1
(tqdyfyef;rsm;vkH;0 ryGifhEdkifawmhonfh e,faNr ) raNymcsifayrJh aNym&awmhrSmyg/ wcsKdUaomyk*d¾Kvfrsm; aNymcsifMuayrJh raNym Muwm? raNymcsifbJeJY aNym&wmawGvnf;&dSygw,f/ aNymMuwJhtcgrSmvnf; tvkH;pkH aomtaMumif; odxm;Muwm&dSovdk wpfpdwfwpfydkif;avmufyJ od&dSNyD; odyfaNym NycsifwJholawGvnf;&dSMuw,f/ NrefrmEdkifiH\ aemufaMumif;ordkif; NyefavhvmMunfhMuwJhtcgrSm NrefrmEdkifiH twGif; 0ifa&mufvmMuwJh vlrsdK;tkyfpkMuD; (3)pk&dSygw,f/ yxr tkyfpku rGefcrmtkyfpk? 'kwd, tkyfpku wdAuf- Arm tkyfpk? wwd, tkyfpku xdkif;-w&kwf tkyfpkNzpfw,fqdkwm tMurf;tm;Nzifhod&dS&ygw,f/ yxrOD;qkH; 0ifa&mufvmMuwJh rGef-crm tkyfpkxJrSm yg0ifvmMuwJh vlrsdK;pkawGuawmh rGef-yavmif-]0} rsm; NzpfMuonf[k ordkif;ynm&SifawGu vufcHMuNyDNzpfygw,f/ uRefawmf raNymcsifygbl;qdkwm- vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif; av;axmifausmf ig; axmifuwnf;u ]0}vlrsdK;rsm;[m rGef*dkukef;NrifhrS qif;vmNyD; rJacgifNrpfaMumif;? oHvGifNrpfMumif;Mum;a&a0uk ef;wef;a'orSm taNccsaexkdifvmcJhwmNzpfw,f/ 'De,faNr?a'orSm aevmcJhwmNzpfygw,f/ ]0}vlrsdK;rsm;onf NrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; aexkdifMuwJhwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;xJrSm yg0ifwJh vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;Nzpfygw,f/ wpfcg wav Mum;ae&wJhpum;xJrSm ]0}vlrsdK;rsm;onf NrefrmEdkifiHrSmr&dSbl;? NrefrmEdkifiH wdkif;&if;om;rsm;r[kwfbl;qdkwm 0rf;enf;p&mod yf aumif;w,f/ 'gawGu ]0} vlrsdK;rsm;udk EdSrfcs EdSyfuGyfwmyJNzpfw,f/ t"dyÜg,fu b,fvdkNzpfvmovJ qdkwm vGefcJhwJhtpdk;&tqufqufu ]0} e,fa'o? ]0}vlrsdK;rsm;udk *&krNyK?tav;rxm;? ab;z,fxm;rdcJhwJh aus;Zl;w&m;awG[m ,aeY]0}vlrsdK;rsm;twGuf tusdK;Nzpfvm apcJhwm Nzpfw,f/ NrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;tMudKumv e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfvufxuf ]0}e,fa'o rSma&muf&dSvmcJhwJh e,fcsJU t*Fvdyfppfwyfudk rvdkvm; ? ]0}e,fapmfbGm; wpfOD; NzpfwJh aemfcrf;OD;rS ]0} e,fapmfbGm;(5)e,fudk pnf;&kH;OD;aqmifNyD; e,fcsJUt*Fvdyf ppfwyfudk wdkufxkwf wGef;vSef cJhwJhtaMumif; Nrefrmhordkif; ynm&Sifrsm;omru urÇmhordkif; yg&*ltcsdKU\ rSwfwrf;rsm;xJrSm avhvmawGU&dS&ygw,f/ xdkpOfwkef;u NrefrmEdkifiHudk tkyfcsKyfcJhwJh tpdk;& bmvkyfaeovJ? b,fudk a&mufaecJhovJ? vGwf vyfa&;&NyD;aemufydkif;umvaum- ]0}e,ftwGif;MuGif;usefcJhwJh udkrifweftzGJUudk
2
ppfqifa&;vkyfNyD; NyefoGm;wmuvJGvdkY ]0} e,fudk 'Dtwdkif;yJ xm;&dScJhwm avhvm awGU&dS&w,f/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;& wufvmawmhvnf; xdxda&mufa&muf rpDrH rcefYcJGEdkifcJhbl;/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpD tpdk;&vufxufrSm od&dS&oavmuf NynfwGif; (Nynfr) yJcl;&dk;ra'o&dS? ArmNynf uGefNrLepf|mecsKyfudk EdSrfeif;NyD; Auy awG[m e,fpyfrSm (txl;oNzifh) NrefrmEdkifiH\ta&SUaNrmufwcGif ]0}e,ftygt0if ajc ukwf,lEdkifcJhwmvnf; EdkifiHawmftpdk;&\vkyfaqmifcsufawGyJ r[kwfvm;(NynfrrSm r&Iyf&ifNyD;a&mqdkwJhoabm)? xdktcsdefupNyD; (1968-1989 txdaygh) ]0} e,f[m Auy vufatmuf usa&mufcJhygw,f/ Auy rsm; ]0}e,fudkcsKyfudkifcJhwJh ESpf(20)twGif; ]0}e,fwdkif; &if ;om;Nynf ol ? om;aumif ;&wem aygif ;(13000)ausmf touf paw;cJh &wm vnf; tpdk;&ESifhAuywkdUtcsif;csif;wdkufcdkufcJhwJh tusdK;qufygyJ/ awmfygao; onf[k qdk&awmhrSmaygh/ ]0} e,fudk csKyfudkifxm;wJh ArmNynfuGefNrLepfygwDacgif; aqmifydkif; tcsif;csif;tmPmvk? q&mwynhfarG;? rSm;,Gif;wJh acgif;aqmifrSKawG ay;rSKaMumifh Auy twGif; (t&efA[dkaumfrwDtqifh)&dS ]0} wdkif;&if;om;acgif; aqmiftcsdKU\taNrmftNrifMuD;rSKaMumifh ( 'Dtwkdif;qufvufNyD; c&D;rqufvdkawmh [k qkH;NzwfNyD;) 1989 ckESpf? {NyDv (17) &ufaeY eHeufydkif;wGif Auy \ yefqef; |mecsKyfudk 0ifa&mufodrf;,lcJhygw,f/ trSefwu,fqdk&if EdkifiHawmftpdk;&ESifh ]0} wdkif;&if;om;rsm;tMum; bm&ef NidK;rSr&dSygbl;/ ]0}wdkif;&if;om;rsm;[m rlvuwnf;u &dk;&dk;at;at;eJY aecsif ? aevmcJhwJh wdkif;&if;om;awGyg/ tpdk;&eJY Auy cif;wJhppfyJGrsm;wGif ]0}wdkif;&if; om;rsm; yg0ifcJh&Ncif;[mvnf; Auy rsm;&JU tkyfcsKyfrSKatmufrSm aecJh&vdkY yg0ifcJh &Ncif;omNzpfw,fqdkwmodzdkYvdkygw,f/ ,aeY ]0} awG vufeufudkifw,f qdkwm EdkifiHawmfudk rdrdwdkY&dSwJhae&m umuG,fzdkYyg? ykefuefzdkYr[kwfygbl;/ rdrdwdkYae&ma'o umuG,fzdkY? rdrdudk,fudk rdrdumuG,fzdkYNzpfw,f/ ]0} acgif;aqmifrsm;[m Auy |mecsKyfudk odrf;,lNyD;wJhaemuf rdrduHMur速m rdrdzefwD;,lzdkY rdrdudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh? Ny|mef;cGifh &&dSzdkY jidrf;csrf;a&;tvHawmfudk udkifaNrmufNyD;? ,cif Auy vufxufwkef;uvdk wpfcsdefvkH; ppfaNrNyifwGifvkH;yrf; aecJh&wJhvkyfief;rvkyfvdkawmhbJ? wdkif;&if;om;Nynfolrsm;\ cHpm;ae&onfh wdu rsm;udk NyKNyifay;zdkU 1989 ckESpfwGif EdkifiHawmftpdk;&eJY ppfrSefwJhNidrf;csrf;a&;&&dSzdkY aphpyfndSESKdif;cJhygw,f/
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EdkifiHawmftpdk;&eJY Nidrf;csrf;a&;oabmwlnDrSK &,lNyD;wJhaemuf txufwGif qdkcJhNyD;ovdk rdrduHMur®m rdrdzefwD;zdkY? rdrdwdkYudk,fydkifNy|mef;cGifh? udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyf cGifh &&dSzdkY MudK;pm;aqmif&Guf&if;? rdrdwdkY a'ozGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;? vlaerSKtqifh twef;Nrifhrm;a&; wwftm;oa&GU vkyfaqmifvmcJhygw,f/ ]0} wdkif;&if;om;acgif; aqmif rsm;&JU OD;aqmif MudK;yrf;rSKtwkdif; ]0} wdkif;&if;om;Nynfol wpf&yfvkH; pnf;pnf;vkH;vkH;? nDnDnGwfnGwfeJY yl;aygif;yg0ifaqmif&GufrSKawGaMumifh ,aeY ]0}e,f[m Ny,k*fwpfcktaeNzifh zGHUNzdK;vmNyDNzpfw,f/ txl;oNzif h NrdKYjywnf aqmufa&;? vrf;yef;qufoG,frSK aumif;rG efacsmarGUa&; ponfh vkyfief;rsm;udk OD;pm;ay; tqifhtNzpfxm;&dSaqmif&GufvmcJhygw,f/ EdkifiHawmftpdk;&JU yg0ifulnDrSK? ]0} wdkif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh ]0} wdkif;&if; om;Nynfolrsm;&JU yg0ifyl;aygif; MudK;yrf;rSKrsm;aMumifh ]0} e,f[m wpwp zHGUNzdK; wdk;wufvmonfudk NrifawGUae&ygw,f/ xdkodkY wpwpzGHUNzdK;vmonfh ]0} e,fudk xdkxufru ydkrdkzGHUNzdK;vmEdkifatmif aqmif&GufEdkifzdkY qufvufNyD; rdrduHMur®m rdrd zefwD;zdkY? rdrdwdkY udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh? Ny|mef;cGifh &&dSapzdkY twGuf EdkifiHawmftpdk;& (ppftpdk;&)rS OD;aqmifOD;&Guf usif;yNyKvkyfcJhonfh trsKd;om;nDvmcHodkY yg0ifwufa&mufNyD; ]0} e,fudk ]0} Nynf e,f ( Wa State ) tNzpf owfrSwf ay;&ef wifNyawmif;qdkcJhygw,f/ ]0} Nynfe,f tNzpfowfrSwfay;zdkY&ef ]0} e,f&dS ]0} wdkif;&if;om;Nynf olwpf&yfvkH;&JU vdkvm;awmifhw csufNzpfygw,f/ b,favmuftwdkif;twmtxd vdkvm;awmifhw aeMuovJqdk&if ]0} Nynfe,ftNzpf owfrSwfNyD;v]0}udk,fydkif Ny|mef;cGifh? udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh &dSwJhtxd vdkvm;awmifhw aeMuw,f/ uJhodkY awmif;qdk&wmvnf; Nynfe,f tqifhESifh xdkufwefwJh tqifhtwef; t&nftcsif; awGvnf; &dSaeygw,f/ trsdK;om;nDvmcHodkY wifNyawmif;qdkuwnf;u ]0} e,f[m NrefrmEdkifiH&JU tpdwftydkif; wpf ckNzpfw,f / Nynf axmifpkNrefrmEdkif iHawmfxJrS b,fawmh rQ cGJ rxGufbl; qdkwm yg0ifygw,f/ wcsd KUu a0zef aNymqdkcJhwm&dSw,f/ ]0} awG u oD ;Ncm;cGJxGuf csifvdkYwJh ? rNzpfEdkifwJhudpöyg/ ]0}wdkif;&if;om;rsm; ]0} Nynfe,f &&dSzdkYawmif;qdkwm &dk[if*sm awG wdkif;&if;om;NzpfzdkY awmif;qdkwmxuf ydkrdk tEå&m,fMuD;rm;w,fqdkwJhta&; tom;? taNymtqdkawGMum;odae&ygw,f/ ]0}wdkif;&if;om;awG[m ]0} Nynfe,f
4
tNzpf&&dSzdkYeJYudk,fydkif Ny|mef;cGifh&&dSzdkYyJ vdkvm;w,f/ 'gawG[m wdkif;&if;om;rsm; &oifh&xdkufwJh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk &&dSzdkYawmif;qdkNcif;vnf; Nzpfw,f/ ]0}wdkif; &if;om;rsm; ]0} Nynfe,f&&dSzdkY awmif;qdkwmudk vspfvsLxm;r,fqdk&if wdkif;&if; om;vlrsdK;pkrsm; &oifh &xdkufwJh vlUtcGifhta&;awGudk wzufowf wm;qD;ydwf yifwm roufa&mufbl;vm;/ 'Dae&mrSm raNymcsifygbl; qdkayr,fh wpfckaNymtkH;r,f/ 'DudpรถawG aNyvnf atmifaNz&Sif;zdkYtpdk;& eJY ]0}wdkif;&if;om;rsm; ,kHMunfrSK wnfaqmufzdkYvdktyfovdk typftcwf&yfpJxm;wJh wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkiftzGJUtpnf;rsm;eJYyg ,kHMunfrSK &&dSatmif OD;pGmaqmif&GufNyD;? ,ckndยงESdKif; aqmif&GufaewJh Nidrf;csrf;a&;[mvnf; ppfrSefwJh xm0&Nidrf;csrf;a&;NzpfzdkY ta&;MuD;ygw,f/ tpdk;&eJY wkdif;&if;om;vuf eufudkif tzGJUtpnf;Mum;rSm Nidrf;csrf;a&;oabmwlpmcsKyf (2) Mudrf NyKvkyfMuwm bmtaMumif;aMumifhvJ? b,ftzJGYbufu ysufuGufcJhovJ? csdK;zsufcJhovJ? 'gawG udkMunfhNcif;tm;Nzifh wpfOD;eJYwpfOD;? wpfzufeJYwpfzuf ,kHMunfrSKr&dSMuvdkY? ppfrSef wJhxm0&Nidrf;csrf;a&; rNzpfcJhvdkYyJ ,lqrdygw,f/ ppfrSefwJhxm0&Nidrf;csrf;a&; &&dSrS om trsdK;om;NyefvnfoifhNrwfa&;udk qufvufaqmif&GufEdkifrSmNzpfw,f/ ]0} Nynfe,feJY ]0}wkdif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;&JU taMumif;ESifhywfoufNyD; taMumif;pkHodMuwJh NrefrmEdkifiH wdkif;&if;om;awG 1% avmufyJ&dStkH;r,f xifyg w,f/ rod&dSao;wJh NrefrmEdkifiHwdkif;&if;om;tm;vkH; taMumif;pkHod&dSNyD; a0zef okH;oyfEdkifzdkYyg/ aNymNyD;cJhovdkyJ NrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&tqufqufu tav;rxm;? *&krpdkufcJhrdvdkY NynfreJY tquftoG,frvkyfEdkifcJhbl;/ 'gaMumifh eD;pyf&mw&kwf Nynf rS moG m;NyD ; ynmavh vmqnf ;yl ;cJh wmNzpf ygw,f / ol wdkY u w&k wfNynf u ynmawG pmawGwwfcJhwmaygh/ ]0} Nynfe,f &kH;okH;pmudkw&kwfpmokH;wmvnf; acgif;aqmifydkif; tm;vkH;vdkvdk w&k wf pmyJ wwf wmudk ;? Nref rmpmrS roif cJ h &wm/ 'gvnf ; Ed k if iH awmf tpd k ;rS m trsm;MuD;wm0ef&dSw,fqdkwm raNymcsifygbl;qdkrS aNym&awmhr,f/ e*dkuwnf;u EdkifiHawmfuom ]0} wdkif;&if;om;awG&JU ta&;udpรถ tav;xm;? *&kNyKcJhNyD; Nrefrm pmoifausmif;rsm;rsm; zGifhcJhr,fqdk&if tckvdk Nyรณem Nzpfvmp&mtaMumif;r&dSbl;/ ]0} Nynfe,f? ]0} wdkif;&if;om;rsm;[m NrefrmEdkifiHxJrSm trsm;qkH;aexdkifaeMu ygw,f/ ]0} awGu w&kwfpmudk b,fokH;csifyghrvJ/ w&kwfpmraNymeJYtkH; w&kwf Nynfu]0} pm? NrefrmNynf ]0} awGuawmif rokH;bl;/ 'gt&Sif;qkH; aNymNywm Nzpfw,f/ twdkif; vkyfudkifEdkifwJhnmOf &dSMuw,f/ aNymNyD;? vkyfNyD;qdk&ifvnf;b,folU
5
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