MEMBRANE SPACES studio course AHO fall 2008
tutors I PROF.MCHAELl U. HENSEL I Prof. Dr. Birger Sevaldson I Defne Sunguroğlu // student I YÜ CHEN
MEMBRANE SPACES studio course AHO fall 2008
adaptable membrane individual y端
project chen
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MEMBRANE SPACES studio course AHO fall 2008 motion capabilities of Membrane structures a elastic membrane streched between a square frame with moveable joints.
a
b The streched textile forces the frame to become a saddleshape. With a elastic textile it is possible to flaten the surface, but at a certain point the membrane bends itself back to a saddleshape as befor. This kind of physical mechanism is used alot in the nature in the movement of Plants, for example reactions on contacts. Maybe this could be used to make a membrane a active reacting membrane to changes in the environment, like a biological membrane.
b d a. diagramm of forces during the bending of the frame b. Venus flytrap c. sequenz of bending the membrane d. merged pictures of the sequenz
moveable
membrane
c 18
tutors I PROF.MCHAELl U. HENSEL I Prof. Dr. Birger Sevaldson I Defne SunguroÄ&#x;lu // student I YĂœ CHEN
MEMBRANE SPACES studio course AHO fall 2008 To decrease the amount of frames i tried to merge several saddleshapes into one big membrane
a
d i wanted to create a surface out of moveable membranes. But obviosly if all membranes are working seperatly they all would need a own frame.
the idea is now narrowed down to a double layerd moveable membrane. the approche is to create different sizes of openings by moving one of the membranes
f first i introduced two compression members with a moveable joint, to close and open the minimal holes. But one would still need one compression stick for each hole, to move the controlpoint.
for geometry studies a paper modell was generated.
the next step was to delete the compression member, by finding a solution to move the cntrol points in another way. i decided to introduce a second layer
closed state
For a better control of the motion i decided to connect them along the whole edge
opened state
b
c a. two saddleshapes in moveable frames b. idea of having several saddleshapes forming a surface c. moveable surface d. merging these saddleshapes into one saddleshape. e. moving controllpoints by adding a secon layer f. moving one layer g. paper model for geometry studies
approach
e
g 19
MEMBRANE SPACES studio course AHO fall 2008 2X
2X
X
cutting Pattern
X
X
2X
Y
To generate the cutting pattern i made a grid with a density of X. and a cut of 2X width and XX height. In the following part of the portfolio i will always refer to X as the height of the cut.
X b
a bottom layer
2X
a
2X
connecting surface X
angle of the surface regarding the bottom layer
Layer Bottom
X
X
If the connection surface is in a angle of 90 to the both layers the cut on the top layer has to be at - (-X I 0) according to the fist cut in the bottom layer Layer Bottom X
Layer Top
Layer Top
size of the cut top layer
b 2X
e
2X
X Layer Bottom
X
X
This would generate a problem of material thickness if a want a overlapping of holes in the upper and bottom layer. Layer Bottom
X
So i decided to move the top Layer Top layer a bit more, so the connection surface would be in a angle of 60 ˚ degrees to the layers to generate 60 the biggest possible overlapping opening.
Layer Top
60
˚
Summerized: if the cut for the minimalhole is the size of 2X,X. One can describe the pattern in a XY Cartesian coordinate system . Bottom layer: the next cut would be at (-X I - 1 1/2 X) and the next row would be at ( 2X I -X) For the Top layer all the cuts would be offseted by the therm - (-X I 0).
X a. first cut on the bottom layer b. second cut on the top layer c. place of the third cut on the bottom layer d. follwing cuts e. whole cutting pattern f. sheme of the openings small openings, biggest openings, closed
c 2X
2X
X Layer Bottom
Layer Top
b
cu
t
t
in
X
X
g
b
60
˚
d 20
tutors I PROF.MCHAELl U. HENSEL I Prof. Dr. Birger Sevaldson I Defne Sunguroğlu // student I YÜ CHEN
To have the biggest overlapping of openings with a connection surface of 60 degrees, the next cut on the bottom layer must be at (-X I - 1 1/2 X) according toX the Layer Bottom Layer Top first cut. The second row does not depend on the first one. But in order to create the most openab˚ le surface without weakening the 60 material by keeping the distance b , the second row ist offseted from the first one with ( 2X I -X). f
MEMBRANE SPACES studio course AHO fall 2008 Digital Models buidling a first digital model to try out the tension factors and how to weld edges t each other. it also gives a first impression of the geometry and shape. the same model with shifted top layer.
a close up look at the holes and the size of openings
b
c
d different shadow pattern generated by the shifted membranes, at three different angles of the sun.
e
f
g
a. three digital models b. close up view of the holes closed c. half opend d. completly opend e. shadow cast of the closed system f. shadow cast of the half opened system g. shadow cast of the opened system h. composition of serveral membranes to see the shadow pattern
possible shadow pattern of a complex system consisting of the double layerd membranes.
di g i t al modellin g
h 21
MEMBRANE SPACES studio course AHO fall 2008
overlapping holes
moving direction
connecting surface
side view
compression members
top view
membrane perspective
front view a
b
modelling of one element
Modelling digital
a. wireframe model of one element
for studying the geometry i modelt just a representative patch of 4 interconnected holes. the top layer will be moved in teh direction of the orange arrow. On the next page is a sequenz of the movement from top, front and left view.
To weld the edges one needs to have teh same point amount 2X on both edges and at exactly the same place. This is sometimes a hard task becouse of the huge amount of points in the model itself. A solution is to import the model into 3D max and set the tolerance of welding to high value and import it back to rhino fo relaxation.
b. distance problems c. place compression sticks in the cutting pattern d. diagramm of the forces
X
X
b
g eome t ry s t udies di g i t al c 22
After buidling a bigger patch with more holes in the computer, i detected that i couldn`t avoid the two membranes getting very very close to each other in the middel of the structure. I tried several tension factor combinations for the exterior and the interior tensions. To avoid both layers to get too close i introduced compression members in form of sticke going from the corne of one cut in to the corne of the cut in the next row on the top layer.
tutors I PROF.MCHAELl U. HENSEL I Prof. Dr. Birger Sevaldson I Defne SunguroÄ&#x;lu // student I YĂœ CHEN
60
Ëš
d
e
MEMBRANE SPACES studio course AHO fall 2008
connecting surface at an angle of 120o
connecting surface at an angle of 90o
connecting surface at an angle of 60o
connecting surface at an angle of 30o
connecting surface at an angle of 10o
axonometry
side view
front view
top view
size of the achievable overlapping of the holes , according to the digital model. 200% of the top view a Curvature analysies. since Rhino cannot do a curavture analysies on meshes i analysed the angle of the meshes according to the z plane. most of it is blue, but on the connecting surface it shows a gradient of green to yellow, which means the surface is curved and two points are more green, so i concluded that there is a double curvature.
it shows that it is possible to shrink the overlapping to 10% of the maximum gap, regarding the front view.
g eome t ry s t udies di g i t al
b 23
MEMBRANE SPACES studio course AHO fall 2008 Physical Model This one hole model is studied to find geometry problems, which could appear due to the connection during the movement.
a
side-view
b
c
d
e
Front-view
in a former model, were i sewed the both edged by overlapping them, the membrane alway gets wrinkles when streched. To avoid this geometryprobleme i intrduced a extra patch of fabric, as shown in the second scetch.
g eome t ry s t udies physical f 24
tutors I PROF.MCHAELl U. HENSEL I Prof. Dr. Birger Sevaldson I Defne SunguroÄ&#x;lu // student I YĂœ CHEN
g
a.Top view of the double layerd membrane system b,c.motion of the membraen system from the side d,e.motion from the membranesystem from the front f. sewing technique g. introducing a extra patch to keep the right geometry
MEMBRANE SPACES studio course AHO fall 2008 Top-view
side- view
a
b
c
d
bottom -view
a.top view, different openings b.merged picture c.side view motion of the connecting part d.merged picture e.bottom view, different openings f.merged picture
e Physical Model 2 In the second model i generate only one row of holes to see if there will be geometry problems with more than one hole. the Top and bottom view of the different states shows the different density of penetration in the system.
f
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MEMBRANE SPACES studio course AHO fall 2008
a
b
c
d
e shadow studies in this first studies i wanted to see if there is a reasonable difference of the shadow cast of the system in different states. Digital filters helps to increase the contrast for a better understanding of the pattern. shadow pattern of the membrane , picture untreated.
f
g Physical Model 2
g eome t ry s t udies physical
26
Close up look at the holes to see possible wrnikles. During building this modell i discovered that minimalholes requieres more control points at the edges to strech the farbric fully. the best would be a edgecable. But the diagonal seam, does not cause any wrinkles as i suspected.
h a.close up at the seam b.minimalhole from the top c.minimalhole from the side d.joint of the tip of one M. with the corner of the other M. e.spatial experinces from thetop f.spatial experinces betweenthe layers g. spatial experinces, closed up. h.spatial experinces of the whole sytem.
tutors I PROF.MCHAELl U. HENSEL I Prof. Dr. Birger Sevaldson I Defne Sunguroğlu // student I YÜ CHEN
shadow pattern of the membrane , higher contrast
Shadow Studies after the one row membrane iÜve buildet a membrane with a cluster interconnected minimalholes. With a high density of penetration. Investigating on 3 different states (fully opend 60o, half opend 90o, closed 20o), i can now ensure 3 totally diffrent lightning conditions, with one membrane system. Shadow pattern are on the next page.
shadow pattern of the membrane , greyscale
Fully Opend state (60)
half opend state (90)
closed state (20)
MEMBRANE SPACES studio course AHO fall 2008
27
MEMBRANE SPACES studio course AHO fall 2008 Multi performance skin as this double layerd membrane is able to change the perforation of itself and therefore alow a controlled permeabilty, it reminds of a biological semipermeable membrane. a semipermeable membrane will allow certain molecules or ions to pass through it by diffusion and occasionally specialized „facilitated diffusion.“ The rate of passage depends on the pressure, concentration, and temperature of the molecules or solutes on either side, as well as the permeability of the membrane to each solute. Depending on the membrane and the solute, permeability may depend on solute size, solubility, properties, or chemistry.
a
Compared to this my approach is to controll the permeability of light, air and visibility through the doublelayerd interconnected membrane system. b
To detect the potential lying within this structure, the approach is to test it in different taskfields and situations. This will lead to a suitable scale for the perforation and a application for the system.
c a. semipermeable membrane b. sketch of a physical model with a moveable frame c. physical model shadow analysis
opacity
Visual Task
Air flow conditions Taskfields
Goals for the sys t em
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spatial qualities
tutors I PROF.MCHAELl U. HENSEL I Prof. Dr. Birger Sevaldson I Defne Sunguroğlu // student I YÜ CHEN
visibility
Research on light
light distribution (reflection)
visibility in different angles
reflecting angle and amount
perforamance due to the size of perforation
Research on air flow
different scales of the project
spatial investigations
performace in different scales
Scale decision and application
MEMBRANE SPACES studio course AHO fall 2008 Physics of light
attributes of light:
variant types of light:
Definition: electronmagnetic radiation, with a speed of 299,792,458 m/s(which means that our m system is now defined by the speed of light). The perceptable part for humans has a wavelenght from 380 till 750 nm. Light can exhibit properties of both waves and particles (photons). This property is referred to as wave–particle duality.
intensity frequency quantity quality
daylight sunlight moonlight artificial light direct light diffuse light
particle theory
E, illuminance, illumination of a surface in lx (lux)
In the photometry system light is measured in 4 quantities.: I, luminous intensity of light ( in cd candela) φ, luminous flux (light flow) in lm, lumen
Light pushes on objects in its path, just as the wind would do. This pressure is most easily explainable in particle theory: photons hit and transfer their momentum. Light pressure can cause asteroids to spin faster, acting on their irregular shapes as on the vanes of a windmill. The possibility to make solar sails that would accelerate spaceships in space is also under investigation.
L, luminance, brightness of a surface from a certain direction in cd/ m2
importance of good light conditions.
wave theory The wave theory predicted that light waves could interfere with each other like sound wavess noted around 1, and that light could be polarized. Different colors are caused by different wavelengths of light, and a explaination for color vision in terms of three-colored receptors in the eye. wavelengtH 780-630 630-600 600-570 570-550 550-520 520-500
a coulors Usual white light consist of the spectrum of all wavelenghts of light, all coulors are contained. Objects of a certain coulor reflect only one wavelength and absorbs the rest. For example a red fabric would appear grey under green light, because there is no red light which could be reflected,
500-450 450-380
b
Good lighting is not only important for performing tasks like reading or sewing and for a safer environment by prevent accidents.But it is also very important for peoples mood and therefor their behavior and productivity. It is nessecary to know for what kind of task, or situation what kind of light is requierd. It has ever been a big case in Architectur to provide people with suitable lightning conditions. The demands changes from case to case, for exp. ss you age, the amount of light entering the eye is reduced, causing a reduction in visual acuity, contrast and color intensity. The type of lighting and its intensity, color and direction all affect an individuals visual performance. Too much OR too little light can be a problem for one task but maybe provids a proper atmosphere for another task. That is why it is so important to controll the lighneing conditions.
Daylight : is a diffused sunlight by atmosphere /clouds 5000 lux( not to be confused with L) Sunlight: direct sunlight 1650 000 000 cd/m2
Possible performances regarding the visiual tasks
Artificial light: all kind of lamps. Sunlight is up to 40 times stronger than a artificial light, 8000-7 000 000 cd/m2
- prevending glare and dircet sunlight providing opacity.
Moonlight: indirect sunlight, with just 0,00015% L (thats why we only see greyscale in he night) 2500 cd/m2
-providing a suitable distribution of sunlight reflection and diffusion of sunlight. To brighten overshadowed areas.
Lighting requierments: A suitable lightining must always be well balanced between providing the best conditions and the energy end economic efficiancy. It consist of four components: -Colour appearence and coulor rendering, due to light quantitiy. -Psychological and aesthectic effects. coulor appearence ist assosiated with our expectations and experiences -Direction of light must suit the task and the intended atmosphere. indirect light may is usulay more comfotable but causes also a hazy or eerie atmosphere. Direct light is important for 3D perception, light (sports etc.) , because the shodows helps the brain to calulate the distances. - glare should be avoided. by using a to strong light the visiual perception is also siturbed or could cause seriouse demages in the eye.
- differentiated visiual penetration controll the visibility through the membrane.
a. light in the wave theory b. splitting the light with a prisma.
R esearch on li g h t
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MEMBRANE SPACES studio course AHO fall 2008 Shadow analysis
equinox
for a more accurate shadow analysies i decided to set up an digital experiement ( illustrated on the next page) for the equinox day.I haven*t decided on a specific site neither on a specific application. My goal is to show the potential of this adaptable sytem. Therefor the equinox date seems to my appropriated, since i cannot do the analysies for each day.
I distinguished between the shadow cast by of different amount of layers. The method was to get the shadows in pure greyscale. the percentage of teh pixels in different greys counts for the percentage of the surface of casted shadow. The whole experimanet cn only be valuated in comperison to each other.
Intensity of shadow 20
outcome: direct sunlight:0%
2 7%
3 3%
shadow analyses digital and physical
double layerd shadow: 90%
3 5%
outcome: direct sunlight:0%
single layerd shadow: 7% 1 90%
1
2
triple layerd shadow: 4% connecting surface at an angle of 10o
30
2 5%
3
double layerd shadow: 90%
3 11%
outcome: direct sunlight:10%
2 4%
single layerd shadow: 12% 1 90%
1
2
3
triple layerd shadow: 3% connecting surface at an angle of 30o
tutors I PROF.MCHAELl U. HENSEL I Prof. Dr. Birger Sevaldson I Defne Sunguroğlu // student I YÜ CHEN
shadow intensity 120
shadow intensity 90
shadow intensity 60
Intensity of shadow
outcome: direct sunlight:0%
single layerd shadow: 6%
equinoxes occur twice a year, when the tilt of the Earth‘s axis is oriented neither from or to the Sun, causing the Sun to be located vertically above a point on the equator. The name is derived from the Latin aequus (equal) and nox (night), because at the equinox the night and day are equally long. The latitude for the sun for a specific reagion can be calculated just by adding a degree.
3 10%
outcome: direct sunlight:18%
2 19%
single layerd shadow: 18%
1 71%
3 12%
2 20%
single layerd shadow: 20%
1 68%
1 85%
double layerd shadow: 98%
1
2
3
double layerd shadow: 72%
1
2
3
double layerd shadow: 62%
1
2
triple layerd shadow: 2%
triple layerd shadow: 0%
triple layerd shadow: 0%
connecting surface at an angle of 60o
connecting surface at an angle of 90o
connecting surface at an angle of 120o
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MEMBRANE SPACES studio course AHO fall 2008
For comparison i made shadow studies of the physical model. The shadow apptern looks so different becouse of the opacity of the textile. all diffrent shadow are merged into on grey, only the direct light could be distinguished. But the diffrence of size is also shown in this experiment.
a. shadow at a shift of 10O b. shadow at a shift of 30O c. shadow at a shift of 60O d. shadow at a shift of 90O e. shadow at a shift of 12O f. Diagramm of teh percentage of different shadow intensities g. illustration of the set up for the shadow analysies.
out come; The sytem can provide beneath a varity of diffrent shadow pattern ( from heartshapes to butterflyshapes) a covering of the complete area and also allows 18% of direct sunlight if requierd. At a shifted layer with angel of 30-60 O the shadow pattern is most even.
a
b
c
d
e
Latidtude an azimuth of the sun for central europe on the equinnox date
sun
100% double layerd surface for shadow set in a distance of 7 X
single layer
triple layered
O
40Ëš
N
membrane
S
azimut
7x
altitude
5.00
W
shadow analyses digital and physical
direct light
10o
30o
60o
90o
120o
f
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MEMBRANE SPACES studio course AHO fall 2008
7:00
9:00
11:00
12:00
14:00
16:00
a 7:00
9:00
11:00
12:00
14:00
16:00
b 7:00
9:00
11:00
12:00
14:00
16:00
c 7:00
9:00
11:00
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14:00
16:00
d 7:00
9:00
11:00
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14:00
16:00
shadow analyses digital and physical e 32
tutors I PROF.MCHAELl U. HENSEL I Prof. Dr. Birger Sevaldson I Defne Sunguroğlu // student I YÜ CHEN
a. shadows from 7-16h 10o b. shadows from 7-16h 30o c. shadows from 7-16h 60o d. shadows from 7-16h 90o e. shadows from 7-16h 120of.
MEMBRANE SPACES studio course AHO fall 2008 110 100 percentage of overall shadow
In the almost closed state (10 o) no direct sunlight is on the surface at 60o there seems to be a geometric special situation which allows very little sun from different angles, but the sun from 16h could go through.
90 100
I decided to evaluate the data in two different diagramms with the parameters angle and time, to gain more inforamtion about the performance in shadow casting.
Diagramm with the diffrent shifts on the Y-achsis
at 90o the shadow casting seem to be linear, the amount of shadow is increasing during the day.
90 80
70 80
70 60 1
110 60
the 16h sun is already low and can penetrate the membrane, because of its geometry.
Series1 Series2 Series3 Series4 Series5 Series1 7h Series6 9h Series2 11h Series3 12h Series4 14h Series5 16h Series6
o 110
2
3
4
o 230
o 360
4 90
5
o 5120
o
percentage of overall shadow 110 100
outcome:
between 11-14 h no direct sun will go through the membrane as long as it is more closed than 90o
100 90
Diagramm with the time on the Y-achsis
the system can provide a overall shadow in the most heated hours of the day from 11-14 h. due to its flexibility and geometry. this anaysis is just one example how i would investigate on the system. turning the whole system upside down or change the direction would change a lot in the data and the outcome.
90 80
80 70
70 60
7h 1
10o Series1 30o Series2 60o Series3 90o Series4 120o Series5 Series1 Series2 Series3 Series4 Series5
at 9h something in the geometry allows more sun penetration exept in the 90o state
shadow analyses digital and physical 9h 2
11h 3
12h 4
14h 5
16h 6 33
MEMBRANE SPACES studio course AHO fall 2008 distance of the observer to the membraen is 7 X
Visual penetration A visual cover generates two spaces, inside and outside. But a semi permeable visual covering can generate a wide range of spaces between this both, at the same a certain tension is created between both sides of the „wall“. It makes a person coriouse about the things behind the seperation
30O
90O
600
120O
a angle of the observer forground (blue membrene)
a. physical model in opened and closed states b. gradiationcurve c. treated pictures for the visual anlysies d. experiment set up e. evaluation of the data as a diagramm 30o
background
60O
the goal of this investigations is to find out how i can influence the visual permeability of the membrane system and of what range it is, if invisibility is 0% and fully visible is 100%. In this experiments i also followed a dual, digital and physical process.
0O
membrane
0O
background (yellow) 60 52,3
b
90o
50
120o
150o
180o 42,3
40,02
40
d
180O
150O process
out come:
for the analysies of visual penetration i used the same tools as for teh shadow analysies. I took pictures from specific angles in a distance of 7X from the membrane. With a photoshop filter i distinguished the forgraound from the background. An evaluated the amount of pixels of yellowish coulors (visible part of the background) in the picture compared to the amount of blueish coulours (visual protection of the background).
the visibility from a angle of 30O is always very high, even when the ,membranes are very close to each other. The structure looks almost like a net from this angle. From the other side (120o )it the background is barely visible in any state of the membrane. But from the fangle of 60O -90O the different states of the membrane system causes a diffrence in visibility of 30%.
38,6
shifting of the layers
36,1 37,8 29,9
30
60
120˚ 90˚ 60˚ 30˚
% of visibility 20,1 52,3
20 20
18
50 15,03
7,9
42,3
40,02
7,1
10
40
0
30 ˚
60˚
30
90˚
36,1
37,8
2,99 0
38,6
1
6 8
0
e
1 29,9 150˚
120˚
0
probably a mistake 20,1 20
20
v isual pene t ra t ion
18 15,03
c
7,9 7,1
10
6 8
0 2,99
0
0 30 ˚
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tutors I PROF.MCHAELl U. HENSEL I Prof. Dr. Birger Sevaldson I Defne Sunguroğlu // student I YÜ CHEN
60˚
90˚
1
120˚
1 150˚
0
observers angle
MEMBRANE SPACES studio course AHO fall 2008 reflection (distribution of light)
membrane
membrane
speculare refelction
brightning certain areas/prevention of overshadowing Specular reflection is the perfect, mirror-like reflection of light (or sometimes other kinds of wave) from a surface, in which light from a single incoming direction (a ray) is reflected into a single outgoing direction. Such behavior is described by the law of reflection, which states that the direction of incoming light (the incident ray), and the direction of outgoing light reflected (the reflected ray) make the same angle with respect to the surface normal, thus the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection; this is commonly stated as θi = θr. diffuse reflection, where incoming light is reflected in a broad range of directions. The most familiar example of the distinction between specular and diffuse reflection would be glossy and matte paints. While both exhibit a combination of specular and diffuse reflection, matte paints have a higher proportion of diffuse reflection and glossy paints have a greater proportion of specular reflection.
incoming light reflection d
reflection membrane diffudse refelction Reflection experiments
sunlight
reflection
i wanted to see if the connecting surface could also be used for reflecting sunlight for a better distribution of light. Since the surface is curved (as shown in the geometry studies) the reflection would be diffuse, as illustrated in the second picture. The geometry question was if the opening are in the right place regarding the reflction angle of the connecting surface to be able to conduct light out of the membran system not only back into the membrane. To simplify it a made geometry studies in 2D taking refelction as a specular reflection. In the experiment i just want to show that a reflection is possible. I covered the surface with a couloured foil to distinguish the refelction from direct light.
b
a. specular refelction b. thesis about the refelction path c. refelction experiment d. set up of the experiment e. set up of the experiment, top view f. illustration of the set up g.2D geometry studies of the refelction in diffrent states of the membrane
board
light membrane
board
light membrane f out come: According to the 2D and physical experiments reflection of light is possible. At an angle of 120 O of the connecting surface the possible refelctions are of the widest range. The amount of refelction idepends on the properties od the employed textile.
a
e
c
different states of the membrane in section
reflec t ion analyses on a physical model g 35
MEMBRANE SPACES studio course AHO fall 2008 Air flow/conduction
Human perception
A membrane as a lightweight structure already deals with enourmous windloads. The double curved surface prevent ithe fluttering, due to this perfaormance Membranes are also often used as wind protection.
Three parameters are important for a good climate.
But airflow and ventilation is requested at the same time. Providing one bigger opening for ventilation would causes strong droughts. A perforated skin might be a good solution to controll the flow of air, for providing a comfortable climate The flow of air through openings in a structure follows laws similar to those describing air flow through orifices and capillaries. Flow through a capillary is directly proportional to the pressure drop across it; flow through an orifice is proportional to the square root of the pressure drop. The relationship for building openings or cracks falls between these limits; the flow rate also depends on the effective area of the openings perpendicular to the direction of flow.
inside
outside
higher permeability of air, more ventilation higher air speed.
Temperature: around 20 o air flow: Usually a Windflow in the speed range of 0,1-0,2 m/s is percepted as comfortable, as the temperatur rises over 28O a windspeed up to 0,9 m/s provides cooling. humidity: 15 -20 %rF humidity is percepted as comfortable. To dry air would causes irritation of the mucosae in eyes nose and mouth. To much humidity would cause a stuffy atmosphere.
inside
outside
less air flow, lower speed of air, less ventilation.
a. idea of air flow through the membraen system b. membrane in a state with big openings c. membaren in a state with small openeings
These three parameteres are linked to each other. A natural ventilation can be conducted by temperatur diffrencies bewteen two areas. Warm air will alway go up and colder air will drift to the bottom.
Flow through a single opening of uniform cross-section large in relation to its length can be approximated from the relationship for a sharp-edged orifice.
: Turbulence In aerodynamics, turbulence is characterized by chaotic, stochastic property changes in the flow. This includes low momentum diffusion, high momentum convection, and rapid variation of pressure and velocity in space and time. Flow that is not turbulent is called laminar flow.
air flow
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a
tutors I PROF.MCHAELl U. HENSEL I Prof. Dr. Birger Sevaldson I Defne Sunguroğlu // student I YÜ CHEN
The efficiancy for the system to conduct air, depends on the scale. In a small scale (´X is 10 cm) the whole construction will be more like a real skin, allowing ventilation and wind protection at the same time. In a big scale (X is 2 m) the effects for people will be completly different. Warm air could probably gathered between the layers, providing a ventilation drought. in a opend state the membrane offers almost no wind protection.
b
c
opened statet
almost closed statet
drwaing of the section
drwaing of the section
MEMBRANE SPACES studio course AHO fall 2008
X : 1m My favourite scale, because the beatiful shape of the structure is fully perceptable and the space in between the layers can be used. The openings are slightly smaller than a door, so one could actually climb through it is but not necessarly used as a port.
X : 40 cm this size would be useful to provide visual permeability and ceiling in one.
X : 20 cm the same for this scale. It provides also a visual shelter in a urban scale.
spatial qualities since the project started without a certain scale, the spatial quality can be evaluated in different ways. I want to refer to X (size of the holes) in different scales, and try to point out the qualities of each scale.
X : 10 cm Probably the best scale for the performances i investigated on. Sun protection Wind protection Visual protection.. .
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MEMBRANE SPACES studio course AHO fall 2008
b
c spatial qualities in this pictures i tried to explore the spaces generated by the membrane system.I was espacially surprised by the inbetween space, it was mor exciting than i expected. In a smaller scale the whole structer turned to a ornament like fassade.
1:?
d a.b.c.d.e. Scale studies.
spa t ial q uali t ies
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tutors I PROF.MCHAELl U. HENSEL I Prof. Dr. Birger Sevaldson I Defne SunguroÄ&#x;lu // student I YĂœ CHEN
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MEMBRANE SPACES studio course AHO fall 2008
d
e
f
g a.b.c.d.e.f.g.h.i. Scale studies.
a
spa t ial q uali t ies
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g 39