Re-framing Tempelhof - A Sustainable Story by ying-chih deng

REIMAGINING TEMPELHOF A Sustainable Story

CIEE Global Institute Berlin April 2016

INTRODUCTION

This book collects the results of the sustainability project of the Council on International Educational Exchange (CIEE) in cooperation with Ying-Chih Deng from Technical University Berlin. The project is part of the investigation of CIEE in Global Sustainability and Environment program; it was lead by Ying-Chih Deng rom Technical University Berlin. and Chair for Sustainable Planning and Urban Design in the Architecture Faculty of the Technical University of Berlin. CIEE focuses on examining sustainable urban design and the tools necessary to create a smarter urban futures. Organizing courses, excursions to sites of sustainable development and partnerclass to life. The work of the studio investigates the design of new forms of assembly, combining different and multiple agents from international institutions. Tools for such research are the multiple material, cultural, economic and political transformation processes that are reshaping todayÂ´s european cities. Through research and design, the studio explores an architecture aimed at reassembling the com plexity of urban and metropolitan forces into an integrated plan, where divergent and individual transformations interact with natural processes and forms. While architecture is undergoing a set of negotiations and realignments that alters the relations between the form of the inhabited territotemporary politics have brought parallel interesting changes in the physical urban livable space. CHORA research method is an established planning methodology that intuitively structures negotiation processes of involved partners and stakeholders. Tested and proven in the physical world using tangible media, the very same methodology can be applied in the digital realm to implement and manage city-wide smart city solutions. the studio methodology allows to simulate different val ue chains at the same time and thereby adds a new degree of smartness in city systems.

The described framework methodology gives the stakeholders the opportunity to clearly acquire solutions and go through the process of reading the structured information and proposing new solutions. The cooperation of CIEE with Ying-Chih Deng guided the authors towards the combination of -contem porary architectural and urbanistic, social and environmental research with the design of devices that can spatially transform the european territories.

Berlin, April 2016 4

contents

Introduction

CHAPTER 1

Ökozentrum GmbH

Exploring the importance of

a park’s natural benefits CHAPTER 2

Free the Soil

Open source soil remediation research and knowledge sharing

CHAPTER 3

Common Roots

Refugees integration combined with Ecology

BIBLIOGRAPHY 90

ÖKOZENTRUM GMBH

Tempelhof’s Ecological Services Ecology of an Urban Park Exploring the Importance of a Park’s Natural Benefits CIEE Global Institute Berlin, April 2016

The Skylark team Kyle Funk Hope College Double B.A. Environmental Sustainability and International Studies

Introduction

How can the environment at Tempelhof Field gain a voice in planning through the role of its ecological services?

Andreas Fenner University of Minnesota Twin Cities B.A. Sustainability, Public Health, Communications

Jackie Gibbons Carnegie Mellon University B.A. Mechanical Engineering Minor Business Administration

Thesis

Solution

The ecology of Tempelhof Field provides many benefits to the city of Berlin and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s citizens. These services should be researched in order to benefit the public, uphold the environment, and influence future planning. The public should also be educated as an important stakeholder about the importance of these ecological services in order to bring them to the forefront of society.

An organization, Ă&#x2013;kozentrum GmbH, will be created that will focus solely on the ecological services of Tempelhof Field. The organization will have three main goals: to research the ecological services of Tempelhof Field, to serve as an educational center for the public, and to protect and improve the ecosystem of the field. This ecology organization will be a result of cooperation between both public and private sectors.

Intro to problem Since Tempelhof Airport was closed in 2008, there has been much debate over what to do with both the vast expanse of empty land. There have been plans for housing developments and both commercial and public buildings. The public has fought back, citing the uniqueness and beauty of such an immense and open space in the heart of the city. However, the important ecology of Tempelhof has been largely ignored in the decision-making process. In reality, a large green space within a city provides many important ecological services. These services have not been thoroughly researched, nor is the population generally aware of the benefits and potential that they offer.

:: Scope & Strategy ::

History The uniqueness that is Tempelhof Park arose out of the airport that was built during the Nazi regime of Germany. At the time of the airport’s completion, it was the largest building in the world and served to show the power and defiance of Nazi power to the world. After the fall of the Nazi Party at the end of WWII, it was used as an American air force base during the terror and division of the Cold War. Planes arrived every minute to bring supplies to West Berlin in order to show the power of capitalism and democracy over the Soviet Union’s blockade. As the Cold War drew to an end, the airport was handed back into Berlin government’s hands who keep the airport in service until 2008. The building since has become the largest home of the Berlin Police force and recently has been used as a large refugee center. While the field became a public park in 2010 after the closing of the airport. The field was going to undergo some development, but this was brought to an end when a public referendum was brought up in 2014 to keep the park as is.

Overview Now the park is run by Grün Berlin, a branch of government that manages all of the parks in Berlin. Thus, they only deal with event planning, designating zones for activities or protection, and opening and closing the park. Being such a large group responsible for many parks, Grün Berlin is spread too thin to conduct much-needed research on such a unique and large space that is Tempelhof.

Ecological Services For instance: -How much of the area is acting as a water sponge for the city? -How much air pollution is cleaned in the field? -What kind of microclimates are created there? -How long will the soil be polluted and could it be remediated? -What is the value of such a large area for running, biking, and all other modes of transportation that occur in the park? Ecological services is a branch of research needed at Tempelhof. Without this public data, economic values assigned to the services provided at Tempelhof could be missed. Leading to a less economic established area if development were to happen now.

Ecological services are a complex web. They can be broken down into four different categories that are important to understanding and educate the public on. They are Supporting Services (nutrient recycling and soil formation), Provisioning Services (products of the ecosystem such as wood, food, and genetic material), Regulating Services (carbon sequestration, climate regulation, waste decomposition, and purification of water and air), and Cultural Services (symbolism, architecture, heritage of history and nature, outdoor activities, ecotourism, recreation, and science and education). All four of these are essential to an understanding of the framework that makes up the ecology of Tempelhof Park.

Ecosystem services relate to economics, easily seen in a study in 1997, which projects that the world value of ecosystem services could be valued between US$16-54 trillion per year. So what is the value of Tempelhof Park’s services, half a million, 3 million, a billion? Knowing this could greatly change what projects are proposed in the future at Tempelhof. Without this research, free economic services could be harmed, destroyed, or not allowed to reach their greatest potential to help society.

1: A road that passes through the protected species area. 2: A sign that shows the breeding months of the endangered Skylark. 3: An old fire training plane, which preserves the history of Tempelhof

:: Scope & Strategy ::

An organization, Ökozentrum GmbH, will be created that will focus solely on the ecological services of Tempelhof Field. The organization will have three main goals: to research the ecological services of Tempelhof Field, to serve as an educational center for the public, and to protect and improve the ecology of the field. This ecology team will be a result of cooperation between both public and private sectors. The goal of Ökozentrum is to highlight the importance of Tempelhof Field’s ecological services. This will be accomplished through first conducting extensive research, and then launching an educational campaign. Funding will initially come from the government of Berlin. Protecting the ecological services of Tempelhof is in the government’s best long term interests because of the benefits they provide to the city, such as rainwater retention and filtration, air filtration & cooling, recreation & health benefits, & providing a habitat for endangered species. Ökozentrum GmbH will be a non-profit group operating under the Berlin Senate Department for Urban Development and Environment. The group will be employed by a highly educated team in the field of ecology and economics. These employees will conduct in-depth studies of the ecosystem of Tempelhof, including both the plant and animal

life. For their workspace, they will utilize one of the large empty rooms at the Tempelhof airport building, which will be provided by Tempelhof Projekt GmbH. In addition, the majority of the room will be converted into an ecology center which will be used to educate the surrounding public community about the importance of Tempelhof field as an ecological site and the important services it provides. In addition to the ecology center, many signs will be put up around Tempelhof park in order to bring awareness of the ecology to people who do not visit the center. When combined, these educational tools will reach hundreds of people each day. In the future, the Ökozentrum employees will also help to improve the ecology of the field. What these improvements are will depend on the findings of the research. For example, it is suspected that the ground of Tempelhof field is contaminated with pollutants from many years of being used as an airfield. If their research proves this to be true, they could implement a soil remediation program. They could also introduce some standing water such as a pond in order to attract a wider range of animal species to the field.

:: stakeholder analysis :: The stakeholders involved around how to foster the importance of ecological services at Tempelhof Park into society create the web that centers around the ecosystem of the field. One stakeholder that is of vital importance in this project is the species of the field. Here the rare urban biodiversity is filled with species such as the hooded crow, bees, oat grass, and spiders. Some of these species are protected under the law, such as the Skylark, which uses the park as an important breeding ground. A greater biodiversity allows ecological services to run smoothly in a way that maintains nutrient cycles for organisms to use in different forms, while providing benefits towards society that are usually recreational or health related. Right now this stakeholder does not currently have a strong enough voice in planning.

areas of the government for Tempelhof Park include the Senate Department for Urban Development and Environment. The Senate Department has a branch that is Grün Berlin, which manages all the parks of Berlin. These organizations have many other responsibilities besides taking care of Tempelhof’s ecosystem, so adequate research of the ecological services has not been done. Finally, there is 100% Tempelhof which is an initiative that is advocates for leaving Tempelhof park exactly as it stands today; without any future development or investment. This group could cooperate with the Ökozentrum project that is being proposed. Tempelhof park exactly as it stands today; without any future development or investment. This group could cooperate with the Ökozentrum project that is being proposed.

Society as a whole can negatively impact ecosystems through environmental problems which can include soil degradation, species habitat loss, and pollution. Positive changes can also come out of society through the process of democracy in the government. In the future a more positive connection between society and the ecosystem should come out. The Government of Berlin is thus a large stakeholder in the project being looked at. The important

1: An information board of native birds in the Tempelhof area. 3: Significant plantlife in Tempelhof. 5: Beetles, grasshoppers, spiders and other important insects in the ecosystem.

2: A colorful display of butterflies, as well as flowering plants, in the area. 4: Bees are an important part to the Tempelhof ecosystem, because of their role as pollinators. 6: There are a few known fox dens within the area.

:: Marketing & Business :: IDENTITY

Ökozentrum provides ecological research and developmental services to Tempelhof Field while educating the surrounding community.

The Ökozentrum project is important because in the current view of the public, the ecology of Tempelhof holds little importance. This has led to a lack of knowledge and public awareness of the importance of the park’s ecological services. The ecology of the park does not have monetary value in the same way that a housing development does, but it still holds economic value due to the services it provides the city and these need to be taken into consideration.

PROBLEM WORTH SOLVING

The ecological services of Tempelhof field provide benefits to the surrounding area of Berlin. However, Tempelhof has so far been viewed mostly in the eye of possibilities for housing and commercial development, or as an open park space. The ecology of Tempelhof has not been given enough consideration in planning.

TARGET MARKET

Customers will primarily be the community members of Berlin that benefit from Tempelhof’s ecological services. The ecology center will be open to everyone, which means that, in addition, tourists from all around the world who visit Tempelhof park can learn about its ecosystem.

The project will be nonprofit and government-funded, due to the fact that the goals are research and educational based, which will not create a large source of income. However, costs will also be low since the building in which the Ökozentrum will be located, the former Tempelhof Airport, is already built. Contractors will need to be hired to renovate the room that the room that the center occupies and purchase supplies in order to set up a topnotch ecology center, and employees will need to be hired. Other costs will be incurred through the purchase of materials for research and educational purposes.

SALES CHANNELS

N/A (non-profit)

REVENUE

N/A (non-profit); Money will come from government funding and private donations. Could charge for the ecological services of Tempelhof in the future once the service values are known and policies are made up to make profit from this with community input and voting.

A positive marketing campaign will be launched in order to bring favor to Ökozentrum in the eyes of the community. In addition, marketing activities will focus on promoting the ecological services of Tempelhof and showing members of the public how these services directly impact them.

OUR SOLUTION

Ökozentrum plans to fill the gap in research and while educating the community so that they understand the importance of the park, the services it provides in terms of positive outputs, services, products, and how they can help protect and improve it.

THE COMPETITION

The main competition of Ökozentrum are companies who wish to develop Tempelhof field into housing or commercial buildings. However, the referendum which stopped all development at Tempelhof shows that it is very unlikely that the public will ever permit Tempelhof field to build upon or developed for monetary gain. Additionally, Grün Berlin presently provides a small number of ecological educational services, but will be partners rather than competition. MARKETING ACTIVITIES

Ökozentrum educates the public about the ecology and Tempelhof, as well as our goals, by putting up signs on the field. We will also advertise on the Tempelhof and Berlin government websites so that people know they can come to the ecology center to learn about the environment of Tempelhof and Berlin.

EXPENSES

Expenses will be minimal. Initially, 3-4 employees will be hired. Space for the ecology center will be rented free of charge since the Tempelhof building is owned by the government. Other costs include renovation of the building, research equipment, and educational materials.

MILESTONES

Firstly, Ökozentrum will need to obtain funding from the government. This will require a full proposal which should be completed within one month. After obtaining funding, three to four months will be spent on getting the organization up and running. This includes hiring employees and developing the workspace and ecology center within the Tempelhof building.

TEAM AND KEY ROLES

One employee will be the director of the Ökozentrum. The director will make managerial decisions and run the company. One employee will be tasked with leading the educational efforts and managing the ecology center. The remaining employees will focus on ecological research while also aiding with education.

PARTNERS AND RESOURCES

Ökozentrum will partner with Grün Berlin to take over the responsibilities related to the ecology of Tempelhof. Ökozentrum may also temporarily need help from the Senate Department in order get the ecological program up and running. Finally, it will transition into an independent organization.

1: A panorama of Tempelhof during the summertime. 2: An area of the Tempelhof building that would be used for the Ökozentrum

Benchmark

The Ökozentrum Berlin would offer a new range of responsibilities that other local organizations cannot or have not managed yet. Grün Berlin, which actually operates at Tempelhof Field. Grün Berlin simply manages the park in the sense that it maintains the different zones, books events, and opens and closes the park; but fails to manage an understanding of ecological services at the park. Without such research future, planning and development could not contain all the necessary economic factors of the environment resulting in a poorer zone of Berlin. The proposed plan of building an Ökozentrum at Tempelhof would provide this much-needed research and collection of data that could be used by future players for the area while also serving as an education center. Another group that exists that is similar to what is being proposed is the Naturschutzzentrum Ökowerk Berlin. This organization works to educate the public on the ecology of Berlin, especially to school age children. They have several educational programs that focus on the biodiversity of the area and how to conserve the natural environment. Naturschutzzentrum Ökowerk also is a department of the Senate of Urban Development and works closely with the senate to support other parks in Berlin.

A third similar group that is actually near Tempelhof is Nature Park Südgelände. This park is also under the control of Grün Berlin. It protects on 18% of it’s 18 hectares of natural area allowing 30 species of breeding birds, 95 bee species, 350 plant species, and 49 mushroom colonies. This park has been around since the 1980s, unlike Tempelhof which has been around for less than a decade. A result of this is that Grün Berlin had to put in less effort for much needed research on the park because it has been around longer and is a much smaller park. Due to the longevity and size of Südgelände Park is also a less covenanted region for development. Because Tempelhof is such a convented region an organization that focuses on the airfield is greatly needed. There are also international organizations that conduct research that focuses in on ecological service data in the world. They could do a study on Tempelhof park. The danger in this that it would be short term data and would most likely fail to educate the public on the benefits they are directly receiving from the park. International organizations would, however, be great in supporting the Ökozentrum and vice versa, or working together to build up more data that could be used to create international policy.

The proposed ecological center of Tempelhof also seeks to educate the public but would focus on ecological service education as opposed to just biology. Another advantage Ökozentrum has is that it would be located at the location it is doing the research at. If Naturschutzzentrum Ökowerk Berlin was doing ecological service research its home base would be too far. Even though a branch could be made there is danger in too much expansion and not enough focus on the home group’s mission. These two organizations could both benefit from working together though in showing how ecological services play a larger role maintaining the city of Berlin.

:: Upscale of Proposal :: Upscaling of the proposed Ökozentrum could definitely result in benefits for other local communities and global interaction. As warned earlier in the benchmark section, becoming too large of an organization can be dangerous as a group could lose focus with its mission, purpose, and goals. However, if done correctly ecological centers that focus on the research of ecological services and education of the public could be extremely beneficial to local communities. Locally, the city of Berlin could have a city ecology center that focuses on Urban ecological services in the city. This would allow a greater assessment of services being provided economically to the city of Berlin, allowing for an increase in pre-planning knowledge. In fact, globally it would be best if each city in the word had an ecological center that focused on urban ecological services as cities-states become the leading population centers for the world and urban gardening becomes more popular. This would also provide an adequate education for those living in cities who could use this knowledge to carry out in their own work. Globally, all these centers could provide a much more accurate assessment of the ‘free’ Earth services that come from the plant, allowing for greater internal economics, environmental, social, and policy planning. The Ökozentrum idea could also be applied to other places besides cities such as other large parks or other national protected areas. New York’s Central Park and Yellowstone National park are good examples of where this could be applied. These do not to be drawn out parks however, and may span out over several natural areas that cross geopolitical boundaries. Examples of these could be the European Green Belt or the Great Lakes Region in the USA. Ecological centers in these areas can then provide data that can be used by planners locally, regionally, and internationally. The new education and research centers could also provide increased tourism, jobs, and knowledge.

An ecological center on the European Green Belt would be most interesting to see as it spans several countries and is broken down into four sections. These four Ökozentrum could work together to gather data on the European Green Belt and could provide information to the larger organization running the belt as well as each country that the belt runs through. This information could be used in planning for policies or development. These centers would also attract more tourist via a new education center.

Top image: A direct view of the airport. At the time of its creation, it was the largest building in the world. Bottom image: An aerial view of Tempelhof Feld.

Before

After If Tempelhof Field adopted the Ă&#x2013;kozentrum, many positive changes would occur, such as enhanced biodiversity, gardening, and improved ecological services, which also includes recreational activities.

Conclusion

Although development at Tempelhof is currently halted, it is not completely permanent. In the future, the park will be at great risk of being developed without taking ecology into consideration. By researching the ecological services at Tempelhof, the parkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s biodiversity will be given a voice. In turn, this will provide better planning methods for the future development of the area without losing ecological benefits. Furthermore, the public can continue to enjoy the freedom of the field, while reaching an understanding of what Tempelhof naturally provides to them and the city of Berlin. Without this valuable knowledge, an important ecosystem that cleans air and water, supports rare life, and provides health benefits to the public could be once again lost to poor planning and development.

FREE THE SOIL

The Tempelhof Project Project Soil Open Source

Open Source Soil Remediation Research and Knowledge Sharing CIEE Global Institute Berlin, April 2016

team

Peter is a junior at UC Berkeley studying Sustainable Environmental Design. He has been interested in environmental and ecological topics since early in his education and decided to pursue a life transforming and repairing the environment. During his semester abroad, he enjoyed taking theories from his classes at home and not only seeing them in action but being able to apply them himself. He dedicates this book to his family and friends who helped make this semester possible.

issues

hand

Tempelhof is an underutilized space that could be incredibly valuable to people both in Berlin and around the world.

Peter Bennett University of California Berkeley Olani is a junior at Occidental College studying Urban and Environmental Policy. She is passionate about finding points of synergy between Pan-Africanism, Afrofuturism, Sustainability, and Participatory Urban Design. After graduation, she hopes to work in the field of sustainable urban design in emerging African cities. This semester she has gravitated away from theory and towards prototyping and praxis, which has been an amazing learning process! She has deeply enjoyed the opportunity to explore Berlin and learn from the multitude of rich local projects throughout the city. She dedicates this book to her parents for their continual love, wisdom and support.

Megan (Meira) McCauley Olin College of Engineering 34

In its current capacity, Tempelhof Field remains an underutilized space. Project Soil Open Source, or PSOS, sees Tempelhof as a multifold resource that can end the inaccessibility of soil remediation research for people across the world.

Olani Ewunnet Occidental College Meira is a junior at Olin College of Engineering studying Electrical and Computer Engineering. She is passionate about sustainability and the environment and wants to use her engineering skills to help make our Earth a greener and safer place. This semester, she turned her focus from engineering to sustainability. What she has loved most about this program is the ability to work alongside students with a wide range of interests and expertise in the environmental science and sustainability fields. She dedicates this book to her big sister Natalie, who majored in environmental science and studied abroad many, many times. Thank you, Kiki, for your inspiration, love, and support!

There are numerous pilot projects led by Berliners across the former airfield. These pilot projects are important because they allow for creativity, synergy and community building while providing an avenue to tackle complicated issues at the local level. We have built our vision around our recognition of the importance of Tempelhof pilot projects. Currently, Tempelhof pilot projects are thriving at the local level. We see the pilot project structure as an amazing foundation for creativity, synergy and community building at the international level. Project Soil Open Source will be the first Tempelhof pilot project at the international level. PSOS converges cutting edge soil remediation research and small scale participatory design to clean Tempelhof soil. Key Problem: Soil quality continues to worsen across the world. There is no single reason for the global degradation of soil. Causes range from region to region, as do the impacts. Communities across the world remain without the resources to clean toxic soil. In these communities, toxins remain and easily absorb into all surfaces they touch. On the opposite side of the spectrum, researchers and academics around the world continue to make

breakthroughs in soil remediation techniques. Why is this research not getting to the communities facing the serious hazard of toxic soil? Indeed, Project Soil Open Source recognized this as deeply problematic and developed an innovative solution to get the tools and techniques needed to remediate soil to the communities that need them. Berliners will be the first to benefit from Project Soil Open Sourceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s work to clean Tempelhof soil. Not only does PSOS research serve the thousands of disused industrial sites across Berlin, but this research will also serve to make Tempelhof Airport safe. According to research conducted by the Berlin Senate Department for Urban Development, the ground soil at Tempelhof Field has disproportionately high levels of man-made substances. More so, the Berlin Soil Pollution Register notes that the entirety of Tempelhof Airport is liable to â&#x20AC;&#x153;residual pollution.â&#x20AC;? This is likely due to the wide range of uses Tempelhof has seen over the years. Most importantly, there has been no research into the severity of danger Tempelhof pollution poses. PSOS intends to do this research and make it available to all. The poor soil quality at Tempelhof is a microcosm of the global issue of toxic soil at former airfields rendering huge plots of land unsafe and unsafe for urban use. Our groundbreaking research is the first step to resolve this issue.

our

vision

Everyone deserves access to both the knowledge and skills needed to clean their own soil.

Soil provides a fundamental building block for life on this planet. Yet globally, soil continues to be decimated and polluted beyond return. Project Soil Open Source believes that clean soil is a basic human rightcurrently denied to billions of people across the world. This denial is two-fold: Firstly, soil is polluted against the will of communities globally. Secondly, the techniques to clean polluted soil are inaccessible: Soil remediation research and solutions remain in academic and research networks, far away from the communities their basic right to clean soil. Our vision is to restore the global quality of soil. We are able to tackle global soil degradation through our innovative soil remediation platform. The soil remediation solutions are pioneered by a diverse group of soil remediation thought and innovation leaders. These solutions are then uploaded to our open source online platform in various languages â&#x20AC;&#x201C; making soil remediation techniques accessible across the world.

impact

Tempelhof becomes the international hub for innovation, knowledge sharing, and collaboration for soil remediation.

The future ecosystems of Tempelhof and Berlin will benefit as the soil research techniques are applied throughout the soil area. Tempelhofâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s soil has been heavily polluted in the past from its use as an airport. The soil is also currently being polluted by the heavy land use of pedestrians, bicyclists, and other park goers. Berlin will become known as a place where environmentally friendly research is conducted. It will be a go-to spot for researchers to join together and share their experiments. In this way, Berlin will become a greener city.

Tempelhof

scope

Berlin

Global

A diagram showing how the scope of Project Soil Open Source will grow from the local area around Tempelhof to all of Berlin and then finally, once the soil data has been shared online, have the global influence we desire.

business

plan

stakeholder mapping

Tempelhof becomes the international hub for innovation, knowledge sharing and collaboration for soil remediation.

There are many diverse stakeholders involved in Project Soil Open Source. All of the stakeholders are joined together by the unifying main idea of the stakeholder map, â&#x20AC;&#x153;Tempelhof in the Global Contextâ&#x20AC;? (seen at the top in blue). There are two main categories of stakeholders: human, such as individuals, corporations, and governments, and non-human, such as places, animals, and legislation. Notable areas on the stakeholder map include the far left side which details the effects of various branches and legislative action of the Berlin government. Specifically of relevance to Tempelhof and Project Soil Open Source is the 2014 Referendum, which was lobbied for, voted on, and put in place by citizens of Berlin. This referendum was in response to Berlinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s plan to allow Tempelhof to be turned into a housing development. Berliners wanted guarantees from the Berlin government that some of this housing would be low cost and that their neighborhood would not be gentrified. However, Berlin could not or would not make any promises. Berliners were upset by this lack of control and chose to use their political voices to put an end to all types of development on Tempelhof, seemingly forever.

The referendum is the second attempted, but first successful, on the subject of Tempelhof. The first occurred in 2011 when Berliners attempted to prevent Tempelhof from closing as an airport. When this referendum failed, they collectively turned their attention to preserving the land that held so many memories and collective world history. This movement was focused and upheld by 100% Tempelhof Feld (100% Tempelhof Freedom, in English). Their goal is to keep Tempelhof as much of an open green space as possible and to prevent any development on Tempelhof from occurring. This organization played a large part in the success of the 2014 Referendum. It states that no developments may be made on the land of Tempelhof land in any way. Another notable area on the stakeholder map can be seen across the bottom. On the right, the focus is on the environment, including animals and plants. On the left, the focus is on soil scientists and researchers, as well as individuals who will benefit from the easily accessible nature of the research materials. Both of these stakeholders exist locally and worldwide.

Legend Legend

Tempelhof Tempelhof in the in the Global Global Context Context

Main Main IdeaIdea

Tempelhof Tempelhof Field Field

Human Human Actor Actor Non-Human Non-Human Actor Actor

100% 100% Tempelhof Tempelhof FeldFeld

Referendum Referendum 2014 2014

Berliners Berliners

Residents/ Residents/ Community Community Members Members

Berlin Berlin Senate Senate

Birds Birds Germany Germany

Berlin Berlin Goernment Goernment

Potential Potential Developers Developers

Environmentalists Environment Environment SoilSoil Scientists/ Scientists/ Environmentalists Students/ Students/ Researchers Researchers Worldwide Worldwide Worldwide Worldwide Individuals/ Individuals/ Communities Communities withwith Polluted Polluted SoilSoil 42

GrĂźn GrĂźn Berlin Berlin

Ecosystem Ecosystem

Flora Flora

Fauna Fauna

Protected Protected Animals Animals

Bugs Bugs

benchmark

comparisons

Understanding a Similar Successful Practice

Similarities

Differences

“Public Lab is is a community where you can learn how to investigate environmental concerns. Using inexpensive DIY techniques, we seek to change how people see the world in environmental, social, and political terms.”

Both Project Soil Open Source and Public Lab believe that communities deserve more access to knowledge and skills about their environments.

Public Lab has a strong focus on the monitoring of environmental concerns. They also address political issues and environmental justice problems. For example, some of their past projects have included monitoring of a coal terminal in Ironton, Louisiana and using aerial balloon mapping to temporarily stall eviction proceedings in Kampala, Uganda.

from www.publiclab.org

Their main focuses are on collaborating with local communities while encouraging a global community. To fulfill this mission, both organizations are composed of an open, accessible network and they each input the information they gather into a knowledge database that is accessible to anyone. The ideas and actions of these organizations support and encourage the rapidly expanding do-ityourself movement. The financial structure of both is non-profit.

However, they have little to no focus on the resolution of environmental problems. Public Lab started from photo and video monitoring of physical land spaces. Research projects are not focused solely on information gathering, but include the development of both hardware and software tools. Projects include air, water, and land environmental concerns. Each community member is expected to add their own open source information to Public Lab’s Wiki website.

Project Soil Open Source Innovations

The key innovation that Project Soil Open Source was based on is a deeper project scope with many environmental interventions. While Public Lab only monitors environmental problems, PSOS engages in open source research that is specifically geared towards soil pollution. PSOS is also geographically centered in one area, while Public Lab is a mostly online community that is spread across the globe. Having a single geographical center allows researchers and scientists to interact and share knowledge with local community members faceto-face. This is yet another innovation of Project Soil Open Source. In addition to the knowledge sharing, Project Soil Open Source encourages hands-on participation of these local community members in continuing the research experiments of scientists after the scientists leave. The application process for acquiring a land plot is designed to make sure that the research performed on site is relevant and useful in the context of Tempelhof and the surrounding areas.

An example of one of the projects Public Lab is engaged in. Here, many volunteers observe and collect data near the site of an oil spill.

PSOS is the only organization that reaches out directly to researchers and students studying in soil fields to encourage them to join the network and possibly apply for a soil plot. PSOS provides ownership of this plot and gives each individual scientist free reign to conduct experiments as they wish.

solution

Project Soil Open Source makes the urgently needed solutions to poor soil quality accessible for people all over the world. Through our open source structure, the spatial impact of PSOS solutions will be global. At the same time, these global solutions have a powerful spatial impact at the local on-site level. Tempelhof Airport remains highly polluted and the soil is toxic. PSOS solutions will be applied to clean the soil at Tempelhof Airport. Soil remediation will begin at the worst polluted sites at Tempelhof and will continue until all soil at Tempelhof is no longer toxic.

Legend Worst soil pollution Individual soil plot

An aerial map view of Tempelhof airport. The brown circles indicate the worst areas of soil pollution. The black squares represent the 50 individual plot allocations for researchers. Examples of what these above ground soil plots might look like can be seen on the facing page.

IMPACT IMPACT OF OF OPEN OPEN SOURCE: SOURCE: COMMUNITY COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT ENGAGEMENT IN IN LOCAL LOCAL & GLOBAL & GLOBAL CONTEXTS CONTEXTS

Commitment Commitment to Ensuring to Ensuring the Basic the Basic RightRight to Clean to Clean Soil Soil

GLOBAL GLOBAL ENGAGEMENT ENGAGEMENT

LOCAL LOCAL ENGAGEMENT ENGAGEMENT

Collect Collect standardized standardized soilsoil remediation remediation data data

Research Research completed completed by soil by soil researchers. researchers. Findings Findings andand knowledge knowledge shared shared withwith Berlin Berlin residents residents & Tempelhof & Tempelhof area area community community

Upload Upload soilsoil remediation remediation research research in various in various languages languages

Berlin Berlin residents residents & Tempelhof & Tempelhof community community members members maintain maintain existing existing soilsoil plots plots for for a a given given time time period period

IMPACT: IMPACT:

SoilSoil remediation remediation research research accessible accessible globally globally to all to all

Local Local community community engagement engagement & knowledge & knowledge sharing sharing 49

business plan Begin global outreach to foundations and government at the municipal and federal level for funding and partnership

Recruit Project Soil Open Source employees to catalyze organizational development

Acquire soil plots for remediation at Tempelhof

Reach out to potential research partner institutions Acquire 50 research partners through free, online application process

Break ground on-site at Tempelhof

Establish a standardized data collection system

Collect soil remediation data from research partners

Transfer all research data to Project Soil Open Source website Provide detailed, open source explanations for people around the world

The business plan for Project Soil Open Source, represented as a time line progression from top to bottom. Our plan starts with gathering funding and ends with fulfilling our vision of sharing soil research in an open source format worldwide..

upscaling

plan

Project Soil Open Source is only just beginning with Tempelhof, from there we plan on spanning the entire globe. TEMPELHOF SITE

Legend Tempelhof Site World Impacts

In only a few years, enough data will be compiled to start publishing online in a format that people in every corner of the globe can access and learn from. With multiple languages available from the start and hopefully more all the time, as well as advertising campaigns and word of mouth, Project Soil Open Source will be constantly upscaling to include more and more people. With the growing availability of internet access, we believe the web is absolutely the best way to get this information out as fast and as widely as possible. Since this information in this format is nowhere to be found on the internet now, PSOS will be branching into a new beginning for urban agriculture and personal gardens. People should have the ability and knowledge to grow their own tomatoes or lettuce or anything they want, and they should be able to do so no matter where they live, so weâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re reaching out to everyone. Period. The website is designed to be navigable and accessible. People will be able to look at different soil remediation techniques and choose one that is applicable to their area and their specific situation and type of soil pollution. From there they can easily proceed to the case study which will be incredibly well documented with pictures, step-by-step instructions, and tips directly from the researchers involved. Additionally, contact information from the leaders of the studies will be available for anyone so that personal help or advice can be provided to someone interested in recreating one of the remediation techniques themselves. Project Soil Open Source has a revolutionary idea of jumping the scale from something physically visible with the naked eye to something that encircles global communities and brings people together in a short period of time. This has become possible in recent years, but weâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re trying our best to include anyone and everyone in this project through the use of the web, multiple languages, and simplistic user interface.

The home page of our website. Each colored square represents one researcher and their soil plot. When you click on the square, it will take you to more information about the project you have selected. The website will be available in many languages; here it is shown in English.

::common roots team::

Liz Stillman Johns Hopkins University

Camilla Petronio University of Vermont

Hannah Levy Clark University

introduction

How can we utilize current ecological services at Tempelhof Feld to ease the transition of refugee youth into the local community? THE ISSUE With one million refugees arriving to Germany in 2015, and 90,000 refugees currently residing in Berlin, the city is experiencing a state of exceptional population growth (Parker 2016). In order to address this increase in population, Berlin must assess its current policies, both on a local and city-wide level. Berlin’s refugee population is experiencing increased marginalization from the rest of the city, as the rapid increase in arriving refugees are overwhelming much of Berlin’s political structure and population (Parker 2016). However, Berlin’s government has not taken direct action to combat the cultural divide separating refugees and the rest of the community. Looking at comprehensive integration, in which refugees are included within all facets of life in Berlin, is the most crucial action to take if Berlin and Germany as a whole wish to exist as a strong, unified city and country. There are various sectors that make up what my group has identified as “comprehensive integration”, representing the multi-faceted sectors in which Berlin residence live. We have identified these sectors as an individual’s place of residence, economic status, education, healthcare, transportation, job access, community participation, food access, ect. Within the hanger unites of the retired Templehof Airport in

the Kreuzberg district, there are 7,000 refugees living in temporary shelter units (Bell 2016). Within these temporary living spaces, refugees with different cultural, and religious beliefs, are forced to reside amongst one another, causing increased conflict and tension (Bell 2016). Not only are these people living within a space of cultural tension, and lacking privacy from one another, they are forced to face an unfamiliar community and cultural when they step outside of their temporary home. The intense conditions in which refugees are forced to live represents only one of Berlin’s many challenges to integrate the increasing number of displaced people. In order to assist in enhancing Berlin’s integration services, as a group, we’ve selected the education sector as playing an extremely influential role in the success of refugee youth and the future success of Berlin as an internationally represented city.

INTRODUCTION

scope

:: 1

Germany’s education system has been directly affected by the increasing number of refugee students entering the country with having never spoken a word of German. Naturally, it becomes a challenge to integrate these student’s directly into a German-speaking classroom, when they do not speak the language. Berlin’s education system has confronted refugee integration through the creation of Willkommenklasse or “Welcome Class” (Buescher 2016). These classes are solely based on German language learning, and therefore refugee youth are lacking exposure to every academic topic aside from language acquisition. As the German government expects to receive nearly one million asylum applications by the end of 2015, 40% of predicted applicants will be school-age children (Buescher 2016). Thus various districts within Germany have deemed the creation of language courses essential when looking at education integration. In the Fall of 2015, Berlin introduced 430 welcome classes to the refugee population (Buescher 2016). However, there was a significant shortage of eligible language teachers with experience in instructing a classroom in which the majority of students have significant trauma and PTSD conditions. The Berlin school system is in the process of hiring 3,000 new teachers to lead these Wel58

come Classes (Buescher 2016). However, this language integration method is not considering the lack of social integration and mental acuity these refugee students will experience if they remain in a separate from their German peers.

EDUCATION INTEGRATION

The current organization of Berlin’s education system has been deemed the best temporary strategy for quickly acclimating to the mass immigration of refugee youth entering Germany who have no exposure to the language. However, my group views the Berlin government’s emphasis on educating within the German language as only the first step in what we view as a successful model of refugee integration. Through this research process, we have has identified Berlin’s Willkommenklasse as problematic for successful refugee integration. Our first concern is that Refugee children enrolled within these courses are lacking exposure to other valuable skills and subjects taught in a conventional classroom, including math, science, history, literature, ect. These students are missing essential mental development from this lack of exposure to multiple subjects. A second issue within Berlin’s current educational integration model is through separating refugee students from those within a conventional German class setting, they are missing exposure to valuable pieces of German cultural awareness and connection that could be formed with direct integration into a conventional class setting. Thus, marginalization takes place when refugee students are physically unable to interact with German students, as they fall to a lower educational level than their German peers without proper academic exposure. Integrating refugee students into a German classroom while having supplementary German courses, would provide an integral connection to German cultural. This cultural awareness and acceptance would be developed through observing the way German youth live, play, and interact. Additionally, directly integrating into the classroom is a key component in building a greater understanding that cultural diversity and identity are meant to be learned from and celebrated.

The German language is essential for youth to make this cultural connection, and to fully understand subjects taught in the classroom, however, remaining in Willkommenklasse until complete fluency is gained, could be a process lasting many years. If refugee students were taught a baseline of the German language, the rest could be accumulated through interactions within a conventional classroom setting, and thus relationships and additional academic knowledge could also be aqccuired. Additionally, not every Willkommenklasse language teacher and conventional classroom teacher is exposed to emotional trauma training that children and families who have recently experienced fleeing areas of war could benefit from. If Germany wishes to have successful educational integration, an important addition to educational policy should expand mental health and trauma training, as a requirement for all teachers, whether or not they directly interact with refugee youth. In the years proceeding, it is likely the majority of teachers in German will be confronted with refugee students who have experienced trauma, and thus require more specialized teaching methods.

1. Photograph of German classroom, taken by .ibtimes.com 59

EDUCATION STATISTICS

- The German government is still expects to - The German state of Baden-WĂźrttemberg receive up to 1.5 million asylum applications by awarded 50 scholarships to Syrian refugees so the end of the year (Young-Powell, Abby) they can begin or continue their studies (Somaskanda, Sumi) - According to government projections, the vast majority of some 40 percent or roughly 325,000 - One in five refugee children in Germany have of arriving school-age children speak little or no post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and half German (Somaskanda, Sumi) have suffered trauma, according to German psychotherapists (Young-Powell, Abby) - Berlin began its new school year with 430 welcome classes (Somaskanda, Sumi) - According to a Reuters news agency poll released Sept. 4, Germany plans to hire 3,000 new teachers, to lead these Welcome classes (Somaskanda, Sumi) 3

2. Flow chart of refugee integration into German classrooms. 3. Photo of Berlin Weclome Class taken by The Atlantic 60

SPATIAL IMPACT

scope

:: 4

4. Diagram of the countries in Europe accepting applicants for asylum, and how many applicantions have have recieved. 5. Photograph taken on April 15th, 2016 at a protest near the Brandenburg Gate. Protestors show their support of welcoming incoming refugees to Germany, and granting assylum. 62

stragetgy

LOGISTICS

Common Roots will be led by volunteer gardening experts and held biweekly on Tuesdays and Thursdays, for two hours in the afternoon from 13-15h. There will be volunteers to translate between German and Arabic. The program will take place at the Tempelhof Stadtteilgarten Schillerkiez community garden plot where Common Roots will have rented six raised gardening beds (see business plan for funding details). This location is ideal because refugees will be able to walk to the site without any need for transportation. The site is roughly 2.9km from the front entrance of Tempelhof Airport, but collaboration with Tempelhof Airport operaCommon Roots is a non-for-profit weekly gar dening program that aims to bridge the gap between refugee families temporarily located in Tempelhof airport and the surrounding local community. The program is specifically targeted at easing the transition for young refugee children ages 5-8 into the Berlin primary school system upon passing the necessary language tests. Common Roots does this by facilitating an opportunity for refugee children and parents to unite with local young families through the experiential learning process of vegetable gardening and a shared sense of ecological ownership. Using the twelve principles of permaculture, Common Roots will utilize the patterns and observable tendencies of the natural ecosystem to create an atmosphere of accep-

tance, openness, and understanding that will ultimately help refugees feel welcome into the local community. Such community gardening programs are proven to have both social benefits by providing a space for mental recreation, education, social cohesion, and improved sense of place. Additionally, communal gardening spaces provide a number of ecological benefits including provisioning, regulating, and habitat services that will be discussed in the spatial impact section.

tions managers would allow a more direct route out of the airport and cut down on the distance significantly. Additional assistance can be arranged for refugees who are unable to walk to the site. Sign-up will be available on the program website for local families, as well as sign-up sheets within the Tempelhof shelter for refugee families (see marketing section for visuals and distribution information).

6. Map of walking distances and routes from Tempelhof Airport Refugee shelfter to proposed location for Common Roots 64

STADTTELLGARTEN SCHILLERKIEZ

LESSON PLAN THEORY 7

The overall vision for the program is to have two to three permanent volunteers to manage the garden plots throughout the entire growing season, while refugees and families can join session on an irregular basis and simply help with the gardening work that needs to be accomplished on that day. Ideally, participants will attend the Tuesday and Thursday session consecutively. The program will be tailored to the available gardening tasks of the day, as well as the diverse group of participants of the session. Regardless of the hands-on activity provided at a specific session, the program will be based off of the theories of permaculture; a system of

agricultural and social design principles centered around simulating or directly utilizing the patterns and features observed in natural ecosystems. Utilizing the ten basic theories of permaculture, a basic plan for integrating different principles with certain activities and times in the growing season has been developed.(Telford, R. 2010)

8 Stadtteilgarten Schillerkiez is a pioneer project on the Tempelhof Feld sanctioned by the ThFG (Tempelhof Feld Act) in the area of common land-gardens at the Oderstrasse entrance. It is a community garden of raised bed plots that can be rented by members of the local Schillerkiez community. While members of the project recently announced their disagreement with the Berlin Senate regarding the construction of three temporary refugee housing structures, the project states that “the history of community gardens is closely linked to refugee destinies and the integration of refugees. We therefore welcome the refugees and asylum seekers in Berlin and in our neighborhood. We want to continue to work with refugees and develop gardens.” (Hände weg vom Tempelhofer-Feld-Gesetz) The project members propose that the Senate use suitable vacant buildings around Berlin, instead of mass accommodations such as that currently being run at Tempelhof Airport. It is anticipated that the Stadtteilgarten Schillerkiez members will accept this proposed refugee gardening program, as it aligns with their view that “the community gardens are a 66

place of informal knowledge transfer and make irregular diverse educational services free of charge (farming practices, food production, ecosystem)”. Additionally, members agree that their project is a place of “intercultural and intergenerational learning and action communities that make a significant contribution to social exchanges and local solidarity.” (Pionierprojekte zur Ausgestaltung des ThFG)

7. Photo of Stadtteilgarten Schillerkiez Community Garden on Tempelhof Feld. Taken by Inhabitat.com 8. Diagram illustrating the 12 principles of Permaculture. Created by Permacitylife.com 67

LESSON PLANS Permaculture Theory

Activity - Pair up groups of parents and children - Ask them to sit in a circle with their back towards the middle - Have one parent write down everything that everyone sees

Application Day: Tuesday

Timing: Have participants play this game after introductions as a way to ease into the Observe and Interact Lesson: There is much to see when gardening mindset of you take the time to appreciate what patience and is around you. We can see this when observation at first looking at a garden bed and only seeing plants and dirt. Yet, if Growing Season: All you look closer, there is much more season to the system that one can appreciate.

Catch and Store Energy

- Choose a tagger, a sun, a soil, and a water - The way the game works is like a traditional game of freeze tag: If you get tagged by the tagger then you must freeze in your position - Then, you must be tagged again by either the sun, soil, or water to move again - Play this game for a few rounds, until it seems like the children won’t be upset to stop Lesson: There are three main things a plant needs to grow and prosper: sun, water, and nutrients. When the child get tagged and is frozen, they become a young seedling. When they are tagged by the water, sun, or soil and can start moving again - they represent a seed growing into the plant using the three basic necessities. This teaches the basics of growing plants to the children.

Use Small and Slow Solutions

- Let’s plant in recycled containers - Have an assortment of discarded objects - shoes, crates, water bottles, etc. - Have the participants choose a discarded object and give it a story as to how it came to be discarded. Who owned it? What was its purpose? What is its story? Have them present to the group. - Have the participants fill it with soil and plant a plant

Day: Whichever day you aren’t planting in the actual beds Timing: Towards the end of the day as a final activity. Growing Season: Planting Season

Lesson: What if you wanted to grow a plant but didn’t have a garden? There is always a solution using what you have. You don’t need to go out and buy something new, think of reusing your discarded objects and giving them a new purpose!

Day: Tuesday Timing: Play this game once introducing the concept of gardening. Best suited for a more lively bunch or if the children look antsy. Growing Season: Use during planting season

Use and Value Diversity

- Explain that each garden bed has different plants in it for a reason. If we only planted one type of plant in each bed, then they would not grow as well. We call this type of planting monoculture (mono meaning one), but prefer intercropping which means planting a variety of plants that work together to produce a stronger yield - Show diagram of the different species that have been planted and how they interact with each other in beneficial ways (See “Intercropping Map)

Day: Tuesday or Thursday Timing: Play before planting or weeding anything, this is an important lesson to instill before going forward with the physical act of gardening. Growing Season: All Season

Lesson: Diversity is key. Just as with plants, if all humans were the same, we would not be as strong and robust as a community. Everyone should embrace their differences and understand how their differences beneficially impact those around them.

Integrate Rather Than Segregate: Handout Permaculture Theory

Activity - Have an example set of leaves from different plants - Explain the reason why different plants have different leaf shapes to capture the most amount of sunlight in different climates and situations

Design from Patterns to Details

Lesson: Although things in nature are extremely diverse and different, there is beauty and purpose in individuality. There is always a reason for difference and they often provide a beneficial edge for the organism. Have the children point out what they think makes them different and have everyone applaud them for their differences. - Time to cook! Discuss the different recipes that participants can make using the plants that they have helped to grow - Explain a dish that integrated German and Syrian traditional cooking with the produce being harvested

Integrate Rather Than Segregate

Application Day: Thursday

Timing: Use as one of the first activities to have participants thinking about plants and gardening Growing Season: Any season

Day: Thursday Timing: Last activity Growing Season: Harvesting period

Lesson: While participants could apply what has been grown to their traditional cultural dishes, as global citizens, it is important to open their horizons to the concept of integrating multiple backgrounds into their daily lives. Food especially is a vehicle for facilitating unity.

9. Image made using Piktochart, recipie from Backen. 10. Image made using Piktochart, recipie from DellaCroce. 70

Use & Value Renewable Resources & Services: Work Sheet

Permaculture Theory

Obtain a Yield

Activity - Time to harvest! Depending on what is available for picking that day - Introduce the plant that is going to be harvested. Give the name, Latin name, growing specifications, and date it was planted - Have the participants choose a specific plant that they are going to harvest and draw the plant - Then hand out collection bins and explain how to harvest without harming the actual plant - Have children count how much they have harvested - Hand out stickers to everyone and congratulate them on

Application Day: Thursday Timing: This should be done as the last activity of the day to have the children go home with a sticker for accomplishing a major task for the day Growing Season: See “Planting Guide” section

Lesson: It is important to feel the gratification of reaping benefits from hard work. Emphasize that it is the participant’s collective efforts that brought them to this point.

Use & Value Renewable Resources & Services

- This is where we explain the process of photosynthesis - Handout worksheet of filling in photosynthesis - Go through an interactive step-bystep explanation of the photosynthetic process while the children fill in the blanks on their worksheet Lesson: It is important to understand the renewable resource of solar energy and how it facilitates growth within a plant. There are no added energy inputs needed for photosynthesis.

Day: Depends on when you will be planting or harvesting Timing: Should be introduced before hands on activity with the plants Growing Season: Any Season

SPATIAL IMPACT Permaculture Theory

Activity

- Explaining how to care for a garden - Nature has many processes that are self-regulating, such as photosynthesis - Your job as a caretaker is to make sure that the plants are receiving adequate water and are not being Apply self-regulating choked out by weeds & accept feedback

Application Day: Tuesday Timing: After planting Growing Season: Planting Season

Lesson: The joy of gardening is being an active part in a naturally efficient and beautiful process. You can give life to a plant and watch it flourish as a result of your care and commitment. - Have an example set of leaves from different plants - Explain the reason why different plants have different leaf shapes to capture the most amount of sunlight in different climates and situations Lesson: Although things in nature Design from patterns are extremely diverse and different, to details there is beauty and purpose in individuality. There is always a reason for difference and they often provide a beneficial edge for the organism. Have the children point out what they think makes them different and have everyone applaud them for their differences.

The addition of community garden plots in the Tempelhof Feld supplements the ecological diversity of the surrounding area. The addition of “birds, insects, spiders, weeds, and mammalian predators were players in this process and the environmental complexity flourished.” (Langhout) Tempelhof Feld was cleared for the construction of the airport tarmacs, which destroyed all biodiversity and habitats in the area. Since it’s closure in 2008, the field has been left to progress forward naturally, but has a shortage of diverse habitats to attract a variety wildlife and insects. 12

Day: Thursday Timing: Use as one of the first activities to have participants thinking about plants and gardening Growing Season: All season

11. Common Root’s Photosynthesis hand-out for corresponding lesson. 12. Photo of Stadttell Garten Schillerkiez taken by http://schillerkiez.blogsport.de/ 74

PLANTING GUIDE Plant & Specifications

Sow Seeds Indoors

Transplant Seedlings to Garden

Beets Chenopodiaceae Family - Tolerates low fertility soil - Full sun or partial shade

Directly Sow Seeds July 20 September 3

Broccoli Brassicas (Cabbage Family) - Deep soil - Full sun - 58 cm apart - May need to cover with fine mesh to prevent pests from laying eggs in underside of plant

May 9 June 23

Cabbage Brassicas (Cabbage Family) - Rich deep soil - Full sun - 51cm apart

May 9 June 23

June 20 August 4

Carrots Umbelliferae (Root Family) - Light, deep, well-drained soil - Sun or partial shade - 10cm apart

July 5 - June 20

Cucumbers Cucurbits (Squash Family) - Soil with compost - Sun - Need support structures for plants to climb upwards

June 20 - July 5

Chard Chenopodiaceae (Beet Family) - Any soil - Sun or partial shade - 35cm

June 20 September 3

Spinach Chenopodiaceae (Beet family) - Rich moist soil - Shade or partial shade - 25cm apart

June 20 August 4

July 20 September 3

Onions Allium (Onion family) - Well drained clay - Sun or partial shade - 15cm apart

September 3 13

Potatoes Solanaceae (Potato & Tomato Family) - Rich deep soil - Full sun - 43 cm apart

July 20 September 3

Tomatoes Solanaceae (Potato & Tomato family) - Rich soil - Sunny position - 48cm apart - Tie plant to canes with string to support the weight of the fruit

April 29May 14

June 10 - June 25

Turnips Brassicas (Cabbage Family) - Any fertile well-drained soil - Sun or partial shade - 18 cm apart

August 19 September 18

Radishes Brassicas (Cabbage Family) -Any soil with good drainage - Light-shade for summer sowing - 7cm apart

August 4 September 3

PLANTING GUIDE Plant & Specifications

Sow Seeds Indoors

Transplant Seedlings to Garden

Directly Sow Seeds

Marigold Asteraceae - Well-drained soil - Full sun 15cm apart - 7 to 14 days to bloom

All summer

Cilantro Coriandrum sativum - Well-drained soil - Full sun - 15cm apart

Late spring

Sage Salvia officinalis - Well-drained - Full sun

Plant 1-2 weeks before last spring frost

Dill Anethum graveolens - Full sun - Well-drained soil - 46cm apart

Midsummer

Basil Ocimum basilicum - Full sun - Well-drained soil

6 weeks before last spring frost

(Garden Vegetabe Grow Guide, 2007) (Explore Cornell)

13. Photo by Tuscon Raised Garden Beds 14. Photo by coolgarden.me 78

INTERCROPPING MAP

Green - Intercrop well together Red - Do not intercrop well together

(Grow Better Vegetables with Intercropping) (DK, L., L, A., & BS, R. 2011) 80

15. Intercropping map. 16. Diagram of Common Rootâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s raised beds. 81

ANALYSIS

stakeholders

While there are endless stakeholders directly and indirectly related to the mission of Common Roots, only key stakeholders are depicted in the diagram above. The first ring of the diagram shows key local stakeholders, local as defined as operating in the scale of the city of Berlin. The second ring depicts key stakeholders at the national level, many of which are branches of the German Federal Government. In the outer ring of the diagram is Permaculture, a system and practice of permanent agriculture, which typically operates on the local scale but is a global phenomena. There are several key local stakeholders in the Common Roots initiative that relate to Tempelhof Feld, the proposed sight of Common Roots. The Tempelhof Feld physical space dictates what vegetation can be grown and where. Due to factors related to the physical space, such as toxicity in the soil on the field, Tempelhof Stadtteilgarten Schillerkiez, a preexisting community gardening program uses raised beds to avoid soil toxicity. In turn, Common Roots will do all of its gardening using raised beds because the initiative is renting space from Tempelhof Stadtteilgarten Schillerkiez. The Tempelhof Feld Act (ThFG), prevents any permanent development on the field, which is why the community gardening projects on the field, such as Tempelhof Stadtteilgarten Schillerkiez, are technically considered â&#x20AC;&#x153;temporaryâ&#x20AC;?. 100% Tempelhof is a major supporter of the referendum that prevents development; additionally they oppose housing the refugees on the Tempelhof Feld, as this housing implementation could lead to the creation of an urban ghetto. Other key local stakeholders relate to educational services in Berlin. The Berlin public school system works in conjunction with the Berlin Welcome Classes in order to prepare incoming refugee students for the Berlin public school system. In order for students in the

Welcome Classes to be admitted into the public school system they must receive a DSD Language Certificate, indicating that they are proficient in the German language. The DSD Language Certificate is a national standard, funded by the federal government.

STAKEHOLDER MAP 17

17. Stakeholder diagram created on Piktochart. The inner most circle is the Common Roots initiative. The scale of stakeholders moves from local, to national, to global as you move further from the inner most circle. 83

business plan

Identity Common Roots has manifested from the overwhelming need of the refugee youth population to receive supplementary education and community connection in order to successfully integrate. We view the creation of this organization as servicing the integration process for both refugee families and the local German community. Thus, our mission is based in helping refugee youth further understand Berlin’s culture, provide academic enrichment, and use the nature world as a healing mechanism. We view this organization’s service as essential to current refugee youth who wish to lead a successful life in Berlin. Problem Worth Solving Germany requires refugee youth to enter a Welcome Class, which teaches only German language accusation. After passing the required language exam, they directly enter the public school class with having had little exposure to academic enrichments and German cultural traits. If Germany’s population continues to take in refugees, immediate action must be taken to ease their transition into a new culture, while offering services to cope with mental health and trauma related experiences. This action is essential, as the next generation will largely consist of refugees that will need sound education and enrichment in order to benefit the German economy. Our Solution Common Roots will provide supplementary enrichment to refugee youth lacking proper coping mechanisms to deal with trauma related issues. We wish to increase exposure to academic skills to benefit future employment, and offer a connection to the local community and the natural world through gardening, which in itself possess therapeutic qualities. 84

Target Market The target market for Common Roots community volunteers consists of young, local families residing in the Tempelhof area with children ages 5-8. They must support the refugees at Tempelhof Airport and have an interest and knowledge in gardening. Additionally, a knowledge of basic instruction with academic subjects, as well as bi-lingual families, will be appreciated. The Competition German public schools have a variety of after school offering, which include sports and art related activities. If a refugee student wishes to participate in a school offering, we will not have the opportunity to instill valuable lessons and cultural exposure that Common Roots seeks to provide. Sale Channels For local community members, this is a unique opportunity to interact with refugees living in the Tempelhof area and connect over a shared interest in gardening. For refugees, this is an opportunity to give their children the advantage of being exposed to local people in their community. Parents will also have the opportunity to connect with friendly people within the community, if they decide to permanently relocate to the Kreuzberg district. Additionally, both local families and refugees receive the benefit of learning how gardening practices can assist in providing healthier lifestyles, and address issues of food security. Marketing Activities Common Roots wants to be a voice of reliability for both the local refugee community and the families residing within the Kreuzberg district. This will be achieved by distributing handsketched and hand-written promotional images with simple language. In order to reach local

families, fliers will be distributed around preschools and primary schools in locations where parents drop-off their children, local community centers, and religious establishments. The fliers will refer interested participants to a user friendly website where they can sign-up for weekly sessions. Common Roots will develop relationships with local Welcome Classes as a platform to introduce our service to both refugee children and their families. In order to reach refugee families, volunteers currently working in the Open Arts Shelter and other non-profit programs taking place in Tempelhof airport, will be contacted directly. These individuals will be asked to spread knowledge about the program and forward emails with names of families who are interested in participating. A sign-up sheet with information in multiple languages will be posted around the refugee living spaces. Revenue This organization relies solely on government and local grant partners for funding. We will host community fundraisers such as dinner events prepared with student-grown produce. Students will help run a small market which sells their garden produce in order to provide experiential math and business management skills. Expenses - Gardening materials - Renting space from Templehof Community Garden - Afterschool snack and drink - Educational Worksheets and additional printing costs - Refreshment for weekly volunteer meetings

Milestones - Retention from the Tuesday session to the Thursday session - Expanding the number of garden plots rented - Student Assessment survey for Volunteers outlining each individual’s social, emotional, communicative, & and academic ability. Surveys are taken at the beginning and each of each session as a form of measuring progress on an individual level. Team and Key Roles Weekly meetings will be conducted with volunteer gardeners in order to address concerns regarding student behavior and provide a platform for further connection amongst one another. Ideas may also be shared between volunteers addressing further ways to integrate math, science, art, language into the program. This organization is based within clear communication, cooperation, and shared knowledge and ideas, and thus, these meetings seek to support this structure. Partners and Resources - Community Partners will include local grocery stores, museums, libraries, galleries, universities, a diverse support system will connect to our mission of integration as a comprehensive representation of all facets within a community. - Funding events will be organized and posted by our social media and events volunteer - Government grant revenue will be essential to maintain Common Root’s operations

NEW ROOTS

benchmark

:: 18

Currently, other models of migrant integration through the implementation of agricultural practices exist across the globe. Notably, the International Rescue Committee’s (IRC) “New Roots” program is operating in over 20 cities across the United States. The IRC is a nongovernmental humanitarian aid group, that helps resettle refugee populations in the United States through the provision of social services such as: healthcare, education services, infrastructure, and economic support. The IRC created the “New Roots” agricultural program in 2005, in response to the desires of a group of Somalian women who relocated to San Diego after the Somalian Civil War who wanted to farm in their new neighborhood (Zuckerman, 2015). Through the New Roots program, refugees are given access to local land for a modest fee (Zuckerman, 2015) while simultaneously being provided “training and business skills they will need to produce locally grown food for their families or to develop farming as a business” (IRC 2014). After escaping the civil war in Chad, Albert Betoudji resettled in Salt Lake City, Utah and enrolled in the New Roots Micro-Producer Academy, where he “learned new skills in agricultural production, market planning and financial literacy” (IRC 2015). . 86

New Root’s mission is not limited to the economic sector; the organization also focuses on social integration, as well as the celebration and preservation of native cultures. Language can sometimes present major social barriers, with an abundance of languages spoken at the New Roots Farms; these areas become linguistic melting pots. As Grace Henley, the New Roots coordinator in Salt Lake City put it, “while I can’t begin to learn all of the languages spoken at our New Roots Farm, I can learn the names of plants in different languages” (Silber 2014). Additionally, these spaces facilitate the exchange of cultural knowledge. For example, according to Shelleu Brosius an IRC partner in Baltimore, these programs “give newly arrived refugees an opportunity to sample new vegetables and fruits - such as locally grown blueberries – they didn’t have at home” (Gusev, 2015). Furthermore, there is a higher prevalence of the integration of topics ranging from “sustainable farming practices to herbal healing, from seed preservation to culinary heritage- subjects often absent from American agricultural extension programs” (Silber 2014). Along with trying new foods, the New Roots Farms aid refugees in growing culturally relevant crops that were previously a staple of their diet, but are not readily available in American grocery stores

(Silber 2014). Refugees garden alongside locals, allowing them to better get to know their neighbors and their neighborhood, leading to increased social integration (Zuckerman 2015). Additionally, New Roots offers farmers-market tours and cooking classes as part of their programs (Zuckerman 2015). The New Roots program is based around the idea that “more than half of the refugees who are resettled in the U.S each year come from agrarian backgrounds” (Silber 2014). However, this may be an oversimplification, possibly perpetuation a single story of “who a refugee is.” Additionally, in terms of the United States economy, such a push for agrarian related jobs may not be sustainable for these populations as they age, or provide the kinds of wages needed to support a family. For these reasons, our gardening program is primarily focused on social integration and cultural exchange as the assumption that all refugees coming to Berlin are coming from agrarian backgrounds, and would ultimately desire careers in this field is a large generalization. According to Stephan Sievert, a researcher for the Berlin Institute for Population and Development, “we don’t yet know what kind of qualifications they have on aver-

age. Very little is known about the recent wave of immigrants and refugees” (Mauk 2015). In fact, “many [refugees] came [to Germany] with college degrees or job experience from their home countries” (Mauk 2015). While in many cases incoming refugees face large obstacles to find employment within Germany, some occupations are much more feasible. If applicants “have the right training, certification, and language skills, they can usually start quickly” in fields such as civil engineering, medicine, and nursing (Mauk 2015). Due to the diversity of individuals resettling in Berlin, our program seeks to focus on the youngest generation of incoming refugees. As a supplementary program to the German language Welcome Courses, our program aims to increase social integration, mutual cultural exchange, and a sense of belonging in a new home. Similarly to the New Roots program, refugee children will have access to gardening land; however, this access will not be under the assumption of any previous experience, and participation will be free of cost. Additionally, the way our program is structured, ideally each child will be accompanied by one or more of their parents. This process of co-learning and

IRC 19

experience is thought to strengthen the bond between child and parent, a therapeutic process after experiencing such hardship. We are anticipating a similar level of language and cultural knowledge exchange to be present in our program as it is in the New Roots program. Unlike the New Roots program, the major aim of the program is not to set up refugee for careers in agriculture; rather to spur a passion for the gardening, increase time spent outside, and time interacting with local children. This increase in social capital will help set up the participating children for success in school, the work force (agrarian sector or not) as well as in Berlin as a whole. Additionally, the implementation of a permaculture framework encourage a sustainable, closed-loop system of agricultural production. While permaculture, does emphasize producing a yield, it also emphasizes aspects of sustainable agriculture such as the use and value of renewable resources, and producing no waste, characteristics typically absent in mainstream agriculture and business planning.

upscale proposal

MARKETING & BUSINESS

The metrics for measuring success include: - Retention from the Tuesday session to the Thursday session - Expanding the number of garden plots rented due to demand This program is a prototype that can be applied to other locations with access to garden plots and enthusiastic community members. The method of using gardening to facilitate smoother integration can be applied to a variety of scenarios in which an outside culture is attempting to assimilate into the surrounding community. The refugee crisis is currently affecting a multitude of European countries that may not have a much of a robust urban gardening culture as Berlin. In such cases, Common Roots can be a structure for turning underutilized spaces into flourishing community gardens. Marketing mechanisms will differ depending on the location and audience, but the overarching theme of using social media to encourage participation will remain constant. Yet, in terms of attracting refugees or other foreign cultures, direct engagement will be necessary because this audience is typically not directly connected with community sources.

SPATIAL

The Common Roots framework can be implemented in a diverse array of settings. In regard to spatial features, the Common Roots framework can be implemented in any location in which there are individuals who wish to garden with a culturally inclusive framework. The sight should be easily accessible for the intended participants. Due to the age range of participants in this framework, ideally participants would live walking distance from the designated site. In both a rural and urban setting, ideally the program will have access to plots of land or raised beds. The amount of land needed will typically reflect the projected enrollment of children. If a program is planning on using preexisting soil, it would be advisable to test the site for the potential presence of toxins and heavy metals, as well as to test its fertility ph (Surls). A key component to setting up a cultural education garden is seeing if the sight has access to water (Bradley). If the sight previously had access to water it is relatively inexpensive to reconnect to a water-meter. However, it is much more costly to connect the site to a water source if it has not been connected in the past (Bradley). Additionally, the site should receive at least 6 hours of direct sunlight each day for plant growth, although the types of plants can be selected for certain amounts of sunlight and shade (Surls).

18. Photograph by Peter Biro (IRC) 19. Photo taken by the IRC of refugee farmers in Salt Lake City, Utah, participating in the New Roots program. 88

Chapter

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Information

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All images used are licensed under Creative Commons or were taken/created by the authors Fox by Marc Evans [page 7]: 14, April 2016. Flughafen Tempelhof by Martin Roell [page 7]: 14 April 2016. Berlin, Former Airport Berlin-Tempelhof by Mitshu [page 19]: 14 April 2016. Aerial Shot-Tempelhof Airport [page 19]: 14 April 2016. Tempelhof by Alex Osaki [Page 26]: 28 April 2016.

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All images used are licensed under Creative Commons. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Layout, logo, and all completed graphics were created by Megan McCauley using Adobe Illustrator and InDesign. April 2016. [pages 1 and 5] Hand Icon. 25 April 2017. http://www.flaticon.com/free-icon/gardening_114344 Leaf Icon. 25 April 2017. http://www.flaticon.com/free-icon/tree-leaf_107811 [page 2] Headshots. Provided by individual students. [page 4] Shutterstock Waste Barrels. 18 April 2016. http://www.environmental-watch.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/shutterstock_104951387-copy.jpg [page 7] Flickr Soil Pollution. 18 April 2016. https://flic.kr/p/fsk96v [page 12] Public Lab Aerial Beach. 27 April 2016. https://i.publiclab.org/system/images/photos/000/009/670/original/beach.jpg Public Lab Logo. 27 April 2016. https://i.publiclab.org/system/images/photos/000/007/413/original/logo.png [page 14] Green Business Ideas. 27 April 2016. http://makingittv.com/channel/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Green-Business-Ideas-Permaculture-and-Urban-Farming-making-it-tv1.jp [page 15] Open Street Map of Tempelhof. 25 April 2016.

:: http://www.openstreetmap.org/search?query=berlin%20tempelhof#map=15/52.4730/13.4061 (Dirty soil data from page 93, http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/aktuell/wettbewerbe/ergebnisse/2010/ parklandschaft_tempelhof/ausschreibungstext.pdf) [page 18] Business Plan Icons. 25 April 2016. Networking Icon. http://www.flaticon.com/free-icon/networking_125715 Company Workers Icon. http://www.flaticon.com/free-icon/company-workers_89823 3x3 Grid Icon. http://www.flaticon.com/free-icon/3x3-grid_8722 Speech Bubble Icon. http://www.flaticon.com/free-icon/speech-bubble_121922 Businessman Paper of the Application for a Job Icon. http://www.flaticon.com/free-icon/businessman-paper-of-the-application-for-a-job_30382 Shovel Icon. http://www.flaticon.com/free-icon/shovel_113732 Presentation Icon. http://www.flaticon.com/free-icon/presentation_86069 Domain Registration Icon. http://www.flaticon.com/free-icon/domain-registration_69020 Destination Icon. http://www.flaticon.com/free-icon/destination_86129 All icons from Flaticon.com. Flaticon license crediting below: Icons made by Freepik from www.flaticon.com is licensed by CC 3.0 BY Icons made by Hadrien from www.flaticon.com is licensed by CC 3.0 BY Icons made by Elegant Themes from www.flaticon.com is licensed by CC 3.0 BY Icons made by Gregor Cresnar from www.flaticon.com is licensed by CC 3.0 BY [page 19] Crops Kansas. 27 April 2016. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Crops_Kansas_AST_20010624.jpg [page 20] Flat World Map Icon. 27 April 2016. Icons made by Sarfraz Shoukat from www.flaticon.com is licensed by CC 3.0 BY. http://www.flaticon.com/free-icon/flat-world-map_8986 Map Pin Icon. 27 April 2016. Icons made by Bogdan Rosu from www.flaticon.com is licensed by CC 3.0 BY. http://www.flaticon.com/free-icon/map-pin-marked_69433 [page 21] Google search screenshot. 25 April 2016.

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