ASU – Ain Shams University Faculty of Engineering Department of Architectural Engineering ARC x72: Trends in Contemporary Art Fall 2017 Instructor: Dr. Yasser Mahgoub
Lecture 1 - Introduction
Trend
• What is the meaning of trend ?
•How do you spot a trend ?
Contemporary vs Modern Art ??????????? Contemporary Art = Modern Art فن حديث = فن معاصر • MA = 1860 - 1970 • CA >1970
Modern Art
Modern Art • Modern art, is a collection of all the works of art that fall between the late 1800s (around 1860) to the mid 1900s (around 1970). For the realm of modern art, we have painters like Vincent van Gogh, Pablo Picasso, Paul Cezanne and Henri Matisse.
Modern art is represented by works like Les Demoiselles d‘Avignon by Picasso and Spirit of the Dead Watching by Gauguin.
Modern Art • It includes all the technical molds that were created in this period, or all the 'isms‘: – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
Realism 1850-1880 Impressionism 1867-1886 Post Impressionism 1885-1905 Symbolism 1885-1910 Fauvism 1900-1907 Expressionism 1905-1925 Cubism 1908-1914 Futurism 1909-1916 Suprematism 1915-1916 Dadaism 1916-1922 De Stijl 1917-1931 Constructivism 1919-1934 Bauhaus 1919-1933 Art Deco 1920-1930 Surrealism 1920-1940 Abstract Expressionism 1946-1960
Realism 1850-1880 • Realism in France appears after the 1848 Revolution. These realists positioned themselves against romanticism, a genre dominating French literature and artwork in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Seeking to be undistorted by personal bias, Realism believed in the ideology of objective reality and revolted against the exaggerated emotionalism of the romantic movement. Truth and accuracy became the goals of many Realists. Many paintings depicted people at work, underscoring the changes wrought by the Industrial Revolution and Commercial Revolutions. The popularity of such 'realistic' works grew with the introduction of photography a new visual source that created a desire for people to produce representations which look objectively real.
Realism Artists
Breton
Impressionism 1867-1886 • Impressionism originated with a group of Paris-based artists whose independent exhibitions brought them to prominence during the 1870s and 1880s. The name of the style is derived from the title of a Claude Monet work, Impression, soleil levant (Impression, Sunrise). Characteristics of Impressionist paintings include relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes; open composition; emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of time); common, ordinary subject matter; the inclusion of movement as a crucial element of human perception and experience; and unusual visual angles.
Impressionism Artists
Impression, soleil levant - 1872-1872 - Oil on Canvas - Musee Marmottan Monet, Paris – Monet. Dated 1872, its subject is the harbour of Le Havre in France, using very loose brush strokes that suggest rather than delineate it. Monet explained the title later
A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte - 1884-1884 - Oil on Canvas - Art Institute of Chicago - Seurat . Seurat spent over two years painting A Sunday Afternoon, focusing meticulously on the landscape of the park. He reworked the original as well as completed numerous preliminary drawings and oil sketches. He would go and sit in the park and make numerous sketches of the various figures in order to perfect their form. He concentrated on the issues of color, light, and form. The painting is approximately 2 by 3 meters in size.
Arrangement in Grey and Black: The Artist's Mother - 1871-1871 - Oil on Canvas - Musee d'Orsay, Paris – Whistler. Whistler turned to his mother and suggested he do her portrait. In his typically slow and experimental way, at first he had her stand, but that proved too tiring so the famous profile pose was adopted. It took dozens of sittings to complete.
Symbolism 1885-1910 • Symbolism originated in France, and was part of a 19thcentury movement in which art became infused with mysticism. French Symbolism was both a continuation of the Romantic tradition and a reaction to the realistic approach of impressionism. It served as a catalyst in the outgrowth of the darker sides of Romanticism and toward abstraction. The term Symbolism means the systematic use of symbols or pictorial conventions to express an allegorical meaning. Symbolism is an important element of most religious arts and reading symbols plays a main role in psychoanalysis. Thus, the Symbolist painters used these symbols from mythology and dream imagery for a visual language of the soul.
Symbolism Artists
The Sleeping Gypsy - 1897-1897 - Oil on Canvas - The Museum of Modern Art, New York - Rousseau He was trying to create a mood that was mysterious in this painting by using as few elements as he could. His forms are of an abstract quality and with little modeling and detail to the figures.
The Scream - 1893-1893 - Oil on tempera on canvas - National Gallery, Oslo - Munch Edvard Munch's most famous work, which has been interpreted as representing the universal anxiety of modern man.
Post Impressionism 1885-1905 The Post Impressionists were a few independent artists at the end of the 19th century who rebelled against the limitations of Impressionism to develop a range of personal styles that influenced the development of art in the 20th century. The major artists associated with Post Impressionism were Paul Cezanne, Paul Gauguin, Vincent Van Gogh and Georges Seurat. Cezanne was an important influence on Picasso and Braque in their development of Cubism. Van Gogh's vigorous and vibrant painting technique was one of the touchstones of both Fauvism and Expressionism, while Gauguin's symbolic color and Seurat's pointillist technique were an inspiration to Les Fauves.
Post Impressionism Artists
Starry Night - 1889-1889 - Oil on Canvas - The Museum of Modern Art, New York City - van Gogh The painting depicts the view outside his sanitarium room window at night, although it was painted from memory during the day. Since 1941 it has been in the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. Reproduced often, the painting is widely hailed as his magnum opus. The center part shows the village of Saint-Remy under a swirling sky, in a view from the asylum towards north. The cypress tree to the left was added into the composition.
The Potato Eaters - 1885-1885 - Oil on Canvas - Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam.
Mont Sainte-Victoire - 1902-1904 - Oil on Canvas - Phildelphia Museum of Art - Cézanne
Paul Gauguin
Art Nouveau 1890-1910 Art Nouveau is a global approach to decoration and architecture that dates back to 1890s. Reportedly, the connotation art nouveau in reference to the European art revolution of the decade of 1890, derives it from a then present interior design gallery in Paris in late eighteenth century. Its German reference of Jugendstil and an assortment of others like stile liberty in Italy. A revolution took place across all principal cities of Europe around the turn of the twentieth century. Reportedly, such actions were in response to classical approaches to art that was predominant in numerous art institutes across the continent. The revolutions sort to popularize a new approach to art. It emphasized the persuasion of artistic beauty through nature. The insistence by the perpetuators of the new style on art depicting unique plant forms while rejecting the historical themes that dominated works of art of the time. There was huge tension that flanked the era amid the decorative and modernity schools of thought. Many individual designers in support of the revolution sort to present a unity amid decorativeness and artistry. Reportedly, the symbolism presented a great representation of nature that many believed to have the effect of elating the noble practice. In essence, the new style embodied numerous themes of creative arts.
Art Nouveau 1890-1910 Art Nouveau presented artistic works that cut a cross the applied arts, paintings and architecture. Additionally, the abrupt changes channeled by the well-known industrial revolution during this era, motivated a pool of emerging dissimilar ideas amid the varied fields. Massive advancement in the fields of architecture, interior design, creation of pieces of furniture, glasses and cutleries, jewelry and other varieties of textiles and lightings. The innovations made use of newer materials such as glass, metals and wood in the development of aesthetic objects. These significantly enhanced the idea across numerous boundaries. The peculiar aspect of art Nouveau is its structural and thematic dissimilarity from other forms of neoclassicist art. The perpetuators strived to disassociate themselves from the dominant themes across the principal art schools across Europe.
Art Nouveau Artists
Adele Bloch-Bauer I - 1907-1907 - Oil on Canvas - New York - Gustav Klimt This was a commission of a Byzantine Royalty where he combined the human figures with elaborate patterns, which did not appeal to many institutional patrons.
Casa Mila - 1905-1907 – Architecture – Barcelona - Gaudi This building was built as an apartment complex with open court yards in the middle. He gave a new form to the building with the movement of the facade by the undulating and twists that even continued in the iron railings.
Detail of surrounding wall, Guell Park - 1900-1914 – Architecture – Barcelona - Gaudi Gaudi built this ceramic mosaic throughout this park with flowing movement with he wanted to be represented as a feeling of everlasting change.
Fauvism 1900-1907 • Fauvism is the style of les Fauves (French for "the wild beasts"), a short-lived and loose group of early twentieth-century Modern artists whose works emphasized painterly qualities and strong color over the representational or realistic values retained by Impressionism. • While Fauvism as a style began around 1900 and continued beyond 1910, the movement as such lasted only a few years, 1904 and 1908, and had three exhibitions. The leaders of the movement were Henri Matisse and Andre Derain.
Fauvism Artists
London Bridge - 1906-1906 - Oil on Canvas - Modern Museum of Art, New York - Derain He painted this as a way to capture the atmosphere of London. This painted was compared to impressionism because of the brushstrokes and the bright colors.
Portrait of Derain - 1906-1906 - Oil on Canvas - Modern Museum of Art, New York – Vlaminck. Influenced by Derain and Van Gogh and their use of color. He used short and choppy to add dynamics to the color.
Harmony in Red - 1908-1908 - Oil on Canvas - St. Petersburg – Matisse. He created this painting near the end of this movement as a way to show how the world was moving towards a more abstracted view by creating flat patterns and no perspective.
Portrait of Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler - 1910-1910 - Oil on Canvas - Art Institute of Chicago – Picasso. This is an example of analytic cubism and was made for an art critic that was producing some of the first written works on Cubism.
Entrance to Port Dauphine Metropolitan Station - 1901-1901 – Architecture – Paris - Hector Guimard He designed this entrance to the subway. It was constructed for the 1900 Universal Exposition with prefabricated parts.
Portrait of Madame Matisse/The Green Line - 1905-1905 - Oil on tempera on canvas – Copenhagen - Matisse He did this painting of his wife as a way to show his independence to use abstract colors for line and shape.
Expressionism 1905-1925 • Started in Germany out of fauvism as a way to use distortion and exaggeration to have a more emotional effect with the use of intense colors and bold brush strokes and outlines. Major Artists in this movement were Wassily Kandinsky and Ernest Ludwig Kirchner.
Expressionism Artists
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Seated Girl - 1910-1910 - Oil on Canvas - Minneapolis Institute of Art - Kirchner He painted this girl with an idealized figure against dark background to represent authenticity. He used to color to define her personality.
Portrait of Adolf Loos - 1909-1909 - Oil on Canvas - National Galerie - Kokoschka He painted one of his supporters in a way so he is emerging from the background through the use of light.
Cubism 1908-1914 This was a movement that looked at the subject in a new way and from different viewpoints by analyzing breaking it up into an abstracted form. Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque were two of the main leaders of this movement.
Cubism Artists
Houses at L'estaque - 1908-1908 - Oil on Canvas – Bern - Braque This is a transformation to which led to the term cubism. This is a simplified and broken down view of a landscape with houses by establishing a flattened plane.
Crouching Man - 1907-1907 – Stone – Paris - Derain Derain created this work of art at the end of the fauvistic phase and the beginning of cubsim. This was influenced by Cubist sculptors that were starting to begin and created this sculptor by carving stone.
Chicago Picasso - 1963-1967 – Sculpture - Daley Plaza, Chicago - Picasso The Chicago Picasso (often just The Picasso) is an untitled monumental sculpture by Pablo Picasso in Chicago, Illinois. The sculpture, dedicated on August 15, 1967, in Daley Plaza in the Chicago Loop, is 50 feet (15.2 m) tall and weighs 162 tons.[1] The Cubist sculpture by Picasso was the first such major public artwork in Downtown Chicago, and has become a well known landmark. It is known for its inviting jungle gym-like characteristics.[2] Visitors to Daley Plaza can often be seen climbing on and sliding down the base of the sculpture.
Women's Head - 1909-1909 – Bronze - Modern Museum of Art, New York - Picasso This is a 3-D version of the studies where he was experimenting with the pictorial dimensions by carving the persons features in geometric forms.
Futurism 1909-1916 Artistic Movement that originated in Italy and was founded by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. The artists expressed movement, speed, technology and violence as their subjects in their work.
Futurism Artists
Street Light - 1909-1909 - Oil on Canvas - Modern Museum of Art, New York He used V shaped brush strokes and complimentary subjects and placed them in a way to radiate from the light source showing a vibrant feel to the painting.
Suprematism 1915-1916 Russian abstract art movement that officially began with its first show in December, 1915. It was founded by Kasimir Malevich, who began developing the style in 1913. The style put emphasis on basic geometric shapes, namely the square, along with circles, rectangles, and triangles. According to Malevich, Suprematism was an attempt trying desperately to free art from the dead weight of the real world. Rather than trying to create images that were objective and tethered to reality, these artists stressed the importance of feeling in art. In fact, the name Suprematism refers to the supremacy of pure feeling over objective art, because objectivity was seen as distracting to the experience of feeling and reacting. The arrangement of geometric forms in various colors are arranged against a flat white background in such a way as to express movement, rhythm, and speed.
Suprematism 1915-1916 Suprematism went through three phases during its existence: – first, the black phase, which featured solid black shapes and stripped the movement down to the basics; – next, the colored•phase which sought to express movement through space by using color; – last, the white phase, which is encapsulated by Malevich’s piece White on White and which represents nothing but the idea.
Some have accused Suprematism as nihilistic, but others argued that it brought the viewer to a higher level of experience.
Suprematism Artists
Dadaism 1916-1922 Dadaism was a movement that responded to the horrors of war and modern society. They saw World War I as being so insane that its existence called into question the validity of the society that produced it. Dada proclaimed itself anti-war, antiart, and was, in many ways, anarchic. The nonsense name and works of the movement were meant to draw attention to how nonsensical violence and war can be, and how insane it is to carry on with everyday life when such atrocities are occurring.
Dada Artists
De Stijl 1917-1931 • De Stijl was a Dutch artistic movement that also goes by the name of neoplasticism.•It was founded by the artists Theo van Doesburg and Piet Mondrian in 1917. • They attempted to create a utopian ideal by reducing objects into pure, abstracted images that utilized horizontal and vertical lines as well as primary colors and non-colors. • De Stijl artists were not concerned with accurately representing the true form, shape, and color of objects.
De Stijl Artists
Constructivism 1919-1934 Constructivism was a Russian movement founded by Vladimir Tatlin and Alexander Rodchenko in 1915. Stylistically, it was influenced by Cubism and Suprematism, but ideologically, it was a response to the modern world and its new technologies. Constructivist artists allowed the material to define the art work, and sought to create pieces that were either functional, or celebratory of the industrial world. According to their manifesto, Constructivism is a purely technical mastery and organisation of materials.•It contrasted with Suprematism in that it did not wish to represent anything at all, not even ideas or feelings. At the 5 x 5 = 25 exhibition, the Constructivists declared painting dead. The movement embraced advertising and consumerism, and used images only as tools to showcase objects and industry.
Constructivism Artists
Bauhaus 1919-1933 School founded by the architect Walter Gropius in Weimar, Germany in 1919 that combined crafts and the fine arts. It was founded with idea of creating a total work of art in which all arts would be brought together. It existed in three German cities: Weimar from 1919 to 1925, Dessau from 1925 to 1932, and finally Berlin from 1932 until it was closed in 1933 because of increasing pressure from the Nazi regime. The Bauhaus was well known for its different and innovative approach to design and it was this idea that permeated and changed the course of Modern Art in the 20th century.
Bauhaus Artists
Art Deco 1920-1930 • Bold colors. Geometric shapes. Sharp, linear elements. This movement finds itself as the most "modern" style for the time. Mostly associated with architecture, the machine-like chrome and industrialized metals, created a new look that caught the wave of the "The Golden Age" and the Roaring Twenties.
Art Deco Artists
William Van Alen
Many of Lempicka's works included strong female figure serving as the main character of her works, often depicting a reflection of Lempicka herself.
Surrealism 1920-1940 • A literary and artistic movement of dream-like expressionism. Combining prose, poetry, story, and art works, the authors and movers of this movement were specifically obsessed with capturing imagination and solving the mysteries that lie beneath the subconscious matters of the human mind.
Surrealism Artists
Abstract Expressionism 1946-1960 • Abstract Expressionism marks the shift of focus of modern art from Europe to the United States. • The movement began post-world war II. Although the exact date of its start is unclear, the first use of the name "Abstract Expressionism" in regards to American Artists was in 1946 by art critic Robert Coates.
Abstract Expressionism Artists
Kline
Thank You.