherapy) relieves mental stress, sleep disorder, and general health problems in sub-healthy people. Int J Biometeorol 62, 261–272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-017-1447-5 [8] Interim Report (2020) Royal Commission into Victoria's Mental Health System [9] How Urban Design can Impact Mental Health. The centre urban design and mental health [10] Li Q. Forest Bath: how trees can help you find health and happiness. 37

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APPROACH

How design of hot spring landscape can support mental wellbing? mental illness and hot spring landscape features Anxiety Disorders

Mental Illness Principal diagnosis trends of people treated by the public specialist mental health system

Enclosure Indigenous plants

Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence

Forest Bath Therapy

hot/cold water

Hansen MM, Jones R, Tocchini K, 2017

Eating Disorders

Mood Disorders

Balneotherapy Kanda, K., Tochihara, Y., & Ohnaka, T, 1999 Yang, B., Qin, Qz., Han, Ll. et al. (2018)

Scent Trees

Fioravanti, A., Adamczyk, P., Pascarelli, N. A., Giannitti, C., Urso, R., Tołodziecki, M., & Ponikowska, I. (2015). Noise Olivier D, Roger S, Christine G, Marie-France P, Christiane V, Bernard B, Fayçal M, André G, Jean P O.( 2010).

Personality Disorders Resources from Interim Report (2020) Royal Commission into Victoria's Mental Health System

Landscape Features

Sleep Disorders

Meditation Nagendra R, Maruthai N, Kutty B., 2012 Katya R., 2009

Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders

Reduction

Seating Shading Open Small Group Quietness

Stress and Adjustment Disorders Reference: [1] Fioravanti, A., Adamczyk, P., Pascarelli, N. A., Giannitti, C., Urso, R., Tołodziecki, M., & Ponikowska, I. (2015). Clinical and biochemical effects of a 3-week program of diet combined with spa therapy in obese and diabetic patients: a pilot open study. International journal of biometeorology, 59(7), 783–789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-014-0894-5 [2] Hansen MM, Jones R, Tocchini K. Shinrin-Yoku (Forest Bathing) and Nature Therapy: A State-of-the-Art Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(8):851. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080851 [3] Kanda, K., Tochihara, Y., & Ohnaka, T. (1999). Bathing before sleep in the young and in the elderly. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology, 80(2), 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210050560

Active [4] Katya R. (2009) The neurobiology of Meditation and its clinical effectiveness in psychiatric disorders. Biological Psychology, Volume 82, Issue 1, Pages 1-11, ISSN 0301-0511, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.04.003. [5] Nagendra R, Maruthai N, Kutty B.( 2012). Meditation and Its Regulatory Role on Sleep. Frontiers in Neurology, Volume 3, Pages 54, ISSN 1664-2295, https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fneur.2012.00054 [6] Olivier D, Roger S, Christine G, Marie-France P, Christiane V, Bernard B, Fayçal M, André G, Jean P O.( 2010). Balneotherapy versus paroxetine in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder,Complementary Therapies in Medicine, Volume 18, Issue 1,Pages 1-7, ISSN 0965-2299, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2009.11.003. [7] Yang, B., Qin, Qz., Han, Ll. et al. (2018) Spa therapy (balneotherapy) relieves mental stress, sleep disorder, and general health problems in sub-healthy people. Int J Biometeorol 62, 261–272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-017-1447-5 39

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APPROACH

How design of hot spring landscape can support mental wellbing? Mental Health Need and hot spring and Forest Bath Program

Mental Health Need in Urban Physical

Green Space and access to nature

Psychological

Pro-social places to encourage positive social interaction

Social

Active space for exercise

Cold & Hot Pool Hilltop Foot Pool Amphitheatre AquatheraoyPools

Safety in city

Sleep

Hot Spring and Forest Bath Programs

Hot Spring are support by geothermal energy

Amphitheatre Hammocks she oak barrel Natural Scent Pool

Air Pollution

Transportation and connection

Forest Bath Meditation space Natural Walkway Yoga

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Forest Bathing

HOW TREES CAN HELP YOU FIND HEALTH AND HAPPINESS By DR. QING LI Qing Li, the the-52-year-old Physician, is the president of the Japanese Society of Forest Medicine, the vice-president of the International Society of Nature and Forest Medicine, and one of Forest Therapy Society's directors in Japan. Since 2004, he has conducted serial studies to investigate the effect of forest environments (shinrin-yoku) on human health and published many scientific articles in English on forest medicine (forest bathing/shinrin-yoku). The terms' forest bathing' and 'Shinrin-yoku' in English were first used and defined in Qing Li's research in 2007, and later he published many scientific papers on them.[1] Dr Qing Li, the world's foremost expert in forest medicine, does many experiments to show how forest bathing can reduce people's stress levels and benefit from physical health. He wants to make forest bathing a public movement and in his quest to make people understand the positivity of nature by spreading awareness about the practice. Therefore, this book, forest bath, is the definitive guide to the Japanese therapeutic practice of shinrin-yoku, and the art and science of how trees can promote health and happiness. He describes that people can enjoy forest environments(forest bathing/Shinrin-yoku) through all five senses. Two-hour Forest Bath Everday He suggested people can have a two-hour forest bath a day. It will help people to unplug from technology and slow down. He did experience and research to prove it. His studies using the POMS test (profile of Mood State) questionnaire are a tool widely used to measure psychological well-being. It was developed in 1971 by Douglas M. McNair, along with Maurice Lorr and Leo F. Droppleman.

He took two groups of men and women on the forest-bathing trip for threes days and two nights. Also took two groups of men and women for a two-hour walk in the forest. A two-hour trip to the forest had a similar effect on POMS scores as longer excursions, so you don't have to spend a lot of time in the forest. Two hours is enough. He wanted to investigate whether Shinrin-Yoku could improve seep patterns, so he studied the effect of forest-bathing on sleep in Iiyama city with the twelve middle-aged male office workers from Tokyo. The participants took two-hour walks in the morning and afternoon in different forests. They walked around 2.5km in two hours-roughly the same distance they would walk on a typical working day. Fewer than forty body movement in a minute indicated that a person is asleep. Before the trip, these men had an average sleep time of 383 minutes. On the nights during the journey, this rose to 452 minutes. After, it was 410 minutes. There was a significant increase in sleep time during the forest bathing trip. A sleep study reported by other researchers looked at how forestbathing improved sleep for a group who suffered from sleep complaints of one kind or another, insomnia and difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep to waking up early in the morning. The group walked for two hours in the Ryukoku forest in the western part of Honshu. Result: the average sleep time of participants after a two-hour forest walk increased by 15 per cent or fifty-four minutes; significantly less anxiety; quality of sleep was better; A two-hour forest bath will help you to unplug from technology and slow down. It will bring you into the present moment and de-stress and relax you.

[1] Li Q, Morimoto K, Nakadai A, Inagaki H, Katsumata M, Shimizu T, Hirata Y, Hirata K, Suzuki H, Miyazaki Y, Kagawa T, Koyama Y, Ohira T, Takayama N, Krensky AM, Kawada T. Forest bathing enhances human natural killer activity and expression of anti-cancer proteins. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2007 Apr-Jun;20(2 Suppl 2):3-8. doi: 10.1177/03946320070200S202. PMID: 17903349. [2] 'A Before-and after Comparison of the Effects of Forest Walking on the Sleep of a Community-based Sample of People with Sleep Complaints', E. Morita et al, 2011

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Forest Bathing: Five Sense Senses

The Smell Of Flowers

The Smell Of Trees

The A P P R O A C H Smell Of Earth

Breathing In The Forest

Nagative Ions

Bare Foot

Hot Spring

Komorebin

Colors

Fractal Patterns The sense of sight: forest landscape- green colour, yellow colour, and red colour and other colours The sense of smell: special good smell, the fragrance from trees The sense of hearing: forest sounds, birdsong The sense of touch: Touching trees can put your whole body in the forest atmosphere The sense of taste: Eating foods and fruits from forests, taste the fresh air in forests

The Sound Of Wind Tea

Edible Plants

The Sound Of Bird

The Sound Of Water 45

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Forest Bathing: People’s Actvities

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Forest Bathing in Gippsland

Mount Baw Baw

t un 70

w Ba

B aw

km Picture from https://www.visitmelbourne.com/regions/Gippsland/Things-to-do/Outdoor-activities/Walking-and-hiking/VV-Mushroom-Rocks

26 k

Mount Tassi (Strzelcki Range)

a s sie tT

Picture from https://www.trailhiking.com.au/mt-tassie-loop

Traralgon can do forest bathing, which is usually happening in nearby forests. There are two forests near Traralgon. People usually explore the mushroom rock on the Mountain Bawbaw in the north, and they will experience the Cool temperate rainforest on the mountain tassie. They are all beautiful in four seasons, but they are also far away from this small town. It is difficult to achieve the daily decompression effect.

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Precedents: Peninsula Hot spring

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Precedents: Sembawang Hot Spring Park Sembawang Hot Spring is the only natural hot spring park in Singapore. The 1.1-hectare park — nearly the size of one-anda-half football fields — now has features such as a cascading pool, where members of the public can enjoy a foot bath. It features new cascading pools and a water collection point, enhanced accessibility for wheelchair users, and educational panels where visitors can learn about Singapore's only hot spring park's history and geology. The park's rustic environment, reminiscent of old kampungs, also holds many collective memories for the community. Visitors can enjoy the new Floral Walk and see fruit trees and edible plants commonly found in kampungs and flowers widely seen in the 1960s and 1990s. The rustic environment is further enhanced by unpaved paths and naturalised streams flowing from the hot spring, mimicking the freshwater swamp forest landscape. The public can also learn more about the history of the site and the geothermal processes behind the formation of a hot spring through interpretative signs at locations of interest.

Foot Bath Enjoy a foot soak at the edge of the cascading pool where water gradually cools as it flows down four tiered pools! The pool mimics the hot spring in its natural state, where overflowing pools of hot water form after emerging from the ground. Water emerges at the top at 70°C and will flow out at the final pool at 40°C, which is the optimal temperature for contact with skin.

Hot Spring Water Collection Taps at a water collection point supply the hot spring water at 70°C. Water cools naturally as it flows down a fourtiered pool, starting at 70°C at the top and reaching the bottom at 40°C. The taps are installed at various heights with integrated tables and benches and allow for different sizes of water collection containers or buckets to be used. Visitors can even cook eggs here in a separate receptacle — a popular activity at the hot spring before it was closed for redevelopment.

Resource from https://www.todayonline. com/singapore/sembawang-hot-spring-parkreopens-cascading-pool-cafe-and-floral-walk https://www.nparks.gov.sg/gardens-parksand-nature/parks-and-nature-reserves/ sembawang-hot-spring-park

Picture from https://thesmartlocal.com/read/sembawang-hot-spring-park/ 53

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Experience Inner city rail trail and reserve in Brunswick vs. site Kay Stre

Kay st Park

Pre-school

Hardly Gallagher Researve

Important Trees: Eucalyptus polyanthemos (Red Box)

Community Garden Community Centre Chlidren's Playground

Chlidren's Playground

H Osborne Park

Similar: Constitute: A line Park cross the urban area and a park surrounding by residential area. Topography: Mainly flat ground, there are some slight terrains in the park, the height difference is about 2-3 meters Scale: The line Park Wide 30-40 Meter. The area of Osborne Park and Hardly Gallagher Rsearve are abour 12-13 Square kilometer Facilties: community building or pre-school and Children's Play Equipment. Main Trees Species: Eucalyptus, English Oak, She-oak,Elm

Eucalyptus, English Oak, She-oak, Elm

Changing

Boring

Strong connection

Less Connection: there is a road spread two park

Natural

Regular

Rich: Trees, Grass and Native Shurbs

Poor: Trees and Grass

Community Garden

Two Saturdays of the month the garden is used for markets, one a farmers market the other a craft market.

Differents: Space Connecting between two parks: Tree Distribution: Plants Species: Activities:

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Experience

Inspiration: Framed Scenes

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GOAL Goal1: Build a welcoming and safe environment Be a welcoming and inclusive community for multiracial group of people Build environments that create opportunities to move and promote physical health

Goal 2: Support wellness activities to local community Connection Greater promotion of events, activities, gatherings and opportunities to connect Encourage neighbourhoods to host events and activities . Work with neighbours and communities to reduce event barriers and red-tape Support initiatives that reduce feelings of isolation and loneliness connect neighbours and communities Develop a diverse and flexible range of volunteering opportunities so people can make a difference to their community

Physical activities Invest in infrastructure that provides low cost physical activity that can be used by all members of the community Get the community moving—grow existing active living initiatives, foster new ones and work with the community to create new and exciting physical activity opportunities Grow participation in physical activity —women, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community, LGBTI, multicultural community, people with a disability, seniors Improve low cost physical activity facilities to promote walking, cycling and use of public transport with an aim to reduce our community’s carbon footprint

Safe Be vocal supporters and active participants in the eradication of family violence Consider innovative ways to reinvigorate empty shop fronts to add brightness and vibrancy to our street scapes Work with neighbourhood centres, houses and hubs to build local connections and support school and neighbourhood renewal projects Address pedestrian and transport safety needs—consider pedestrian crossings, bike and walking paths, hoon behaviour, lighting and community prevention activities

Goal 3: Promote education to improve mental health Health and Wellbeing Eliminate stigma：Promot Develop and support partnerships to address the causes of food insecurity with focus on access to healthy food, education around healthy eating and support for local producers Support families to access information about drug and alcohol rehabilitation services .

Safe Promote a more gender equitable community by developing our workforce, educating the community and building an understanding of the underlying causes of family violence

Income Recognise that employment is an important foundation for health and wellbeing .

Health Support local food initiatives such as community gardens and food swaps

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Strategy Providing forest bath in the park as natural therapy to mitigate anxiety. The thesis design advocates and provides daily routine activities comprised of the forest walk, meditation and hot spring bathing experiences. The forest bath experience addresses anxiety by connecting people deeply with nature through their senses of sight, hearing, taste, smell and touch. Hot springs landscape acts as an intermediary to solve local communities' and future visitors' anxiety. It imbues the park with essential relationships with mental health and wellbeing to invigorate the community and foster prosperity.

Tactic 1: From lawn to forest

Goal 3: Support people use the five senses to deeply contact nature by providing healthy activity places Support Yoga, hot spring and a serise of wellness program to local people.

- Plains Grassy woodland

Traralgon was once planning grassy woodland, which found on flat to gently undulating, well-drained loams to clay-loam soils. The dominant tree is Gippsland red-gum, and also have black she-oak, wattle and blackwood. And occur over an understorey mainly of grasses, like kangaroo grass. A large part of the existing tree species in the park are the main tree species of woodland, and several eucalyptus trees are significant remain tree species. There is an urban ecological corridor with different landscapes. The eucalyptus landscape continues from the west. When it extends to the park’s vicinity, it becomes a popular elm avenue with British landscape. So my measure is to first remove the exotic tree species from the park, plant the main species of grassy woodland naturally, and plant grass and shrubs. For the corridor, not remove the elm trees, but ill cross planting red gum, extending the woodland landscape to the park. These plants continue the ecological corridors, enrich biodiversity, and improve aesthetic and healing properties.

Tactic 2: Natural path as an intervention experience Nature walks were found to reduce state anxiety consistently. Nature walks are walks on a trail in a natural setting such as forests, woodlands, or parks that can take any time from 15 min to a few hours. Nature walks can be undertaken by diverse populations (e.g., cancer survivors, university students ) and conducted in any season of the year.

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Tactic 1: From lawn to forest - Plains Grassy woodland

Eucalyptus tereticornis woodland/open-forest, with a Themeda triandra understorey, was once very extensive on the Traralgon–Sale plains. Large areas of Themeda-dominated grassland (without trees) once occurred in a mosaic with Eucalyptus tereticornis open-forest in the Stratford area (Scarlett, pers. comm., 1988). A Eucalyptus pauciflora–E. rubida–E. ovata grassy woodland once occurred between Traralgon and the Haunted Hills on yellow solodic soils (Scarlett, pers. comm. 1988). This community has been largely eliminated, and only remnants survive along roadsides. E. bridgesiana {sensu lato) dominated the more elevated areas. Resource from Flora of Victoria. https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/static/bioregions/gippsland-highlands

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Tactic 1: From lawn to forest - Plains Grassy woodland Plants' Structure

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Tactic 1: From lawn to forest - Plains Grassy woodland

Extend the Plans Grassy woodland corridor to site

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Tactic 1: From lawn to forest - Plains Grassy woodland

Removing exotic trees - English Oak

Adding Plans Grassy Woodland Trees - Eucalyptus - Black Sheoak - Black Wattle - Blackwood

Adding Plans Grassy Woodland Trees Eucalyptus Black Sheoak Black Wattle Blackwood -

Adding Plans Grassy Woodland shurbs and Grass Burgan Grassland Wood-sorrel Kangaroo Grass Wattle Mat-rush Weeping Grass -

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MASTERPLAN

4 M asterplan

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Masterplan Corridor

Reflect Pond

Hot Spring and Spa Circle Bench

Pre-School

Gippsland Aquatic Regional Centre School

Lawn Playground Face & Hand Bath

Fountain

Foot Bath Pond Grassland

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Corridor

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Micro Terrain

Water Pond

Hot Spring

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Corridor Landscape

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Corridor Landscape

cies

ee Spe and Tr

odl

o Plain W

Extend the ecological corridor of the site; divide the elm avenue according to the road to form a block-shaped space in which eucalyptus and other plain woodland tree species are planted.

Red

-gu

Blac

s Tree m l gE

kwo

She

-oa

Exist

Axo

ng rawi

ric d

et nom

sig nS tra teg

Burg

urb

Sh een r g r Eve

Section

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Micro Terrain Landscape

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Micro Terrain Landscape By changing the topography and tree planting configuration, a rich space is created.

Tree Stepstone paving Reflect pond Circle bench

Road

Micro Terrain

Refl e

d Ga

rd e

Geothermal Pipe: Heat the Bench

Section 0

C ir cl

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Water Pond Landscape

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Water Pond Landscape Water Pond Form & Texture Different sizes, soft and hard stones

Flat

Slope 1/3

Foo

t Bath Po

& Hand

e ac

Section 0 86

5M 87

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Section

Water Pond - Foot | Hand | Face Bath

Plan This page contains the plan, section, materials and working principle of the geothermal pool. The pool is built according to the terrain, forming a rich and diverse space. The plan shows how the different items, foot bath, hand bath, face bath and cooking, are integrated into the site. In addition, the section shows the use of other pool edge spaces and people activities. The primary materials are marble, pebbles and steel. The geothermal pipelines are respectively connected to different pools.

Section AA 1:75

Section BB 1:75

Section CC 1:75

Materials & Geothermal work process

Face

0 ℃

Bath

Water heat by Stone

50 ℃

Steel

Section EE 1:75 88

Geothermal Pipe 60 ℃

Heat Source in the Earth

Easy M odel

The benefit of Foot Reflexology

Foot Re f

Bath nd

Water heat by Stone

m od

ogy Pon xol d le

king

g Coo rin 70 ℃

White Marble

Garden Pebbles Hard

-6

40 ℃

Water heat by Stone

Section DD 1:75

Grey Marble

Hot Sp

Foot Ba t

nd Po

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Water Pond - Foot | Hand | Face Bath Programs Birdview

Programs

50 ℃

40 ℃

Eucalyptus Oil

Geothermal Pipe

60 ℃

70 ℃

Geothermal Pipe

Foot Bath

Face Bath

Cooking

Foot Reflexology

Hand and Face Bath

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Hot Spring Landscape

M asterplan

Mushroom Stone

Spa Room

Steam Room

Hot Spring Landscape Imitating the mushroom stone natural landscape of the Baw Baw mountain range, the giant stone acts as a barrier to shield the interference from the outside world. It is not only a stone but also can be used as a dressing room, SPA room.

Change Room

Spa Room

Private Hot Spring Pool

Change Room

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Steam Room

shr o o m S u M t

Gippsland Refional Aquatic Centre

change room

S p ri n g

P oo

Section 0 94

5M 95

Acknowledgements

I want to dedicate my Thesis design to all those who have offered me tremendous assistance. First of all, my heartiest thanks flow to my supervisor, Dr Sidh Sintusingha, for his helpful guidance, valuable suggestions and constant encouragement both in my study and in my life. Thanks to Matt and The Great Victorian Bathing Trail for providing me with enough materials and cases to learn and inspire my design. His profound insight and accurateness about my design taught me so much that they are engraved on my heart. Also, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all the professors who have taught me that considerably broadened my horizon and enriched my knowledge in my study. Their inspirational and conscientious teaching has provided me with a firm basis for composing this paper and will always be of great value to my future academic research. My thanks also go to the scholars whose monographs and academic papers have enlightened me in the writing of this paper. Finally, I would like to extend my profound gratefulness to my family and friends. Thanks to my classmates, Janice, Yuekun and Yijiao, the days of drawing together will never be unforgettable. Thanks to my good friend, Wang Wei, for accompanying me in lockdown period to spend a difficult time.