Programming for Design: From Theory to Practice EDITH CHERRY
PROGRAMMING FRAMEWORK
Dr. Yasser Mahgoub
PROGRAMMING FRAMEWORK
Dr. Yasser Mahgoub
Chapter 1 Introduction
Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • What is Architectural Programming? “Architectural programming is the research and decision-making process the defines the problem to be solved by design.” • Architectural Programming process provides the designer with a clear definition of the scope of a project and the criteria for a successful solution. – Human factors – Functions – Form-givers: Site and climate.
• Listen to and understand the client’s ideals and aspirations. • Criteria for relationships of spaces and activities that support the client’s operations.
Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • Lists of spaces • Client’s budget • Concepts of acceptable intensities of development • Synthesize the information and make statements that summarize the problem to be solved by design.
Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • A design can take a universe of possible forms But • When is completed it will have only one. • AP process establishes the criteria appropriate to a particular project. • The process provides the designer with guidance for selecting the most appropriate form.
Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction
History of Architectural Programming
Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction History of Architectural Programming • Self-conscious and unselfconscious design • Unself-conscious – People create, by trial and error, forms that meet their basic social and physical needs. – Traditions Right way to design and program – Designer is Builder and User – Communication of Success and Failure is Automatic.
Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction History of Architectural Programming • Self-conscious and unselfconscious design • Self-conscious design – Tradition provides “archetypes” but does not dictate them. – More freedom in the selection of forms More opportunity for error. – Designers don’t use or build the buildings they design – Communication about success and failure requires conscious effort (POE) – Failures may not be corrected in subsequent projects.
Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • The Science and Technology Arena – WW2 – Communication Technology • Communication techniques and information
– 1950s – Computer Technology • Process large amounts of information • Input – Output • What are your goals?
– 1957 – Space Travel • Techniques for examining existing systems • Designing new systems • System Analysis
Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • The Sociopolitical Arena – 1950s and 1960s Racial issues – Problems of urban centers – failure of urban renewal programs – 1962 Gans – The Urban Villagers – Boston’s West End Urban renewal process insensitive and inhuman. – Quality of Information! – Whose values? Who is to consult? – Community participation in planning urban renewal projects – Participation by the people – Public involvement – “Implicit” rather than “Explicit” process.
Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • Academic Arena – Design Methods Research or Design Methodology - How we design! – West Germany - Horst Rittle – Great Britain - Bruce Asher, Christopher Jones, Geoffrey Broadbent – 1960s Rittle UC Berkeley (wicked problem) – Christopher Alexander MIT & Harvard – Berkeley (Pattern Language) – Conferences on deign methods research
Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • Academic Arena – Alexander: • Participation in Design • Layperson to undertake for themselves the design of their environment
– User participation in the Design Process: • • • • • •
Habraken Friedman Brolin Zeisel Deasy Sanoff
Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • Academic Arena – Criticism: • Programming was viewed as the definition of the functional problem alone.
– Peter Rowe (Design Thinking): • Programming could define aesthetic, psychological and many other problems.
Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • The Professional Practice Arena – Academics researching design methods. – Architects applying them in the filed. – Postwar baby boom after the 1940s
Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • The Professional Practice Arena – Caudill Rowlett Scott (CRS, CRSS) produced design criteria for new high school facility – Working with client prior to design - “Architectural Analysis – Prelude to Good Design” Architectural Programming.
http://crs.arch.tamu.edu/about-us/history/
Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • The Professional Practice Arena – Pena and Caudill – Programming as a vital part of architectural practice. – 1977 Pena and Focke – “Problem Seeking” – CRS + HOK – Problem Seeking Approach – Davis – McLaughlin – Burns – Edward T. White – Preiser.
– Today the architectural programming phase of an architectural project is incorporated into standard architectural contracts and national architectural licensing examination.
Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • The Professional Practice Arena – Performance Specification Concept • Describes what a designed object should do rather than what it should look like or be made of (prescriptive). • It should describe the desired performance and leave to the designer the development of forms to accommodate those performances.
Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • The Professional Practice Arena – 1960s - Community Design Centers • Client (user) involvement • Providing architectural and planning services those communities and individuals who could not afford professional fees. • Volunteers
Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • The Professional Practice Arena – Performances Specifications – Public Participation – Systems Analysis
Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • The Professional Practice Arena – Programming vs. Design • The act of programming implies a separation of the criteria definition process from the design act
Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • Professional Issues and Programming – The architect should be skilled at all states of architectural programming and be able to provide the service. • Small Projects: without an additional service charges • Large Projects: client paying separately for the program to a specialist
– A new kind of professional who specializes in architectural programming.
Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • Professional Issues and Programming
Project Scale
P
D P D P D P/D
Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • Professional Issues and Programming – Some professionals feel that it is the clients’ responsibility to provide the functional program and the architect’s responsibility to develop the architectural program. – Good program addresses the problem in a comprehensive way, Qualitatively and Quantitatively.
Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • Professional Issues and Programming – Other professionals view the programming process to expand the client’s horizon significantly. – Every building has a “hidden program” that is the basic social-physical form that society expects.
Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • Professional Issues and Programming – Some architects are skeptical about studying the design process at all. – It affects Creativity! – Programming restricts creativity!
Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • Professional Issues and Programming – Programming – Avoiding preconceptions. – Our training as architects emphasizes solutions – Uncomfortable with programming. – Our society rewards good answers much more than it rewards good questions. – Uncover issues, prejudices and conflicts.
Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • Professional Issues and Programming – A client is too busy to make the decisions. – Investment – Involvement – Uncomfortable working closely with the users of the buildings – Clients don’t pay for it.
Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • Professional Issues and Programming – How much programming is enough! – More or Less.
Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • Who does architectural programming? – Clients: Those who build frequently – developers – real-estate companies - … – Consultants: Develop the program independently of the design architects – Architects: In-house effort. – A designer should always review the entire document before proceeding with design.
Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • Summary – – – – –
Programming Process = Research + Decision Making Problems to be solved by design Conscious or Unconscious Programming as sub-discipline of architecture Programming precedes design phase
– Why programming should be done? – When should it be done? – Who should do it?
End