ENGHAVE BRYGGE - A sense of community
FORMALITIES Institute of Architecture and Design Aalborg University
ABSTRACT
Theme Urban Transformation and Sustainable Engineering Techniques Project period 01.09.13 - 20.11.13
The project deals with urban transformation and retrofitting of the H. C. Ă˜rsted power plant and the area of Enghave Brygge, which is the last part of a new development for the old industrial quarter in Sydhavnen, Copenhagen.
Submission date
20.11.13
Supervisor
Shelley Smith and Jacob Bjerre Mikkelsen
Tecnical supervisor
Jes Vollertsen
Number of copies
9
Page numbers
65
The master plan of the project is developed with a focus on sustainability, social and environmentally. The environmentally sustainability focuses on hydrology, collecting and re-using rain- and stormwater in the area relieving the demand of the ground water. The social sustainability appears in the shape and functions of the spaces, the grades of privacy and the composition of programs.
Appendix 12 Project group
The focus of the project is retrofitting the power plant into a cultural center for Sydhavnen linking the district together.
MSc1, Urb group 2
Anne Marie MenĂĽ Heltborg
June Gina Heiselberg
Lars Michael Brun
Yordan Vakarelov
Kim Sund Ingerslev
3
TABLE OF CONTENT
4
Preface Reading guide Method Urban transformation Introduction
5 5 5 6 8
PRESENTATION Master plan Hydrology Water Square - Visualization - Plan - Section Enghave Brygge Square - Visualization - Plan - Section Enghave Brygge Promenade
10 11 12 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
ANALYSIS Mappings Context analysis Demografics of sydhavnen Social sustainability Site analysis Hydrology analysis
24 24 25 26 27 28 30
VISION CONCEPT
32 33
MASTER PLAN DEVELOPMENT Housing - Typology - Facade character Mixed use - Typology - Facade character
34 38 38 39 40 40 41
DETAILING Programming The power plant The promenades Enghave brygge promenade Green areas The commercial stretch Hydrology Mixed use courtyards Housing courtyards
42 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Conclusion Reflection
51 52
Literature list Illustration list
53 54
APPENDIX A: Workshop 1 B: Workshop 2 - concept C: Typology workshop D: Programmering E: Infrastructure and parking F: Road and street profiles G: Hydrology calculations G: Sun studies
56 56 58 59 60 61 62 64 66
PREFACE
READING GUIDE
METHOD
This project is composed by group 2, MSc.01 Urban Design, Aalborg University, Institute for Architecture and Design, fall semester 2013.
The report is divided in six main parts and begins at the end explaining the result of the project. The six parts are the introduction, presentation, analysis, design development, detailing and the appendix.
The project consists of three phases. The first is the analytic phase which contains a cartographic research of the site and its context and a phenomenological research of the site which gave an understanding of the proportion of the site, the context and the potentials. The phenemonelogical analysis was based on a study trip to the site at Enghave Brygge, Copenhagen, where the site was experienced. The visit to the site made it possible to experience problems, potentials and qualities that were not found at the initial analysis of the site. After the visit a workshop working with understanding the site spatially was conducted, that helped understanding the actual capacity of the site.
The theme for this project is Urban Transformation and Sustainable Engineering Techniques and deals with the transformation of a power plant and the creation of a master plan for Enghave Brygge, Copenhagen. In the project a focus is to make a diverse programming for the site that will attract people to the area both for living and cultural visits. The master plan also deals with the implementation of hydrology and how that can affect the built environment. The project takes place in the timeframe from the 2nd of September 2013 to the 20th of November 2013.
In addition to the report there is a drawing folder with architectural drawing of the project in scale. References to illustrations, images and appendix are placed in the text through the report, with the sources placed at the end of the report in the literature list, illustrations list or appendix.
The second phase of the project was the vision development. Beside the vision devel-
opment it also focused on the concept for the project. This phase was kick started with a workshop working with a psychical model of the concept and the main gesture of the master plan. This workshop was based on the study from the analytic phase plus a focus on the transition from volumes and the sites capacity to a more detailed shape. The final phase is the presentation of the finished design, illustrated using diagrams, drawing materials and visualizations. Caused by the extensive character of the project only parts of the project are detailed, the rest of the areas are attempted explained with reference pictures showing the expression and the desired atmosphere of the place.
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URBAN TRANSFORMATION Urban transformation can be considered as the: “...fundamental structural redevelopment of cities, by design, to achieve functional practical and aesthetic improvements… implemented on various scales – neighbourhood, community, district and region.” – (David Nock 2013) Urban renewal and urban transformation are essential tools in the highly and increasingly urbanized society of today. Cities around the world have expanded and extended by spreading out the build area and enlarged the city, an American term known as urban sprawl (Free dictionary 2013). This development has had huge consequences for a lot of American cities and a contemporary example is Detroit, Michigan. The sprawl drew people from the core of Detroit to the suburbs and when the car industry decommissioned the core of the city died. Today the strategy towards city development has changed radically. Focus is no longer expanding but, on the contrary, densifying the cities, improving the public spaces and transforming already existing structures. Our society today is changing from an industrial society to a society of knowledge and there has been huge focus on transforming the many old industrial sites and incorporate them in the city.
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Joan Busquets, Spanish architect and urban planner, has written the book cities X lines explaining ten strategies for urban transformation. (Busquets 2006)
ings relied on a grey Indiana limestone as the primary surface material, which creates a correlation and visual continuity among the buildings despite the different designs.
Two of the strategies are explained in the following.
Synthetic Gestures Due to the high level of competition between cities, the craving for iconic buildings has become a substantial urbanistic preoccupation, an architectural piece that can become an architectural trademark of the city. Synthetic gestures is a tactic using a key building as the finishing touch of the development at the same time a generator for the development.
Urban transformation strategies Piecemeal aggregations Piecemeal aggregations is an approach working at the scale of the urban fragments. A project consists of several parts that can be developed separately, but they all have to respond to the overall guidelines of the scheme. The approach deals with design as a whole without elaborating every detail of the architecture. The basis of the strategy is the idea that the quality of the urban project as a whole is greater than the sum of its parts. The strategy provides a diversity of architectural interpretations without contradictory elements, caused by the general spatial syntax and guidelines for the project that creates a common ground and basis for the architects. (Busquets 2006) Rockefeller Center in Manhatten, New York, see ill. 4, is an example of the use of piecemeal aggregations. Rockefeller is an ensemble of nine different architectural pieces within 12 acre designed by different architects. The designers for all the build-
“A key building goes beyond salient form to deliver a challenging program that can accommodate a broad range of actions within a particular location. A key building, thereby, operates as an elegant and unifying catalyst for a comprehensive and physically influential set of actions for a city” (Busquets 2006, p. 45) One of the most prominent examples of the synthetic gestures is the Guggenheim museum in Bilbao, Spain, see ill. 1. The architect Frank Gehry brought worldwide attention to the city of Bilbao and thereby the reconstruction process of the riverfront by placing a single key building. The building became an important factor in the change from an industrial city to a cultural destination. (Busquets 2006)
Copenhagen The tactical strategy synthetic gestures has been and still is used at the Copenhagen Harbour Front. The harbour has a history of trade and industry as most other harbour areas, but has been changed into an area with a recreational and cultural sphere, caused by the implementation of key cultural buildings, like The Opera House, The Playhouse and The Black Diamond, see ill. 2-3. The H.C.Ø. power plant has a potential of becoming a cultural key building in the harbour area and added on to the existing network of key buildings, and act as a catalyst for the development of Enghave Brygge. The strategy piecemeal aggregations can be useful in developing the site in different zones according to the potentials and quality of the specific place but have a connection and relation to the other parts of the master plan caused by a common scheme.
Ill.1.: Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain
Ill.2.: The Opera House, Copenhagen
Ill.3.: The Black Diamond, Copenhagen
Ill.4.: Rockefeller Center, New York
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INTRODUCTION Copenhagen is the capital of Denmark and the centre for culture, commerce and urban life. Since the beginning the city has grown and expansions of the city lines have been necessary. The expansion began with the opening of the city gates and later with the Fingerplan in 1948. In the new millennium Copenhagen has begun developing a lot of the neglected and industrial areas (KK 2013,1). With the new growth more people will move to the city and the municipality has
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made an estimation increase of 100,000 new citizens in 2025 (KK 2013, 2). One of these areas is Sydhavnen. The area was once water but was reclaimed in the beginning of the 20th century to give room for new development. In 1920 H.C.Ă˜. power plant was built in Enghave Brygge (Sydhavnen 2010). The existing power plants were not able to take the pressure anymore caused by the
increase in the population and because of new development in technology the power plant could be built further away from the users, at Enghave Brygge. The close range to water made it easier to get access to cooling water and to get coal from ships (Adriansen 2007). In 1994 the power plant changed from using coal to gas and Dong Energy took over (Dong 2013). When the power plant was built is was the biggest power plant in Denmark with an
emergency diesel motor as big as three stories and it provided electricity to a big part of Copenhagen and its outskirts. Today the power plant is one of the 25 national industrial heritages in Denmark selected by Kulturarvstyrelsen in 2007 (Adriansen 2007). The power plant is still in use today but the project is based on a decommissioning of the power plant that makes it possible to retrofit and transform the structures with new functions and uses.
Ill.5.:The location of the site
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PRESENTATION The final masterplan shows the relation between the H.C. Ă˜rsted powerplant and the two districts, which are infused with the spatial connection and the harbour front. Starting at the park in the Western part of the site, continuing besides the powerplant towards Southeast and is ending at Enghave Brygge.
Enghave Park
Ă˜rsted Square Water Square
The promenade of Enghave Brygge is consisting of two parts, creating the possiblity to experience the place in different ways, either as a fast connection or longer a leisure ordeal. The Enghave Brygge marina connects the mixed use office area to residential northern part, continuing further to Havneholmen with Fisketorvet, providing pedestrians and bicycles a connection to Bryggebroen. On the South end of the site is a bridge leading down to Teglholmen, linking the area to the rest of Sydhavnen. See appendix E and D for an elaborated explaination of the infrastructure and the road and street profiles. The two districts have a distinctive typologies fitting the area. Focusing on the atmosphere, these districts are divided into blocks with either a closed, private- or open, semipublic courtyard. Enghave Brygge Promenade
Enghave Marina Enghave Brygge Square
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MASTER PLAN N
40m
11
N
Watering the park
Ill.6.: The overall system of the water collection in the area
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HYDROLOGY
The actual water tanks where the water is stored are placed underground in a cen-
tral place for the blocks in the system. The ponds placed in the courtyards are mainly for recreational use in the public spaces as water surfaces to visualise the water in the city and to increase the residents’ awareness regarding hydrology.
The basin close to the power plant is a surface pond with a permenant level of water. The water collected in this pond is used for watering the park and is designed with steps that function as a emergency spillway for stormwater.
When water in the ponds rises beyond one meter the water is led underground to the storing tank, the waterlevel in the ponds is therefore never deeper than one meter. See ill. 7 and appendix G.
See appendix G for an elaboration of the hydrology.
11,5m
The rain- and stormwater in the area are collected from the rooftops, stored and used for toilet flush and washing machines in the apartments, townhouses and offices. The concept behind the master plan of the hydrology is to collect water in smaller system around the area; every 4-5 block collects water to a common tank and the water is distributed to use in the buildings. See ill. 6.
30m
Ill.7.: Sectiondiagram of the subsystem
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WATER SQUARE Located in between the power plant and Diesel House, the water square is enclosed by buildings creating shelter for the wind. The square is connected to Ă˜rsted Square and further on towards Enghave Brygge promenade. In the middle of the square is a basin built as an amphitheater with large stairs to sit on and three stairs with smaller steps to walk down to the water surface. The basin has a permanent water level of 1 meter that rises when heavily raining. The collected water is used to water Enghave Park. The water creates an awareness of the hydrology and an aestetic element in the large square. The stairs can be used to relax on summerdays, and a big screen placed at the facade of the power plant makes it possible to show outdoor movies or sports events using the stairs as a tribune for the people. This will fill the square will a sense of community because it will create meeting between strangers and generate life in the area.
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A SUMMERNIGHT AT WATER SQUARE Watching summerbio on the big screen
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PLAN N
Diesel Museum
Entrance exhibition room
Street light
Water Basin
op
Outdoor serving
sh
k or
W
p
o sh
rk
Wo
CafĂŠ/Restaurant
p ho
ks
r Wo
en
op
sh
op
r
h ks
Wo
16
A
r
Wo
A on
op
h ks
s
cti
W
g Bi
Se
k or
e cr
10m
SECTION AA 1:500
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ENGHAVE BRYGGE SQUARE Enghave Brygge Square is the waterside entrance to the area and marks the one end of the spacial connection going through the site. The square itself goes out and intersects the harbour promenade from where you can easily reach the inner city by bike. The staircase sits as an extension to the experience path and connects the promenade with the square. Guided by the pipe line, an industrial heritage marking the history of the site, the square continues into and becomes a part of the spacial connection linking Enghave Brygge Square to the rest of the public spaces ending with Enghave Park. The square is a place with mainly commercial use which includes a twenty storey hotel, form where you have got a view of the entire area and Copenhagen.
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ARRIVING AT ENGHAVE BRYGGE Guided by the pipes towards the power plant
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PLAN N
Office Entrance Shop
Water Basin
Shop
Shop
Shop
Hotel Lobby
Shop
Office Entrance
Coffee Shop
CafĂŠ Integrated street light
Harbour bus stop
Section BB
Seating along the edge
10m
20
SECTION BB 1:500
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Enghave Brygge Promenade
Section 1
The Enghave Brygge promenade has a very distinguished atmoshpere as it variates in shape, experience and functionality. Giving the people several ways of exploring the space, having to either choose to pass through the area or spend time at the promenade, enjoying the harbour front. The strict line of the marina is broken by the form of the promenade, entering the water and bringing it to life.
Section 1
22
Section 2
10 m
Section 3 Section 4
5m
23
Section 4
Section 3
Section 2
ANALYSIS MAPPINGS
New Development
Green structure
Blue structure
Infrastructure
Enghave Brygge is part of a development plan of the south harbour in Copenhagen. The area is to be transformed from an industrial harbour site to a residential and commercial area. The vision is to create a function mixed neighbourhood with high quality facilities as in the rest of the city, a family-friendly housing environment with commercial, culture and public functions integrated in the area. The intension is varying buildings; closed block and more open modern buildings that relates to the water, the streets or the green areas. (Københavns kommune 2012) Enghave Brygge is the last part to be developed, and with the central location between Havneholmen and Teglholmen it is an important piece in the neighbourhood.
Besides the large and quite dominating green structure on Amager, there is with the new development at Teglholmen planned a green corridor that connects the school district north of Sjælør Station to the new school at Teglholmen, Sydhavnen School, and continues to Amager as a bridge for pedestrians and bicycles (BY & HAVN 2013). The green wedge is part of a project that creates a safe way to the schools for the children despite the large traffic nodes in the area and at the same time it creates a visual link in the area (Rambøll 2012).
Enghave Brygge is a peninsula in Copenhagen Harbour and therefore has a long stretch of harbour area. In recent years there has been a growing focus on water as a recreational resource and a lot of projects have popped up all over the harbour, increasing the accessibility to the water and implementing water-activities in the harbour. The water is a huge potential for Enghave Brygge, and an improvement of accessibility would draw more people to this part of the harbour front, and make it possible for the residents to enjoy the water.
The four lane road, Vasbygade, to the east and the water around the peninsula creates a barrier around the site and infrastructural it is a dead end. There is a potential in connecting the peninsula infrastructural to the rest of Sydhavnen. To enhance the public transportation a harbour bus stop can be implemented at the site and the bus could be pulled through the area. In addition there are discussions about a metro line going through Sydhavnen to Ny Ellebjerg Station, a branch on the metro city ring with a stop at Enghave Brygge that would enhance the approachability with public tranportation (Ingeniøren 2013).
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There is a potential in connecting Enghave Brygge and the future settlement to the green wedge and thereby increase the accessibility in Sydhavnen in general and the School for the vulnerable road users.
CONTEXT ANALYSIS 54% 24 % 22 %
5.100 31% 56 % 13 % 61.568
16 %
AMAGER
16 %
59%
INNER CITY
68%
59.211
SYDHAVNEN
49.656
VESTERBRO
VALBY
The diagram presents the areas around Sydhavnen. It shows the percentage of housing, business and other functions and how many inhabitants each area haves. It also shows which type typology is dominant and has a reference picture of the facades. In Vesterbro there is a majority of block housing, while Sydhavnen is mainly different industries, business and education with some new housing. Amager is housing and greenery. The new development has to be a mix of residential, culture and business to ensure a certain amount of diversity. The new site will be a blend of the characteristics of the surrounding areas integrating both the block buildings from Vesterbro and the existing business buildings on Teglholmen.
50.527 36 % 42 % 22 %
19 % 22 %
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DEMOGRAFICS OF SYDHAVNEN The data for the following is from Vesterbro and Kongens Enghave since there is no data for Sydhavnen as a seperate district. Sydhavnen is a part of Vesterbro and Kongens Enghave. The demographics of the district are roughly divided in two groups. One is the former harbour workers and middleclass people, with little to none education, low income and a high divorce rate which gives a higher number of single parents. The other group is the new residents in the new developments at Teglholmen; mainly people with higher education high income and also a high number of singles or couples with no children, a group more focused on career (KK statistikbank 2013).
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Combined with a natural range of different people, it gives the area a feel of diversity that should be kept. The problem is now that this diversity only appears in the overall picture; if you look at the individual areas within the district they are highly segregated and heterogenic in their demographics. With prognoses showing an increase in inhabitants in the whole of Sydhavnen, as high as 10.000 residents in 13 years (Københavns kommune 2012), it is important when making new settlements that they give way for a keeping/nurturing of the diversity of the whole district by mixing different ages, social classes and occupation. In this there have to be space for student housing and housing for the elderly because of the different timeframes they use the city, to keep the city alive at all time.
Amenities and social infrastructure Amenities and support services in place early in life of new community - emphasis on schools, social spaces, transport & community workers
Social and cultural life
Shared spaces, collective activities and social architecture to foster local networks, belonging and community identity
SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY When planning and developing a new area it is no longer enough with focus on the hard infrastructure but the “soft infrastructure”, element like education, recreation and culture and social services, must also be a part of the development process. It is no longer enough with environmentally sustainability to create communities for people, the communities must also be social sustainable. The urban design should enhance social interaction and participation. (Hancock 2013). Social sustainability is one of the three sustainability terms; environmentally, economically and social sustainability. Social sustainability should be seen as: “A process for creating sustainable, successful places that promote wellbeing, by understanding what people need from the places they live and work. Social sustainability combines design of the physical realm with design of the social world – infrastructure to support social and cultural life, social amenities, systems for citizen engage-
ment and space for people and places to evolve.” (Woodcraft 2011, p. 16) Social sustainability cannot be created through the physical design but the physical design can make it easier or more difficult for communities to be social sustainable. (Hancock 2013) Young Foundation, a research group, has developed a framework with four components explaining how a community can be successful and social sustainable: Amenities and social infrastructure • Implementation of schools, nursery and childcare. • Multifunctional/flexible spaces. • Good public transport connections. • Meanwhile spaces, temporary use. Social and cultural life • People friendly layouts: car free areas, speed reduction, well-lit
Voice and influence Governance structures to represent future residents and engage new ones in shaping local decision-making and stewardship
Space to grow Flexible planning; housing, infrastructure & services that can adapt over time; meanwhile use of buildings and public spaces
Ill.8.: Illustration explaining the four elements of social sustainability
areas. • Distinctive architecture, create a sense of local identy. • Public spaces, open spaces, park, wide pavements. • Third spaces: cafes, pubs, shops, playground. • Connections to neighbouring communities. Voice and influence • Community action planning. • Identify physical spaces and places residents can influence.
Space to grow • Flexible and adaptable housing. • Flexible and adaptable community bases and buildings. • Flexible Master-planning, enabling participation in planning of the later phases. These point are significant in designing the master plan and its content, to create an area where social sustainability is possible.
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SITE ANALYSIS The following analysis examines the atmospheres and the different characters of the site and the potentials.
Recreational corner
Downtown Enghave Brygge
Enghave Housing
H.C. Ørsted’s squares
The north-west area is largely characterized by the exiting cultivated park, the wide open spaces that stretch beyond the site across the smaller channel and the visually contact to the water. The large silo structures create a possibility for using the spaces around and the huge spaces inside the silos for activities. Simultaneous they bound the area from the sites southern part, and define the space. See ill. for pictures of the areas.
With the view of the water, Downtown Enghave Brygge has an orientation towards the city and its harbour front. This orientation has a public atmosphere; the view and close relation to the water makes the space more open and the position a potential for creating a public atmosphere and area. As the site is now the big graffiti covered wall visually cuts off the area from the power plant, but is still attached physically by the pipeline ending at the harbour front.
The area of Enghave housing has a private and more intimate atmosphere compared with the rest of the site, caused by the small scale of the pitched roofed sheds, the docked sailboats and the wild planting. The area is oriented inwards in the channel away from the city centre towards Teglholmen, where the water is more silent with less traffic.
The shapes and composition of the power plant buildings creates enclosed spaces in between. The spaces have an atmosphere of a courtyard but without the private sphere because of the the size of the space, openings and expression of the surrounding buildings. The buildings shield from the wind and opens up towards south which creates beneficial circumstances for making people stay there.
Potentials: • A harbour bus stop, connecting the site to the rest of Copenhagen. Public habour front. • Implementing mixed use to emphasize the public sphere. • Differentiating the typology from the other areas, to dictate another use.
Potentials: • A residential area keeping the private atmosphere. • The block typology can create the intimate and private atmosphere. • A harbour area for the residents using the boats and sheds to create a maritime sphere.
Potentials: • A public space because of the beneficial climatic factors and the location. • Programs in the buildings can expand out into the space.
Potentials: • Implement sport facilities, activities and leisure areas. • Use the silos for activities. • Connect the area to open spaces west to the channel.
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Downtown Enghave Brygge
Recreational corner
Conclusion The analyses show how the site has many different characters and orientations, therefore there is a potential in dividing the site into areas or districts with different use, using the exiting elements and spaciousness to emphasize the atmosphere and the character of the place.
Enghave Housing
In addition the three spatial potentials; the park and activity area, the defined squares and the east promenade with a harbour bus stop can be connected to create a spatial link across the site connecting the different areas. H.C. Ă˜rsted’s squares Ill.9.: Site pictures
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Usable resources
37 14
Water comsumption
47 15 68 33
38 17 31 38
66 38
57 33 28 73
27 16 24 17
31 58
47 18 24 9
Ill.10.: Relation bewteen the water consumption and the usable resources, groundwater. The numbers are from 1992 and 1993
HYDROLOGY ANALYSIS The increasingly amount of people moving to Copenhagen puts pressure on the water supply for the city. The eastern part of Zealand is the only place in Denmark where the water consumption is larger than the usable groundwater, and a need for new initiatives is crucial. See ill. 10. Copenhagen has in the latest years Increased their focus on stormwater management in the city, especially after the three torrential rain storms in 2011 that were the cause of damages for five billion Danish kroner, but instead of only seeing the large amount of rain as a problem it is a huge natural resource that drops down
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from above (Tredje Natur 2013). The project site is located by the harbour which makes the need for stormwater protection smaller than an inland location. The large consumption and strain on the water supply can be relieved by collecting rainwater and use it for domestic use at the site, for example for toilets and washing machines, where the water does not need to be cleaned before use. The following illustrations shows different ways of collecting the water, storing and using it.
Green roofs There is a lot of positives effect relation to green roofs. They reduce energy use by absorbing heat and act as insulators for buildings, reducing energy needed to provide cooling and heating. The roofs can enhance stormwater management and water quality by reducing and lowering stormwater runoff in the urban environment and filter pollutants from rainfall. Other than that green roofs provide an aesthetic value for the inhabitants. (EPA 2013,1)
Roof runoff Roof runoff collection collects more water than green roofs that absorb some of the water. Although roof runoff it much cleaner than most other stormwater runoffs the water can contain harmful contaminants including heavy metals, microbes, pesticides, dust and particles from vehicle exhaust. Even though the water can be polluted it can still be used for toilet flush, washing machines and other non-potable uses. (NC State University 2010)
Road runoff
Underground pond
Road runoff is much more polluted than roof runoff. When the water flows over the surfaces it picks up rubber, metal deposits from tire wear, engine oil, dirt and dust (EPA 2013,2), and therefore needs to be filtrated and cleaned before use or emission to the harbour.
Underground ponds have the same over all function as surface ponds; storing the water collected from the area. The underground ponds can be placed in the most convenient places in relation to the collection of water because it does not have to relate to the built at the surface. In the underground pond it makes no different visual whether the pond is filled with water or not.
Surface pond
Recreational use
Surface ponds are first and foremost a way of storing the collected water before it is released or used in the area. Surface ponds in particular are a way of making the focus on hydrology clear in the area and in the everyday life of the residents and at the same time bring recreational elements into the site. The execution of a surface pond in the city is crucial because the pond has to function with and more importantly without water in it.
The presence of water in the public space brings quality in the form of better climate, the sound of purling and murmuring water has an calming effect on the people in the city and can tone down the noise of the city and the traffic. Water creates identity and atmosphere in the city (By, Bolig og Land 2013).
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VISION The vision for the project is to enhance the identity and the industrial heritage on the site by retrofitting the HCĂ˜V power plant into a cultural centre with activities, meeting points and spaces for a diversity of people, making the structure a part of peoples realtion to the area and creating spaces for people to interact and participate in the quarter. The area has to be accessible for the residents of the area and the citizens of Copenhagen, to attatch the quarter to the rest of the city and the other peninsulas in Sydhavnen.
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CONCEPT The concept is to create a variety of spaces with different character and atmosphere and a different grade of privacy. From very public, semi-public spaces to totally private spaces that makes it possible for the residents to meet each other, be together and interact in different ways and at the same time have a private sphere to retire to.
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MASTER PLAN DEVELOPMENT
Step 1: The area The site is a peninsula in the district Sydhavnen in Copenhagen, surrounded by water on 3 sides. Where the site is attatched to the rest of the city it is cut of by Vasbygade, a four laned road.
Step 2: The Spatial Connection The spatial connection streches from the existing park area towards east to the end of the pipeline at the harbour front. A connection reaches out to the city through the harbour bus stop placed here. Towards west it reaches out to connect with a planned green wedge at the new Teglholmen school. The location of the spaces are found via the potential analysis of the site.
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Step 3: The Grid
Step 4: The Block
The orthogonal lines from the harbour front are copied to the site creating a grid dividing the site. The existing buildings from the power plant has a different orientation and the old structures are therefore the elements that break the grid and emphasize the industrial heritage.
The Blocks are introduced. This typology is used because of its beneficial qualities. The block has a clear definition of inside and outside of the volume and it has a lot of potentials in modifying the volume. In order to create a hierarchy in the streets, to differentiate the parcels in size and to avoid windtunnels in the street caused by the western wind the the smaller lines in the grid are broken up and moved. See appendix D for street and road profiles.
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6 4
5 3
5 1
2
Step 5: The Districts
Step 6: System of public spaces
The parcels are divided in three districts, two predominantly residential areas and a district with mixed use functions. The mixed use area is placed at the harbour front towards the city which has a more public atmosphere and in relation with the spatial connection. The residential areas are placed towards the smaller channels which have more intimate atmospheres.
The system of public spaces is in two parts; the promenades Enghave Marina (1) and Enghave Brygge (2) and the spatial connection that stretches from Enghave brygge to Ă˜rsted Square (3) where it parts in two. The commercial path continues through the power plant creating a covered gallery with markets towards H.C. Ă˜rsted Metro (4), the other branch continues through the Water Square (5) to Enghave Park (6) where a small pedestrian and bikecycle bridge connect to the other side of the channel.
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4
1 2
3
Step 7: Detailing typology
Step 8: Final Master plan
The coloured volumes are detailed in the following. The location of the volumes in the plan and in the districts dictates the development of the typologies.
The final master plan with the different typologies introduced. The housing typology with townhouses towards the water to break down the scale and the fragmentet student housing that resembles the housing typology without being a part of it.
1: Residential 1 - indland 2: Residential 2 - towards the promenade 3: Mixed use block 4: Student Housing
The mixed use area towards the promenade are more open structures inviting people into the levelled public spaces in the modified blocks that demarcates the spaces from the harbour front.
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HOUSING Typology: Residential 1 and Residential 2
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1: Starting point
2: Staircase
3: Push
4: Openings
5: Building width
6: Result
Footprint extruded five storeys.
The marking of the staircases around the block.
The ground floor of the staircases are pushed 2 meters , to create an entrance for the residents.
Two openings through the building mass makes the inner courtyard public.
The lower 3 storeys are pushed out to create private areas for the residents on the top.
The finished block.
1: Starting point
2: Dividing the block
3: Splitting the volume
4: Building height
5: Push pull
6: Buildings width
Footprint extruded five storeys.
The buildings is divided in two parts. The ground floor in the starcase is pushed back.
The part towards the harbour front is furthermore divided in smaller volumes.
The smaller volumes are pushed down to create different building heights to create diversity and to bring down the scale towards the harbour front.
The volumes are pushed and pulled to create diversity and small spaces arund the volumes.
The 3 lower floors are pulled to create private spaces. Result: Block with apartments and townhouses.
Facade character
The housing areas are built up of the block which is the overall typology used. The architectural form of the housing units are inspired by the traditional blocks in Copenhagen and other cities in Denmark. The traditional Danish block usually has a green courtyard in the middle that gives the residents a more private alternative to the parks in the city. The housing blocks are modified according to the location on the site. The blocks placed by the water at the north and south part of the site have been fragmented towards the water into smaller townhouses, to enhance the maritime atmosphere the existing sailboats, small sheds and houseboats gives the areas. The townhouses are inspired by KartoffelrĂŚkkerne in Copenhagen and Borneo and Sporenburg in Amsterdam. See ill. 14. These houses have their
own small backyards in the courtyard where a public path goes through due to the close location to the public harbour front. The rest of the housing are shaped as the traditional block where shift in the materials and glass stairways divide the facades of the blocks and gives life to the streetscape, ill. 12-13. The courtyards differ in the degree of privacy. The small blocks have private courtyard whereas the bigger courtyards have a more public atmosphere and accessibility caused by the implementation of basins that visually shows the water collection in the area. It is also in these blocks the volume is puched back in the top to create a private space for the residents. The materials used for the facades are mainly bricks in different shades combined with glass.
Ill.11.: Housing building, Amsterdam
Ill.12.: Sint-jobshaven, Rotterdam
Ill.13.: Copenhagen block in Mysundegade
Ill.14.: Sporenburg, Amsterdam
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MIXED USE Typology: Mixed use block and Student housing
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1: Starting point
2: Open up
3: Inner Courtyard
4: Building height
5: Buildings width
6: Result
The block is extruded ten storey.
The block is opened up towards the harbour front and the road to make a visual and physical connection between the road, courtyard and the water.
The Courtyard is liftet one floor in order to separate the more private area from the public harbour front. It also creates space for car parking underneath.
The block’s heights is differentiated towards the water to meet the human scale. This also creates view for the building block behind, and posibilities for roofgardens.
The block is pulled out in the northern part to create sunterraces and to clarify the residential function.
The modifyed mixed used block.
1: Starting point
2: Staircases
3: Push
4: Building height
5: Buildings width
6: Result
The block is extruded seven storeys to differentiate it from the neighbouring residential blocks.
The staircases for the apartments are marked in the building.
The ground floor of the staircase is pushed 2 meter in to create an entrance for the students.
The heights of the building is differentiated to make it stand out from the residential blocks because of the different function.
The lower floors are pulled to create commen outdoor areas for the students.
The modifyed student housing.
Facade character
The mixed use area consists of two parts with different expression in typology and function. The first part is the mixed use buildings placed on the east harbour front. The architectural typology of these buildings is modified block buildings. The blocks are open towards the promenade and are diminishing in height to the water. Placed in the middle of the block is an elevated common courtyard which is elevated from the ground floor level, to differentiate the space from the promenade and make room for parking underneath. The parts of the block towards the water are mainly residential while the part facing the road is space for offices. The courtyard has openings towards the road as well to create connections to the rest of the site and form shortcuts for the residents and employees using the buildings. The second part is the mixed use buildings in relation with the spatial connection connecting the site across following the exist-
ing pipework branching out of the power plant. The main idea for the subsequent kind of typology for this area is to have a more public function, supplemented by a more urban and open atmosphere. The typology is again morphed block, but these differentiate a lot more in heights topped by a 20 floor tall building close to the harbour. The structures are commercial and open to the spatial connection on the ground floor levels, giving them the opportunity to occupy the space outside and generating the possibility for various activities. The structures are denser towards the power plant and opens up towards the water front. The courtyards in these buildings are in directly contact to the spatial connection making them additional public areas, with various leisure activities and shops, cafes and restaurants close to the harbour front, creating a lively and attractive environment The materials of the buildings are mainly glass, steel, concrete and bricks, mixing materials in the blocks to break down the large structures.
Ill.15.: Green Valley project proposal, Shanghai.
Ill.16.: More London, London.
Ill.17.: Downtown, Chicago.
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DETAILING Housing
Business
27%
Culture
11%
Parking
7%
Student housing
5%
Commercial
4%
PROGRAMMING The functions on the site are divided between housing, business and public activities, such as commercial, culture and different institutions. The business area, which also holds housing, is mostly located on the Southeast side, along the waterfront, breaking the housing development on the harbour front, and creating attractive offices with a view over the Copenhagen channel. The ground floor is used for parking spaces for the occupants of those structures. The buildings close to the spatial connec-
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tion are distinguishing higher and have a lesser housing percentage. This is done to enhance the flow along the spatial connection, but also at Enghave Brygge. The ground floor of these buildings is occupied by commercial spaces, sometimes expanding into the outdoor space. This preserves the flow of people, both local and visitors, taking them from the far end of the site to the spatial connection. The commercial use spreads out a bit in the residential area to create dynamic in the spaces, where there is also a grocery store located to give the residents an opportunity to shop groceries
in their community. The main commercial street is situated on the spatial connection, in close relation to the H.C. Ă˜rsted power plant. This specific locating of the commercial venues will attract people from the power plant as well as from the harbour front and the residential area. See appendix D for the exact amount of square meters.
42%
Institution
Sports
3% 1%
9 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
10
2
1
2 1
2
3
4
5
6
3
4
9
10
11 12
13
14
12 4
THE POWER PLANT 5
The structure of the power plant is retrofitting with new functions to bring new life and activity to the structure after decommissioning the power plant. 6 The new programming is to a great extend characterized by cultural, creative and leisure programs, creating a meeting point and activities for the residents to use in their spare time.
7 The main buildings will consist of offices, office hotel because of the close location to the airport, main entrance room, cinema, library and creative art schools like even-
9
2
8
9
117
3
8
81
ing schools for photography, art8 design placed.13 9 and 10 for the 11 young 12 children 13in the area is14 architecture. The mix of programs will keep They have the opportunity to use the gymthe structure vibrant at all times during the nasium, climbing wall and the skate court day and evening. placed in the neighboring building and the creative workshop placed in the floor under The surrounding buildings close to the park the skate court. will have programs relating to leisure, activities and sports. The silo closest to the small The creative group Floating city which has14 channel functions as a smaller gymnasium workshop room in one of the warehouse at with changing rooms and tool sheds with the site will be relocated closer to the changymnastic equipment. The other silo has a nel where their boats are placed. tall climbing wall inside with a 100 meter long running track around. In one of the structures close to the park a youth club
3 10
4 11
10
11
5
5
12
12
6
6
13
13
7
7
14
14
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1
5
1 2
THE PROMENADES The structure along the harbour front is a promenade in two parts with different atmosphere and design. Part one, Enghave Marina, has an intimate and maritime atmosphere caused by the integration of the two existing boat bridges and the boat sheds placed at the quay and the smaller scale of the buildings and townhouses towards the promenade. The promenade is made as a wood decking to create coherence between the boat bridges and the promenade and to enhance the maritime expression. The decking extends towards the edge of the townhouses to incorporate the buildings in the promenade, the entrance to the buildings and thereby the privacy is lifted from the promenade to create a differentiation between the private and the public sphere. The promenade addresses the residents of the townhouses, the boat owners and the residents in the rest of the area by having
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Ill.18.: Bispevika, Oslo
a more private and intimate atmosphere caused by the scale, material, location and orientation inwards in the small channel. Ill. 18 is a reference picture of the atmosphere. The second part, Enghave Brygge, is a more public promenade oriented towards the harbour and the rest of the city. The harbour bus stop placed in the promenade connects the area to Copenhagen City. The promenade is in two parts, a fast track and an experience path. The fast track is linear for people in hurry and bikes without any sharp corners and turns. The experience path differs in materials and shapes, it has different height and the distances from the quay vary. These elements make the experience of the path diversify according to the location on the promenade and the movement along. The promenade is elaborated in the following.
Ill.19.: Moses Bridge, Holland
Ill.20.: The Wave, Kalvebod Brygge
The floating platform
The stairs Harbour bus stop
Enghave Brygge Promenade The fast track The fast track runs along the quay right next to the buildings, it is linear and encourages rapid movement for pedestrians and cyclists. The position close to the buildings creates surprisingly view towards the area every time the streets meet the promenade. The wall constantly changes between building mass, stairs and streets. The material of the fast track is concrete pavement with a linear expression guiding the people forward. The material does not get slippery when wet like wood does which is an important factor when dealing with a higher speed of ‘traffic’. The experience path The experience path has a slower pace and focus is on experiencing the harbour front and the water. The parts of the path are placed in different distances from the quay and relate to the water in different ways. It consists of five parts:
The floating platform: A platform floating on the water surface makes it possible to go all the way down to the water and can possibly be uses as a platform when swimming in the harbour. The platform is made in wood which is a lightweight material and a natural material that harmonise with water. The wood has the same tint as Enghave Marina to create coherence between the two. The stairs: The stairs create a scaling down towards the water which creates a different experience of the water and the access to it. The stairs are made in concrete and thereby relates to the concrete square. The stairs also function as a link between the promenade and the square. The observation post: The observation platform is elevated 5 meters from the water making it possible to experience the water directly from above and function as an ob-
The observation post
The underwater terrace
The Moses path
servation post towards Copenhagen city and the harbour fronts. The platform is made in a harder material to underline the distance and the difference from water. The underwater terrace: The terrace is lowered 1 meter into the water, making the edge of the railing only 10 cm from the water surface. It makes it possible to get completely close to water, to touch it and become part of the water. The water can be experiences in a whole new way. The terrace is made in wood, which has a close relation to water.
The various contact with the water, height and depths provide different experiences of the water and the human body through the promenade, at the same time the change in material emphasizes the transitions.
The Moses path: The lowered terrace continues into a lowered path, where it is possible to walk with water surrounding on both sides and experience the water at eye level.
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1
2
Ill.21.: Hilly Fields Park, Clay Hill, England
GREEN AREAS There are two main public green areas in the master plan. The largest one is designed as a park called Enghave Park with small elevations in the terrain and different size and types of trees that creates an atmosphere of forest in the city. See ill. 21. The green stretches out around the nearest buildings making them a part of the park. The buildings have a more active programming, gymnasium, climbing wall, skate court, youth club and student housing which can be complemented by a park.
The park and activity area connects to the other side of the small channel by a bridge making it possible to use this area for activities and green spaces. The second green area is placed by the harbour front and is a part of the public promenade. This green area has a more urban and cultivated character with the plants and trees placed in elevated structures with seating at the edge, like Jomfru Ane Parken in Aalborg. See ill. 22.
Ill.22.: Jomfru Ane Parken, Aalborg
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4
Ill.23.: Hyllie station, Malmö
2
3 5
1
THE COMMERCIAL STRETCH The commercial stretch begins at the harbour bus stop (1) dragging the commercial into the site from Fisketorvet, the stop before Enghave Brygge. It goes through the mixed use area, H.C. Ørsted Square (2) and the eastern part of the power plant, Ørsted Gallery (3), to end at Enghave Metro (4) in front of the power plant. The commercial area spreads about a bit in the residential area to add a dynamic to this area and to break up the streight line of commercial.
Ill.24.: Hays Galleria, London
The stretch is dominated by shops, restaurants and cafés creating an urban dense environment as the commercial node in the area. At H.C. Ørsted square the commercial stretch forms a public square coloured by the functions in the buildings around; cinema, library and the power plants south entrance. At Ørsted Gallery the space between the buildings in the power plant is covered by a glass structure forming a gallery with an indoor market going through the power plant and ends at the metro station.
Ill.25.: Shoping street Algade, Aalborg
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Ill.27.: The selected area
Ill.28.: The design of the pond
Ill.26.: The focus at the site
DEVELOPING THE HYDROLOGY The site is located on a harbour front, which means that the risk of flooding is not as heigh as it would be in an inland location because of the easy disposing possibilities. Because of that the fokus is not on constraining or redirecting stormwater but on its possible harvesting potentials to relieve the pressure on ground water harvesting. The main focuses of the design are: 1. Collection of rain water 2. Re-use of the rain water Pros and cons for the site in relation to collecting stormwater and avoiding flooding damages:
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Pros • •
the road. Farthers distance from any givin point at the site to the water is ap proximately 200 - 300 meters. A large percent of the site consists of open spaces
Cons •
Very flat terrain
The overall system of the hydrology is to collect water from the roofs and re-using the water in the buildings for toilet and washing machines. The road runoff is not collected to re-use because of the high amount of pollution from the vehicle using
A system of 4 blocks are picked to be detailed further, se ill. 26. The idea is to have a recreational pond in one of the courtyards enhancing the awareness of hydrology and create water breathing holes in the built area, ill. 27. The collected water is lead down to an underground tank storing the water until it is used again. The design of the recreational ponds has stairs going down to the water, to invite people to sit and at the same time the extra volume functions as emergency spillways, that can be filled with water when raining heavily, ill. 28.
A detailed calculation of the volume of the underground tank and the recreational pond is placed in appendix G. The volume of the underground tank is dimensioned to hold the monthly rain and when it rains more. There is a fine line between the size of the tank and the risk of flooding when dimensioning the volume. The volume should be large enough to hold a certain amount of stormwater, but economically it is better to pay for the damages a storm would cause every 15-20 years than dimensioning the tank large enough to hold all the water.
MIXED USE COURTYARDS
Ill.29.: (CalPERS) Headquarters, California
In extension of spatial connection The courtyards have a clear connection with the spatial connection caused by openings in the volume towards the connection with a public path going through the courtyards inviting people to move through. The functions of the courtyards address the functions of the buildings which is mostly offices and for Commercial use. They are spaces for the people working in the buildings but at the same time shortcuts for people moving around in the area.
a water basin is placed, this can be used for ice skating in winter, play boats rental for children or other public purposes. Two of the spaces are outdoor spaces in connection with student housing, these are placed close to the green park and therefore have a more green character compared with the other public courtyards. The large openings in the student housing volumes and the distance to the spatial connection give the spaces a public atmosphere.
The spaces are mostly paved with cultivated green element. In one of the courtyards
Ill.30.: Rue de Mauex af Renzo Piano, Paris
Ill.31.: Skating rink at City Hall, Reno Nevada
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HOUSING COURTYARDS The courtyards in the housing area are divided in three kinds of courtyards. The first type is the private courtyard only for the residents of the block, with greenery, sitting areas, places for people to stay and children to play. The courtyard will give the residents a place to relax and get away from the daily rush. See ill. 32. The second type is the enclosed public courtyard. This courtyard type has openings in the ground floor letting people move through the courtyard. The reason for the public atmosphere and access is the location of the aesthetic hydrology ponds. The water in the courtyard will raise awareness of hydrology in the area and will add
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freshness to the space and other qualities water contribute with. The pavement in the courtyard will have connection to the pavement on the streets drawing people into the spaces.
Ill.32.: Green private courtyard
The third type is semi-public courtyards with a public path through. These courtyards are placed next to the south promenade with townhouses towards the water. The townhouses have private gardens in the courtyard giving the feeling of walking on a suburban street when using the public path. The rest of the courtyard is green area for the people living in the apartments. Ill.34.: Reservoir in DronningegĂĽrden, Copenhagen
Ill.33.: Private backyards. KartoffelrĂŚkkerne
CONCLUSION The main challenge for the Enghave Brygge project was to find a way to incorporate the decommissioned power plant site into the urban fabric of the city of Copenhagen, binding the area of Sydhavnen together, by creating a modern master plan while still keeping the industrial historical background of the area alongside its current spirit and inhabitants. The concept behind this project is to link the different areas, from blue to blue, passing through the urban and green, by using the community within the site. The most important thing in the design is using the community as the glue for fusing the areas together to work as one part, transforming this unused space into a new urban focal
point for Sydhavnen and Copenhagen. By introducing new forms of networks to and from the power plant, it forms a fluid spatial flow within the site connecting the current occupants with the future ones. By retrofitting the power plant as a cultural catalyst with a diverse programming, the site becomes a node, an identity which spreads out to the whole of Sydhavnen. It also gives the local residents a sense of belonging and a reason to engage in the community. Using the old pipe lines from the power plants heydays as a guide for the spacial connection, the activity and life generated from within the power plant disperses into
the whole site. The pipe lines also works as anchor points, marking the ends of the spacial connection, and also gives an indication to where the site connects with its surrounding context. The spaces related to the spacial connections gives room for a variety of activities concentrated in and around the green of Enghave Park, making it a vibrant and flexible space for all users. The infrastructure is improved and redeveloped to connect towards Teglholmen, and by doing this Enghave Brygge gets a stronger connection to Sydhavnen and Copenhagen. The infrastructure also creates hierarchy in the roads, making parts of the site car free, people friendly areas.
The promenade works as both a recreational element for the users at Enghave Brygge but also links to Bryggebroen, giving the opportunity for pedestrians and bikes to cross over to Amager or continue into the inner city. With a use of different typologies and functions, the plan creates a hierarchy in the public spaces according to public or private use. It goes from townhouses with private gardens to total public courtyards with space for interaction between inhabitants, further enhancing the sense of community.
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REFLECTION The reflection is in two parts. The first part reflects over the theoretical tactics Synthetic Gestures and Piecemeal aggregation and the last part reflects over the time perspective in developing a larger area and the possibilities of temporary use during the construction. Theoretical tactics Synthetic Gestures deals with a building as an icon for the area and the buildings itself. The point is a key building that will generate attention to the development by being the finishing touch and be a catalyst for the place. The only problem is that an icon cannot be planned or built, a structure only becomes an icon when people have a relation and are engaged in the space and the activities in the building. The H. C. Ørsted power plant has a potential of becoming an icon or landmark in Sydhavnen. It has a size that makes it visible from all over Copenhagen and its history can enhance the identity in the area and thereby making it an image of the quarter. The diversity in the programs planned for the power plant can make the people engaged in the structure and the community making the power plant a picture in their mental map and thereby a landmark for the residents of the area (Lynch 1960). The Key buildings function is to be a trademark of the city, bring awareness to the development and thereby be a catalyst for the area. The issue is if the structure of the power plant is strong enough to be a trade-
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marks for Copenhagen, a city that already have a lot of trademarks. The other element is if it is realistic that one structure can be a catalyst for that big an area, and that it is a lot of pressure to put on one element in the master plan. The other tactics, piecemeal aggregation, deals with making the site in to one whole area, connected to the Sydhavnen district, by creating a set of general guidelines from which the design is to be developed. The guidelines and the volumes are maybe too strict in this project, making it hard to get a diverse form and expression. It would be an advantage to make it possible for multiple companies to design different parts of the site to make a more dynamic but still coherent area. In this project the focus has been on creating social spaces, making these the coherent element of the master plan. Therefore the buildings are not that the essential of the master plan making it possible for different companies to design the buildings while keeping the spatial networks as the general syntax of the area. Time frame When planning a large area it is important to consider the timeframe of the construction, as it is not impossible to build that large an area in a few years. A development as the one in Sydhavnen is more likely to be constructed in a time frame in 5-10 years. The project developing at the moment at the northern harbour in Copenhagen is planned to last for 10 years, therefor it is planned in stages to ensure that the first part of the development can be used while
the rest of the area is constructed. When considering the different stages is it also important to ensure activity and focus on the area from the beginning of the construction till the finished area is ready. For this to happen it is important to design temporary uses and structures that can be used under the construction. This was done at Carlsberg City, see ill. 36 and 37 to activate the area while the municipality figured out what to use with the space. The same concept was used at the Northern harbour in Aarhus see ill. 35. This made people aware of the development and gave them knowledge about the project and at the same time engaging them with both the development but also the process of the construction. With the people’s awareness of the process it will make it interesting throughout the whole period and people will get a sense of ownership over the area, because they can be a part of the planning of the temporary interventions.
Ill.35.: Temporary beach bar at the north habour, Århus.
Ill.36.: Rope forrest, Carslberg Byen, København.
Ill.37.: Climbing track, Carlsberg Byen, København.
LITERATURE LIST Books:
Busquets, Joan (2006) Cities X lines. Harward University, Nicolodi Editore. Adriansen, Inge et al ( 2007) INDUSTRI, INDUSTRI 25 stk. dansk kulturarv, Gads forlag Agergaard, Jytte et al. (2003) Geografiske verdensbilleder. Gyldensdalske boghandel, Nordisk Forlag A/S Lynch, Kevin (1960) The image of the city. The M.I.T. Press.
PDF:
Københavns kommune, 2012, Årlig handlingsplan for sydhavnen. Pdf. http://www.kk.dk/~/media/BE549FC864BF4387BBBF62E403DAC64D.ashx. Rambøll, 2012, sikker skolevej til Teglholmen. http://subsite.kk.dk/~/media/0839C0AD05774722870F1B8BA9F92C FF.ashx NC State University, 2010, Urban waterways. Pdf. http:// www.bae.ncsu.edu/stormwater/PublicationFiles/RooftopRunoff2009.pdf Ministeriet for By, Bolig og Landdistrikter ,2013, Regnvand I byen. Pfd. http://mbbl.dk/sites/mbbl.dk/files/dokumenter/publikationer/regnvand_i_byen_screen.pdf Woodcraft, Saffron et al. ,2011, Design for social sistainability. A framework for creating thriving new communities. http://www.planning.ri.gov/documents/comp/Design_ for_Social_Sustainability.pdf Hancock, Trevor ,2013, The ”soft infrastructure” of a healthy community. http://newcity.ca/Pages/social_sustainability.html
LINKS:
(David Nock 2013) http://www.ecofox.org/ davidnock/?page_id=173. Accessed 16.10.13 (Free dictionary 2013) http://www.thefreedictionary.com/ urban+sprawl Accessed 16.10.13 (KK 2013,1) http://www.kk.dk/da/om-kommunen/faktaog-statistik/historie-og-udvikling/koebenhavns-historie (KK 2013,2) http://www.kk.dk/da/om-kommunen/indsatsomraader-og-politikker/natur-miljoe-og-affald/klima/ co2-neutral-hovedstad/energiforbrug (Sydhavnen 2010) http://www.sydhavnenshistorie.dk/ index.php?id=57&lang=dk (Dong 2013) http://www.dongenergy.com/en/business%20activities/generation/activities/central_power_ stations/pages/h_c_oersted_power_station.aspx (BY & HAVN 2013) http://www.byoghavn.dk/byudvikling/ bydele/sydhavnen/teglholmen.aspx (set d. 15.10.13) (Ingeniøren 2013) http://ing.dk/artikel/koebenhavnsaetter-200-millioner-kr-af-til-udvide-metro-tilsydhavnen-161730 (set d. 15.10.13) (Tredje Natur 2013) http://tredjenatur.dk/portfolio/reservoir/ (EPA 2013,1) http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/ greenroofs.htm (EPA 2013,2)http://www.epa.gov/owow/nps/roads.html (KK statistikbank 2013) http://sgv2.kk.dk:9704/analytics/ saw.dll?PortalPages&NQUser=Bruger&NQPassword=bru ger123&locale=da
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ILLUSTRATION LIST Ill. 1: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim_Museum_Bilbao Ill. 2: http://jennycph.wordpress.com/tag/kobenhavns-opera/ Ill. 3: http://www.tripadvisor.dk/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g189540-i41878091-Zealand.html Ill. 4: http://www.newyorksehenswuerdigkeiten.com/rockefeller-center-new-york Ill. 8: Egen illustration. Inspiration Woodcraft, Saffron (2011). Ill. 10: Agergaard, Jytte et al. (2003). Ill. 13: http://www.lejebolig.dk/lejebolig/1307402/another-furnished-room-in-the-heart-of-copenhagen Ill. 14: http://www.flickriver.com/groups/1093639@N23/pool/ (sporenburg) Ill. 15: http://www.archdaily.com/381136/ Ill. 16: http://www.b32log.com/tag/more-london/ Ill. 18: http://www.mymodernmet.com/profiles/blogs/moses-bridge-astonishingly-splits-water Ill. 19: http://amagerica.blogspot.dk/2013/07/kalvebod-wave-copenhagens-new-boardwalk.html Ill. 29: http://www.vandkunsten.com/dk/Projekter/Projekt/bispevika/247-7.p Ill. 21: http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/9541 Ill. 23: http://www.aasarchitecture.com/2012/09/Station-Hyllie-Metro-Arkitekter-architecture.html Ill. 24: http://www.ryanlam-photography.com/2013/08/26/x-e1-fujinon-xf-14mm-f2-8-r-street-photos-in-london-pt-1/ Ill. 25: http://www.flickr.com/photos/32217266@N05/8656886765/ Ill. 29: http://www.savingsbydesign.com/award-winners/2007/california-public-employees-retirement-system-calpers-headquarters Ill. 30: http://architekturakrajobrazu.wordpress.com/2012/05/20/oficjalnie-zaczelo-sie/renzo-piano-rue-de-meaux-paris/ Ill. 31: http://wirednewyork.com/parks/bryant_park/ice-skating/ Ill. 32: http://www.nl-landskab.dk/2011/svommehalskvarteret-karre-422/ Ill. 33: http://www.lejebolig.dk/lejebolig/1264044/2v-i-kartoffelraekkerne Ill. 34: http://tredjenatur.dk/ Ill. 35: http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3576/5836573297_e171db99e9_o.jpg Ill. 36: http://overspring.dk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Billede0121.jpg Ill. 37: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Carlsberg_byen_Klatreskoven_20130421_0083F_(8668947149).jpg Ill. 44: http://www.adambienkov.com/2012_07_01_archive.html The rest of the illustrations are own diagrams and photos.
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APPENDIX A: Workshop 1 - Cubes The first design workshop took place before actually visiting the site, and therefore made it possible to work with the site and existing buildings as pure volumes. The intention was to take the first steps towards a strategy and concept for the development of the site and the H.C. Ă˜rsted power plant. The theme of the workshop was ‘Touching the site’ and the intention was to understand the space and capacity of the site using 825 foam cubes, representing a 15 x 15 meter blocks. The Workshop consisted of three phases all working with density: Max density using all the cubes, Max minus with 25% of the cubes removed and Mad max combining the two and further developing. A different aspect of the specific site situated in an old industrial area is the lack of context to relate to, which was a big issue during the workshop. The resulting model shows an axis going from the south corner towards the power plant surrounded by urban blocks connected which creates a Kasbah typology look, following the grid and direction of the power plant. All the buildings have the same height which make the expression monotonous.
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B: Workshop 2 - Concept In the second workshop the concept and overall gesture of the master plan was in focus. The concept at the moment worked with attracting people to the site and dispersing the people into the area though the power plant and the industrial heritage, by retrofitting the power plant into a cultural hub capable of generating a large sum of activity and people. Thereby the power plant would be used as a catalyst for the urban development of Enghave Brygge. The concept was shaped in two different ways to illustrate the catalyst for urban development but was changed again during the project caused by the nonspecific character. The concept was not specific enough to help the design process and was a picture of the vision and not the concept.
Ill.39.: The first gesture model
In the gesture model the industrial heritage was the point of origin, this time using the old pipes running cross the site as a footprint for a spacial connection tying the site together, making a connection from the water front to the old park area within the site. In the first model balloons was used to illustrate the spaces placed along the pipes, the model and the amount of the spaces was to exaggerated and did not show the actual gestures. A new gesture model was made showing the actual location of the main spaces along the path of the pipelines, giving a more specific illustration of the gesture to be used in the further development of the master plan. Ill.38.: Concept model
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Ill.40.: The second, more specific gesture model
C: Typology workshop In the third and last workshop the typologies was in focus. A lot of models was produced and modified compared to the area of the site it should be built. One of the models that were worked with was in the mixed use area where the typology started with a block and was modified to an open block. Some of the steps in between were the starting model and the finished was how the height should be developed.
Another model was in the residential area next to the water where the work included small town houses and how these should fit together and how the height should play a factor. This creates two facades to the water and then the next question was how this should be solved. Here the work included private and public gardens and how a raised area only for the block could be implemented.
The last model that was worked with was the student housing. Here it started with modifying the block so it meets the spatial connection or the power plant. But a conclusion on this was that it stood too much out from the other residential block.
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42.16657 27.07804 11.56593 70.13062 47.15031 38.46689 28.74191 07.40484
Total
438,767
100
Spo Cul rts tur e
g
185,013 118,809 50,748 30,771 20,688 16,878 12,611 3,249
usin t Ho
Housing Business Culture Ground parking Student housing Commercial Institution Sports
den
593
Percentage
Stu
804
Squaremeters
l cia er m m Co
657
Function
Ground parking
ge
D: Programming
062
031
689
ion
Institut
ess
in Bus
191 g
n usi
10060
Ho
484
Bus path
N
E: Infrastructure and parking
Car path
The access to public transportation in the area is beneficial. The new metro line is planned to go through Sydhavnen. The stop at Enghave Brygge is placed in front of the power plant creating an infrastructural node. At that location the distance to the residential and the commercial areas are fairly short. Other than that a bus line goes through the area towards Teglholmen. There are bike lanes connecting the area across and along at the site, creating a lot of different opportunities to come to and from the site on bike. The bike parking is placed at residential buildings, at the metro and around the site. It is possible to drive through the site in cars, a road connects the site towards Teglholmen and thereby the rest of Sydhavnen enhancing the infrastructure between the peninsulas.
Car parking access Bike lane Bike parking
Metro
s Bu
p
sto
Bus stop
Harbour bus stop
There are three different types of access to the basement parking in the area: 1: Parking in the ground floor. In the mixed use area the parking is located in the ground floor in some of the blocks, lifting the courtyard a floor.
1
2
Residential underground parking: 2: Parking access through the building volume to a basement parking. 3: Parking access through an outdoor parking ramp to a basement parking. Other than that there is parking in the streets as well, to add the dynamic of the car in the streetscape. The car parking in the street also protects the bike lane from the car traffic.
3
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F: Road and street profiles The main road goes from the power plant to Teglholmen via a bridge. The road is built up with sidewalks on both sides, the bike lanes are placed at the same side towards the residential area with parked cars between the bikes and the road. It’s possible to drive in car on the bridge to Teglholmen to connect the district of Sydhavnen. Orthogonal on this road is the main resi-
dential road, which also have parked cars in the street to break down the street scape and show the cars in the public space. There are two kinds of smaller streets. One at the residential area which is only for pedestrian and cyclists and the other in the mixed use area, which is the street leading to the parking.
3.25 m
1.4 m
3.25 m
8m
2m
1.4 m
1.4 m
0.8 m
2.2 m
3.2 m
3.2 m
0.8 m
2m
2m
1.4 m
0.8 m
3.2 m
3.2 m
2.2 m
0.8 m
1.4 m
2m
1m
4m
4m
10 m
17 m
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Main road
17 m
Main residential road
1m
Meeting between the spatial connection and the road The section shows how the road meets the spacial connection. To slow the speed of the cars the spacial connection is in the same level as the sidewalk and thereby raised from the road making the cars aware of the pedestrians crossing.
Section af main road and spatial connection 1:200.
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2
4 1
Roof area of the blocks:
Block 1: 2825m2 Block 2: 2195m2 Block 3: 2269m2 Block 4: 1762,5m2 Total catchment area:
9051,5m2
The amount of water which can be collected from the four blocks is showed in the chart. See ill. 40.
Consumption assumptions:
In order to calculate the consumption of the residents in the blocks basic assumptions are made, based on extensive research. 1. Apartment size - 100m2 per apartment for the residential area (block 1,2,3) - 50m2 per apartment for the student housing area (block 4) 2. Washing machines consumption - 50 l per single use - A single apartment uses their washing machine twice a week (block 1,2,3) - The washing machines in the student
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housing (block 3) are used about 30 times a week. 3. Toilet consumption - 6 l per single use - A single apartment uses their toilet around 10 times a day, 70 times a week. (block 1,2,3) - The toilets (block 4) are used 3 times a day, 21 times a week. 4. Floor area Each of the blocks are constucted by different volumens with variations in their height. In order to precisely calculate the amount of apartments the structures are broken down in simple volumes, calculating the total floor area before dividing it by size of a single apartment. 20% of the floor area is subtracted because of the staircases, entrances, service shafts and corridors.
Number of apartments:
Block 1: 123 Block 2: 80 Block 3: 80 Block 4: 176
Comsumption:
Having the number of apartments and the basic assumptions for the general usage of water the actual consumption can be calculated. Block 1: (123 apartments * 50 l per wash * 2 washes per week * 52 weeks in one year) + (123 apartments * 6 l per flush * 10 flush per day * 7 days in a week * 52 weeks in one year) = 639600 + 2.686320 = 3.325920 l/year
600 500 400 300 200 100 0 mm
Jan 78
Feb 26
March 13
April 24
May 22
June 103
July 63
Aug 33
Sep 63
Oct 64
Nov 52
Dec 53
Annual 594
Ill.41.: Rainfall for CPH 2012
Month January February March April May June July August Semtember October November December Annual
Rainfall (Liters) mm Block 1 Block 2 1752.5m2
2269m2
Block 3 2195m2
Block 4 2825m2
78 26 13 24 22 103 63 33 63 64 52 53
220350 73450 36725 67800 62150 290975 177975 93225 177975 180800 146900 149725
171210 57070 28535 52680 48290 226085 138285 72435 138285 140480 114140 116335
176982 58994 29497 54456 49918 233707 142947 74877 142947 145216 117988 120257
137475 45825 22912.5 42300 38775 181537.5 111037.5 58162.5 111037.5 112800 91650 93412.5
594
1678050
1303830
1347786
1046925
Total
5376591
-3325920 -2163192 -21363192 -1231152 -9328584
consumption
(l per year)
Ill.42.: Amount of collected water and consumption for the four blocks 6000000
Liters of water
3
The following are the calculation for the collected water, the consumption and the dimensioning of the underground water tank.
Rain fall (mm)
G: Hydrology calculations
4000000 2000000 0 -2000000 -4000000 -6000000 -8000000 -10000000
Ill.43.: Comparison of the consumption and the collection
Block 2: 2163200 l/year Block 3: 2163200 l/year Block 4: (50 l per wash * 15 washes per week * 52 weeks in one year) + (176 apartments * 6 l per flush * 3 flushes per day * 7 dys in a week * 52 weeks in one year) = 78000 + 1153152 = 1231152 l/year The collected water is not enough to supply the needs of the block, the system therefore has to be supplemented by a typical hydrological system.
Underground water storage tank:
The underground tank first and foremost has to be big enough to hold the water from the month with most rainfall which is June, if that is the case the tank is big enough to store the water form the other 11 months. However there are a few important points to considor: A. Rain does not come at a regulated time and in a specific amount. To futher elaborate this idea it is important to understand that every year has different precipitation, the amount of water will be less or more, year to year. There will always be anomalies. The design of the tank correspond to the data from 2012, the amount of water from June is approximately 932305 l. In order to rule out most of the anomalies 10% is added to the original size. B. The consumption is daily, thus the water collected is constantly being used. This means that at some points in time there
will be water in the tank and in others the tank will be empty. The constant usage of the storm water means that it will be harder for our system to flood, because the storage tank will not be full most of the time. But inevitably there will be flooding at some point in time. When dimensioning the underground water tank the month with the most rain fall is used, 932304.5 l in June. The safety factor 1.1 (10%) is used: 932304.5 + (932304.5 * 10)/100 = 1025534.95 l or 10255 m3 corresponding to a tank with dimensions: 30m * 30m * 11,4m.
spillways” which can be filled up during severe storm. The three rectangular cubes can hold following liters: Cube 1: 93.472m3 Cube 2: 97.008m3 Cube 3: 100.608m3 The total “emergency spillway” volume 291.088m3 which corresponds to 291 088 l, roughly 1/3 of the underground water tank. The pond located close to the powerplant is a surface pond only, with a permanent water level of 1 m. the water level increases as the rain fall in the area. The design of the pond is inspired by The scoop, London.
Ill.44.: The Scoop, London
Recreational basin:
The recreational basin is placed in block 1, which has the biggest courtyard. The size of the recreational basin should be around 5% of the roof catchment and have a dept of 1m to ensure water change. 5% of 9051.5m2 is 452m2 corresponding to a basin of 25m * 18m. To create an “emergency spillway” for the storm water storage system the design for the recreational basins in the courtyard have three step going down towards the water that fills up when the underground tank is full. The permanent water level is 60cm below groundlevel and the steps are created as 20 cm perimeter “rings” around the pond, see ill. 42. Sloping down towards the water creating three new potential “emergency
Ill.45.: Recreational pond with steps
Emergency spillway Permanent waterlevel Underground tank Ill.46.: Section of the recreational pond
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H: Sunstudies
66
March/ September 9.00 am
March/ September 12.00 am
March/ September 4.00 pm
June 9.00 am
June 12.00 am
June 4.00 pm
December 9.00 am
December 12.00 am
December 4.00 pm
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