Rails-to-Trails Greenway: Awakening Cultural Heritage by Yenniffer Perry

Rails to Trails Greenway Awakening Cultural Heritage

City of South Tucson, AZ

Masterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Report

School of Landscape Architecture

The University of Arizona

RAILS-TO-TRAILS GREENWAY Awakening Cultural Heritage

by Yenniffer Perry Román

A Master’s Report Submitted to the Faculty of the COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE & LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE In the Graduate College of THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2011

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Masterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Report Committee

Elizabeth Scott (Committee Chair) Assistant Professor School of Landscape Architecture and Planning Margaret Livingston Professor School of Landscape Architecture and Planning Oscar Blazquez Senior Lecturer School of Landscape Architecture and Planning

Drachman Institute Brooks Jeffrey Director Marilyn Robinson Associate Director Katie Gannon Research Specialist Amy Wood Project Coordinator

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to thank all the people who in some way were part of this challenge: those who supported me unconditionally, those who challenged me to give my best, and those who were there in my life who helped indirectly during my time at the University of Arizona. Everyone played a part to complement the whole. A huge thanks to my extraordinary committee that even in the darkest moments never stopped believing in me, to those in the School of Landscape Architecture who reached out their hand and showed me what was possible, to the Graduate College who is responsible for the success of many other students like me, and to the Drachman Institute for the opportunity to work on this project. MuchĂsimas Gracias!

ABSTRACT

PROBLEM STATEMENT

KEY WORDS Greenway A long, narrow piece of land, often used for recreation and pedestrian and bicycle traffic (http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenway_(landscape)).

Pocket park Also called a minipark, it is a small area accessible to the general public, mainly of environmental rather ABSTRACT than recreational importance (http://www.wordiq.com). The City of South Tucson, a one-square mile municipality surrounded by the City of Open space Tucson, requires green spaces that celebrate its desert climate and the community’s The portion of the landscape which has not been vibrant Hispanic heritage. The city lacks sufficient park space that could increase the built over and which is sought to be preserved in its outdoor comfort and recreational opportunities for the community’s 6000 residents natural state or for agricultural or outdoor recreand many visitors. The historic, but now vacant and unused, El Paso and Southwestern Railroad alignment that runs diagonally through the heart of the city presents a great op- ational use (www.ci.norman.ok.us/content/glossary). Green space portunity to create a green space that brings the city together. The El Paso and SouthAny piece of land covered with vegetation, usually western Greenway is a six-mile-long rails-to-trails project that runs through the City of refering to parks, golf courses, sports fields, and Tucson, connecting nine different neighborhoods. Focused on the 0.75-mile-long section that crosses the City of South Tucson, this Master’s Report presents an open space any other open land surrounded by built-up area, whether publicly accessible or not (www.newpaltz.edu/ design that accommodates the needs and expectations of its users and integrates the green/definitions.html). cultural identity of the community. The proposed design provides a comfortable and safe atmosphere inviting high utilization from the community and enhancing the cultural Cultural identity heritage that draws visitors to this community. Case studies, literature review, GIS assess- One’s belief in belonging to a group or a certain ment, and neighborhood meetings provide the context under which the proposed design cultural aspect (teacherweb.ftl.pinecrest.edu/snyderd/MWH/AP/ definitions/APdefinitions3.htm). was created. Plaza A Spanish word related to “field” which describes an open urban public space (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza).

TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION 9-13

Chapter 4

Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW 14-35 Chapter 5

Chapter 3

Context Problem Statement Project Description Research Goals Site Background

METHODS 52-59

Introduction Objectives Results of Outreach Activities Findings Design Implications

SITE ANALYSIS 60-73

Greenways Introduction Rails-to-Trails Characteristics Rails-to-Trails Benefits Rails-to-Trails Maintenance Environmental Justice Introduction Livable Places CPTED Sense of Community Cultural Identity Introduction Hispanic: A Cultural Identity Celebrating Traditions and Customs

Chapter 6

DESIGN 74-91

CASE REVIEWS 36-51

CONCLUSIONS 92-95

REFERENCES 96-109

Desert Greenway Designs Multi-use Trails Linear Parks Low-Income Neighborhood Parks Cultural Heritage

Location Demographics Parks and Open Space Land Use and Zoning Circulation Vacant Land and Amenities Walkability Scope Program Concepts Master Plan Focus Areas

APPENDIX 110-125

Appendix A- Project Phases Appendix B- Community Outreach

Surveys Results

INTRODUCTION Context Problem Statement Project Description Research Goals Site Background

CONTEXT

The term “greenway” is relatively new, having only emerged in the late 1950s, referring to a "linear open space established along either a natural corridor, such a riverfront, stream valley, or ridgeline, or overland along a railroad right-of-way converted to recreational use, a canal, a scenic road, or other route” or, alternately, an “open space connector linking parks, nature reserves, cultural features, or historic sites, with each other and with populated areas” (Smith 1993, 10). This Master’s Report is based on the El Paso and Southwestern (EP&SW) Railroad Greenway project which is a six-mile-long rails-to-trails project that runs through Tucson, AZ, connecting nine different neighborhoods. One of these neighborhoods, the City of South Tucson, lacks sufficient open public spaces. The historic, but now vacant and unused, EP&SW Railroad alignment runs diagonally through the heart of the city and presents a great opportunity to create a green space that brings the city together and reflects the cultural aspects of the communities who live there.

“Don’t make something unless it is both necessary and useful; but if it is both necessary and useful, don’t hesitate to make it beautiful.” ~ Shaker lesson

(http://www.designfeast.com/thoughts/index.htm)

RAILS-TO-TRAILS GREENWAY Awakening Cultural Heritage

PROBLEM STATEMENT

How can landscape architectural elements contribute to the transformation of the land from an abandoned, historic rail line into a quality recreational open space that provides linkage between different parts of a close-knit but underserved community? “Located just south of downtown Tucson, the City of South Tucson is a one-squaremile community within metropolitan Tucson. The city proudly reflects the slogan ‘The Pueblo Within a City’ by retaining the cultural background, language and beliefs of its people. The city boundaries are 25th Street on the north, the Union Pacific Railroad tracks on the east, 40th Street and Benson Highway on the south, and 12th Avenue on the west” (http://www.southtucson.org).

City of South Tucson, AZ

The city has a strong Hispanic culture within its limits, but it does not have enough parks or recreational spaces where the community have the opportunity to exercise their cultural customs like is done in the gathering spaces or in the dar la vuelta that are popular in any town in Mexico. The Rails-to-Trails project through the EP&SW Greenway that crosses the City of South Tucson creates that space that is needed for recreational use, while also creating a network that connects with the rest of the city along the historic railroad alignment. There are many benefits associated with the implementation of Rails-to-Trails parks and open spaces. They act as linear greenways through urban areas, serving as buffers between incompatible adjacent land uses. Rails-to-Trails projects have been shown to increase the property values of homes nearby since a significant number of people will pay more to have a walking, running, and bicycling trail in their neighborhood (Converting rails to trails 1989, III). “Rail corridors can link isolated park fragments, turning a disorganized system of unplanned open space into an integrated, multi-purpose recreation system. Creating linear corridors of green space for recreation and conservation is an important, valuable mission for which you will be thanked and remembered even by people you do not personally know. Trails and parks are as necessary to communities as roads, sewer systems and utility grids. Towns which have rail-trails are better places to live, work, recreate and raise a family” (Converting rails to trails 1989, V).

Figure 1: City of Tucson, AZ

INTRODUCTION

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

This project started with a research question that defined the scope of the project, followed by a literature review to document specific characteristics and cultural aspects such as identity, adaptation, language, education, patterns of low-income neighborhoods, and design implications related to these specific characteristics. A series of community meetings with different age groups generated input from the likely users to reinforce the proposed design. Community input meeting sites included: • John Valenzuela Youth Center (JVYC) • Mission Elementary School • Ochoa Elementary School • Arizona Children Association (AzCA) Informal conversations with various community members and business owners also yielded valuable information.

Figure 2: Hispanic Heritage

Case reviews of relevant projects helped to determine which design elements were successful and unsuccessful in the past. A site analysis determined the base of existing resources in the City of South Tucson and served as a starting point for the design. The design is delimited by the 0.75-mile section of the greenway that crosses through the City of South Tucson. Based on the intended outcomes obtained through the research, surveys, case reviews, and site analysis, the design in this Master’s Report will include: • Master plan for the greenway section between 6th and 10th Avenues • Design of the main entry to the greenway at 6th Avenue • Design of the focal areas including playgrounds, a raised bed natural area, and placitas at each entry with planter terraces and a garden kiosk

RESEARCH GOALS

• Propose a series of multi-use trails to create opportunities for physical activities • Design pocket parks along the alignment to engage the community in social activities • Identify and reflect the character of the City of South Tucson • Recommend a vegetation palette and design elements that emphasize human well-being and comfort and environmental responsibility • Suggest a phased master plan for design construction as funding becomes available • Enhance the sense of community through design, use of space, and community programs

RAILS-TO-TRAILS GREENWAY Awakening Cultural Heritage

SITE BACKGROUND City of South Tucson The city of South Tucson has a rich history, but much of the history that is available in printed form is of negative character. In the words of former University of Arizona graduate student James McGinnis, “The city could do a better job of telling its story” (http://www.elindenews.com). The city’s own website, for example, fails to discuss anything but vague generalities about its history and culture (http://www.southtucson.org). The main elements in South Tucson’s history recorded in its Wikipedia entry refer to alcohol licenses, dog racing, and a former police speed trap for which the city obtained notoriety. It goes on to discuss the city’s reputation for high crime rates, but ends with the somewhat hopeful message that “there have been sizeable advances in repressing criminal activity” (http://en.wikipedia.org).

Figure 3: City of South Tucson aerial view new highway overpass

However, hints of the rich history of the place are available from some sources. The city was incorporated in 1940. Over 80% of the approximately 6000 residents are MexicanAmerican, and about 10% are Native American (http://cms3.tucsonaz.gov/sotucson). There is little in the literature that describes the origins for this ethnic make-up; however, the large Mexican-American population could possibly be traced to the presence of the El Paso & Southwestern Railroad which forms the basis for this project. In the early 1900s, a large portion of the low-wage workers for the El Paso & Southwestern Railroad were Mexican immigrants (García 1981, 68). Furthermore, a bustling livestock exchange connected with the railroad once based its operations at the historic auction house which lies in the northwest corner of South Tucson. This operation that ran during the 1940s and 1950s may also have served as a major employer for Mexican immigrants. Mick Jensen, a planner for the City of South Tucson, said, “This community grew up around cattle” (http:// www.allbusiness.com).

Figure 4: Freight Warehouse 1914

Because written accounts of the city’s background are so scarce, visits to the city itself offer one of the best ways to gain at least a sense of the city’s cultural heritage. The painted murals that adorn the pages of this Master’s Report can be found throughout the city. South Tucson is also home to some of the best-known traditional Mexican restaurants in the Tucson region, including Taqueria Pico de Gallo, which resides adjacent to one of the major portions of the greenway design presented in this Master’s Report (http://travel. nytimes.com).

INTRODUCTION

N N El Paso & Southwestern Railroad In the late 1800s and early 1900s, rail lines came to Southern Arizona, increasing the ease with which resources and people could be brought into its harsh desert environment. A primary motivator for the construction of these rail lines was the transport of mined copper and other minerals from the mineral-rich mountains of the region. Bisbee, AZ, located 100 miles southeast of Tucson, quickly emerged as a major copper mining center, run by the prosperous Phelps Dodge Corporation. To gain independence from the railroad companies in its copper transport operations, Phelps Dodge purchased its own railroad line and extended it east to El Paso, TX and west to Tucson, AZ (Myrick 1975, 201).

Figure 5: Railroad Depot 1913

The extension into Tucson was expected to be a boon for Tucsonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economy, and local landowners and citizens contributed thousands of dollars to fund purchase of rightsof-way. The extension to Tucson was completed in 1912, helping to fuel a population increase from about 13,000 in 1912 to over 20,000 within the next ten years (Myrick 1975, 227). The rail line brought with it the construction of both a roundhouse to service the locomotives and an elaborate passenger station completed in 1913. Both of these structures now are viewed as having historical significance (Myrick 1975, 236). In 1924, the El Paso & Southwestern Railroad was sold to The Southern Pacific Railroad Company, when copper prices plummeted following World War I. Rail traffic steadily declined over the ensuing years as mining revenues decreased and automobiles became a more preferred mode of transportation (Myrick 1975, 245). By 1961 the El Paso & Southwestern Railroad tracks through Tucson were no longer used, and were subsequently dismantled (http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM3E1B_EPSWDepot_and_Park). According to the Cultural Resources Survey of the El Paso & Southwestern Greenway requested by the City of Tucson, constructing a multi-use path along the alignment must enhance the significance of the historic structures present and preserve the linearity that symbolizes the rail tracks, emphasizing the importance that the railroad had in the development of both Tucson and the City of South Tucson (Diehl 2011, 44-45). The design presented in this Masterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Report preserves the historic character of the El Paso & Southwestern rail alignment as one of the main concepts and reinforces the cultural aspects present in the city itself.

Figure 6: Magma arizona RR 6 (Robert McCreary Collection)

Figure 7: Bisbee Arizona 1909

LITERATURE REVIEW Greenways Environmental Justice Cultural Identity

This literature review presents information developed in previous studies and interprets that information to draw out design implications relevant to the portion of the EP&SW Greenway addressed in this report. This background is of vital importance to the process of communication with the community, and to developing and evaluating appropriate design solutions for this project. The first section broadly discusses greenways and then more specifically greenways developed as part of the Rails-to-Trails program. The next two sections pertaining to environmental justice and cultural identity discuss specific characteristics of the people such as adaptation, language, education, and patterns of lowincome neighborhoods.

RAILS-TO-TRAILS GREENWAY Awakening Cultural Heritage

GREENWAYS Introduction

This section focuses on the use of abandoned sites which previously contained lines of railway, as the land available for the proposed linear park in the City of South Tucson is located on the alignment of EP&SW Railroad. These former rail lines can be maintained as trails to keep the alignment in good condition should they be needed for railways in the future. They also work well as linear parks, providing excellent opportunities for recreation and physical activity. The term greenway refers to open space or natural areas that have a linear form. Charles Little offers a useful expanded definition: a greenway is a “linear open space established along either a natural corridor, such as a riverfront, stream valley, or ridgeline, or overland along a railroad right-of-way converted to recreational use, a canal, a scenic road, or other route” or, alternately, an “open space connector linking parks, nature reserves, cultural features, or historic sites, with each other and with populated areas” (Smith 1993, 10).

Figure 8: Montecito Nuvali Greenway

The term greenway is relatively new, having only emerged in the late 1950s and subsequently gained wide acceptance among landscape architects, open space planners, and conservationists. As early as the 1860s, Frederick Law Olmsted recognized the great potential of linear open spaces for providing access to city parks and extending the benefits of parks into nearby neighborhoods (Smith 1993, 5). In the 1980s, increased interest in open-space conservation converged with the growing popularity of outdoor recreation, resulting in many new greenway projects along with vigorous support across the country (Smith 1993, 9). It is no coincidence that increased demand for outdoor recreation has been simultaneous with the growing popularity of greenways, since greenways are well suited to active travel-oriented sports. Greenways lead somewhere and can connect with other greenways that go to still more places, which is exactly what bikers, runners and walkers want to do (Smith 1993, 15). At one time, most Americans got to their destinations by foot; many never ventured far from home their entire lives. People lived locally; they settled in one place and stayed there. They did not require mechanical means to get them across town to Costco. Children walked to school. Not only are we sedentary, but we have chosen a life that is increasingly lived indoors leading to isolation from our neighbors. The lifestyle we, the American middle class have selected has led to a serious deterioration in public health (Farr 2008, 19).

Figure 9: The Riverwalk Greenway

LITERATURE REVIEW However, being aware of the importance of physical activity and exposure to social activities which directly impact our health, we could say that by the simple act of changing our lifestyle we are helping to create a healthy environment and a better world. This is not just a matter of attitude, but of options. Accessible outdoor spaces, complete streets that invite us to walk more often, alternative transportation options, and destinations to get us out of our homes to interact with other people are keys to creating a better life.

Rails-to-Trails Characteristics

Although not every abandoned rail corridor is suitable, many routes have attributes that make for outstanding trails. For instance: Figure 10: Indian Creek Greenway

• Rail corridors are flat or have gentle grades, thus providing an attractive complement to the network of steep trails often found in hilly or mountain areas. Rail trails are generally usable even by convalescents, the infirm and those in wheelchairs. • Rail corridors traverse every conceivable environment from urban to suburban to rural, including farmland, river valleys, wetlands, industrial areas, residential tracks, forests and lakeshores. • Rail corridors often include or are adjacent to historic structures such as stations, bridges, tunnels, mills, factories and canals, all of which enhance the trail user’s experience (Converting rails to trails manual 1989, III).

Figure 11: Boston Natural Areas

One of the issues when designing a trail is the safety of the users. Many of the users are cyclists who will pass through the greenway at high rates of speed. The design most ensure that this usage is compatible with pedestrian users with young children who are simultaneously using the space. Other design elements and maintenance practices must be put in place to guard against and reduce opportunities for criminal activity along the greenway. Examples from “RailTrails and Safe Communities” include: • Encouraging trail use is one way to help ensure trail safety, as the presence of other users helps minimized undesirable behavior. • Eliminate overgrown vegetation and tall shrubs in order to minimize hiding places along the trail and maintain long sight lines for users.

Figure 13: Great Rivers Greenway

Figure 12: The Villages Detroit

RAILS-TO-TRAILS GREENWAY Awakening Cultural Heritage

• Place security lighting at trail heads and in parking lots. • Keeping all trail corridors clean and well-maintained increases the feeling of community ownership of the trail and will reduce the incidents of minor crime such as litter, graffiti and vandalism (http://atfiles.org/files/pdf/communityRT.pdf, 10). Besides the design factors, the community involvement is important to create a safe environment. Trail patrols, for example, are typically organized by cooperation between volunteer community members and professional law enforcement. Trail patrols can serve the dual purpose of improving trail safety while also involving the community in the care of such open spaces. “These patrols range from informal monthly clean-up and maintenance crews to daily patrols that provide maps, information, and emergency assistance” (http://atfiles.org/files/pdf/communityRT.pdf, 11). Rail to trails are not crime-free. No place on earth can make that claim. However, when compared to the communities in which they exist, compared to highways and parking lots, and compared to many other public and private places, rail-trails have an excellent public safety record (http://atfiles.org/files/pdf/communityRT.pdf, 14).

Figure 14: Native Plants (http://www.laspilitas.com/)

Rails-to-Trails Benefits

Many are the benefits of greenways in terms of health, economy, land preservation, and urban planning. Several benefits taken from the website 1000friendsofflorida.org include: • Conservation of Native Ecosystems Greenways help conserve native ecosystems and landscapes by maintaining space that sustains the biodiversity of native plant and animal communities. Figure 15: Southern Pacific Station, Tucson, AZ

• Conservation of Historical and Cultural Resources Historic sites can be protected, preserved, interpreted, and connected by greenways. Archaeological and historical sites provide yet another dimension to link people with landscape; they provide a sense of place as well as a sense of origin. • Economic Prosperity First, taxable properties that are adjacent to greenways often increase in value and generate greater overall revenue for a community. According to local surveys, homes located near greenways and trails commonly sell for more than similar homes in other areas. Greenway users often create a demand for services, which in turn stimulates the growth of tourism-based businesses.

Figure 16: City of South Tucson Residences

LITERATURE REVIEW • Public Recreation Close to Home Because greenways lead somewhere and can connect with other greenways that go to still more places, they attract people from all walks of life. Trails can provide places for visitors and resident bicyclists, hikers, walkers, joggers, rollerblades, horseback riders and physically challenged people to exercise and experience the many natural and cultural wonders. • Outdoor Education Greenways offer important opportunities for students to get involved in conserving natural and cultural resources, and can serve as living laboratories for students and as sites for studying historic, archaeological and cultural resources. • Protecting Working Landscapes Greenways along scenic byways can provide the traveling public with a glimpse into the historic past of these lands.

Figure 17: Alternative transportation

• Influencing Urban Form Greenways can provide important growth management benefits. • Providing Alternative Transportation Greenways and trails can serve as alternative transportation routes for commuting to work or school, bicycling or walking to local businesses or restaurants, visiting parks and recreation sites, or sightseeing. Greenways can help reduce air pollution and road congestion. Greenways can be as wide as a watershed or as narrow as a trail. (http://www.1000friendsofflorida.org/PUBS/Greenways/benefits.asp).

Figure 18: Cyclovia Tucson, AZ

In summary, rail corridors act as linear greenways through urban areas, serving as buffers between incompatible adjacent land uses. Rail corridors have also been shown to increase the property values of homes nearby, as a significant number of people will pay more to have a walking, running and bicycling trail in their neighborhood. Thirdly, rail corridors can link isolated park fragments, turning a disorganized system of unplanned open space into an integrated, multi-purpose recreation system. And finally, rail corridors are exceptionally good as trail corridors (Converting rails to trails 1989, V).

Figure 19: Outdoor education at Tohono Chul Park, Tucson, Az

RAILS-TO-TRAILS GREENWAY Awakening Cultural Heritage

There is a strong national interest in saving these rights-of-way just in case the economics of railroading changes and trains come back. Meanwhile, using the routes as interim trails is an excellent way to â&#x20AC;&#x153;rail bankâ&#x20AC;? the land. Creating linear corridors of green space for recreation and conservation is an important, valuable mission for which you will be thanked and remembered even by people you do not personally know. Trails and parks are as necessary to communities as roads, sewers systems and utility grids. Towns which have rail-trails are better places to live, work, recreate and raise a family. In the not-too-distant future, Americans will look back on those who create rail-trail parks with the same gratitude that we today feel for those visionary men and women who created our first national park (Converting rails to trails 1989, V).

Figure 20: Trail Maintenance

Rails-to-Trails Maintenance

The life of a project depends largely on a good maintenance program to prevent deterioration and decay that would alienate users who visit such a place. The pedestrian walkways and bike paths in particular require special maintenance for the type of use given to these spaces. Below is a list of maintenance tips divided into frequent and less frequent maintenance from the American Trails website: Figure 21: Trail Repair

Maintenance to be performed on a continuous, scheduled basis: 1. Trail user safety Items for consideration include scheduling and documentation of inspections, the condition of railings, bridges, and trail surfaces, proper and adequate signage, removal of debris, and coordination with other agencies associated with trail maintenance. 2. Trails inspection Inspections should occur on a regularly scheduled basis, the frequency of which will depend on the amount of trail use, location, age, and the type of construction. All trail inspections are to be documented.

Figure 22: Tree Pruning

3. Trail sweeping Trail sweeping is one of the most important aspects of trail maintenance, helping ensure

Figure 23: Trash Removal

trail user safety. Sweeping should be performed on a regular schedule. 4. Trash removal Trash removal from trail corridors is important from both a safety and an aesthetic viewpoint. and includes removing ground debris and emptying trash containers. 5. Tree and shrub pruning Tree and shrub pruning should be performed for the safety of trail users. Pruning should be performed to established specifications on a scheduled and as needed basis. 6. Mowing of vegetation Trails maintenance personnel should mow vegetation along trail corridors on a scheduled basis only where mowing is not performed.

LITERATURE REVIEW 7. Scheduling maintenance tasks Scheduling maintenance tasks is a key item towards the goal of consistently clean and safe trails.

6. Revegetation Areas adjacent to trails that have been disturbed for any reason should be revegetated to minimize erosion.

(http://www.americantrails.org/resources/ManageMaintain/MaintCheck.html).

7. Habitat enhancement and control This can improve the aesthetics of the trail, help prevent erosion, and provide for wildlife habitat.

Maintenance to be performed on an irregular or as-needed basis: 1. Trail repair Prioritization of repairs is part of the process of maintenance based on the effect of the safety of the trail user.

Figure 24: Trail Repair

8. Public awareness Creating an understanding among trail users of the purpose of trails and their proper use is a goal of public awareness. 9. Trail program budget development A detailed budget should be created for the trails program, and revised on an annual basis.

2. Weed control Weed control along trails should be limited to areas in which certain weeds create a hazard to users (such as â&#x20AC;&#x153;goat headâ&#x20AC;? thorns along trail edges). 10. Volunteer coordination The use of volunteers can help increase 3. Trail edging public awareness of trails, and provide a Trail edging maintains trail width and imgood source of labor for the program. proves drainage. 11. Records 4. Trail drainage control Accurate logs should be kept on items such Some trail drainage control can be achieved as daily activities, hazards found and action through the proper edging of trails. taken, maintenance needed and performed, etc. 5. Trail signage Trail signs fall into two categories: safety 12. Graffiti control and information. Signs related to safety are The key to graffiti control is prompt obsermost important and should be considered vation and removal. During scheduled trail first. inspections any graffiti should be noted and the graffiti removal crew promptly notified.

Figure 25: Trail Revegetation

Figure 26: Signage Replacement

RAILS-TO-TRAILS GREENWAY Awakening Cultural Heritage

13. Mapping Several maps are privately marketed and available for trail users. From a maintenance standpoint, an accurate, detailed map of the trail system is important for internal park use.

16. Law enforcement Sections of trail corridors being used by transients is an ongoing problem that is not easily solved. A greater law-enforcement effort might be made toward the goal of a safer trail system.

14. Coordination with other agencies (http://www.americantrails.org/resources/ManA clear understanding of maintenance responsibilities needs to be established to ageMaintain/MaintCheck.html). avoid duplicating efforts or missing maintenance on sections of the trails. Figure 27: Education and Interpretation

15. Education and interpretation Many segments of the trail system contain a wealth of opportunities for education and interpretation. Educational opportunities range from interpretive signage to educational tours.

Figure 28: Detailed map of the trail system

LITERATURE REVIEW

ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE Introduction

“Environmental justice is the fair treatment of people of all races, cultures, incomes, and educational levels with respect to the development and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies” (www.green-networld.com/facts/glossary.htm).

Urban growth areas with high population densities and varied ethnic groups are often excluded from services and resources at the start of urban planning activities due to low income levels in those urban areas. This situation leads to high levels of crime and insecurity. But based on the data obtained in this research, the level of success is related to the level of interest from the authorities and citizens to improve planning and to support projects that do not necessarily require large financial expenditures.

Figure 29: Components of the Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design concept

“Using past history as a guide, I would predict that new towns would be ‘sold’ to society as the ‘perfect solution’ to all problems by both political figures and new planners. However, any expectation that new towns will be utopian is unrealistic. A new town cannot be any ‘better’ than the people who live in it, the planners who design it, or those who manage it. Utopian solutions assume a static relationship between individuals and environments whereas in reality the environment is constantly changing and individuals change in adapting to it” (Klein 1978, 32).

Figure 30: Ronstadt Transit Center improvement, Tucson AZ

Community organizing and involvement in the planning process creates interest and sense of ownership in the neighborhood. Another important aspect is to boost the economy by creating jobs and enhancing the property values, all with the aim of creating a “sense of place” and, therefore, reducing the rate of insecurity. “Low income neighborhoods are statistically correlated to problems tied to crime, fear, traffic, safety and quality of life. Many reasons explain the emergence of built environment changes as a favored strategy to combat urban ills” (Day 2007, 315).

Figure 31: The International CPTED Association

Towns, cities, regions and countries that provide safe and attractive places for people to live and work will be the winners. For Britain to prosper, we need to make such places the rule, not the exception. (Tony Blair, British Prime Minister, 24 April 2001)

Figure 32: CPTED prevents crime by designing defensible space into places

RAILS-TO-TRAILS GREENWAY Awakening Cultural Heritage

Livable Places

Livable places are visibly successful and often characterized by properly planned pedestrian facilities and attractive, safe environments that encourage visitors to stay longer and, quite often, spend more in local retail and service outlets (Roberts 2003, 284). Proper planning is important because it is one way to address user satisfaction issues. One important user satisfaction issue could be specifically related to older people. The fact that populations are aging is well recognized. This is the result of people living longer and women having fewer children (Roberts 2003, 288). Figure 33: Bike and bus lanes make Copenhagen more livable

However, traditionally very little attention has been paid to the mobility needs of older people. There are no cars available in 43% of households aged 65 and over. With many more older people remaining active for much longer it will be of even greater importance to ensure that their particular needs, and fragility, should not be overlooked (Roberts 2003, 289). Older people represent a travel market that the transportation sector must continue to nurture and develop. Designing seating areas and breaking down the barriers to increased levels of walking is vital to offering wider transportation choice (Roberts 2003, 289). The children of today, who will be the adults of tomorrow, must obtain a solid idea about what livable communities are to improve their understanding of the importance of physical health and emotional health and how they are affected by the environment.

Figure 34: Lincoln, Nebraska as one of the top livable cities in America

Educating and creating awareness of the importance of our role in society helps in planning the needs of each community, the place where people feel comfortable living. This includes not only the neighborhood, but the workplace, schools, services that are accessed, and in short everything that includes many of the places that are a part of everyday life. Such is also the case with many of the issues that affect immigrant communities, due to the fact that living standards are completely different here than the ones they were used to. Much urban planning is focused on creating a livable community standard which dramatically affects these people since each community is different even within the same city.

Figure 35: Portland, Maine, Livable City

LITERATURE REVIEW What should be done? Most of the planning projects involving community outreach focus on a specific age group, specifically the group most interested in improving the way that they live in their communities. This is acceptable, but if we think about the other groups, who are actually the majority in many cases, then there should be a way for those people to also have access to and participate in the planning process. This would affect the planning of schools, community centers, and public transportation facilities. One approach to solving this problem could be: • Pedestrian review as an approach that can help to examine existing conditions in a systematic way. • Pedestrian audit could ensure that design for new transportation schemes would change existing travel patterns to “pedestrian friendly” ones (prevention is better that cure).

Figure 36: Village at Gulfstream Park

• Necessary conditions for success mean people-friendly environments which can be achieved through good design, imaginative management, persuasive promotion, efficient maintenance and by understanding the sometimes conflicting needs of everyone likely to be affected (Roberts 2003, 289).

CPTED (Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design)

In brief, the CPTED rationale suggests that through the proper design and use of the built environment, it is possible both to reduce the actual incidence of criminal activity and to mitigate the fear of crime (Parnaby 2006).

Figure 37: Using Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design in Problem Solving

“To the untrained eye, a property built in accordance with the principles of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design may look like any other property. Clear lines of sight, textured walkways, and perhaps even careful positioning of certain outdoor amenities (e.g., benches, tables, and playgrounds) may even border on the mundane, as if the landscape were anything but the end product of designers concerned with crime prevention” (Parnaby 2006).

Figure 38: Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) Elements

RAILS-TO-TRAILS GREENWAY Awakening Cultural Heritage

“Social ecologists argue that communication is the essential feature of cultural relationships, for without it the social or moral order, the ‘consensus,’ could not exist. Thus, communication is always necessary if the continuity of the social order is to be ensured, just as it is a prerequisite of social change. Paradoxically, communication can bind a society together as well as rip it apart” (Georges 1978, 11). For example in order to better understand the nature of delinquency areas related to housing settlements, it is useful to differentiate among slums, slum-ghettos, and ghetto morphology. Delinquency areas are traditionally viewed as slums and slum-ghettos. • Ghetto: minority-group members with adequate housing. • Slum-ghetto: minority-group members with inadequate housing. • Slum: others with inadequate housing. Figure 39: Sense of community through “fun projects”

“A slum area is one of overcrowded poor-quality housing containing a subculture with a set of norms and values, that are reflected in poor sanitation and health practices, deviant behavior, and characteristic attributes of apathy and social isolation. Whereas residence in a ghetto is the result of racial or cultural characteristics, residence in a slum is determined primarily by economic factors. While slum implies poverty, this is not necessarily true of the ghetto. A slum ghetto would be an area inhabited by economically poor segregated minority” (Georges 1978, 15). This means that somehow the shape of the city affects crime levels, which suggests that by changing these patterns we can create spaces that will eventually match the quality of life that people expect in any neighborhood. Being more specific, in the community that we are studying, which has a large minority population, we could provide options for recreation and physical activity to awaken that sense of community that characterizes them.

Sense of Community

One of the essential factors in the City of South Tucson is its Hispanic roots. The importance of this is that the lifestyle of its inhabitants that is reflected in their places of origin, and that languages and customs of those countries are less prevalent and often forgotten here. One of the objectives of this project is to restore those bonds of community through design of the linear park which will create opportunities for social interaction and a network of connections within the city limits.

Figure 40: “Semilla (seed) Arts Initiative”

LITERATURE REVIEW “McMillan & Chavis (1986) define sense of community as ‘a feeling that members have of belonging, a feeling that members matter to one another and to the group, and a shared faith that members’ needs will be met through their commitment to be together” (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_of_community). A number of elements have been identified as contributing to sense of community. These factors tend to fall into three broad categories: • Influences of the physical environment • Influences of the social environment • Personal/sociodemographic influences (Lund, H., 302). There are many ways to feel comfortable and safe; however, as mentioned above, there are three factors that determine the sense of community. First, the physical environment can promote security through design of its spaces. Secondly, the social environment in the community is vitally important because it is what strengthens or deteriorates a community relationship -- that is, the treatment of persons, respect for different ways of thinking, and valuing each other. Finally the socio-economic factors definitely shape the social relationship that can exist within a community. The origins and customs of the immigrants and the economic levels with which they had been familiar will be directly impact their comfort here and consequently their quality of life.

Figure 41: Public Art

One way to create a sense of community is through the design of public spaces reinforced by social activities that one way or another are backed by the city government. Some ideas for community building could be:

Figure 42: Art in the Making! Well Oiled Festival, Finsbury Park, North London

• Sustainability Street is essentially a process of educating and empowering streets and neighborhoods around the notion of sustainability and undertaking of tangible projects and steps to reduce ecological impacts. Neighbors learn about the environment, they are helped to understand their own impacts, and they set targets and goals for change (Beatley 2009, 100). • “Let’s have a party” means street life. The idea is to help neighborhoods hold street parties where neighbors get to know one another and begin to build social bonds. It is about sparking an interest and removing obstacles, and it is always neighborhood and community led (Beatley 2009, 103).

RAILS-TO-TRAILS GREENWAY Awakening Cultural Heritage

• New neighborhood and community institutions facilitate sharing and sustainable living, such as community centers and neighborhood embedded learning and resource centers (Beatley 2009, 105). • Food in the City is a creative example of integrating food production into urban life and of forging new ways to think about sustainable foods. This could include community gardens, city farms, school gardens, intergenerational gardening, permaculture demonstration gardens, food co-ops, farmer’s markets, and community food celebrations and festivals (Beatley 2009, 119). • Heritage and Place-Making. Strong sense of place and strong place character and the efforts at protecting and ensuring development consistent with the look and feel of these places, are considerable (Beatley 2009, 113).

Figure 43: Dogwood Festival neighborhood block party on Kentucky

• Place-strengthening icons such as trees along the neighborhood (Beatley 2009, 120). A specific objective of Environmental Security (E/S) is to provide a physical structure where the individual will be given opportunity, encouragement, and the means to extend his use and sphere of responsibility for his neighborhood beyond his front door. In order to achieve this, individuals will have to make discernible efforts to regain control of their neighborhoods (Gardiner 1978, 3). The concept of territoriality involves three conditions: 1) The resident feels a proprietary interest and responsibility over areas beyond his front door, a responsibility shared by his neighbors.

Figure 44: Community vegetable garden

2) The resident perceives when this territory is potentially threatened by the intrusion of strangers and is willing to act on that perception. 3) A potential offender perceives that he is intruding on the domain of others, will be noticed if he intrudes and, therefore, is more likely to be deterred from criminal behavior. (Gardiner 1978, 19).

Figure 45: Community vegetable garden

LITERATURE REVIEW

Territoriality is recognized as a major ingredient in achieving a safe and viable neighborhood environment. However, for individuals to be expected to develop a sense of pride and territoriality, it is necessary that the organization of the environment permits and even encourages them to do so. In this sense, one goal cannot be achieved without the other. As urban designers we cannot create territoriality, since that is a human characteristic. However, as urban designers, we can provide the environmental stage for positive human behavior to manifest itself; we can also provide an environmental stage that discourages negative human behavior patterns. A sense of place is not achieved overnight but develops as the individual uses and extends his sphere of control and responsibility expressing his awareness that it is his home and neighborhood and he will take care of it (Gardiner 1978, 31). Figure 46: Neighborhood block party

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION = physical + legal tools and policies + social and community programs

RAILS-TO-TRAILS GREENWAY Awakening Cultural Heritage

CULTURAL IDENTITY Introduction

There are around 24 million Americans who trace their heritage to various countries of Latin America. We call them Hispanics. But we meet Hispanics all the time who reject the label. If they speak of themselves by reference to their ancestral past, they speak of themselves as Bolivians or Puerto Ricans or Colombians or Mexicans (http://www.pbs.org/ newshour/essays/june97/rodriguez_6-18.html). This characteristic that identifies them is not the physical space where they come from but the style of life that they used to have, that at the moment of coming to a different country all fades away because of the new reality to which they have to adapt. But what in a foreign country could sustain the vitality and happiness that existed in their places of origin?

Figure 47: Mexican cuisine has finally attained status as one of UNESCO’s Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity

Hispanic: A Cultural Identity

Much has to do with how these new immigrants identify themselves. To put the matter bluntly, there are many Hispanics who are black. Hispanic is an ethnicity, a cultural category, not a racial one. Remember that the next time you hear Hispanics compared to Whites or to Blacks. What you are actually hearing is one group of Americans identified by culture being compared to another Americans identified by race. Here is the most revolutionary aspect of Hispanicity (http://www.pbs.org/newshour/essays/june97/rodriguez_6-18. html). “The term ‘Hispanic’ does not refer to a nationality or country, but rather cultural or ethnic roots. More than 400 years ago, millions of people came to this land from Caribbean regions, Central America, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Puerto Rico, South America, and Spain. The cultural heritage of Hispanic bloodlines includes Mayan, Aztec, Spanish, Mexican, and more than 20 nations” (http://www.madisonvoices. com/hispanicheritage/).

Figure 48: Hispanic Heritage Celebration

Figure 49: Feria del Mole

“I stand here. I tell you I am Hispanic in a country that traditionally insists on racial categories. I define myself not by reference to race or color but by reference to culture. For the moment, due to high immigration from Latin America it seems easy to believe that there is such a thing as a Hispanic culture. Here on Broadway, amidst the sounds of Spanish, the music, the voices, amidst the brown faces, Hispanic culture seems evident. But as politicians have found, there’s no single cultural experience uniting all Hispanics. It’s possible as Hispanic numbers grow that the slipperiness of the label will seem more apparent to Americans and our government’s

LITERATURE REVIEW practice of dividing our nation into five neat pieces will seem absurd. In the meantime, we go around talking about Asians, Hispanics, and Blacks imagining neat distinctions in borders where they may not exist” (http://www.pbs.org/newshour/essays/ june97/rodriguez_6-18.html). However, even having a clear idea of where they came from and who they are, these people have to learn to adapt to this new life while maintaining that attachment to things that identifies them as Hispanic. Some of the adaptation strategies would be the acceptance of aspects of both cultures considered a positive response to the problem of adaptation, while assimilation usually occurs after long exposure to the dominant culture (Vigil 161). Figure 50: Bolero shoes

Another adaptive alternative for Mexicans was to change their secondary social allegiances while maintaining the primary ones. This meant functioning in all the important secondary Anglo areas to improve life’s opportunities but keeping a primary Mexican ethnic identity, social relations, and cultural traditions (Gordon 1963, 36). Such people would take the path of acculturation but maintain a primary, private life by speaking Spanish to their families and following customs. During work hours, at school, or in any place outside the primary area, they would adopt an appropriate English-speaking, Anglo-acting posture (Vigil 162). One of the factors to consider when designing the linear park in the city of South Tucson is the potential to make provision for features that are familiar to the Hispanic population, such as street vendors. This financially helps the community while offering a service to the users of the park. Together, these things reflect the identify of which we speak. But even something seemingly as simple as introducing street vendors is in reality no easy task. Certain health regulations must be followed, as in MacArthur Park in Los Angeles, where a well-known tamale restaurant served as an intermediary to create a community-based aid program on increasing income levels in this urban area by supporting and training vendors to prepare meals that are sold in the park (Sandoval 2010, 130).

Figure 51: A Mexican Plaza

“We need to help students and parents cherish and preserve the ethnic and cultural diversity that nourishes and strengthens this community - and this nation.” ~Cesar Chavez Figure 52: Dia de muertos

RAILS-TO-TRAILS GREENWAY Awakening Cultural Heritage

Like most of those that risked the journey and uncertainty of relocating to an emerging nation; freedom, peace, and economic prosperity were the primary motivators. In a world with much more limited technology and transportation options, no one made the decision to uproot their lives and family lightly. The trip demanded serious commitments, strong work ethics, dedication to family values, and willingness to build community. In many ways, these attitudes and beliefs are the foundation of the American Dream (http:// www.madisonvoices.com/hispanicheritage/).

Celebrating Traditions and Customs

There are many traditions that characterize the Hispanic culture, especially the celebrations; no matter the reason everything is celebrated. This is the source of joy even in difficult times.

Figure 53: Quinceañera

This atmosphere of celebration is the result of a lifestyle that people send into their environment, from getting up early to sweep the sidewalk every day, to going to the supermarket, to buying ingredients for the food for the day, to going out in the evenings to sit by the sidewalk and saying “buenas tardes” to everybody who happens to pass by and reply with a simple “vamos.” It is also seen in spending every Sunday at Mass, and attending each festivity put on by neighbors and relatives, all on a regular basis. Some of the most popular celebrations are the following: SOCIAL CELEBRATIONS: Quinceañera Piñatas Wedding parade, Mass, and dancing party Graduations: • kindergarten • elementary school • middle school • high school • college “Pedida de mano” (parade with empty cans) Baptism, characterized by “el bolo” Bachelor party First Communion Day of the Virgin Parade

Figure 54: Baptism

Figure 55: Graduation

LITERATURE REVIEW Posadas Day of the Dead with decorating cemeteries and preparing the food (bread, skulls) Three Kings Day including “rosca de reyes” “Dia de la Candelaria” TRADITIONS: The chaperon for a date Midday siesta Warm greetings, kisses and hugs Physical expressions Spicy food Mariachi music Dance Very attached to family, including extended family “Dar la vuelta” in the evenings

Figure 56: Seating at the plaza

The Hispanic culture is very attached to their customs and that produces very close Hispanic communities; however, when faced with the difficulties of a new country, gradually some of these cultural ties can begin to fade away. The idea of this project is to document and analyze the importance of this lifestyle as part of Hispanic traditions and translate this to the design of the open space that will be proposed, creating recreational opportunities that will join the pieces of this community until returning to the authentic and close community that it was, transferring these cultural values to new generations.

Figure 57: Dia de muertos in Mexico

In the United States, hispanic culture has its recognition month which is the period when people recognize the contributions of Hispanic Americans to the United States and celebrate Hispanic Cultural heritage and Hispanic culture. Hispanic Heritage Week was approved by President Lyndon Johnson, and was expanded by President Ronald Reagan in 1988 to cover a 30-day period starting on September 15th and ending on October 15th. “September 15th was chosen as the starting point for the celebration because it is the anniversary of independence of five Latin American countries: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua. They all declared independence in 1821. In addition, Mexico, Chile and Belize celebrate their independence days on September 16, September 17 and September 18, respectively.” (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hispanic_Heritage_Month)

Figure 58: Dia de la virgen

RAILS-TO-TRAILS GREENWAY Awakening Cultural Heritage

To conclude this section of the research it would be important to include some points to consider when applying this information to the linear park design being proposed in the City of South Tucson. First, keep in mind that the Hispanic culture bases their participation in any activity on whether they trust the group in charge of the project proposal. Trust is achieved by treating the people with respect and being honest when framing any proposal. Also, not only should one think about how beautiful a space can be, or how much it would cost to build it, but rather focus on the users and what would be the ideal design from their perspective, which will yield a better understanding of the needs of the community.

Figure 59: National Hispanic Heritage Month

It goes without saying that the Hispanic culture is immensely rich in traditions and customs, and it is imperative that designers take into account how important it is to maintain and preserve these traditions in this day when many cultures and traditions are becoming extinct.

Figure 60: Hispanic Heritage Month

LITERATURE REVIEW

SUMMARY Greenways • • • •

Health Connection Habitat Preservation

Figure 61: Redefining Urban Spaces

Environmental Justice

• Physical • Social • Personal

Figure 62: Ronstadt Transit Center improvement, Tucson AZ

Cultural Identity

• • • • •

Family values Etiquette Religions Celebrations Eating habits

Figure 63: People seating at the plaza

CASE REVIEWS

Desert Greenway Designs Low-Income Neighborhood Parks Cultural Heritage

The City of South Tucson is a rich, colorful, and culturally distinct community that will be enhanced by adding more open common space. The use of the case reviews is a powerful source of applicable relevant projects to determine which design elements were successful and unsuccessful in the past in communities with similar characteristics to the one studied in this Master’s Report. The case reviews were divided into three groups that reflect the different challenges associated with this project. The constraints imposed by designing for a greenway constitute the first challenge. Design that fits the character of the City of South Tucson, with its various neighborhoods and issues, presents the second challenge. Thirdly, the whole project resides within a desert climate that poses all of its inherent challenges. This trifold division allows for a focused application of the lessons learned from the case reviews to the specific challenges of this design. The three categories and their subcategories are as follows: Desert Greenway Designs • Multi-use Trails • Linear Parks Low-Income Neighborhood Parks Cultural Heritage

RAILS-TO-TRAILS GREENWAY Awakening Cultural Heritage

DESERT GREENWAY DESIGNS NAME: Railyard Park + Plaza LOCATION: Santa Fe, NM DESIGNER: Ken Smith, ASLA Opened in September 2008 at a cost of $14 million

Project History

Figure 64: Railyard Park + Plaza on Landscape Architecture Magazine cover

Figure 65: Trail paths at Railyard Park + Plaza

In 2002, the landscape architecture firm Design Workshop completed a Master Plan for the Railyard Park in Santa Fe, NM, in which the 50-acre area was divided into a 37-acre area for mixed use and a 13acre area for open space. The community pushed the plan because they wanted a new plaza to better represent the history of Santa Fe. A team led by landscape architect Ken Smith won a competition to design the area, having presented a proposal that was influenced by the Master Plan. The design team also included Frederic Schwartz

Architects, and Mary Miss Studio for the art work (Landscape Architecture Magazine July 2010, 85, 86, 92). “The Railyard Park + Plaza is a unique new recreational and educational destination for all ages in the heart of the historic Railyard in Santa Fe. Stretching across 12.5 acres in the revitalized Railyard, the new ten-acre park, community plaza, and alameda are designed to support diverse local events, environmental education, and healthy outdoor fun and relaxation” (http://www. railyardpark.org/). “The Park + Plaza maintenance and activities are coordinated by three main partners – the City of Santa Fe, The Santa Fe Railyard Community Corporation, and the Railyard Stewards” (http://www.railyardpark. org/).

CASE REVIEWS “These vibrant public spaces serve as a community connector within the greater 50-acre Railyard, linking beautiful open spaces with museums, schools, churches, art galleries, small businesses, a farmers market, teen center, neighborhoods, bike trails and more” (http://www.railyardpark.org/).

• 5,000 feet of walk-bike trails will link to a citywide trail network.

Amenities:

• An innovative water harvesting system ensures a sustainable, water-wise park.

• An informal outdoor performance space slopes gently out of a hillside. • A children’s play area features creative climbing, sliding and play objects made from natural and built materials in a fun, exploratory environment for all ages.

• Over 300 trees and several thousand drought-resistant plants in the Railway gardens and elsewhere create an oasis in Santa Fe’s often thirsty environment.

• In years of ample runoff, the 400-year-old Acequia Madre will nourish a public demonstration garden (http://www.railyardpark. org/).

“Do things that look like they fit into a working rail yard,” says Brian Drypolcher. • Picnic areas are set amid shady groves and “But that doesn’t mean that all of the gardens. bridges have to look like rail yard trestles.”

Figure 67: Children’s play area

Figure 68: Labyrinth, a rockery, and a stepped amphitheater Figure 66: Railyard Park + Plaza Master Plan

RAILS-TO-TRAILS GREENWAY Awakening Cultural Heritage

Relevant Points About Design:

The following characteristics and design elements from Santa Fe’s Railyard Park+Plaza are applicable to the greenway design in South Tucson; • High-desert environment. • Complex cultural heritage: Native American, Spanish Colonial, and Anglo-American. • Agricultural garden with sunflower, squash, and corn that preserves Native American traditions. • Design grounded in the modern era that is also sensitive to Santa Fe’s history.

Successes:

• Garden hosts lectures by a volunteer friend group to educate school children about environmental issues and cultural traditions. • Design commemorates the presence of the missing rail lines with pathways lined by rows of elm trees and Apache plum trees that retrace their routes. Objects in the park include rusting old rail axles and wheels and benches made of thick wood blocks that look like rail ties. • Atypical pedestrian traffic circulation patterns move visitors through the park to places they did not anticipate going. Challenges: • Plant palette includes mostly xeric or • Environmental sustainability in a high drought-tolerant plants with the subtle hues desert area. and relatively small flowers. Solution: Introduce contemporary land• Contains walls and planters made usscape forms such as rain gardens and ing natural adobe colors typically found porous pavement. throughout Santa Fe. • Custom-made fixtures were made from • Water restrictions. Solution: Use local and traditional practices glue-laminated wood, a material that was of harvesting water and employ an acequia economical to use and that also gives the park a modern feel. system of irrigation ditches. • Weekly events. • The need to design spaces for multiple use (http://www.railyardpark.org/). rather than singular use. Solution: Small spaces that serve a specific Failures: use surrounded by larger gathering areas for “The plaza at the northern end does not larger events. work as well... The place lacks the mix of (Landscape Architecture Magazine July 2010, 84) uses and the foot traffic necessary to activate a ‘plaza.’ Further, there are not enough trees or shade structures” to support human comfort. (Landscape Architecture Magazine July 2010, 91)

Figure 69: Seating benches at Santa Fe Railyard

Figure 70: Farmer’s market at Santa Fe Railyard

“This park is for people of all ages, all backgrounds. It should be a place that everybody loves.” ~Ken Smith, Railyard Park and Plaza Landscape Architect.

Figure 71: Gathering area under water tank at Santa Fe Railyard

CASE REVIEWS NAME: Cottonbelt Trail LOCATION: Grapevine, TX Opened in 2000 and is 2.5 miles

Project Description

The Cottonbelt Trail project is a collaborative effort between the Cities of Hurst and Colleyville along the Cottonbelt Railway line. The section of trail within Hurst stretches over a distance of one mile. The future plan for this trail is to connect with the existing trail in the City of North Richland Hills. The trail is to be constructed along the DART owned railroad rightof-way and in easements adjacent to the TXU right-of-way. The 10 mi (16 km) long Cottonbelt Trail is a multi-phase, multi-jurisdictional trail that comprises a piece of the Dallas-Fort Worth bicycle trail system called “Veloweb.” A 2.5 mi (4 km) section of the 10 mi (16 km) path has been completed. The track, owned by the Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART), is leased to a short line company -- Fort Worth and Western Railroad -- which uses the track for tourist excursions and weekend dinner trips. Freight activity involves two trains per day. Train speeds do not exceed 30 mi/h (48 km/h). Each city involved in the project will own and manage the trail within their respective jurisdiction. Initially, project planners overlooked the fact that part of the trail fell in the railroad right-of-way. Subsequent policy changes by

DART allowed for trail use within their right-of-way. The City of Grapevine has a five-year lease, with an option for renewal, from DART. Also, because Explorer Pipeline Company has a pipeline under the trail, a special design enables a section of the trail to be lifted during pipeline repairs.

Figure 72: Grapevine Historical District

A DART official noted benefits in terms of reduced costs of right-of-way maintenance, now undertaken by the City, but expressed concern about potential liability costs, even with the City assuming liability. A law enforcement official noted the trail’s popularity and anticipated no increase in costs (http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/rectrails/ rwt/section2b.htm).

Amenities:

Figure 73: Cottonbelt trails

• Cottonbelt Trail is four miles long in total, adjacent to the Cottonbelt Railroad Tracks. Trail access is provided by parking facilities at the municipal complex located immediately west of Iron Horse and south of Dick Fischer and parking facilities located within Dick Faram Park adjacent to Amundsen (http://www.nrhtx.com/dept_parks_trails.aspx). • Multi Trail Network: Walking, Jogging, Hiking, Road Bicycling, Mountain Bicycling, In-Line Skating. • Wheelchair accessible. • Concrete trail surface. • Trails for all fitness levels. Figure 74: Signage at main crossing

RAILS-TO-TRAILS GREENWAY Awakening Cultural Heritage

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DOWNTOWN GRAPEVINE TRAIL 1.36 Miles

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• One of the existing features of the trail in Hurst is the very impressive railway bridge that spans the Little Bear Creek and is visible from various vantage points. It is indeed a major destination and point of interest along the entire Cottonbelt Trail (www.ci.hurst.tx.us/Publications/.../Hurst-11CH3E-Linear-Parks.pdf).

9 10 11

1/4 mile between each of the mileage markers. I.E., white circle to white circle equals 1 mile.

• Trail design is next to tracks and the track is adjacent to residential areas and several large open fields. The trail maintains 7.6 m (25 ft) setback from track centerline to the edge of the trail (http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ environment/rectrails/rwt/section2b.htm).

Figure 75: Grapevine trails

Challenges and Successes:

• According to the railroad, trespassing is not a problem. • The Cottonbelt Trail runs northeast to southwest across Northeast Tarrant County and follows the Cotton Belt Railway. When complete, the trail will connect Grapevine, Colleyville, Hurst, North Richland Hills, and Haltom City to the Fort Worth system of trails, allowing residents of this area of Texas to walk or bike across Northeast Tarrant County for work or pleasure.

• By connecting with other Grapevine Trails, pedestrians and cyclists can go across the city to historic downtown Grapevine, Grapevine Mills Mall, the Gaylord Texan resort, or Lake Grapevine (http://dallas.about.com/od/transportation/tp/ CottonbeltTrail.htm). • Collaboration with existing and future participating cities including North Richland Hills is essential to ensure continuity of features along the entire length of the trail.

Failures:

• No night lighting. • No distances marked. • It is important that the City gives special attention to trail features including trailheads to emphasize the section of Cottonbelt Trail that runs through Hurst (www. ci.hurst.tx.us/Publications/.../Hurst-11-CH3ELinear-Parks.pdf).

CASE REVIEWS

MULTI-USE TRAILS NAME: Rillito River Trail LOCATION: Tucson, AZ

NAME: Rio Salado Multi-Use Path LOCATION: Tempe, AZ

Project Description

This multi-use trail system along Tucsonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Rillito River consists of a combined pedestrian and bike path. The native vegetation adjacent to the path creates shade and comfort for its multiple users. The trail runs for ten miles from Interstate 10 on the west side of Tucson all the way to Craycroft Road in the central part of the city. Because it is easily accessed from a large portion of the northern part of Tucson, it is a very well-used trail, which helps to create a safe environment at any time of the day. The trail accommodates a wide variety of uses including walking, roller blading, and cycling on the paved trail on the north bank and more rugged walking and equestrian on the natural unpaved surface of the south bank trail. This surface also provides a lower impact running trail, and mile markers are located along the path. Multiple bridges connect the north and south banks, and the trail connects to three different parks. Bathrooms and water fountain are strategically located along the trail (http://www.azroadrunners.org/hotspots/detail/rillito _river_ path).

Another example of a multi-use trail system within a desert area is Rio Salado Multi-Use Path. it have been very well use because of the connection to different destinations. The Rio Salado Multi-Use Path Project extends the linear park and pathway system in the Rio Salado area from Mill Avenue to Rural Road. It provides path linkages on the south bank and other portions of the Town Lake and Rio Salado Park. The project involved creating a concrete, lighted and landscaped path facility with a public art element. This project was completed in 1996. http://www.tempe.gov/maps/StandardDetails. aspx?LocationID=3291cdff-b4a7-4042-a550f730771f2e77

Figure 76: Rillito River Multi-Use Path and bridge

Figure 77: Rillito River Multi-Use Path

The Rio Salado South Bank Multi-Use Path provides path linkages on the south bank to Priest and Hardy drives, the Town Lake downstream dam, the Tempe Center for the Arts and other portions of the Town Lake and Rio Salado Park. This project was completed in 2009 (http://www.tempe.gov/maps/ Standard Details.aspx?Location ID=35c7a7362cd9-417b-b04d-fa4a81df40ff).

Figure 78: Rio Salado Multi-Use Path signage

Figure 79: Rio Salado Multi-Use Path

RAILS-TO-TRAILS GREENWAY Awakening Cultural Heritage

LINEAR PARKS NAME: Parque Lineal de Manzanares Project Description LOCATION: Madrid -barrio de San Fermín SPAIN DESIGNER: by landscape architect Adriaan Geuze

This linear park consists of a channelization of the Bermejala Stream with a narrow path for pedestrians and bikes (in places too narrow to be both), lighting, some trees, and a small area where several food Project Description This linear park is a reflection of the urban, kiosks were installed. The trail surface pattern extends into some of the adjacent natural, and historic characteristics of the streets, integrating the park with its surplace. It occupies the narrow road that roundings. One disadvantage of this design has left a city that have been in constant element is that it is at the same level of development. But this feature is what ties the sidewalk, and instead of bikes, some the city together and makes sense of the motorcycles have begun to use it (http:// Manzanares River, the river of Madrid. The long extension of the linear park made favelissues.com/2010/02/12/moravia_part-2interventions/). necessary its subdivision into sections and phases for its construction (http://www. parquelineal.es/introduccion/). NAME: Linear Park Bay Meadows MixedUse Redevelopment NAME: El Parque Bellavista-Ojo de Agua LOCATION: San Mateo, CA DESIGNER: Gates+Associates LOCATION: Coahuila, MEXICO

Project Description

This linear park is an excellent sports and recreation site for families of Saltillo. The park includes sports fields, bleachers, walkways, and sand playgrounds. The playgrounds are located next to benches and walkways where kids can also be supervised by their parents (http://www.coahuila. gob.mx/ index.php/noticias/noticia/2453).

Figure 80: Parque Lineal del Manzanares

NAME: Linear Park Armejala LOCATION: Medellin, COLOMBIA DESIGNER: by the architect Rogelio Salmona (“The Master of the Bricks”).

Figure 81: Parque Bella Vista Ojo de Agua

Project Description

This project was characterized by the number of challenges ranging from issues from site constraints to environmental concerns and public demands. But many of its successes are related to the fact that its 1.35-acre narrow site is located between residential development, and commercial development, and is used as a social hub for events and festivities. The resulting harmonious design addressed the needs of different user groups while still serving the everyday needs of the nearby community (http://www.dgates.com/PORT_proj_park_linear.htm).

CASE REVIEWS

LOW-INCOME NEIGHBORHOOD PARKS NAME: Anacostia River Trail LOCATION: Washington, DC Open in 1990’s

Project History

The Washington, D.C. area is surprisingly bicycle-friendly, with hundreds of miles of interconnected off-street trails and on-street bike routes. Anacostia Tributaries Trail System is one of the major area trails, which is a link in the national shore-to-shore American Discovery Trail, and provides miles of uninterrupted trails along the tributaries of the Anacostia River. The southernmost point of the trail is located at Colmar Manor Community Park in Prince Georges County, and trail spurs extend northeasterly and northwesterly from there along beautiful stream valley parkland. The trail system links several neighborhoods to Metro stations, but commuters who need to travel at speeds greater than 12 miles per hour should consider alternative routes. The trail system is open for public use from sunrise to sunset each day (http://www.commuterpage. com/biketrails.htm). The Anacostia Riverwalk will be a 20-mile multi-use trail along the east and west banks of the Anacostia River stretching from Prince George’s County, Maryland to the Tidal Basin and the National Mall in Washington, DC. The Anacostia Riverwalk Trail is a key component of the plan to revitalize the Anacostia waterfront. The trail will enhance recreation, transportation, and economic development in the region.

Construction has begun and is expected to be complete in 2012. The project is estimated to cost over $50 million (http://dc.about. com/od/dcparks/a/ARTrail.htm). One of the ideas to study this particular trail system was to learn about the different approach taking here in a low-income community. Along the trail there is a residential neighborhood named Greenway in southeast Washington, D.C. The neighborhood, which is near the eastern bank of the Anacostia River, is a poor one, characterized largely by multiple-family homes and public housing projects. Greenway is bounded by East Capitol Street to the north, Pennsylvania Avenue SE to the south, Interstate 295 to the west, and Minnesota Avenue to the east (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenway_(Washington,_D.C.). There was a lot of community participation to engage the community in the development of the plan of this trail and the benefits that this project will bring to the neighborhood.

Figure 82: The wooden pillar shown here is thus the Zero Mile Marker for three trails: Anacostia River is one of them

Amenities:

When the Anacostia Riverwalk is complete, residents and visitors will be able to walk and bike along the trail to the following popular destinations: • The Fish Wharf • New Nationals Baseball/RFK Stadiums • Poplar Point • Washington Navy Yard • Historic Anacostia • National Arboretum (http://dc.about.com/ od/dcparks/a/ARTrail.htm)

Figure 83: Anacostia River trail

Figure 84: Anacostia River trail

RAILS-TO-TRAILS GREENWAY Awakening Cultural Heritage

Trail Use Guidelines:

The following are simple guidelines that can ensure trail safety and harmony: • Ride at a reasonable speed and watch for the unexpected. • Slow down when the trail is crowded. • Announce that you are passing by saying, “passing,” ringing a bell, or by making some other audible signal. • Stay to the right • Move off the trail when stopping • Obey crossing signs or signals and cross with care. (http://www.waba.org/resources/trails.php).

Challenges:

• High levels of pollution. • Understanding the needs of the black community. • Low-income neighborhood.

ings. The town is largely composed of young families, and has a total population of 5,332 (as of 2005). The town itself takes up 1,630 square meters (1, 6 km²). About 85% of the population of Montreal West use English as their first language (http:// www.worldlingo.com/ma/enwiki/en/Montreal_ West,_Quebec). Most people do not venture into SaintPierre unless they live there, work there, or are truly lost. The neighborhood is isolated between two railway lines and a highway; its main street, a segment of Saint-Jacques, doubles as a trucking route. But despite these challenges, this part of the Lachine borough is close to the city centre and is currently experiencing a boom in housing (http://spacingmontreal.ca/2008/12/01/roadsworths-street-art-to-help-revitalize-saint-pierre/).

One of the features of this park that made me add it to the list of case studies for the Successes: greenway project is that it is a low-income • The trail system links several neighborneighborhood that somehow created a kind hoods to Metro stations. of identity to be recognized. Among the • Provides miles of uninterrupted trails along the tributaries of the Anacostia River. ideas of its citizens are the large painting walls with graffiti turned into art.

Figure 85: Map of DC area Multi-use trails

NAME: Kirkpatrick Park LOCATION: Ville Saint Pierre (MONTREAL, CANADA)

Project History

Also known as “MoWest,” Montreal West is a small, close-knit suburban community made up primarily of single family dwell-

Amenities:

• Football/soccer field. • Basketball courts. • Hockey rinks in winter. • Jungle gyms. • Murals that are surprisingly untagged, showing respect.

CASE REVIEWS

Relevant Points About Design: Challenges: • Graffiti walls as murals • This park seems like a good place to consider as an “anchor” for a potential bike path system that would go north to Meadowbrook Golf Course, east along the Falaise, (going south to Lasalle via the Angrignon area.), and south towards the Lachine waterfront where it would hook up with the current system. • As insignificant as it may appear there is a small pedestrian tunnel that connects the north/south sides of the tracks.

• Low-income neighborhood. • Neighborhood is isolated between two railway lines.

Failures:

Tried to create an identity by applying a fresh coat of paint to Main Street.

Figure 87: Different murals showing most popular sports

Figure 88: Different murals showing most popular sports

Figure 86: Behind the Arena Martin Lapointe which features some pretty nice murals that are surprisingly untagged over, Saint Pierre (MONTREAL)

Figure 89: Multifamily housing shares recreational open space

RAILS-TO-TRAILS GREENWAY Awakening Cultural Heritage

CULTURAL HERITAGE

Figure 91: Resting on a hot day at MacArthur Park grounds

Figure 90: Scenic View at MacArthur Park

Figure 92: Playing soccer at MacArthur Park fields

NAME: MacArthur Park LOCATION: Los Angeles, CA BUILT in the 1880s REVITALIZATION: Beginning in 2002

of the most densely populated and underserved areas in Los Angeles (http://www. google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://actionnownetwork.com /home/contents/wp-content/).

Project History

Beginning in 2002 the Los Angeles Police Department, and business and community leaders led a revitalization effort that has led to the installation of surveillance cameras, the opening of a recreation center, increased business, early-morning drink vendors, a new Metro station, the return of the paddle boats and the fountain, and large community festivals attracting thousands. Most recently, in 2005 the park was celebrated for having the highest reduction of crime statistics per resident in the United States (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki / MacArthur_Par k).

The park, originally named Westlake Park, was built in the 1880s, along with a similar Eastlake Park, whose lake is artificial, in Los Angeles. Westlake Park was re-named May 7, 1942; Eastlake Park was re-named Lincoln Park. Both Westlake and Eastlake (as well as Echo Park) were built as drinking water reservoirs connected to the city’s systems of zanjas (small conveyance channels). When the city abandoned the non-pressurized zanja system for a pressurized pipe system, these smaller, shallow reservoirs located at low points no longer provided much benefit. Located just west of the heart of downtown Los Angeles, MacArthur Park is one of the oldest and most significant parks in Los Angeles and boasts a rich and colorful history. In the first half of the 20th century, the park (formerly Westlake Park) was the centerpiece of the Westlake District and was considered the premiere urban oasis of Los Angeles. As the history of MacArthur Park continued to evolve in the second half of the 20th century, the profile of its surrounding neighborhoods embodied the growth of Los Angeles. The Westlake District became a popular entry point to the American Dream and as a result, one

Figure 93: Fair displayed on a regular basis create a sense of use of the park

Amenities:

• Auditorium for large community events. • Children’s play area. • Picnic tables. • Street Vendors.

DESIGN FEATURES: • Low-income immigrant community • Economic emphasis • Sense of place • Community festivals • Rich and colorful history • Vendors grow their businesses by linking them with small business training and loans

CASE REVIEWS

Relevant Points About Design:

PAVILIONS • The heart and soul of Levitt Pavilion is to revitalize public spaces and build community through music. To this end, each Pavilion is a city-owned facility, managed and programmed by an independent notfor-profit Friends of the Levitt Pavilion entity. Each pavilion is brought to life by its own executive director, board of directors and community advisory board with the support of the neighborhood council and community organizations. The Friends of the Levitt Pavilion also serves as a fundraising arm for the venue. Physically, each Levitt Pavilion has an open lawn and grassy seating surrounding a state-of-theart band shell that attracts a spectrum of distinguished artists. Programming for 50 free concerts each year is broadly diverse, featuring all musical genres and everything from acclaimed emerging talent to worldclass and award winning performers. And each venue expresses its own unique personality with programming that is inspired by the cultural heritage of each community it serves. • The people of MacArthur Park, one of the most densely populated and underserved areas of the city, did not initially understand the importance of a pavilion.

“We worked hard to gain the trust of the people, engaging community groups, local businesses and key stakeholders. This was not an overnight process…It was most definitely a collaborative effort to revitalize the park together.” Today, the Levitt Pavilion MacArthur Park is a thriving venue that serves the multicultural base that is Los Angeles (http://www. google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://actionnownetwork.com/home/contents/wp-content/). STREET VENDORS • Create a vendors’ movement for permanent change. • Reach out to vendors in the streets and storage garages and teach them about their legal rights and responsibilities. • Hold meetings where collective actions are planned for getting the vendor’s voices heard. Publishing reports to raise public awareness about vendors and the enormous contribution they make to our city. • Finally, help vendors grow their business by linking them with small business training and loans. (http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http:// actionnownetwork.com/home/contents/wpcontent/).

Figure 94: Street vendor selling fresh fruit next to the sidewalk

Figure 95: Street vendor with a tamale cart close to MacArthur Park

Figure 96: Skate area inside MacArthur Park

RAILS-TO-TRAILS GREENWAY Awakening Cultural Heritage

Challenges:

• The combined efforts of neighborhood groups, community entities, and public • Low-income immigrant community in agencies have created significant change in Los Angeles. MacArthur Park reducing crime below the • Creating an economic amenity using citywide average and implementing numerstreet vendors. ous improvements to return the park to its • Developing a sense of place in an underbeautiful roots. served community. • Today MacArthur Park is once again • High levels of crime. a destination for families and youth for recreation, relaxation and entertainment, Successes: making it one of the most used parks in • Activation of the pavilion for large events. Los Angeles. • Involvement of the community through • The Levitt Pavilion for the Performing stakeholders. Arts greatly contributes to the vibrancy of • The creation of a vendors program using MacArthur Park with the summer concerts Mama’s Tamale Café as intermediary. furthering the positive changes the West• Helping educate and train the local street lake community has embraced. vendors. On their website they refer to it as “an apprentice-operated business and job training restaurant” (http://www.google. com/imgres?imgurl=http://farm2.static.flickr. com/1390/).

Figure 97: People gathering on a seating wall at the park

Figure 98: Balloon vendor at MacArthur Park

Figure 99: Mama’s Hot Tamales Cafe

Figure 100: MacArthur Levitt Pavillion

CASE REVIEWS

SUMMARY Desert Greenways • • • •

Native vegetation Desert climate Natural-play History

Figure 101: Trail paths at Railyard Park + Plaza

Low-Income Neighborhood Parks • Graffiti art • Ownership • Involvement

Figure 102: Behind the Arena Martin Lapointe which features some pretty nice murals that are surprisingly untagged over, Saint Pierre (MONTREAL)

Cultural Heritage • Economic emphasis • Sense of place • Rich and colorful history

Figure 103: Fiesta Las Vegas Latino Parade and Festival to celebrate the commencement of the Hispanic Heritage Month

Introduction Objectives

Results of Outreach Activities Findings Design Implications

METHODS

INTRODUCTION

The methods for creating the proposed design started with a study of the literature and case reviews presented in the previous chapters. The research subsequently continued in a different way through an outreach program as described below. The idea for this project originated in the public process that I participated in while working at the Drachman Institute. This chapter presents many of the results of that effort that was led by the Drachman Institute. The Drachman Institute worked with the City of South Tucson and landscape architecture firm Kimley Horn to develop a master plan for the portion of the El Paso and Southwestern Greenway project that passes through South Tucson. Part of the Drachman Institute’s role was to organize a public outreach effort in the City of South Tucson to gather ideas and involve the local community in the design process. Several outreach events were orchestrated with residents of the City of South Tucson community. To solicit input from the community members, various approaches were used depending on the venue and the age group of the participants, as described on the pages to follow.

“Tell me and I forget. Show me and I remember. Involve me and I’m yours.” (http://blog.rogeriopvl.com/archives/two-interesting-thoughts-on-design-and-usability/)

Several community organizations within the City of South Tucson also were involved in the development of this outreach project, including the John Valenzuela Youth Center, Mission View Elementary School, and Ochoa Elementary School.

RAILS-TO-TRAILS GREENWAY Awakening Cultural Heritage

OBJECTIVES:

• Gather ideas from the future users and include all age groups • Determine what is needed from the community to complete the design • Engage the community in the process of design • Educate the community about the importance of their opinions for neighborhood improvements • Make the community feel comfortable while soliciting information

The techniques used to collect information included: • Surveys • Informal presentations • Casual conversations • Interviews The information was collected using surveys and by taking notes from people’s comments and from personal observations. Some of that information is summarized in graphs which are shown later. All of the information was compiled into a list of findings which were translated into design implications that at the end supported the design program.

Outreach Summary VENUE 1 Annual National Night Out

DATE: Tuesday 8/3/10, 5-8pm PARTICIPANTS: 14 South Tucson residents of various ages METHODS: • Booth: one-on-one discussion • Boards: route & history • Survey: nine questions

Figure 104: City of South Tucson Aerial

VENUE 2 John C. Valenzuela Youth Center and Greenway site DATE: Thursday 9/23/10, 5:30-8pm PARTICIPANTS: seven middle school students METHODS: • Site visit/night walk • Round table discussion • Survey: 13 questions

VENUE 3 John C. Valenzuela Youth Center DATE: Friday 9/24/10, 2-4pm PARTICIPANTS: 18 elementary school students (3rd – 5th grade) METHODS: • Round-table discussion • Route mapping exercise • Drawing pictures of exercise VENUE 4 Mission View Elementary School DATE: Friday 11/19/10, 8:30-10:30am PARTICIPANTS: 15 parents of elementary-aged children METHODS: • Cafecito: informal discussion & presentation • Survey: 10 questions

METHODS

RESULTS OF OUTREACH ACTIVITIES Place: Annual National Night Out Outreach Date: Tuesday, August 3, 2010 Participants: 14 residents of varying ages Methods: A table with an informal and inviting atmosphere was set up for National Night Out, held outdoors at South Tucson’s Town Hall-Sam Lena Public Library complex. Boards from phase one of the EP&SW Greenway process were displayed and surveys were offered to people who were interested and wanted to know more about the project. The format offered good opportunities for one-on-one discussion. Observations: Many people asked questions and made comments about how the use of the alignment has changed over time. They were excited about the idea of having additional open space in their community and were optimistic that the project would also clean up the image of abandoned vacant land that the corridor has gradually become.

Figure 105: Night walk with high school students

Place: John Valenzuela Youth Center Visit Date: Thursday, September 23, 2010 Participants: Seven high school students Methods: An evening meeting with high school students was scheduled at the John Valenzuela Youth Center. A brief introduction was followed by a field trip to the site with a short night walk back and forth along the route. Flash lights were provided to each participant. Two to three small groups formed during the walk along the greenway route with discussion facilitated by a member of the Drachman team. The meeting concluded with a questionnaire. Observations: The students responded very well to the greenway project, making numerous suggestions for the project. Graffiti and vandalism were discussed in some detail and the kids suggested a graffiti wall along the greenway as both a privacy screen for adjacent properties and as a legitimate outlet for artistic tagger-types. They admitted they admired good graffiti. They felt a dedicated graffiti wall might reduce the amount of unwanted graffiti within the community and potentially reduce vandalism because kids would be proud of the wall and have more respect for greenway facilities. They all expressed the need for seating and gathering areas and places to “hang out” with their friends. They indicated that night use would be very desirable and would require night lighting.

Figure 106: Sharing ideas with students

Figure 107: hoping on the raised bed heading back

RAILS-TO-TRAILS GREENWAY Awakening Cultural Heritage

Place: John Valenzuela Youth Center Visit Date: Friday September 24, 2010 Participants: 18 elementary school students (3rd â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 5th grade) Methods: A meeting at the John Valenzuela Youth Center was scheduled during its afterschool program. The visit entailed several activities intended to raise awareness about the project and to get input and ideas as to what kind of amenities the students would like to see along the route. Initially there was a brief discussion about outside recreational activities and how they are beneficial for both physical and mental health. Children were encouraged to share their own ideas about play and physical activity. The next activity was a mapping exercise. Using colored markers and different line styles, participants were asked to map routes and modes (biking, driving, or walking) that they utilize to reach local destinations on a regular basis. A brief introduction to the EP&SW Greenway project used a large aerial map on which children pointed out where they live in relation to the greenway route. In conclusion children made a drawing of all the things that they would like to have on the greenway.

Figure 108: JVYC after school classroom

Observations: The kids were generous and volunteered many ideas. Some of the ideas that they volunteered, such as a swimming pool, do not fit within the scope of the greenway project, but all ideas provided important perspectives that contributed to the design process and provided a sense of participation to potential future users of the facility. If these children later see some of their ideas in the implemented design, they will know that their input was taken into consideration, providing solid evidence that their opinion is important and creating a sense of ownership of the park. Figure 109: JVYC kids participating with ideas

Figure 111: Sample drawings: where kids go on a typical day and how they travel (bike, walk, car) Figure 110: JVYC kids drawing ideas

Figure 112: Sample drawings: features kids would like to see along the greenway

METHODS

Place: Mission Elementary School Cafecito Date: Friday November 19, 2010 Participants: 15 parents Methods: Cafecito invitation flyers were sent to parents of students one week before the date. Signage was posted on entry doors the day of the Cafecito meeting. The Cafecito meeting started with informal discussions and small talk as the participants partook of the Mexican empanaditas and coffee. A large-scale aerial photograph of South Tucson was posted for parents to get familiar with the area of the El Paso & Southwestern Greenway crossing through the community. A five-minute introduction was made, allowing the rest of the time for discussion, questions, comments, and suggestions. The upcoming open houses were mentioned so that residents would be expecting the invitations that were mailed to them in January 2011.

Figure 115: Mission View Elementary School interviews

Observations: Parents were very participative, and were engaged and excited about the project. They discussed current walking patterns and customary outdoor activities, and what kinds of open spaces they desire. Many participants visit existing parks often, but they indicated that these parks are somewhat far and insufficient for many uses. Existing parks function solely as playgrounds and do not provide activities for parents or young adults. Fitness circuits, walking loops, and gathering areas were of high interest to participants.

Figure 116: Mission View Elementary School cafecito presentation

Figure 113: Mission View Elementary School

Figure 114: Mission View Elementary School mural

Figure 117: Mission View Elementary School cafecito presentation

RAILS-TO-TRAILS GREENWAY Awakening Cultural Heritage

FINDINGS

• Few South Tucson residents have heard of the El Paso & Southwestern Greenway project before, though most are familiar with the raised bed/alignment that runs through the community between South 6th and 10th Avenues. • The majority of residents currently walk or bike within the community.

DESIGN IMPLICATIONS

The EP&SW Greenway crosses diagonally though the City of South Tucson providing access to and from many of the streets that run north to south and east to west. Three major access points to the EP&SW Greenway are suggested: 6th Avenue, 8th Avenue, and 10th Avenue. A Gateway Plaza along 6th Avenue between Taqueria Pico de Gallo and Discount Tire is suggested as a central gathering area for the community and a visual focal point along the 6th Avenue automobile corridor.

• Traffic speed was cited as a concern when walking or biking by nearly all respondents.

The character of the neighborhood and the stated activities and customs of survey respondents suggest a linear-park design suitable for small daily gatherings rather than a design strictly focused on transportation usages such as walking, biking, or rollerblading.

• Parents at Mission View Elementary School identified stray dogs as their biggest concern when outside.

Where spatial dimensions permit, placitas with seating, vegetation, and play areas should be provided.

• Homeless people and strangers walking through the Survey results suggest that small exercise stations of various types should be located community were frequently cited by both youth and along the greenway in places with spatial constraints. Areas with more available space parents as a safety concern. could contain larger exercise stations that could host small-group activities such as dancing or yoga classes. Bike racks are suggested at least on all main entries and main gather• Youth suggested several features along the greening areas. way, including graffiti walls as privacy screens in areas where backyards directly abut the greenway; seating At least one restroom station and two water fountains should be located along the greenareas and night lighting were also requested. way between 10th and 6th Avenues. • Though outside the scope of the greenway project, most children and several youth mentioned a desire for a public swimming pool within the community. • Parents and community members identified trees, walking paths and sidewalks, benches, and drinking fountains as improvements they would most like. • Facilities most favored by residents and parents include playgrounds, a community garden, a swimming pool, and exercise circuits. • All youth indicated an interest in bicycling, including bike clubs and bike repair classes.

The greenway park should be usable even at night, when the desert weather is more suitable for walking or talking.

METHODS

CONCLUSION

As a first introduction to the EP&SW Greenway, the short and informal meetings were well accepted. People felt confident to ask questions and make comments and suggestions. They felt like they were part of the process, and indicated an interest in being involved in future phases of the project. Additionally, it was of great importance that the interviewer became familiar with the personality and flavor of the community that he/she planned to approach. Such knowledge was vital to answer questions or concerns that occured during interviews or surveys. Many of those in the Hispanic culture are known for being quite talkative, which is an extra advantage for the interviewer, as long as the interviewer gains the confidence of the people. And finally, designers should emphasize to their community the importance of citizen participation in the planning process in order to achieve the successful realization of any project that they undertake. With respect to the design, the most important observations were: â&#x20AC;˘ The character of the neighborhood suggests a linear park design suitable for daily small gatherings rather than a design strictly focused on transportation usages such as walking, cycling, or roller blading. â&#x20AC;˘ The greenway park should be usable even at night, when the desert weather is more suitable for walking or talking. â&#x20AC;˘ The engagement between the city and the community should define the goals and scope of the final realization of this project.

SITE ANALYSIS

Location

Demographics Parks and open space Land use and Zoning Circulation

SCOPE

The study of the site in which the design will exist is a necessary prerequisite for effectively building the project. This chapter presents the analysis of the demographics, the zoning, and the physical characteristics of the environment where the park is located.

The analysis has two parts. The first part evaluates the Vacant land and Amenities areas immediately surrounding the location of the de sign. The second part evaluates the characteristics of Walkability the broader community who will also use this park. Only a large-scale view can provide insight into how the design will impact the communities surrounding the project site. It was important to study the cultural characteristics and demographics of the population who will use the site, and the site analysis reveals that South Tucson is the heart of a much wider Hispanic community. Furthermore, the study of the location of the various destinations relative to the greenway impacts the placement of the gateways to the greenway. Many homes are adjacent to the greenway, and the residents of those homes can use the greenway to travel to those popular destinations. The site analysis also addresses the study of vacant land surrounding the greenway for possible acquisition for future expansion of the park.

RAILS-TO-RAILS GREENWAY Awakening Cultural Heritage

LOCATION

Located just south of downtown Tucson, the City of South Tucson is a one-square-mile community within metropolitan Tucson. The city proudly reflects the slogan: “The Pueblo Within a City” (http://www.southtucson.org).

Boundaries:

North - 25th Street East - Union Pacific Railroad tracks South - 40th Street and Benson Highway West - 12th Avenue

City of South Tucson, AZ

Figure 118: City of Tucson, AZ





Figure 119: City of Tucson, AZ

SITE ANALYSIS

PROJECT SCOPE

Legend:

4th Avenue

6th Avenue

10th Avenue

29th Street

Main circulation Secondary circulation Project area

SCOPE: • City of South Tucson Greenway section (0.75 mi) • Community survey analysis • Master Plan for the greenway section between 6th and 10th Avenues • Design of the main entry to the greenway through 6th Avenue • Focus on areas along the greenway • Phased proposal

Figure 120: City of South Tucson, AZ aerial photo

RAILS-TO-RAILS GREENWAY Awakening Cultural Heritage

DEMOGRAPHICS

This map, displaying census data from 2000, shows how the Hispanic population is strongly established in South Tucson comprising 71% to 93% of the population. Similarly, the surrounding areas are also heavily influenced by the Hispanic community, giving us an idea of the users who would naturally flow through or come to use the park.

Figure 122: South Tucson Parks Map

Figure 121: Hispanic Population Map

South Tucson 71-93% 64

SITE ANALYSIS

PARKS AND OPEN SPACE

As shown in this map of parks, people living in South Tucson currently have very limited access to open spaces for recreation. The greenway can provide that access to the vast majority of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s residents. Santa Rita Park

The only spaces now available are on the northern boundaries of the neighborhood.

Drachman Primary School

As shown in the map, the greenway runs diagonally, connecting with many of the neighborhood streets. This creates an opportunity to have multiple points of access to this new park space from many different parts of the neighborhood.

Ochoa Elementary School

Figure 122: South Tucson Parks Map

Figure 123: Greenway location Map

City of South Tucson Existing Green Open Space

City of South Tucson Green Open Space Opportunity

RAILS-TO-RAILS GREENWAY Awakening Cultural Heritage

LAND USE AND ZONING

It is interesting how the actual land use contrasts with the established zoning. According to the map below showing actual land use, the city of South Tucson is composed of residential and industrial areas, and commercial use is mostly lacking. The opposing page shows the intended commercial usage according to how the land is zoned.

Figure 124: South Tucson Land Use Map

SITE ANALYSIS One way to boost the economy would be to activate some of these commercially zoned areas, specifically the ones adjacent to the greenway. This could create a reciprocal relationship with the park attracting users to the commercial area and vice versa. Particularly, the park could help strengthen the commercial area on 6th Avenue.

Figure 125: South Tucson Zoning Map

RAILS-TO-RAILS GREENWAY Awakening Cultural Heritage

CIRCULATION

As this map shows, only two bus connection lines run north to south on 6th Avenue and 10th Avenue respectively. The bike route map shows the opportunities for mobility within the neighborhood. This indicates that the area where the greenway park would be has good access, either by bus, bike, or foot.

Figure 126: South Tucson Bus Transportation Map

SITE ANALYSIS

Figure 127: South Tucson Bike Routes Map

RAILS-TO-RAILS GREENWAY Awakening Cultural Heritage

VACANT LAND OWNERSHIP

There are some possibilities for park expansion if land acquisitions occur. The vacant parcels adjacent to the greenway are shown in the map below. The design developed in this Masterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Report was created using only the land within the alignment of railroad belonging to the Regional Transit Authority. As the map shows, there are great opportunities for expansion of park facilities if adjacent land becomes available, especially near the center of the project in parcel 3.

Owner

Parcel Number

Address

Chevron USA, Inc

118243430

S 7th Avenue

Chevron USA, Inc.

118243290

115 W 35th Street

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Figure 128: City of South Tucson Aerial

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Figure 129: South Tucson vacant land along railroad alignment

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SITE ANALYSIS

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RAILS-TO-RAILS GREENWAY Awakening Cultural Heritage

WALKABILITY

Access to the park would be within minutes of any residence in the city. A quarter of a mile is widely recognized as a standard walkable distance that can be covered at a normal pace in approximately five minutes. The map shows the scale of the greenway project, and that a large swath of the city has easy access to the proposed main gateway plaza adjacent to 6th Avenue. The proposed greenway park in South Tucson itself is less than half of a mile long. These distances create the opportunity to tour the park as a whole quite naturally and enjoy the various amenities available there. Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that all proposed areas will be well used.

Greenway

6th Avenue main access to greenway

Aprox. 0.25 miles Figure 131: Walking distances from greenway throughout the neighborhood

SITE ANALYSIS

SUMMARY

There are many opportunities offered by the site in the city of South Tucson. A summary of the main points are mentioned as follows:

Demographics

• Hispanic 71% to 93% • Surrounding areas are heavily influenced by Hispanic community

Open Space • Lack of parks

• The alignment of the greenway offers an opportunity to create open space

Land Use and Zoning

• Differences with intended use and zoned use • Boost the economy with the creation of the greenway • Relationship between the proposed greenway and the commercial area on 6th Avenue

Circulation

• Bus routes and bike routes show a big opportunity for connection to the greenway

Vacant Land Ownership

• Possibilities for park expansion if vacant land becomes available

Amenities

• Many destinations area available which motivate residents to use the greenway to move from one side of the town to the other. These include schools, churches, and restaurants.

Walkability

• Access to the park would be within 0.5 miles which is equal to approximately five to ten minutes of walking

Scope

Program Concepts Master Plan Focus Areas

DESIGN SCOPE

The City of South Tucson requires green spaces that celebrate its desert climate and the community’s vibrant Hispanic heritage. The Greenway Master Plan proposed in this Master’s Report is a significant effort to create a sense of community using gathering spaces along the alignment where the historic, but now vacant and unused, El Paso and Southwestern Railroad ran. Focusing on the 0.75-mile-long section that crosses the City of South Tucson, this Master Plan presents an open space design that accommodates the needs and expectations of its users and integrates the cultural identity of the community. The proposed design provides a comfortable and safe atmosphere inviting high utilization from the community and enhancing the cultural heritage that draws visitors to this community.

“The beauty of the park … should be the beauty of the fields, the meadow, the prairie, of the green pastures, and the still waters. What we want to gain is tranquility and rest to the mind.” ~Frederick Law Olmsted Sr.

RAILS-TO-TRAILS GREENWAY Awakening Cultural Heritage

OBSERVATIONS

LITERATURE REVIEW

CONCEPTS

MASTER PLAN

SITE ANALYSIS

COMMUNITY OUTREACH

Question?

CASE REVIEW

DESIGN PROGRAM: • A system of multi-use trails • Three pocket parks • A natural area • A main entry plaza Design elements include: • Seating • Playgrounds • Exercise stations • Native vegetation garden • Voleyball sand area

DESIGN

PROGRAM Process Development

In order to get to the design program, a series of steps has been performed as mentioned throughout the preceding chapters. A question was posed as the starting point of this Master’s Report to delimit the scope of the research. This was followed by an exhaustive literature review reinforced by the community outreach efforts. As pointed out on the opposite page, the results of this research were brought together to shape the ideas for design of the greenway. The site analysis complemented the research and defined the design program. Finally, the resulting concepts shaped the design context used to create the master plan.

Design Program

• System of multi-use trails • Three pocket parks • Natural area • Main entry plaza • Placita at each entry point

Design Elements

Figure 134: Exercise station

• Seating • Water fountains • Bike racks • Playgrounds • Exercise stations • Native vegetation garden • Volleyball sand area

Figure 135: Native desert vegetation garden

Figure 132: Natural area

Figure 133: Exercise station

Figure 136: Volleyball sand area

RAILS-TO-TRAILS GREENWAY Awakening Cultural Heritage

CONCEPTS Concept 1

In this concept, the main idea was to create destination points at different scales for gatherings of both small and large groups of people. Changing the alignment of the existing rail bed to form a meandering multi-use path helped to achieve this objective. The remaining small areas provide space for native vegetation that help create shaded, comfortable areas for resting along the path. At each street entry, there is a placita as a focal entry point that also serves as a casual neighborhood gathering area. Because of the size of the spaces created with this form, many different uses at larger scales could be applied such as a farmers’ market, parties and celebrations, and play areas. The pedestrian and bike paths follow the same organic shape, with a secondary path to guide users to the placita entries of the greenway.

Placita

Play area Main entry

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Gathering area

Key points: • Connection from main entry to main entry • Organic shape creates larger open spaces • Alternating vegetated areas • Placitas on each secondary entry

Multi-use pa th

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DESIGN

Concept 2

In concept two, the linearity of the railroad alignment was the characteristic that guided the whole design. As part of the historic preservation importance of the EP&SW Railroad, the connection from the main entry to the greenway was straight. Both the pedestrian and bike paths follow the same line, with the exception of the raised bed section which accommodated only the bike path because of the difference of elevation and narrowed width. This factor allows an organic curvature of the pedestrian path in this section. The big challenge was to carefully use the remaining pieces of land on each side of the paths so as to get the most out of them. The spaces available for activities were many, but small, which motivated the idea of combining activities in a single space for better use of that space. For example, the playgrounds are surrounded by seating areas next to picnic tables, which could simultaneously serve the needs of different segments of the community and increase the interaction between community members.

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Key points: • Straight paths connecting main entry to main entry • Prioritization of the preservation of the historic character • Small gathering activities on larger southern side of bike path • Vegetated areas on the smaller northern side of bike path • Placitas on each secondary entry

RAILS-TO-TRAILS GREENWAY Awakening Cultural Heritage

MASTER PLAN Description

Railroad Alignment Orientation

The design of the EP&SW Greenway Master Plan in the City of South Tucson was generated based on the community outreach results (see summary of findings page 58) and on the site analysis. Preservation of the rich history associated with the EP&SW Railroad also was a primary objective; therefore, the footprint of the twelve-foot bike path coincides with the historic location of the train tracks. The straight path offers a clear and safe view for cyclists and for pedestrians crossing the path. A line of trees on each side provides shade and comfort for users of the greenway. A separate walking path for pedestrians winds its way among the various features of the design. The EP&SW Greenway crosses diagonally though the City of South Tucson, providing access to and from many of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s major streets. The site analysis suggested that three major access points to the EP&SW Greenway be developed: the 6th Avenue crossing, the 8th Avenue crossing , and the 10th Avenue crossing. The area west of 6th Avenue adjacent to Taqueria Pico de Gallo is conducive to development as a main gateway plaza, serving as a central gathering area for the community and as a high-profile visual focal point along the 6th Avenue automobile corridor.

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N Legend The character of the neighborhood and the stated activities and customs of survey respondents suggested the creation of a linear park, suitable for small daily gatherings in addition to its transportation usages such as walking, cycling, and rollerblading. Where spatial dimensions permit, placitas with seating, vegetation, and play areas should be provided. The survey results also emphasized the installation of night lighting so that the EP&SW Greenway could be used in the evening, when the desert weather is more suitable for outdoor activities.

Gateway Plaza Amenities along the bike path Entry Placitas at each access point

The survey results additionally suggested that small exercise stations of various types should be located along the greenway in places with spatial constraints. Somewhat larger areas could contain more extensive exercise stations and could host small-group activities such as dancing or yoga classes. Bike racks are suggested, at minimum, on all main entries and main gathering areas. At minimum, one restroom station and two water fountains should be located along the greenway between 10th and 6th Avenues.

Follows a straight Connection

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Master Plan Overview

RAILS-TO-TRAILS GREENWAY Awakening Cultural Heritage

MASTER PLAN Section 1

• Entry plaza to greenway on both sides of 10th Avenue featuring seating and a rest area for cyclists. • Twenty-foot wide paved crossing at 10th Avenue with clear visibility to vehicular traffic. • Train track representation located above the raised bed with signage describing the historic significance of the railroad to South Tucson. • Exercise station near the entry from the residential area featuring seating benches and native vegetation. • A natural tree forest area utilizing existing vegetation shading a dirt path next to the raised bed slope that allows for a free-play area for kids and seating for adults. • Planting area surrounded by shaded seating for gatherings of nearby neighbors or of people resting from any physical activity performed on the trail.

Mesquite Bosque

8’ Ped. Path

12’ Bike Path

Section A-A’

Proposed Rail track design by Kimley-Horn & Associates

A series of stairs are proposed for people interested in crossing from one side of the raised bed to the other. There is access from the neighborhood through an alley entry bridge between 33rd and 34th Streets. The entry on 34th Street is ADA accessible for those unable to use the stairs.

The sections are located along the raised bed portion of the greenway park where the different slopes are visible and evident. Section A-A’ shows that the slope on the south side is very smooth and curved compared with the four-foot elevation differential on the north side of the bed where a flatter area is located.

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DESIGN

MASTER PLAN Section 2

Native Vegetation Garden

8’ Ped. Path

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• Native vegetation garden helping to educate visitors about the colorful beauty of various low-water use plants while also possibly serving as a healing or meditation garden. • Entry plazas on each side of 8th Avenue utilizing the elevation differential for planter terraces for seating and to create additional vegetated areas. • Twenty-foot wide paved crossing at 8th Avenue for both pedestrians and cyclists with high visibility to vehicular traffic. • Retaining/seating wall with picnic area complemented by stairs that allow crossing from one side of the raised bed to the other.

Terraces

Section B-B’

Section B-B’ shows the planter terraces for the access point for those approaching from the south on 8th Street as well as those approaching from the north on 8th Street where entry is at the street level.

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RAILS-TO-TRAILS GREENWAY Awakening Cultural Heritage Pico de Gallo Restaurant

MASTER PLAN Section 3

Seating Planters

• A main gateway plaza at the railroad alignment’s intersection with the important 6th Avenue thoroughfare. The plaza is surrounded by planter seating shaded by tree canopies with a focal element in the center. The bike path curves around the perimeter of the plaza, facilitating the safe and easy flow of bicycle traffic along this portion of the greenway. • Two major playgrounds, both enclosed by U-shaped seating walls for safety and easy supervision by adults. These feature natural elements such as climbing rocks and equipment such as monkey bars to promote physical exercise and improve the well-being of the community’s children.

Pedestrian Path Bike Path Fountain Playground Planting Area

Gateway Plaza • An alley of trees on 36th Street that guides visitors to the entry of the placita connects to the greenway park, and features seating areas and an easily maintainable cactus garden that displays many of the main species of the region.

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• An exercise station to complete the circuit of exercise stations present within this greenway park.

• Several distributed picnic areas, each featuring wall seating for large groups.

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FOCUS AREA Gateway Entry Plaza

The birdâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s eye view of the Gateway Plaza illustrates the views from 6th Avenue to the greenway. The large, open plaza serves as focal point for users and those driving past on 6th Avenue. The trees on the sides of the paths create an alley of comfortable shade and reinforce the importance of the linearity of this design. The seating areas are strategically located underneath the tree canopies for shade and views.

RAILS-TO-TRAILS GREENWAY Awakening Cultural Heritage

FOCUS AREA Gateway Entry Plaza

As shown on this view, the Gateway Plaza serves many uses besides that as an entry to the greenway. The plaza is an ideal location for street vendors, musicians, lunch-goers, and provides a scenic shortcut to the various destinations nearby. The density of vegetation creates a sense of comfort, inviting locals to get together on a regular basis, increasing the sense of place for the community users and visitors.

DESIGN N

FOCUS AREA Playground Area

The playgrounds, as mentioned in the master plan description, are enclosed by U-shaped seating walls. They feature natural elements such as climbing rocks and equipment such as monkey bars to promote physical exercise and improve the well-being of the communityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s children. An area designed as a native desert vegetation exhibit garden lies between the flow of all the users to allow for a greater appreciation and increased education about drought tolerant plants. A similar goal is achieved through separating the paths with a water harvesting smooth basin. This separating element provides safety benefits, as well. The use of murals on seating walls emphasize South Tucsonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s colorful culture and will complement the many murals that already exist within the city.

RAILS-TO-TRAILS GREENWAY Awakening Cultural Heritage

FOCUS AREA Placita at 8th Avenue

This placita is unique because of the differential in elevation, serving as a bike station where cyclists can drink water, change a tube or just rest. Several seating walls decorated with colorful murals are located so as to retain the soil while also emphasizing the entry, and giving the area the character of a familiar gathering place. A buffer of vegetation blocks the views to the adjacent private properties and guides users through the pedestrian path.

DESIGN N

FOCUS AREA Raised Bed Area

One of the best views of this greenway project is from the top of the raised bed area, from which â&#x20AC;&#x153;Aâ&#x20AC;? Mountain is visible to the west. The higher elevation allows for enjoyment of this splendid view. A pedestrian path is located at lower elevation for slower paced activities. A set of planters are located on the north side of the raised bed, highlighting the picnic area and the crossing stairs. A visually different material was applied to the crossings for the safety of those crossing.

RAILS-TO-TRAILS GREENWAY Awakening Cultural Heritage N

FOCUS AREA Kiosko

A typical characteristic of any Hispanic gathering plaza is represented by a kiosko. The kiosko serves as a focal point, attracting musical performers providing a traditional background for wedding pictures, and acting as a symbol of Hispanic culture. One of the placitas of this project was designed with a kiosko, lending symbolic importance to this entry and complementing the other features along the greenway. A very colorful selection of plant materials are applied to this specific area since it will represent that place where everybody wants to have a picture taken.

DESIGN

SUMMARY

This chapter is the graphic representation of all the findings on the preceding steps, and reflects the essence of this Masterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Report. Many were the challenges, but the idea of taking the best of this community and translating it into a real design in a substantial way shows what can be achieved when the community works together. The greenway is an opportunity to preserve and emphasize the rich Hispanic culture to the benefit of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s community and its visitors. Creating a program of vendors and making the park accessible even at night would attract more visitors and increase the use by the local residents, creating a sense of place. To represent in design something as precious as cultural practices is a challenge because it must be done not only through physical elements of the design, but also by expressing a collection of feelings and relationships through the design as a whole.

Planter Terraces Placita at 35th Street entry

CONCLUSIONS The El Paso and Southwestern Greenway passes through nine different neighborhoods along its sixmile expanse. Although a considerable portion of this project was dedicated to the study of Rails-to-Trails and good greenway design, above all, this project was about acquiring an understanding of one specific neighborhood -- the City of South Tucson. Using that understanding, it was possible to develop a design that capitalizes on and helps to build upon the strength of those who live there. South Tucson is city of contrasts. The city has a rich cultural heritage but is economically somewhat poor. The colorful murals throughout the city reflect the vibrancy of the people who live there. On the other hand, other parts of the built environment are dull and in a state of decay. The city in many ways is very welcoming, and feels like a small piece of Mexico with its many immigrants. And even those with no Hispanic background can feel the warmth of the people there. But the city has its share of unhappy people, too, due to its poor economic situation, and the attendant elevated rate of crime can make the city feel forbidding to some. The goal of this project was to learn about both the good and the bad, inspiring a design that reinforces the good that is there while helping to improve upon the poor economic conditions that currently cultivate the bad.

RAILS-TO-TRAILS GREENWAY Awakening Cultural Heritage

One of the more relevant positive characteristics observed in the city during the community outreach efforts was the frequency with which the people gathered for various events, including festivals, holidays, restaurant openings, and health fairs. This motivated the inclusion in the proposed design of the plazas and placitas where people can gather and celebrate, and the U-shaped seating walls that would help prompt even strangers using them to engage each other in conversation. The murals throughout the city naturally inspired the inclusion of additional murals on the seating walls. The city has strong afterschool programs for youth, and these programs could utilize the sand volleyball court, the playgrounds, the bike path, and the exercise stations. All of these elements were integrated into the proposal with the intention of creating not just a well-designed park, but also a well-used park.

1Define the

INTRODUCTION

Challenge

LITERATURE REVIEW 2Understand the Context

Achieving the goal of high usage would already take one step in the direction of reducing crime in the city, turning what is now vacant land more suitable for criminal activity into a community gathering place. High usage could also help to encourage modest commercial development near the major entries to the greenway park. The design can also help to improve the health of the community, offering the natural play area and a playground for kids, the volleyball court and bike path for older youth, and the pedestrian path, bike path, picnic area, and exercise stations for adults and seniors.

REVIEWS 3CASE Establish Appropriate Design Approach

The city also derives strength and potential economic benefit from the cultural heritage, history, and traditions of its people, and any successful design must help to preserve those cultural aspects. The Kiosko is the most visible design element toward this goal. But the history and traditions must be reflected not only in the design, but also in the use of the space. Street vendors, Mexican craft fairs, wedding parades â&#x20AC;&#x201C; all such activities would help to preserve and pass on the culture.

4Involve the public! METHODS

SITE ANALYSIS 5Analyze Current

Because the use of the space is so important, the city and the community play a large role in the eventual success of this design. The city must be flexible in its rules for the use of the greenway, perhaps for example, by regulating but not forbidding the presence of street vendors. They must also be flexible in possibly allowing use of the park at night when the weather is more comfortable. In general, the city must develop policies that encourage greater use of the space rather than those that might act to stifle its use.

Conditions

DESIGN 6Create a Vision

Likewise, the people must take an active part in the care and maintenance of the park, but that will happen only if they feel it is their park. The community outreach that started through the Drachman Institute must continue through each subsequent phase of the design and construction process. Even though it may not always be most efficient, the community must be given opportunities to participate, maybe even in the construction, whether in the creation of the murals or in the planting of the gardens.

for the Future

CONCLUSIONS This Master’s Report presents the landscape architecture design for the greenway. Beyond that, it was constructed in a way, using both pictures and text, to capture some of the essence of what Hispanic culture means and the implications its meaning has for landscape design.

“One community, one square mile, one dream!¨

City of South Tucson

REFERENCES Literature References Case Review Citations Images Sources

RAILS-TO-TRAILS GREENWAY Awakening Cultural Heritage

LITERATURE REFERENCES Beatley, T., & Newman, P. (2009). Green urbanism down under: Learning from sustainable communities in Australia. Washington, DC: Island Press. Bell, Gwen, and Jaqueline Tyrwhitt. 1972. Human identity in the urban environment. [Harmondsworth, Eng.]: Penguin Books. Converting rails to trails: a citizenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s manual for transforming abandoned rail corridors. 1989. Day, K., Anderson, C., Powe, M., McMillan, T., & Winn, D. (January 01, 2007). Remaking Minnie Street. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 26, 3, 315-331. Diehl, Allison Cohen (January 01, 2011). Cultural Resources Survey for Phase I of the El Paso Greenway Project, Simpson Street to 22nd Street Segment, Tucson, Pima County, Arizona, 44, 45. Farr, Douglas. 2008. Sustainable urbanism: urban design with nature. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. GarciĚ a, Mario T. 1981. Desert immigrants: the Mexicans of El Paso, 1880-1920. New Haven: Yale University Press. Gardiner, Richard A. 1978. Design for safe neighborhoods: the environmental security planning and design process. [Washington]: Dept. of Justice, Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice. Georges, Daniel E. 1978. The geography of crime and violence: a spatial and ecological perspective. Resource papers for college geography, no. 78-1. Washington: Association of American Geographers. Klein, D. C. (1978). Psychology of the planned community: The new town experience. Community psychology series, v. 4. New York: Human Sciences Press. Lund, H. (March 01, 2002). Pedestrian Environments and Sense of Community. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 21, 3, 301-312. Myrick, David F. 1975 Railroads of Arizona, Volumn 1: The Southern Roads. Howell-North books, Berkely, CA Parnaby, P. F. (June 13, 2006). Crime Prevention through Environmental Design: Discourses of Risk, Social Control, and a Neo-liberal Context. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 48, 1, 1-29.

REFERENCES

Roberts-James, C. (2003). Creating a better walking environment. (Sustainable transport: planning for walking and cycling in urban environments.) Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate. Sandoval, G. (2010). Immigrants and the revitalization of Los Angeles: Development and change in MacArthur Park. Amherst, N.Y: Cambria Press. Smith, Daniel S., and Paul Cawood Hellmund. 1993. Ecology of greenways: design and function of linear conservation areas. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Vigil, J. D. (1984). From Indians to Chicanos: The dynamics of Mexican American culture. Prospect Heights, Ill: Waveland Press. WEB SOURCES: Page 10: http://www.southtucson.org (accessed December 12, 2010) Page 12: http://www.elindenews.com/news/2-news/266-new-plans-outline-future-development- options-for-the-city-of-south-tucson (accessed April 2011) http://www.southtucson.org (accessed April 2011) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Tucson,_Arizona http://cms3.tucsonaz.gov/sotucson (accessed April 2011) http://www.allbusiness.com/humanities-social-science/history/13057820-1.html (ac cessed April 2011) http://travel.nytimes.com/2005/03/06/travel/06cactus.html?pagewanted=2&n=Top/ Reference/Times%20Topics/Subjects/T/Travel%20and%20Vacations&_r=1 (accessed April 2011) Page 13: http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM3E1B_EPSWDepot_and_Park (accessed April 2011) Page 18: http://atfiles.org/files/pdf/communityRT.pdf, 10 (accessed November 22, 2010) http://atfiles.org/files/pdf/communityRT.pdf, 14 (accessed November 22, 2010) Page 19: http://www.1000friendsofflorida.org/PUBS/Greenways/benefits.asp (accessed February 23, 2011). Page 21: http://www.americantrails.org/resources/ManageMaintain/MaintCheck.html (accessed October 2010). Page 22: http://www.americantrails.org/resources/ManageMaintain/MaintCheck.html (accessed October 2010).

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Page 23: www.green-networld.com/facts/glossary.htm (accessed February 2011). Page 27: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_of_community (accessed December 12, 2010). Page 30: http://www.madisonvoices.com/hispanicheritage/ (accesed December 12, 2010) Page 31: http://www.pbs.org/newshour/essays/june97/rodriguez_6-18.html

(accessed November 2010)

Page 32: http://www.madisonvoices.com/hispanicheritage/ (accesed December 12, 2010) Page 34: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hispanic_Heritage_Month (accesed December 12, 2010)

CASE REVIEW CITATIONS Page 38: Ulam Alex, The Rail World: Santa Fe, Landscape Architecture Magazine July 2010, 85, 86, 92. Page 39: http://www.railyardpark.org/ (accessed January 3, 2011). Page 40: Ulam Alex, The Rail World: Santa Fe, Landscape Architecture Magazine July 2010, 84. Page 41: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/rectrails/rwt/section2b.htm (accessed February 1, 2011). http://www.nrhtx.com/dept_parks_trails.aspx (accessed February 1, 2011). Page 42: www.ci.hurst.tx.us/Publications/.../Hurst-11-CH3E-Linear-Parks.pdf (accessed February 1, 2011). http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/rectrails/rwt/section2b.htm (accessed February 1, 2011). http://dallas.about.com/od/transportation/tp/CottonbeltTrail.htm www.ci.hurst.tx.us/Publications/.../Hurst-11-CH3E-Linear-Parks.pdf (accessed February 1, 2011). Page 43: http://www.azroadrunners.org/hotspots/detail/rillito _river_ path (accessed February 26, 2011). http://www.tempe.gov/maps/Standard Details.aspx?Location ID=35c7a736-2cd9-417b- b04d-fa4a81df40ff (accessed January 17, 2011).

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REFERENCES Page 44: http://www.parquelineal.es/introduccion/ (accessed February 3, 2011). http://www.coahuila. gob.mx/index.php/noticias/noticia/2453 (accessed January 17, 2011). http://favelissues.com/2010/02/12/moravia_part-2-interventions/ (accessed January 17, 2011). http://www.dgates.com/PORT_proj_park_linear.htm (accessed February 26, 2011). Page 45: http://www.commuterpage.com/biketrails.htm (accessed February 2, 2011). http://dc.about.com/od/dcparks/a/ARTrail.htm (accessed February 2, 2011). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenway_(Washington,_D.C. (accessed February 2, 2011). http://dc.about.com/od/dcparks/a/ARTrail.htm (accessed February 2, 2011). Page 46: http://www.waba.org/resources/trails.php (accessed February 2, 2011). http://www.worldlingo.com/ma/enwiki/en/Montreal_West,_Quebec (accessed January 17, 2011). http://spacingmontreal.ca/2008/12/01/roadsworths-street-art-to-help-revitalize-saintpierre/ (accessed January 17, 2011). Page 48: http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://actionnownetwork.com /home/con ents/wp-content/ (accessed January 1, 2011). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki /MacArthur_Park (accessed January 1, 2011). Page 49: http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://actionnownetwork.com/home/con tents/wp-content/ (accessed February 3, 2011). http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://actionnownetwork.com/home/con tents/wp-content/ (accessed February 3, 2011). Page 50: http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1390/ (accessed February 3, 2011).

IMAGES SOURCES NOTE: ALL IMAGES NOT CITED BELONG TO YENNIFFER PERRY-ROMAN Figure 1: City of Tucson, AZ (Courtesy of Drachman Institute 2010) Figure 2: Hispanic Heritage. http://www.uintheusa.com/blog/2010/09/national-hispanic-heritage-month/ (accessed January 3, 2011) Figure 3: City of South Tucson aerial view. SOUTH TUCSON new_highway_overpas.jpg (accessed February 2, 2011)

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Figure 4: Freight Warehouse 1914. http://tucsonarizonahistory.tripod.com/El_Paso_and_Southwestern_.htm (accessed April 27, 2011) Figure 5: Railroad Depot 1913. http://tucsonarizonahistory.tripod.com/El_Paso_and_Southwestern_.htm (accessed January 22, 2011) Figure 6: Magma arizona RR 6. Robert McCreary Collection (accessed January 22, 2011) Figure 7: Bisbee Arizona 1909. http://www.ghostcowboy.com/node/158 (accessed April 27, 2011) Figure 8: Montecito Nuvali Greenway. http://ournewhome.speedfox.net/ (accessed May 4, 2011) Figure 9: The Riverwalk Greenway. http://www.cityofpigeonforge.com/parks-greenways.aspx (accessed January 3, 2011) Figure 10: Indian Creek Greenway. http://www.hsvcity.com/gis/greenways/ind_crk.htm (accessed January 3, 2011) Figure 11: Boston Natural Areas. http://www.bostonnatural.org/greenways.htm (accessed May 4, 2011) Figure 12: The Villages Detroit. http://thevillagesofdetroit.com/greenways/ (accessed May 4, 2011) Figure 13: Great Rivers Greenway. http://www.altaplanning.com/great+rivers+greenway+update_+st_+louis_+mo.aspx (accessed January 3, 2011) Figure 14: Native Plants. http://www.laspilitas.com/ (accessed May 5, 2011) Figure 15: Southern Pacific Station, Tucson, AZ. http://knet.asu.edu/archives/?searchSPMI=%22Railroads%22&type=subject&page=5 &dbpiece%5B%5D=all&orderby=default (accessed May 4, 2011) Figure 16: City of South Tucson Residences Figure 17: Alternative transportation. http://www.downtownphoenix.com/blog/2010/01/5-ways-to-get-people-thinking- about-alternative-transportation-downtown/ (accessed May 4, 2011) Figure 18: Cyclovia Tucson, AZ. http://www.cycloviatucson.org/welcome/ (accessed May 4, 2011) Figure 19: Outdoor education at Tohono Chul Park, Tucson, Arizona. http://www.flickr.com/photos/ugardener/ts/72157623477002564/detail/ (accessed May 4, 2011) Figure 20: Trail Maintenance. http://www.emcat.info/ (accessed May 4, 2011) Figure 21: Trail Repair. http://www.americantrails.org/nttp/skills/maintenance.html (accessed May 4, 2011)

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REFERENCES Figure 22: Tree Pruning. http://www.bartlett.com/pruning.cfm?rs (accessed May 4, 2011) Figure 23: Trash Removal. http://socolife.wordpress.com/tag/joe-rodota-trail/ (accessed May 4, 2011) Figure 24: Trail Repair. http://www.mudtechworks.com/milwaukeeAsphaltRepairImage (accessed May 4, 2011) Figure 25: Trail Revegetation. http://juneauempire.com/stories/080308/loc_312978200.shtml (accessed May 4, 2011) Figure 26: Signage Replacement. http://blogs.fourwheeler.com/6411211/editorials/yamaha-is-doing-their-part/index. html (accessed May 4, 2011) Figure 27: Education and Interpretation. http://www.americantrails.org/photoGalleries/ (accessed May 4, 2011) Figure 28: Detailed map of the trail system. http://www.trulia.com/blog/teri_ellis/2009/01/hiking_trails_in_the_pho (accessed May 4, 2011) Figure 29: Components of the Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design concept. http://www.cityofvancouver.us/calendar.asp?submenuid=51950 (accessed January 3, 2011) Figure 30: Ronstadt Transit Center improvement, Tucson AZ. http://dot.tucsonaz.gov/projects/project.cfm?cip=78FA72B4-CD82-6F02-BC9F1F4D 502D98AD (accessed February 10, 2011) Figure 31: The International CPTED Association (ICA). http://dev.cpted.net/ (accessed February 10, 2011) Figure 32: CPTED prevents crime by designing defensible space into places. http://safe-growth.blogspot.com/2010/05/overcoming-complexity-philadelphia.html (accessed February 10, 2011) Figure 33: Bike and bus lanes make Copenhagen more livable. http://thecityfix.com/philips-wants-your-ideas-for-livable-cities/ (accessed May 4, 2011) Figure 34: Lincoln, Nebraska as one of the top livable cities in America. (http://travel.ezinemark.com/top-livable-cities-of-america-7736674e53ab.html (accessed May 4, 2011) Figure 35: Portland, Maine, Livable City. http://www.boston.com/news/local/breaking_news/2009/04/portland_maine.html (accessed May 4, 2011) Figure 36: Village at Gulfstream Park. http://floridagreenbuilding.org/featured-projects (accessed May 4, 2011) Figure 37: Using Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design in Problem Solving. http://www.popcenter.org/tools/cpted/ (accessed May 4, 2011) Figure 38: Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) Elements. http://www.cityofvancouver.us/calendar.asp?submenuid=51950 (accessed February 10, 2011)

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Figure 39: Sense of community through “fun projects”. http://gogvi.org/LocalNews.aspx (accessed May 4, 2011) Figure 40: “Semilla (seed) Arts Initiative.” http://safe-growth.blogspot.com/2010/05/overcoming-complexity-philadelphia.html (accessed May 5, 2011) Figure 41: Public Art. http://onlinemanuals.txdot.gov/txdotmanuals/lad/public_art.htm (accessed May 4, 2011) Figure 42: Art in the Making! Well Oiled Festival, London, Sept 2010 Finsbury Park, North Lon don (http://gemmalowe.wordpress.com/ (accessed May 4, 2011) Figure 43: Dogwood Festival neighborhood block party on Kentucky. http://www3.whig.com/whig/blogs/betweenthelens/?category_name=feature-photos (accessed May 4, 2011) Figure 44: Community vegetable garden. http://utilities.columbus.gov/conservation/GreenTipsTopics.htm (accessed May 4, 2011) Figure 45: Community vegetable garden. http://www.kibi.org/cottage_home (accessed May 4, 2011) Figure 46: Neighborhood block party. http://streetswiki.wikispaces.com/Neighborhood+Block+Parties (accessed May 4, 2011) Figure 47: Mexican cuisine has finally attained status as one of UNESCO’s Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity http://cuisinexplorers.com/?p=62 (accessed February 10, 2011) Figure 48: Hispanic Heritage celebration. http://www.redbankgreen.com/2010/10/a-night-of-heritage.html (accessed May 5, 2011) Figure 49: Feria del Mole. http://www.ruthincondechi.com/2010/10/feria-del-mole.html (accessed May 5, 2011) Figure 50: Bolero shoes. http://www.flickr.com/photos/kamui89/224855460/ (accessed May 5, 2011) Figure 51: A Mexican Plaza http://www.mcps.k12.mt.us/portal/hhs/Departments/WorldLanguages/CharlesByrne/ tabid/1263/Default.aspx (accessed May 5, 2011) Figure 52: Dia de muertos. http://entrelibelulas.blogspot.com/2010_11_01_archive.html (accessed May 5, 2011) Figure 53: Quinceañera. http://www.gjsentinel.com/blogs/whats_in_a_word/entry/a-formal-view-of-debut (accessed February 10, 2011) Figure 54: Baptism. http://www.partyplannernj.com/sitio/VerNovedad.aspx?i=122 (accessed February 10, 2011) Figure 55: Graduation. http://tortasbianca.blogspot.com/ (accessed May 5, 2011)

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REFERENCES Figure 56: Seating at the plaza. http://www.fototravel.net/gallery/Eje_cafetero_Colombia/image/71/ (accessed May 5, 2011) Figure 57: Dia de muertos in Mexico. http://mexicanos-en-usa.blogspot.com/2008_11_01_archive.html (accessed February 10, 2011) Figure 58: Dia de la virgen. http://www.lostiempos.com/multimedia-galeria-detalle.php?id_galeria=521&base=2010 (accessed May 5, 2011) Figure 59: National Hispanic Heritage Month. http://www.lovestroubadours.com/2008.09.01_arch.html (accessed May 5, 2011) Figure 60: Hispanic Heritage Month. http://www.mediabistro.com/galleycat/galleycat-celebrates-hispanic-heritage-month_ b10135 (accessed May 5, 2011) Figure 61: Redefining Urban Spaces. http://makdreams.tumblr.com/post/173912135/age-of-ecology-redefining-urban-spac es-rotterdam (accessed January 17, 2011) Figure 62: Ronstadt Transit Center improvement, Tucson AZ. http://dot.tucsonaz.gov/projects/project.cfm?cip=78FA72B4-CD82-6F02-BC9F1F4D 502D98AD (accessed February 10, 2011) Figure 63: People seating at the plaza. http://www.flickr.com/photos/kjmatthews/72597857/ (accessed May 5, 2011) Figure 64: Railyard Park + Plaza on Landscape Architecture Magazine cover. http://www.schwartzarch.com/press/PDFs/landscape-architecture.pdf (accessed January 31, 2011) Figure 65: Trail paths at Railyard Park + Plaza. http://www.schwartzarch.com/press/PDFs/landscape-architecture.pdf (accessed January 3, 2011) Figure 66: Railyard Park + Plaza Master Plan. http://www.metrojacksonville.com/article/2009-nov-hogans-creek-park-master-plan (accessed May 5, 2011) Figure 67: Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s play area. http://www.schwartzarch.com/press/PDFs/landscape-architecture.pdf (accessed January 31, 2011) Figure 68: Labyrinth, a rockery, and a stepped amphitheater. http://www.schwartzarch.com/press/PDFs/landscape-architecture.pdf (accessed January 31, 2011) Figure 69: Seating benches at Santa Fe Railyard. http://www.flickr.com/photos/cyborglibrarian/3871989066/ Park benches (accessed January 31, 2011) Figure 70: Farmerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s market at Santa Fe Railyard. http://www.geocachingonline.com/2009/07/09/geocaching-in-beautiful-santa-fe-nm/ (accessed May 5, 2011)

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Figure 71: Gathering area under water tank at Santa Fe Railyard. http://www.geocachingonline.com/2009/07/09/geocaching-in-beautiful-santa-fe-nm/ (accessed May 5, 2011) Figure 72: Grapevine Historical District. http://www.lonestarchevys.com/SundayTour.htm (accessed May 5, 2011) Figure 73: Cottonbelt trails. http://www.grapevinetexas.gov/IndividualDepartments/ParksandRecreation/Trails.aspx (accessed January 31, 2011) Figure 74: Signage at main crossing. http://tampa.about.com/od/pinellascounty/ss/dunedinwalking_4.htm (accessed February 1, 2011) Figure 75: Grapevine trails. http://www.grapevinetexas.gov/Portals/0/trails%20map-revised%20Jan%2007.pdf (accessed February 1, 2011) Figure 76: Rllito River Multi-Use Path and bridge. http://www.homeaway.com/vacation-rental/p169820 (accessed May 5, 2011) Figure 77: Rillito River Multi-Use Path. http://cityguide.sheknows.com/directory/tucson-arizona/rillito-river-park-trail (accessed February 26, 2011) Figure 78: Rio Salado Multi-Use Path signage. http://onespeedgo.blogspot.com/2010/11/rio-salado-path-that-almost-is.html (accessed May 5, 2011) Figure 79: Rio Salado Multi-Use Path. http://www.tempe.gov/lake/LakeHistory/timlin.htm (accessed January 17, 2011) Figure 80: Parque Lineal del Manzanares. http://www.madrid.es/portales/munimadrid/es/Inicio/Ayuntamiento/Medios-de-Co municacion/Notas-de-prensa/Impulso-al-Parque-Lineal-del-Manzanares?vgnextfmt=esp ecial1&vgnextoid=a94e20e6f2f6f110VgnVCM1000000b205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=6 091317d3d2a7010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&tipofichero=imagen (accessed May 5, 2011) Figure 81: Parque Bella Vista Ojo de Agua. http://www.coahuila.gob.mx/index.php/saladeprensa/noticia/1743 (accessed January 17, 2011) Figure 82: The wooden pillar shown here is thus the Zero Mile Marker for three trails: Anacostia River is one of them. http://zhurnaly.com/zhurnal66.html (accessed May 5, 2011) Figure 83: Anacostia River trail. http://www.image-search-engine.com/anacostia-river-trail-dc.html (accessed May 5, 2011) Figure 84: Anacostia River trail. http://dcmud.blogspot.com/2010/07/anacostia-river-town-gets-makeover-with.html (accessed May 5, 2011)

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REFERENCES Figure 85: Map of DC area Multi-use trails. http://www.commuterpage.com/biketrails.htm (accessed May 5, 2011) Figure 86: Behind the Arena Martin Lapointe which features some pretty nice murals that are surprisingly untagged over, Saint Pierre (MONTREAL). http://neath.wordpress.com/2008/06/06/kirkpatrick-park-ville-saint-pierre/ (accessed January 17, 2011) Figure 87: Different murals showing most popular sports. http://neath.wordpress.com/2008/06/06/kirkpatrick-park-ville-saint-pierre/ (accessed January 17, 2011) Figure 88: Different murals showing most popular sports. http://neath.wordpress.com/2008/06/06/kirkpatrick-park-ville-saint-pierre/ (accessed January 17, 2011) Figure 89: Multifamily housing shares recreational open space. http://neath.wordpress.com/2008/06/06/kirkpatrick-park-ville-saint-pierre/ (accessed February 2, 2011) Figure 90: Scenic View at MacArthur Park. http://the99centchef.blogspot.com/2009/10/los-angeles-macarthur-park-food-carts. html (accessed May 6, 2011) Figure 91: Resting on a hot day at MacArthur Park grounds. http://the99centchef.blogspot.com/2009/10/los-angeles-macarthur-park-food-carts. html (accessed May 6, 2011) Figure 92: Playing soccer at MacArthur Park fields. http://theoriginalwinger.com/2010-01-01-soccer-in-america-while-driving-down- wilshire-blvd-%E2%80%93-a-photographic-journey (accessed May 6, 2011) Figure 93: Fair displayed on a regular basis create a sense of use of the park. http://johnjbird.blogspot.com/2010/08/los-angeles-california.html (accessed February 3, 2011) Figure 94: Street vendor selling fresh fruit next to the sidewalk. http://blogging.la/2006/04/23/fruta-fresca/ (accessed May 6, 2011) Figure 95: Street vendor with a tamale cart close to MacArthur Park. http://blogs.laweekly.com/informer/2009/06/new_macarthur_park_blog_debuts.php (accessed April 9, 2011) Figure 96: Skate area inside MacArthur Park. http://theoriginalwinger.com/2010-01-01-soccer-in-america-while-driving-down- wilshire-blvd-%E2%80%93-a-photographic-journey (accessed May 6, 2011) Figure 97: People gathering on a seating wall at the park. http://spot.us/pitches/380-stories-from-macarthur-park/story (accessed April 9, 2011) Figure 98: Balloon vendor at MacArthur Park. http://www.flickriver.com/photos/tags/balloonvendor/interesting/ (accessed May 6, 2011) Figure 99: Mamaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Hot Tamales Cafe. http://www.quarrygirl.com/tag/tamale/ (accessed May 6, 2011)

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Figure 100: MacArthur Levitt Pavillion. http://www.levittpavilions.org/ (accessed January 3, 2011) Figure 101: Trail paths at Railyard Park + Plaza. http://www.schwartzarch.com/press/PDFs/landscape-architecture.pdf (accessed January 3, 2011) Figure 102: Behind the Arena Martin Lapointe which features some pretty nice murals that are surprisingly untagged over, Saint Pierre (MONTREAL). http://neath.wordpress.com/2008/06/06/kirkpatrick-park-ville-saint-pierre/ (accessed January 17, 2011) Figure 103: Fiesta Las Vegas Latino Parade and Festival to celebrate the commencement of the Hispanic Heritage Month festivities. http://fiestalasvegas.org/home (accessed January 3, 2011) Figure 104: City of South Tucson Aerial (Courtesy of Drachman Institute 2010) Figure 105: Night walk with high school students (photo: Drachman Institute 2010) Figure 106: Sharing ideas with students (photo: Drachman Institute 2010) Figure 107: hoping on the raised bed heading back (photo: Drachman Institute 2010) Figure 108: JVYC after school classroom (photo: Drachman Institute 2010) Figure 109: JVYC kids participating with ideas (photo: Drachman Institute 2010) Figure 110: JVYC kids drawing ideas (photo: Drachman Institute 2010) Figure 111: Sample drawings: where kids go on a typical day and how they travel -bike, walk, car- (Drachman Institute, Community Outreach Project 2010) Figure 112: Sample drawings: features kids would like to see along the greenway (Drachman Institute, Community Outreach Project 2010) Figure 113: Mission View Elementary School Figure 114: Mission View Elementary School mural Figure 115: Mission View Elementary School interviews (photo: Drachman Institute 2010) Figure 116: Mission View Elementary School cafecito presentation (photo: Drachman Institute 2010) Figure 117: Mission View Elementary School cafecito presentation. (photo: Drachman Institute 2010) Figure 118: City of Tucson, AZ. http://maps.google.com (accessed April 28, 2011) Figure 119: City of Tucson, AZ . (Courtesy of Drachman Institute 2010) Figure 120: City of South Tucson, AZ aerial photo. (Courtesy of Drachman Institute 2010) Figure 121: Hispanic Population Map. http://cms3.tucsonaz.gov/planning/maps/census/data/index.html#TopOfPage (accessed April 11, 2011) Figure 122: South Tucson Parks Map. (Courtesy of Drachman Institute 2010)

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REFERENCES Figure 123: Greenway location Map Figure 124: South Tucson Land Use Map. (Courtesy of Drachman Institute 2010) Figure 125: South Tucson Zoning Map. (Courtesy of Drachman Institute 2010) Figure 126: South Tucson Bus Transportation Map. (Courtesy of Drachman Institute 2010) Figure 127: South Tucson Bike Routes Map. (Courtesy of Drachman Institute 2010) Figure 128: City of South Tucson Aerial. Figure 129: South Tucson vacant land along railroad alignment. Figure 130: South Tucson amenities map. (Courtesy of Drachman Institute 2010) Figure 131: Walking distances from greenway throughout the neighborhood Figure 132: Natural area. http://playgrounddesigns.blogspot.com/2008/03/are-natural-playgrounds-better.html (accessed April 27, 2011) Figure 133: Exercise station. http://www.herveybaygossip.com/category/the-esplanade/ (accessed April 27, 2011) Figure 134: Exercise station. Internet missing source (accessed April 8, 2011) Figure 135: Native desert vegetation garden. Internet missing source (accessed April 8, 2011) Figure 136: Volleyball sand area. portmacdonnell.com (accessed April 8, 2011)

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APPENDIX Appendix A

Project Phases

Appendix B

Community Outreach Surveys Results

RAILS-TO-TRAILS GREENWAY Awakening Cultural Heritage

Project Phases Maps Description

To make this project a reality, a strategy employing a phased design approach must be considered. Some phases suggested are the following.

PHASE 1 Land acquisition

First it would be necessary to acquire the land. This would be achieved through grant applications for economic support, emphasizing the importance a project like this would have to the community.

PHASE 2 Gateway plaza

Dividing the park into small projects is a way to enable easier financing. As funds become available and with the support of the community, additional pieces can be constructed. The construction of the main plaza would bring attention to the entry to the park and create an atmosphere that encourages the gatherings that are required to bring the community together. Many people would begin to notice how beneficial it would be to connect the plaza to the other park entries in this proposal, which could be constructed in later phases.

PHASE 3 Bike and pedestrian paths

The bicycle and pedestrian paths would be a good follow up to join the park entries. Eventually the other plazas can be added to the connection created by the paths. Each group of neighbors near these entries could create their own group of volunteers to organize the effort to achieve the completion of their local project.

PHASE 4 Vegetation

Finally, and perhaps at the same time that some of the other phases are happening, planting the vegetation can proceed, starting with the trees because they take longer to reach maturity, and eventually adding the shrubs and the gardens of desert vegetation.

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APPENDIX A

Project Phases Maps

PHASE 1

PHASE 2

PHASE 3

en Av

113

0 10 50

100

200

N N

PHASE 4

RAILS-TO-TRAILS GREENWAY Awakening Cultural Heritage

Cafesito Flyer Invitation

Please join us for a

Te invitamos a un















A proposed multi-use path greenway through South Tucson

Una propuesta de andadores multiuso a través de la Ciudad del Sur de Tucson,

to create accessible open spaces such as bike paths and linear parks

para crear espacios accesibles para bicicletas y parques a lo largo del sendero

along the existing unused train corridor, a 6 mile greenway connection

existente de las vías del tren sin uso. Un tramo de 6 millas que conecta a El Kino

to Kino Sports Complex on the South and University Blvd. on the North.

Sport Complex en el sur y el Boulevard University en el norte.

The Drachman Institute, in conjunction with Kimley-Horn, RTA and The City of

El Instituto Drachman en conjunto con Kimley-Horn, RTA y la Ciudad del Sur de

South Tucson, invite you to be part of the Planning and Design Process to:

Tucson te invita a formar parte del proceso de Planeación y Diseño para:

1. Identify opportunities

1. Identificar oportunidades

2. Identify concerns

2. Identificar inquietudes

3. Gather ideas

3. Recoger Ideas

4. Develop an overall concept plan.

4. Para desarrollar un Plan General

Mission View Elementary School

Escuela Primaria Mission View

Friday, November 19th, 2010

Viernes 19 de Noviembre del 2010

9:00-9:30 am

Coffee and refreshments will be provided.

Habra café y panecillos.

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APPENDIX B

Mission Elementary School Surveys English City of South Tucson Greenway Survey Mission View Elementary School Visit Disclaimer: You are being asked to fill out the following survey as part of your involvement in a Drachman Institute design process. All of your responses are completely voluntary and you have the right to refuse participation. Please be assured that all of your responses are confidential and anonymous, so your name should not appear on the survey. If you have any questions please contact the Drachman Institute at 626-2713. By completing this survey you are giving consent for this information to be used by the Drachman Institute at the University of Arizona.

1. Have you heard about the El Paso & Southwestern Greenway project before?

Traffic speed / volume

Hot, sunny, exposed routes

Ugly, unattractive routes

Parked cars

Air quality Lack of sidewalks

Major street crossings

Old furniture on the sidewalks

Stray dogs

Unsupervised children

Garbage in the streets/sidewalks

Gangs

Threatening situations (drugs/crime/harassment) Other issues: ____________________________________________

Yes_____ No______ 2. Do you currently walk or bike in your neighborhood? Yes_____ No______

6. When you are OUTSIDE, what issues concern you? (Circle all that apply)

7. What kinds of parks or facilities would you be most likely to use in your community?

If no, Why not ________________________________

3. Where do you go when you walk or bike? (Circle all that apply) School

Work

Grocery store

Bus stop

Hardware store

Walk the dog

Restaurants

Neighborâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s or friendâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s house

(Circle all that apply) Desert park

Skate park

Community garden

Swimming pool

Playgrounds

Dog park

Exercise stations

Yoga classes

Cooking classes

Garden classes

Other: __________________________________________________ Just go for a walk

A park (please specify) 8. What are your top 3 concerns about being able to walk in your neighborhood?

Other______________________________________________________ 1.____________________ 4. What if any, community spaces do you use? (Such as parks, plazas, etc.) 2.____________________ 3.____________________ 5. Which improvements would invite you to walk more often? (Circle all that apply) 9. Would you like to participate in planning the improvements in your community? More trees

Ball Fields

Playgrounds

Walking Paths / Sidewalks

More police

Murals / Art

Night Lighting

More Neighborhood Events

Picnic Areas Cleaner Washes

Narrower Streets

Better Flood Control

Restaurants

Drinking Fountains

More Traffic Circles

Friendly Neighbors

More Speed Bumps

Yes_____ No______

Parks

Crosswalks

Benches

Shops

10. Do you have any additional comments, questions or concerns?

Other: __________________ THANK YOU FOR YOUR PARTICIPATION!

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Mission Elementary School Surveys Spanish 6. Cuando usted está fuera de su casa algunos de estos asuntos le preocupa? (Póngale un

City of South Tucson Greenway Survey

circulo a todo lo que aplique)

Visita a la Escuela Primaria Mission View Renuncia: A usted se le pide que llene la siguiente encuesta como parte de su participación en un proyecto de diseño del Instituto Drachman. Todas las respuestas son completamente voluntarias y usted tiene el derecho de reusarse a participar. Todas sus respuestas son también confidenciales y anónimas, así es que su nombre no saldrá en la encuesta. Si usted tiene alguna pregunta por favor comuníquese con el Instituto Drachman al 626-2713. Al completar esta encuesta usted está dando consentimiento para que esta información se use por el Instituto Drachman en la Universidad de Arizona.

1. Había usted escuchado sobre el proyecto El Paso & Southwestern Greenway antes?

Muebles viejos en las aceras

Perros extraviados

Basura en las calles o aceras

Falta de banquetas

Los sin techo

Velocidad/volumen de tráfico

Pandillas

Parque del desierto

aplique.) Mercado

Carros parados

7. Que clase de parque o instalación usted estaría dispuesto a usar en su vecindario?

Porque no? ___________________________________

3. A dónde va usted cuando camina o pasea en bicicleta? (Póngale un círculo a todo lo que

Trabajo

Calidad del aire ambiental

Calles principales de intersección

Otros asuntos: _________________________________________________________

2. Camina o pasea Ud. en bicicleta cuando cruza su vecindario?

Escuela

Caminos muy calientes y calurosos

Niños sin supervisión

Situaciones amenazantes (drogas/delito/acosamiento)

Sí_____ No______

Sí _____ No______

Caminos feos

Parque para perros

Jardines para la comunidad

Parque para patinar

Parques infantiles

Estaciones de ejercicio

Clases de yoga

Clases de cocina

Clases de jardinería

Alberca

Caminata para el perro Ferretería Otro: _____________________________________________________________

Parada de camión

Restaurante

Casa del vecino o de un amigo

Solo por caminar

A la iglesia

Al parque (por favor especifique)

8. Cuales son las 3 principales inquietudes que usted tiene cuando desea caminar en su vecindario?

Otro______________________________________

1.____________________

4. Hay algún espacio comunitario (como parque, plaza, etc.) que usted use en su vecindario?

2.____________________ 3.____________________ 9. Le gustaría participar en la planeación de mejoras en su vecindario?

5. Cuales mejoras en su vecindario lo invitarían a caminar más seguido? (Póngale un circulo a todo lo que aplique)

Si_____ No______

Más arboles

Mas cruces para peatones

Senderos para caminatas/banquetas

Murales/arte

Más canchas para deportes

Más topes para reducir la velocidad

Vecinos amistosos

Bancas para los parques

Más tiendas y restaurantes

10. Tiene otros comentarios, preguntas o inquietudes?

Calles más estrechas Fuentes para tomar agua

Más círculos de tráfico

Rutas para bicicletas Menos inundaciones

Más policía

GRACIAS POR SU PARTICIPACION!

Otro: ______________ .

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Mission Elementary School Surveys Results

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JVYC Surveys English City of South Tucson Greenway Survey

 Disclaimer: You are being asked to fill out the following survey as part of your involvement in a Drachman Institute neighborhood design process. All of your responses are completely voluntary and you have the right to refuse participation. Please be assured that all of your responses are confidential and anonymous, so your name should not appear on the survey. If you have any questions please contact the Drachman Institute at 626-2713. By completing this survey you are giving consent for this information to be used by the Drachman Institute at the University of Arizona.

1. Do you currently live in South Tucson?

Yes______ No______

2. Do you ever bicycle in your neighborhood?

Yes______

No______

If no, why not? _______________________________________________________________

Do you currently walk, bike or hang out along the old train tracks in South Tucson? Yes_____ No______

10. If you could have anything in your neighborhood what would it be? (Circle all that apply) More trees

Playgrounds

Ball Fields

Greenways

Walking Paths / Sidewalk

Parks

Night Lighting

my School

Seating/Benches

Murals / Art

Drinking Fountains

Picnic Areas

More Neighborhood Events Skate Park

Dog Park

More police

Mountain bike/BMX track

Restaurants

More Crosswalks Desert / Natural Areas

Shops/shopping

More Shade

More Friends

Better Neighbors

Swimming pool

Community garden

More/Better Bus Service

Other: _______________________

Do you want to bike in your neighborhood? Yes______ No______ 11. What makes you feel uncomfortable when you are OUTSIDE in your neighborhood? 3. How do you get to school? Walk_____ Bike_____ School Bus_____ City Bus______ Parent_____ Other ____

(Circle all that apply)

Too many cars

Too much pollution

Ugly, unattractive places

Crossing busy streets

Threatening situations Stray dogs

Drugs/crime/harassment

Old furniture or garbage on the sidewalks & streets

Speeding cars Gangs

It’s too hot or sunny No sidewalks or paths Homeless people or winos

other:________________________________________________________________ 4. Where do you go when you walk or bike in your neighborhood? (Circle all that apply) School

Work

Friend’s house

A Park (which one)

Store

Bus stop

Movie

Walk/run the dog

Just go for a walk

The Gym

Library

To Get Exercise

Just hang out

Neighborhood Center

9. What is your least favorite thing about your neighborhood? ______________________________________________________________________ 12. What’s your favorite thing about your neighborhood? ______________________________________________________________________

Other______________________________________________________

13. Would you be interested in :

5. When you are with your friends what do you like to do for fun?

- A bike training or safety class? 6. Where do you like to hang out? Why?

- A bicycle repair class?

Yes______ No______

- A build-you-own bike class?

Yes______ No______

7. What/where are your favorite outdoor places? - A bike group or bike club?

Yes______ No______

8. Have you heard about the El Paso & Southwestern Greenway before? Yes_____ No_____ THANK YOU FOR YOUR PARTICIPATION!

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JVYC Surveys Results

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JVYC Surveys Results

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APPENDIX B

Annual National Night Out Survey English 6. When you are OUTSIDE, what issues concern you? (Circle all that apply)

City of South Tucson Greenway Survey Disclaimer: You are being asked to fill out the following survey as part of your involvement in a Drachman Institute neighborhood design process. All of your responses are completely voluntary and you have the right to refuse participation. Please be assured that all of your responses are confidential and anonymous, so your name should not appear on the survey. If you have any questions please contact the Drachman Institute at 626-2713. By completing this survey you are giving consent for this information to be used by the Drachman Institute at the University of Arizona.

Traffic speed / volume

Hot, sunny, exposed routes

Air quality

Ugly, unattractive routes

Parked cars

Lack of sidewalks

Major street crossings

Old furniture on the sidewalks

Stray dogs

Threatening situations

Garbage in the streets/sidewalks

Unsupervised children

Gangs

1. Have you heard about the El Paso & Southwestern Greenway project before? Yes_____ No______

(drugs/crime/harassment) 2. Do you currently walk or bike along or across the old train tracks in the City of South

Other issues:_______________________________________________________

Tucson? 7. What kinds of parks or facilities would you be most likely to use in your community?

Yes_____ No______

(Circle all that apply)

3. Where do you go when you walk or bike? (Circle all that apply) School

Work

Grocery store

Bus stop

Desert park

Hardware store

Walk the dog

Restaurants

Neighborâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s or friendâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s house

Dog park

Skate park

Community garden

Swimming pool

Other:_____________________________________________________________

Just go for a walk

A park (please specify)

Playgrounds

8. What are your top 3 concerns about being able to walk in your neighborhood?

Other______________________________________________________

1.____________________

4. What if any, community open spaces do you use? (such as parks, plazas, etc.)

2.____________________ 3.____________________ 9. Would you like to participate in planning the El Paso & Southwestern Greenway in South

5. Which improvements would invite you to walk more often? (Circle all that apply) More trees

Ball Fields

Walking Paths / Sidewalks

Playgrounds

Drinking Fountains

Parks

Night Lighting

Tucson?

Cleaner Washes

Benches

More Neighborhood Events Murals / Art

Narrower Streets

Picnic Areas

More Traffic Circles

More police

Shops

Restaurants

Better Flood Control

More Speed Bumps

Crosswalks

Friendly Neighbors

Yes_____ No______ 10. Do you have any additional comments, questions or concerns?

Other: __________________ THANK YOU FOR YOUR PARTICIPATION! Continue . . .

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Annual National Night Out Survey Spanish City of South Tucson Greenway Survey

6. Cuando usted está fuera de su casa algunos de estos asuntos le perocupa? (Póngale un

Renuncia: A usted se le pide que llene la siguiente encuesta como parte de su participacion en un proyecto del Instituto Drachman. Todas las respuestas son completamente voluntarias y usted tiene el derecho de reusarse a participar. Todas sus respuestas son tambien confidenciales y anónimas , asi es que su nombre no saldra en la encuesta. Si usted tiene alguna pregunta por favor comuniquese con el Instituto Drachman al 626-2713. Al completer esta encuesta usted esta dando consentimiento para que esta información se use por el Instituto Drachman en la Universidad de Arizona.

Velocidad/volumen de tráfico Caminos feos Carros parados

Caminos muy calientes y calurosos Falta de banquetas

Muebles viejos en las aceras Perros extraviados Niños sin supervisión

1. Había usted escuchado sobre el proyecto El Paso & Southwestern Greenway antes?

Calidad del aire ambiental

Calles principales de intersección

Pandillas

Basura en las calles o aceras

Situaciones amenazantes(drogas/delito/acosamiento)

Los sin techo

Otros asuntos:_______________________________________________________

Sí_____ No______ 2. Camina o pasea Ud. en bicicleta sobre la vieja ruta del tren cuando cruza su vecindario?

7. Que clase de parque o instalación usted estaría dispuesto a usar en su vecindario?

Sí _____ No______

Parque del desierto

Parque para perros

Parque para patinar

Jardines para la comunidad

Alberca

3. A dónde va usted cuando camina o pasea en bicicleta? (Póngale un circulo a todo lo que appliqué.) Escuela

circulo a todo lo que appliqué)

Otro:_____________________________________________________________ Mercado

Parada de camión

Caminata para el perro

Trabajo

Restaurantes

Casa del vecino o de un amigo

Ferretería

Solo por caminar

A la iglesia

Al parque (por favor especifique)

8. Cuales son las 3 principales inquietudes que usted tiene cuando desea caminar en su vecindario? 1.____________________

Otro______________________________________________________

2.____________________

4. Hay algún espacio abierto (como parque, plaza, etc.) que usted use en su vecindario?

3.____________________ 9. Le gustaría participar en la planeación de El Paso & Southwestern Greenway in South Tucson?

5. Cuales mejoras en su vecindario lo invitarían a caminar más seguido? (Póngale un circulo a

Si_____ No______

todo lo que appliqué) Más arboles

Mas canchas para deportes Campos de recreo

Bancas para los parques Vecinos amistosos

Murales/arte Calles más estrechas Mas cruces para peatones

Más círculos de tráfico Más policía

10. Tiene otros comentarios, preguntas o inquietudes?

Fuentes para tomar agua

Senderos para caminatas/banquetas Luces por la noche

Más topes para reducir la velocidad Más tiendas y restaurantes

Menos inundaciones Rutas para bicicletas

GRACIAS POR SU PARTICIPACION!

Otro: __________________ .

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APPENDIX B

Annual National Night Out Survey Results

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JVYC Elementary Drawings: where kids go on a typical day and how they travel (bike, walk, car)

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APPENDIX B

JVYC Elementary Drawings: Features kids would like to see along the greenway

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See page 85

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