SENOI COMMUNITY-BASED LABORATORY to empower the community traditional knowledge In medicinal plants by Phaik Yuh

SENOI COMMUNITY-BASED LABORATORY to empower the community traditional knowledge In medicinal plants @ Route 59, Tapah

By Teoh Phaik Yuh GS55529

Faculty of Design And Architecture M. Arch UPM 2020/2021

Thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, University Putra Malaysia, in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Architecture.

All material contained within the thesis, including without limitation text, logos, icons, photographs and all other artwork, is copyright material of Universiti Putra Malaysia unless otherwise stated. Use may be made of any material contained within the thesis for non-commercial purposes from the copyright holder. Commercial use of material may only be made with the express, prior, written permission of Universiti Putra Malaysia. COPYRIGHT © Universiti Putra Malaysia

Advisory Committee: Ar. Wan Sofiah Wan Ishak (Studio Coordinator) Dr. Wan Srihani Wan Mohamed (Mentor) Ar. Kalsom Mohamad Dr. Nor Hayati Hussain Ar. Wooi Lok Kuang Ar. Lim Kee Yen

PREFACE

“FROM THE NATIVE PEOPLE TO THEIR VALUABLE TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL KNOWLEDGE TOWARDS THE DISCOVERY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS…”

The rapid development and globalization since the 1980s in Peninsular Malaysia has increased the pressure towards the livelihood of Senoi community. The socio-economically and culturally marginalization as well as the inequality has caused the issues on their basic needs. Hence, there is a need for the Senoi community to overcome the rapid changes by looking into the strategies to strengthen their self-sufficient livelihood as for their future. Therefore, this thesis is to uphold Senoi self-sufficient towards self-sustaining to strengthen the resilient community by looking into an alternative self-reliance scheme while waiting or seeking for government initiatives and others external support. The proposed site is in between two Senoi villages at Route 59, Tapah Perak. A community-based laboratory is proposed to focus on three aspects which are cultivation in multiplying the medicinal plants, documentation in manifesting Senoi traditional medicinal knowledge and research in discovering the possibility of Senoi medicinal contributions to the society. In conclusion, this thesis intends to carry out the message on elevating the indigenous traditional knowledge that has impart from the past, enhancing its value to empower the community on present and to prepare the resilient community towards their future which responses to Sustainable Development Goal 8: Economic Growth and Decent Work as well as Goal 10: Reducing Inequality.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

“THE BEGIN OF A THESIS IS WHEN YOU BELIEVE IT IS POSSIBLE TO BE DONE NO MATTER HOW MUCH CHALLENGES IT GOING TO BE…”

I would like to express the deepest appreciation and thankfulness to many people who have provided invaluable guidance and resources during the research process on this study. Firstly, I would like to thank the native people whom I first met in 2017 that have inspired and motivated me to start on this study. Secondly, thank you to my supervisor, Dr. Wan Srihani Wan Mohamed for her experiences, valuable guidance, supervision, insightful comments and advice throughout this study. With the guidance and persistent help, this study managed to be completed more effectively. Thanks to the coordination and collaboration among the mentors, Studio Coordinator Ar. Wan Sofiah Wan Ishak, Ar. Kalsom Mohamad, Dr. Nor Hayati Hussain, Ar. Wooi Lok Kuang and Ar. Lim Kee Yen on their valuable comments along this thesis journey. Thirdly, thank you to Cik Saedah, who has given her time and helpful arrangements to conduct a survey on Orang Asli villages in Tapah, Perak. Besides, thank you to Bah Ta’ek a/l Bah Tojak and Wak Diah a/p Bah Lam with their daughters, Kak Saodah and Kak Bahiyah, who have gratefully and sincerely shared their valuable information, thoughts, and opinions. Thanks also to many Orang Asli elderly, young adults and children who, unknowing to them, have contributed a lot of sources of reliable information to this study. Thanks to Architects 61 Sdn. Bhd. for the sponsorship in this study. With the resources, it provides me the opportunity to manage and to be more focused on this study. Lastly, by faith and belief, this study is possible and able to be done during this pandemic situation. Thank you.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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III

CHAPTER 1: IDEATION “Meeting The Native People…” In Responding To International Context In Responding To Malaysia Context About Orang Asli The Focus Study Group Characteristic of Senoi Problem Statement Thesis Statement & Objectives Thesis Framework N.A.B.C. Approach

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2 2 4 5 6 7 10 11 13

CHAPTER 2: CONTEXTUAL RESPONSE “The Beauty Of Route 59, Tapah Perak…” Site Selection Criteria …………………………………. Site Info …………………………………. Socio-economy Opportunity …………………………………. Community Spirit In Plants Cultivation …………………………………. Community Response In Proposed Framework …………………………………. Community Traditional Medicinal Knowledge …………………………………. S.W.O.T. ………………………………….

15 17 18 20 20 21 23

CHAPTER 3: ARCHITECTURAL RESPONSE “The Begin Of The Inspiration…” Response To Existing Essences …………………………………. Response To Community Living Expression …………………………………. From Architectural Response To Design Strategy …………………………………. Form Design Strategy To Building Components …………………………………. Flow Chart For The R&D Programme & Activities ………………………………….

25 27 29 40 42

CHAPTER 4: ARCHITECTURAL EXPLORATION “The Continuity Of Senoi Living Expression…” Bamboo And The Native People …………………………………. 46 The Possibility Of Bamboo …………………………………. 47 Bamboo Space Frame …………………………………. 49 CHAPTER 5 : THE OUTCOMES “The Medi-Haven Of Senoi…” Through Community Perspectives …………………………………. Through Ecological Perspectives ………………………………….

54 54 IV

Through Economical Perspectives Through Architectural Perspectives

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55 56

END NOTE

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REFERENCES

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APPENDICES

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CHAPTER 1: IDEATION “MEETING THE NATIVE PEOPLE…”

IN RESPONDING TO INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT “According to a report by the International Work Group For Indigenous Affairs released yesterday, there are an estimated 370 million indigenous people (5% out of 7.8 billion world population) living in the world. They call 90 countries home and represent around 5,000 different cultures, according to the UN.” (Where the World’s Indigenous People Live, The Statista Infographic Newsletter by Katharina Buchholz, 27 May 2020)

Figure 1.1: Indigenous people world map Source: Carlos Motta

IN RESPONDING TO MALAYSIA CONTEXT “As of 2017, the Indigenous Peoples of Malaysia were estimated to account for around 13.8% of the 31,660,700 million national population. They are collectively known as Orang Asal. The Orang Asli are the Indigenous Peoples of Peninsular Malaysia. The 18 Orang Asli subgroups within the Negrito (Semang), Senoi and Aboriginal-Malay groups account for 198,000 or 0.7% of the population of Peninsular Malaysia (31,005,066). In Sarawak, the Indigenous Peoples are collectively known as natives (Dayak and/or Orang Ulu). They include the Iban, Bidayuh, Kenyah, Kayan, Kedayan, Lunbawang, Punan, Bisayah, Kelabit, Berawan, Kejaman, Ukit, Sekapan, Melanau and Penan. They constitute around 1,932,600 or 70.5% of Sarawak’s population of 2,707,600 people. In Sabah, the 39 different Indigenous ethnic groups are known 2

as natives or Anak Negeri and make up about 2,233,100 or 58.6% of Sabah’s population of 3,813,200. The main groups are the Dusun, Murut, Paitan and Bajau groups.” (34th Edition, The Indigenous World 2020 by IWGIA, International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs)

Figure 1.2: Indigenous people population in Malaysia Source: Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC)

ABOUT ORANG ASLI

They are the indigenous minority peoples of Peninsular Malaysia which relates to the term as “original peoples” or “first peoples” accordingly to Malaysian Law - Act 134. (Aboriginal Peoples Act 1954). They are the descendants of the earliest inhabitants of Peninsular Malaysia. Officially, they consist of 18 ethnic subgroups classified for administrative purposes into 3 main groups which are Negrito, Senoi and Proto-Malay. As for 2017, they are estimated to account for 0.7% of the national population (198,000 out of 31,005,066). From generation to generation, they live in as well as close to forests, about 61% live at the forest fringe, 37% live in forest interior and 2% live in settlements or areas close to urban centers. The classifications of the tribes were based on morphology, culture, language and geographical locations for the convenience of administration. Difference in physical features, economic lifestyle, social organization, belief & language.

Figure 1.3: Comparison among the 3 main groups of Orang Asli Source: Wikipedia, United Nations, Center for Orang Asli Concerns

THE FOCUS STUDY GROUP

Among the 3 mains of group of Orang Asli, Senoi community is selected for this thesis study with the reasons of, i.

They represent the largest group among the three main groups of Orang Asli, which consists of 54%.

ii. Majority of Senoi communities are staying at the forest fringe, 61% which respond to the current development. iii. They tends to lose their social order being influenced by the contemporary lifestyle Where their children are no longer obedient and willing to help the elders on housework relatively to an easier life. Secondly, the Senoi man tends for cash in economically and work outside the village. This has caused their time spent with the children to become lesser. The orally passing of traditional knowledge becomes a threat. Furthermore, the young generations being influenced by drinking, smoking and sniffing glues has also bringing impacts to their social order. Hence, there is a need to create an awareness among the Senoi community on the loss of their values.

Figure 1.5: Senoi community

CHARACTERISTIC OF SENOI

Senoi communities are known as self-sufficient communities, where they have the determination to preserve, develop and transmit to future generations their ancestral territories, and their ethnic identity, as the basis of their continued existence as people, in accordance with their own cultural patterns, social institutions and legal system. Dwelling within nature, they are well connected to the local system and know how to respond to the social, cultural, technical and economics of its surroundings. i.

Ecological Self-sustaining Live at the ancestor land from generation to generation, subsistence base from the forest, where they are ecological self-sustaining with food, clothing, medicines, fuels and shelter. The ancestoral land becomes the schoolhouse for their children.

ii. Cultural Self-realization With their own beliefs, languages and traditional knowledge, the worldview is influenced by nature. Their social behaviour all work to ensure harmonious balance between humans and environment iii. Social Self-worth Strong kinship, led by the elderly. Their population is typically 20 to 150 people in a village, where their birth, growth, work and social reproduction within the community. They are respectful, obedient, cooperative and diligent. From generation to generation, practical participants of young children in family work. Hence, the traditional knowledge is orally passed on while working in the forest. iv. Economic Self-sufficiency Strong sharing spirit among the community. Hunting and gathering forest produce. Trade in rattan, petai, durian, resin as cash incomes.

Figure 1.5: Self-sufficient community 6

PROBLEM STATEMENT Issues On Livelihood Rapid development has become a threat to the livelihood of the Senoi community. The largescale plantations, large-scale resource extraction, highway, dam projects, factories, housing and other developments in the name of progress have bringing impacts to, i.

River as water resource Generally, Senoi’s settlement is near to the river. However, as the water resource is being disrupted which has caused to health issues.

ii. Forest as subsistence base As the hunting and gathering decrease, their food and medicinal base has been disrupted which also affects their cash incomes. iii. Forest as water schoolhouse Their natural dwelling place is being disrupted. Furthermore, with the government resettlement program, the passing on traditional knowledge to their next generation becomes a threat.

Issues On Poverty, Inequality And the Lack of Basic Rights “For the past 2 weeks, there’s been daily news reporting the sudden death toll among the Orang Asli villagers in Kuala Koh, Gua Musang, Kelantan. Fourteen people had tragically died and over 50 were hospitalised for alleged respiratory complications (Channel News Asia, 10 June 2019). Dr Colin Nicholas of Center for Orang Asli Concerns (COAC) has pointed out that poor health and malnourishment has a direct relationship with land encroachment: "The problem here is not medical, but a direct result of what happens when people’s rights to their customary lands are not recognised and that land is destroyed.” He told news portal Malaysiakini about his previous visits showed a very different scenario, "Just seven to 10 years ago, if you visited them they were perfectly healthy and psychologically happy. But their land has been taken away, in this case by the Kelantan state government. And their resource base has been destroyed." (Malaysiakini, 10 June 2019). Logging, mining and subsequently cash crops plantation continuously diminish the forest which the Bateq community relied on for generations. “…the Bateq faced a steep decline in their ability to find their daily calorie intake and all their other nutritional needs. They also began to lose their autonomy and their dignity. A decline in physical and mental health was particularly evident after 2015.” (COAC, 12 June 2019). (Poverty, Inequality and the Lack of Basic Rights Experienced by the Orang Asli in Malaysia by Ooi Kiah Hu)

Figure 1.6: Issues

The Gap Between Government Initiatives and Senoi Values There is a question on the basis of humanity, ideal of life and way of living among the development programs by the government initiatives for the Senoi community.

Problem In Coordination Among The Organization “Orang Asli are the indigenous communities in Peninsular Malaysia. The Orang Asli villages are now more open and accessible compared to the previous years. There are also more services that are provided by the government sector nowadays such as general healthcare, maternity and infant care, dental care, police security, communication and education. There is also a place for them to provide services to the Orang Asli in the village respectively. Unfortunately, there is a major problem in the coordination within each of the organizations. Each department’s visits to the orang asli village are not well synchronized and much data is not shared. Besides that, there is population problem in the community and among them often leads to the neglect of their health and of essential needs like proper clothing and nutritious foods for the whole family” Orang Asli in Peninsular Malaysia : Population, Spatial Distribution and Socio-Economic Condition 8

Back To Their Traditional Lifestyle “In the Gerik area there is RPS Dala, where in the 1980s “villages of different tribes from all around Northern Perak area were relocated by the government in the idea of a safe place with better infrastructure and economic development for the indigenous tribes,” explains Dr. Colin Nicholas, founder and coordinator of the Center for Orang Asli Concerns, an NGO advocating for indigenous people’s rights in Malaysia.. “The land given to them in RPS Dala is small, the communities expanded over time and the infrastructure development didn’t happen, as some of the villages in RPS Dala still don’t have a safe source of water till today. So some of them went back to their original areas feeling that they could do better with their traditional lifestyle.” The Diplomat by Alexandra Radu August 13, 2019 Hence, by looking into the rapid development and globalization since the 1980s in Peninsular Malaysia has brought with it increasing pressure towards the livelihood of the Senoi community. Furthermore, the major problem in coordination within each of the organization, Senoi community facing the inequality which remains socio-economically and culturally marginalized. Thus, there is a need for the Senoi community to overcome the rapid changes by looking into the strategies to strengthen their self-sufficient livelihood as for their future.

THESIS STATEMENT & OBJECTIVES

Thesis statement “Upholding Senoi self-sufficient towards self-sustaining to strengthen the resilient community.”

Thesis Objectives

1 To improve the livelihood on basic needs

2 To integrate the traditional knowledge with technology to prolonged the community values

3 Empowering community, becomes part of an economic growth, reconnecting Senoi community to the society.

THESIS FRAMEWORK The Potential Of Senoi Traditional Knowledge In Medicinal Plants

Community’s Value “Traditional knowledge is part of cultural property according to UNESCO. In fact, in 1966, I.H. Burkill, in his two-volume A Dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula, listed more than 1,000 items from the forests that were being used and had the potential for commercial exploitation – as medicines, food, personal care products, construction materials, and other uses. Of these, more than 400 have been attributed to the indigenous knowledge of the Orang Asli. There is no concrete mechanism in place which ensures that the indigenous communities are able to participate directly and benefit equitably from the gains to be made from the use of the cumulative knowledge which they have acquired for millennia. On the contrary, the tendency has been for mainstream society, particularly researchers and bioprospectors, to appropriate indigenous knowledge for commercial gain for themselves.” Traditional Knowledge: Way Forward, by Colin Nicholas 2012

Community’s Life Secure “FPMPAM president Dr Steven Chow said they came up with the idea of setting up the medical post based on their experience of having to travel for almost an hour in a 4WD vehicle past logging routes and rivers to reach Pos Lejang early last year. So, we felt that it was only fair that we taught them emergency medical treatment and prepared a medical post with basic medication in case of an emergency. Health is one of the basic human rights and the government is doing as best as possible to provide health services to the public, yet there are times when we face constraints in terms of budget and access to the locations…emergency treatment by the first respondent can help save lives” Pos Lejang to host Malaysia's first orang asli medical post, 1 May 2019

Community’s Potential “Documentation on the plant resources, particularly medicinal plants, utilized by the people is still far from complete as most of the villages of the tribes have not been studied. Documentation on traditional uses of medicinal plants is important because it helps to preserve traditional culture of indigenous tribes, provide leads to the discovery medicinal compounds, and find ways to conserve the medicinal plants Two hundred and thirteen species of plants have been reported as medicinal to the indigenous tribes in Peninsular Malaysia. The medicinal plants were based on uses by the tribes Jah Hut, Semai, Semang and Temuan.” Medicinal Plants of the Indigenous Tribes in Peninsular Malaysia: Current and Future Perspectives, 2016

Government & NGO Recognition & Initiatives “Orang Asli should seize the opportunity to participate in the field of biotechnology to improve their standard of living,” Menteri Besar Datuk Seri Adnan Yaakob said. He said due to their nature and background, these indigenous people had a vast knowledge in jungle plants and herbs. For many generations, they have been exposed to traditional herbs and the medicinal value derived from plants. They can be an asset by sharing their experiences on ways to extract certain plants and herbs for use as traditional medicine and health supplements.” Orang Asli told to use their knowledge in jungle plants, The Star News online 2007

Hence, this thesis to be focused on, 1. Cultivation, to multiply the medicinal plants 2. Documentation, to manifest Senoi traditional knowledge in medicinal plants 3. Research, to discover the possibility in medicinal contributions to the society

The framework will be: i.

Acknowledging the community values and strength in traditional medicinal knowledge

ii. To proposed an on-site R&D in medicinal plants iii. To prolong community inheritance of traditional knowledge iv. To discover the Senoi medicinal values to the society v. To create a social connection vi. To provide a socio-economy growth for Senoi community vii. To be an income generator for the “extremely poor” Senoi community

N.A.B.C. APPROACH

Need Rapid development & globalization since the 1980s in Peninsular Malaysia has brought with the increasing pressure towards the livelihood of the Senoi community. Socio-economically and culturally marginalized, as well as inequality which causes the issues on their basic needs.

Approach An alternative community self-reliance scheme while waiting and seeking for government initiatives as well as others external support. To enhance Senoi self-sufficient characteristics by strengthening resilience towards their livelihood. To prolong Senoi traditional knowledge.

Benefit Preparing Senoi community towards resilience which aims to promote their traditional medicinal knowledge as a tool for the social connections as well as to improve their livelihood.

Competition Modern and other races traditional medicinal knowledge.

“By looking into the increasing pressure on the livelihood of Senoi community, this thesis proposal to be an alternative community self-reliance scheme by promoting Senoi traditional knowledge in medicinal plants to empower the community in order to impart their community values.”

CHAPTER 2: CONTEXTUAL RESPONSE “THE BEAUTY OF ROUTE 59, TAPAH PERAK…”

SITE SELECTION CRITERIA Accordingly to JAKOA, there are approximately 853 Orang Asli villages in Peninsular Malaysia. Hence the site selection to be focus on, i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi.

Perak Pending / Depending on government / NGO initiatives Forest Fringe Community spirit in traditional knowledge (esp. medicinal plants) Few villages around Economy growth opportunity

Figure 2.1: Orang Asli villages’ distribution in Peninsular Malaysia Source: JAKOA

As accordingly to the study, the reason to focus site selection in Perak, “They mostly settled in the central part of Peninsular Malaysia with 50,281 in Perak, 29,439 in Pahang, 12,047 in Kelantan, 5073 in Selangor, 818 in Terengganu, 96 in Negeri Sembilan, 55 in Johor, 28 in Melaka and 19 in Kedah (JAKOA 2017).” Exploring Community Based Tourism among Semai Community at Mualim District Perak

“The state government is in the process of reserving almost 6,000 hectares of Orang Asli land for the nomadic areas and settlements of the minorities in the state….currently the state government has approved almost 14,000 hectares of land reserves for roaming areas and 70 Orang Asli settlements throughout the state under the Orang Asli Act 1954. This will position Perak as the state that reserves the widest Orang Asli land among all states, especially to be used as a nomadic area and Orang Asli settlement.” Official Portal of Perak State Government, 2019

Accordingly to JAKOA, there are approximately 256 Orang Asli villages in Perak, where the Orang Asli settlements allocated, i. Hulu Perak, 59 villages ii. Kuala Kangsar, 48 villages iii. Kinta & Kmapar, 39 villages iv. Perak Tengah & Hilir Perak, 9 villages v. Batang Padang & Mualim, 101 villages Hence, the site selection is further focused on Batang Padang and Mualim area.

Figure 2.2: Orang Asli villages’ distribution in Perak Source: Sinar Harian, Wikipedia, JAKOA, data.gov up -to -date Nov 2018

SITE INFO

The proposed site is 1.917 acres. The zoning is part of Tapah Hills Forest Reserve of approximately 62,000 hectares. It is located at approximately 500m sea level. It is a contour site with 10m height difference in each platform. The distance from the two Senoi villages is about 500m. It is 35km away from Cameron Highland at North and 25km away from Tapah at South. The accessibility is through the main road of Route 59.

Figure 2.3: The proposed site

SOCIO-ECONOMY OPPORTUNITY Tapah is a town located in the second larger area in Batang Padang, Perak with a population of 51,690. 10% of the population are from Orang Asli.

Figure 2.4: Demography

Below are some of the impact of development background to the Senoi community.

Figure 2.5: Historical timeline 18

There are an economy growth opportunity for the proposed site,

Interchange Tapah is located between the interchange of N-S Highway which is a stop point for the public. In the same times, this could bring in the public connection to the site

ii. Future Plan According to Perak Structure Plan, the proposed site is classified under Zon Education and Zon R&D. This could bring in the government and NGO support of the proposed framework. iii. Population There are approximately 20 Senoi villages along Route 59 with 4,500 Senoi population. Hence, it could be a catalyst to empower the community by the proposed framework.

Figure 2.6: Economy growth opportunity

COMMUNITY SPIRIT IN PLANTS CULTIVATION

Figure 2.7: The community spirit in plants cultivation found on site

COMMUNITY RESPONSE IN PROPOSED FRAMEWORK

Figure 2.8: Community response in supporting the proposed framework

COMMUNITY TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL KNOWLEDGE According to the researcher, the villagers are still practising the traditional medicinal knowledge. There is a list with approximately 37 species of medicinal plants used by the villages, where 84% are wild native plants and 16% of them are non-native plants. Among these 37 species, 48.6% are herbs, 21.6% are trees, 13.6% are shrubs and 16.2% are climbers. There are five ways of using the medicinal plants accordingly to Senoi traditional medicinal knowledge, i.

Use directly

ii. Decoction A concentrated liquor resulting from heating or boiling a substance, especially a medicinal preparation made from a plant. iii. Infusion A drink, remedy, or extract prepared by soaking tea leaves or herbs in liquid. iv. Incense A gum, spice, or other substance that is burned for the sweet smell it produces. v. Poultice A soft moist mass, often heated and medicated, that is spread on cloth and placed over the skin to treat an aching, inflamed or painful part of the body The treatments can be found by using Senoi traditional knowledge in medicinal plants, i. Post-partum mother ii. Fever iii. Stomach Ache iv. Flatulence v. Others (diabetes, jaundice, kidney problems, running rose, ulcer)

Figure 2.8: Some medicinal plants used by the Senoi community Source: Google Images 21

Figure 2.9: List of medicinal plants used by the Senoi community Source: Ong,H.C., Lina, E.,& Millow,P.,2012

S.W.O.T. Strength i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi.

Located at the main road (Route 59) Along with scenic views & tourist attractions Between Tapah & Cameron Highlands A stop point before heading to Cameron Highlands Within the forest (natural resources availability) To align with Perak Structure Plan 2040

Weakness i. Accessibility Route 59, narrow road (JKR R3 Road, two-lane 20ft) ii. Traffic congestion especially during weekends & public holidays (500m travel distance for 1 to 2 hrs) iii. Sloping / steep hill site (10m platform different)

Opportunity i.

Community still practice on their traditional knowledge in medicinal plants (supported info by research/JAKOA) ii. Potential to re-promote / introduce Orang Asli traditional knowledge in medicinal plants to the public iii. Cultivating / nursing medicinal plants (add on values to the forest reserved) iv. To be a catalyst to bring up Senoi community along Route 59 (approx. 20 Orang Asli villages)

Threat i. Community privacy ii. Invasion of exotic species

The strategic of the site location, availability of natural resources especially the medicinal plants, community strength in practising the traditional knowledge and to align with the Perak Structure Plan 2040 in focusing on R&D, this proposal shall be an approach to empower the Senoi community with an architectural exploration in community-based laboratory to manifest the Senoi traditional knowledge in medicinal plants.

CHAPTER 3: ARCHITECTURAL RESPONSE “THE BEGIN OF THE INSPIRATION…”

Response To Existing Essences Through observations on site, the construction of Senoi house is mainly, i.

Make use of the natural materials that could found in the surrounding of their natural dwelling forest ii. Lightweight construction iii. Building on-stilt iv. Open planning and flexibility of spaces

Figure 3.1: Typical construction of Senoi house Source: The Orang Hulu, A Report on Malaysian Orang Asli in the 1960’s

Figure 3.2: Typical Senoi house on site

Generally, the main frames are built with timber, wall as well as the floor finishes with bamboo strips and then roof with thatches. Overall structures are lightweight and stand on stilts with concrete footing that touch the ground along the site contour. By this, the proposed building layout and form are response to this principle in order to continue on the essences on site.

Figure 3.3: Typical proposed layout and building form

Figure 3.4: Proposed textures 26

Bamboo, is one of the indigenous materials that commonly used by Senoi community in their daily life especially on the settlement construction. It represents a community language through their understanding and familiarity with the species, treatment and usages of the native materials. However, there is some limitations of bamboo species in Malaysia to perform as the structural of a building. Hence, this thesis proposal to be further explore on the possibility of bamboo architecture that integrated with other building material as well as technology in order to prolong the building structure and community values.

Response To Community Living Expression The native dwelling place of Senoi community is surrounded with the natural resources that becomes the subsistence base for their basic needs. From their settlement to handmade daily utensils, it shows their creativity and innovation in the strong sense of organic and geometry theory. As part of their identity, to them, they get inspiration from their native surroundings. They define creativity as a design with no limits, no shape, highly personal, vividly patterned as well as coloured. Moreover, they do not have a particular guiding style, all they know is through the indigenous knowledge that has passed on from their ancestors. Throughout the times, they adapt to their surrounding changes and manipulate it accordingly to their needs. Hence, it shows a living composition and expression by the time and changes whereby the community has gone through.

Figure 3.5: Community sense in organic and geometry

Therefore, a parametric external building form is proposed to represent a continuity of the community’s living expression. Through manipulating the dynamic form and journey within the spaces, within the contour forest site, it symbolizes a discovery trail of medicinal plants as the native people did while gathering in the forest. It also carries out the tangible and intangible relationship in terms of biodiversity, ecological and symbiosis livelihood of Senoi community with the forest. Through transition and intersection of the space planning, there is a connection of story behinds the community to be told from the past “the traditional knowledge”, the challenges face at present “the disrupted medicinal plants”, and the way moving towards future “the cultivation of medicinal plants and Senoi medicinal research”.

Figure 3.6: The combination between rigid and parametric form proposed to present a continuity of community living expression in contrast to the existing and future

From Architectural Response To Design Strategy

Connection A Medi-trail Walk is proposed to connect the existing two Senoi villages, Kampung Orang Asli Batu 15 ½ and Kampung Orang Asli Batu 16. By making use of the community existing path link between two Senoi villages, it is upgraded to a medicinal plants cultivation deck. The purpose of the proposed Medi-trail Walk is to extend the community living activities as well as gathering of medicinal plants in the forest. It also functions as a living library to manifest on Senoi traditional medicinal knowledge to their next generation.

Figure 3.7: Connection

Zoning According to study, there are 11 zoning concepts for Senoi which consist of settlement, sacred site, pathways and water courses, hunting areas, fishing areas, forest areas for domestic used, forest areas for commercial use, home gardens, orchards, commercial agriculture areas as well as watershed areas.

Figure 3.8: Zoning

With this, the overall site planning is further classified into: a) Private zone for the existing villages, b) Semi-private zone for the Medi-trail Walk, and c) Public zone for the proposed Community-based Laboratory.

Figure 3.9: Extension of community cultivation activities along the proposed Medi-trail Walk

From the private zone of existing villages, there is an extension of community cultivation activities. The home gardens and commercial agriculture area is proposed along the semiprivate zone of Medi-trail Walk which focuses on medicinal plants cultivation.

Figure 3.10: Series of selected medicinal plants to cultivate along Medi-trail Walk

Accessibility From Medi-trail Walk, it is linked to the Community Access, the lowest level of the site, Level 481. There is a proposed public access at the highest level of the site, which is at Level 491.

Figure 3.11: Accessibility

Centre Core A centre core is proposed to link the lowest level to highest level of the site. The proposed centre core consists of the vertical circulation with a continuous ramp, which has the landing platform at every 1m height change. Each landing platform to be connected to the functional spaces. The vertical medicinal garden is proposed along with the continuous ramp. Besides, a continuous step is proposed to serve as an alternative path that links the lowest level to the highest level.

Figure 3.12: Centre Core to link the lowest level to highest level of the site

Rhythm of Spaces

Figure 3.13: Proposed rhythm of spaces along the site contour 33

There are a series of spaces proposed along the site contour. It shows the rhythm of spaces to appreciate the existing forest, the hill dipterocarp forest with Meranti and Keruing trees, at different latitudes. Besides, it also represents a portrait of Senoi community way of living as well as a metaphor of gathering the wild medicinal plants in the forest.

Programme

Figure 3.14: Proposed programme within the 3 zones

Therefore, the building programme is proposed within the 3 zones, Centre Zone, North Zone and South Zone. As for the Centre Zone, it serves as the transition as well as connection linkage for North Zone and South Zone. For North Zone, the building programme is focus on: a) Documentation, whereby the Senoi community along Route 59 to gather and to contribute in compiling their traditional medicinal knowledge b) Medicinal plants production, a place to prepare the harvest medicinal plants according to community traditional way c) R&D, it consists of Medicinal Plants Tissue Culture Laboratory and Senoi Traditional Medicine Analytical Laboratory

For South Zone, the building programme is focus on: a) Medicinal Practice Area, whereby there are series of lounge area within the proposed Medicinal Gardens for public engagement as well as for Senoi community to practice on their traditional medicines. b) Guest Area, a temporary stay for the long-term researchers c) Roof Top Senoi Plaza, a quick stop point for the public who pass by between North and South at Route 59 as well as for Senoi community to gain a side income through proposed community kiosks and community alfresco. It also serves as a transition point to draw public attention towards Senoi traditional medicines.

Figure 3.15: Public experience the native food taste at Community Alfresco as an introduction for the Senoi traditional medicines

Self-sufficient in Water Supply

Figure 3.16: Proposed water feature at the Centre Core

A water feature is proposed at the Centre Core, to flow from highest level to lowest level of the site. The intention is to make use of the high level of existing underground water and rainwater for domestic water and medicinal plants irrigation use. The water collection to flow through a native way of water filtration system proposed along the water feature before reaching the retention pond at the lowest level of the site.

Figure 3.17: Proposed water filtration system according to natural water purification agents principle along the water feature

Self-sufficient in Electricity

Figure 3.18: Self-made water turbines along the proposed water feature

According to the study, it is possible to build an own micro-hydropower system that generates electricity up to 100kW by using the natural flow of water. It is a source of energy without the usage of fuel, which converts the kinetic energy of water to electricity. A series of fixed in place self-made water turbines to be installed along the proposed water feature. When the water flows, it causes the turbines to turn. The proposed water turbines are connected with a continuous running belt that links to a main water turbine at the lowest level of the site. The main water turbine is connected to a generator at the proposed PowerHouse. The generator is built according to dynamo theory to convert the kinetic energy to electricity. According to a simple equation to estimate the power output for the proposed microhydropower system with 50% efficiency, [net head (feet) x flow (gpm)] ÷ 10 = W, which depends on: a) Head, the vertical distance of the water falls b) Flow, the quantity of water falling According to the study, a typical laboratory uses from 30 to 100 kWh of electricity annually. Hence, the design strategy for self-sufficient in electricity shall be able to support the proposed community-based laboratory.

Figure 3.19: Early invention of micro-hydropower system Source: pumpfundamentals.com, Sentiers Chasses et Peches, Juin 1998

Living Expression The proposed architecture outlook is a combination between a rigid and parametric building forms. It shows an integration between the existing community bamboo construction and the possibility of bamboo intervention to elevate community high creativity and innovation as well as the sense of geometry. An exploration in bamboo space frame is an approach whereby the parametric external building form generated along the sloping site contour to act as a shelter as well as shading for the functional spaces underneath. Besides, it is also a metaphor of “Guardian in the Forest”, whereby the native people is well known with their characteristic as the guardian for their native living habitat. Hence, the proposed giant bamboo space frame symbolize the protective hands extending to both sides of the building to serve as the refuge shelter for the medicinal plants as well as R&D spaces below. Architecturally, it is also an extension of knowledge in terms of the characteristic and detailing in bamboo to inspire as well as to assist Senoi community to continue manifest on their building technology. Moreover, it is also an approach to uphold Senoi resilient livelihood as well as sustainable architecture that response to the global environmental issue.

Figure 3.20: Community living expression through the proposed of parametric bamboo space frame, a metaphor of “Guardian in the Forest”

From Design Strategy To Building Components With this, the building components are proposed according to its functionality.

Figure 3.21: Proposed building components according to its functionality

The functionality of the building is according to the proposed Schedule of Accommodation (SOA):

Building Components

Area

a) Documentation Senoi Gallery (Documentation for community background, Senoi traditional medicine, Senoi traditional knowledge and medicinal plants) Community Workshop 1, 2, 3, & 4

200sqm

190sqm

b) R&D Administrative Multipurpose Terrace Outdoor Discussion Area Senoi Medicines Analytical Lab Medicinal Plant Tissue Culture Lab Medicinal Plants Nursing Terrace

85sqm 100sqm 20sqm 175sqm 150sqm 205sqm

c) Medicinal Process, Practice and Cultivation Community Medicinal Processing Area (for medicinal plants drying, sorting, labelling & packing) Senoi Lounge 1, 2, 3, & 4 Garden Lounge Incense Pavilion 1 & 2 Poultice Pavilion Vertical Medicinal Garden Medicinal Gardens (for herbs, climbers & shrubs) Medi-Trail Walk (cultivation desk links to the existing 2 Senoi villages)

250sqm 345sqm 230sqm 60sqm 10sqm 500sqm 400sqm 2,000sqm

d) Other Supportive Area Medi-Amphitheatre Senoi Medicinal Terrace Retail Senoi Roof Top Plaza (community kiosk & community alfresco) Guest Area (for long term researchers)

220sqm 75sqm 360sqm 230sqm

Total of Net Floor Area

5,805sqm

Total Built Up Area (67% efficiency)

8,675sqm

Flow Chart For The R&D Programme & Activities The R&D programme mainly focus on,

Documentation + Medicinal Plants R&D 1) Under the guidance of Senoi community, together with the researchers gathering the disrupted wild medicinal plants in the forest, sampling collection 2) The sampling collected, partly to be sent to Senoi Gallery for documentation

3) The another part of the sampling to be sent to Tissue Culture Laboratory

Figure 3.22: Tissue Culture Lab

Medicinal Plants Cultivation 4) The successful wild medicinal plants grow from the lab to be further sent to Medicinal Plants Nursing Terrace for plant propagation. Here, the medicinal plants will undergo the process with soil preparation, seed treatment and transplantation. 5) The medicinal plants growth well in condition to be further sent to a. Medi-trail Walk, further growing according to the zoning b. Medicinal Plant Gardens, to be used for Senoi medicinal practicing

Senoi Medicinal Process, Practice + R&D 6) The harvest medicinal plants then to send to Senoi Medicines Preparation Area, follow by community traditional way of drying, sorting, packing and labelling the medicinal plants 7) The process medicinal plants to be further sent to 42

a. Senoi Medicines Practicing Area, whereby the medicines to be further sent to Senoi Medicines Analytical Lab to test for quality, safety and limit contains of drug, heavy metal, acid, toxic, microbial contamination, stability as well as the presence of steroids and other adulterants b. Senoi Medicinal Terrace Retail, for marketing whereby the Senoi medicines have undergo and approve from Analytical Lab 8) Lastly, the result from the labs to be sent back to Senoi Gallery for documentation and preparation for MOH recognition of Senoi Traditional Medicines

Figure 3.23: Senoi Medicinal Analytical Lab

Figure 3.24: Flow chart for the R&D programme & activities

CHAPTER 4: ARCHITECTURAL EXPLORATION “THE CONTINUITY OF SENOI LIVING EXPRESSION…”

Bamboo And The Native People According to the researcher, the early human history of Southeast Asia is called by some writers as the “bamboo age”, in contrast to the later metal age. The native people widely in use bamboo for their house building, household utensils, vessels, tools, weapons, fences, baskets, water-channelling pipes, rafts, musical instruments and ornaments. (Baer, A. S., 2014) According to the respondents in Kg. Kuala Bot Batu 8, Route 59 Tapah, they do not require sophisticated processes to make tools. Their creativity and innovation in the use of bamboo relates to their strong sense of organic and geometry theory. They get inspiration, adaptation, changes and manipulation according to their native surroundings as well as to their needs. Hence, it shows a living composition and expression by the time and changes whereby the community has gone through. Therefore, there is a significance on the use of the bamboo among the native people according to their traditional knowledge from generation to generation.

Figure 4.1: The use of bamboo among the native people

The Possibility Of Bamboo According to the study, there are over 1,600 species of bamboo around the world. Approximately 40 million hectares of earth are covered with bamboo plantations, which are mostly in Asia. There is bamboo cultivation dominant in 6 countries in Asia which are India, China, Myanmar, Philippines, and Indonesia. Bamboo is classified as a monocotyledon plant that belongs to the grass family. Both the species and the growing conditions affect the characteristics of each individual bamboo stalk. Besides, bamboo does not have rays or knots the way wood does. This means that stress applied to the bamboo is evenly distributed over the surface. (Institute of tropical forestry & forest products, UPM 2012)

The characteristic of bamboo, (Sanchez, A., 2011) 1) Local material availability 2) Economic as well as low cost building practice 3) Natural material, which is sustainable, renewable and environmental friendly 4) Light weight, as the structure of bamboo is made up of hollow and highly resistant fibres 5) Strength in compressive and tensile which resist breaking, which also known as “organic steel” 6) Durable and elastic 7) Flexible for shaping 8) Fastest growing plants, with growing properties up 100ft in 3 months times as well as fully maturity within 3 to 5 years’ time 9) Carbon absorber, it is defined as one of the plants absorb the greatest amount of CO2 during its life cycle as well as generates 35% more oxygen than trees of same size 10) Prevents erosion

The general bamboo structure consists of hollow inner, diaphragms, culm, node, branches and internode.

Figure 4.2: The anatomy of Bamboo Source: Google image

According to the study, there are an estimated 70 bamboo species in Malaysia. According to the Forestry Department of Peninsular Malaysia, mainly, the bamboo species in Malaysia are used for furniture, musical instruments, handicrafts, ornamental, landscaping, picture frames, chopsticks and toothpicks. For the meantime, there is still some limitation for the bamboo species in Malaysia to use as the main structural system for a building.

Figure 4.3: The bamboo species in Malaysia Source: Forestry Department of Peninsular Malaysia 48

According to the respondents on site, the community also found the limitation of bamboo to use as the structural system for their settlement construction. Hence, they only use bamboo as the floor and wall finishes for their settlement. Therefore, the possibility of bamboo exploration is proposed for this study.

Bamboo Space Frame According to the researchers, bamboo is an environmentally friendly, high resistance yet lightweight material. It is flexible for load bearing elements in a building. Furthermore, bamboo is high in tension and compression. Hence, it is suitable to be used in structural systems based on linear behaviour. For example, two-dimensional truss and space frame structure. In order to overcome the problems of low shear resistance in bamboo member’s connections to the node, the design on the joint connection shall be considered on. With a proper design for the joint connection, the weakness of bamboo is able to be eliminated which facilitates the implementation of bamboo space frame structure. (Yazdi, M., Moorrjani, V.B., & Golabchi, M.)

The space frame design is based on nodes connecting pole members of a standard length in a three dimensional and triangular pattern in a way that resembles four-sided pyramids between two horizontal grids. The free space between the lower and upper decks of the structure is used for conduits, sprinklers and ventilation systems. The lower deck is ideal for supporting ceiling panels but the proposed structure is left uncovered and used as a strong architectural expression. (Bamboo space frame structures, Ingemar Saevfors, 2012)

In this study, according to the researchers, a pin joint connection by using the galvanized plate and clamp shall be able to overcome the low shear resistance in bamboo member’s connections to the node. The members for the proposed bamboo space frame structure are connected with the use of Mero nodes. In order to control the shear stress at the junction node of bamboo, firstly, the strategy is to convert shear stress to tension and compression in the bamboo. Hence, the installation of the galvanized plate on the members adds on the strength at the end of each bamboo member. Besides, the deformation occurs at the ending edges of each bamboo member is attached by screws to the Mero nodes. Therefore, the proposed galvanized plate acts as an intermediate between the bamboo members and Mero nodes. It generates shear stress at the junction of each bamboo member to the node which is in the proposed galvanized plate instead of bamboo. The proposed galvanized plate then transfers the force by friction to tensile and compressive stresses to bamboo. The proposed galvanized plate is close to the end of the bamboo member by using two metal clamps. The bolts are fastened to the bamboo member for more strength in two-points. (Yazdi, M., Moorrjani, V.B., & Golabchi, M.)

Figure 4.4: The proposed bamboo space frame structure

Figure 4.4: The detail connection at each bamboo members Source: Yazdi, M., Moorrjani, V.B., & Golabchi, M.

In conclusion, bamboo shows the possibility for building construction due to its high tension and compression characteristic. By introducing the technology to prolong the strength as well as the behaviour of bamboo, it shows the possibility for the native people to further explore the use of bamboo in their building construction. It also further enhances the community to express their traditional knowledge as well as their significance values in the use of bamboo over the times. Furthermore, by looking into the efforts to improve bamboo development in Malaysia, it shows the possibility of bamboo construction especially for this proposed building in future. Hence, the architectural exploration of bamboo in this study shall be able to elevate the continuity of Senoi living expression from the past, present towards future.

CHAPTER 5: THE OUTCOMES “THE MEDI-HAVEN OF SENOI…”

Figure 5.1: Approaching to Senoi Community-based Laboratory from Kg. Orang Asli Batu 16 through Medi-Trail Walk

Through Community Perspectives The outcomes of the proposed study create a platform for the Senoi community to reveal their values. By reintroducing themselves to the public, it encourages the community to gain back their confidence especially on their self-sustaining characteristics. Besides, the proposed study also enables them to prolong their community values especially on traditional medicinal knowledge before it disappears.

Figure 5.2: The native people meet on site

Through Ecological Perspectives The disruption on subsistence bases, especially the wild medicinal plants, has become one of the major problems for the Senoi community to continue practice on their traditional medicinal knowledge. Over the times, their biodiversity homelands are being converted to monoculture plantations, developments as well as other large scale government projects which leads to the threats on their native way of life. Furthermore, the harvest and gathering of food and materials especially the medicinal plants from their forest homeland are not much as well as difficult to find nowadays as compared to before. The isolation from their biodiversity forest lands and 54

resources gradually leads to severe loss of the community’s traditional medicinal knowledge and management system. (Nicholas, C., & Lasimbang, J. (Eds.)., 2004) Hence, this proposed study is potential for recovery the disrupted native wild medicinal plants before it disappear. The outcomes of it is not just benefit to Senoi community however to our ecological system as well.

Through Economical Perspectives According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 80% of the world population in many countries are using traditional medicines as their healthcare needs. Besides, according to the Ministry Of Health (MOH), it shows the growing demand for natural healthcare and the widespread use of traditional medicine in our nation. According to the researchers, the market value of the herbal industry reached RM10 billion in 2008 and is expected to increase further to RM32 billion by 2020. Therefore, the proposed building for research and development in the cultivation of medicinal plants, especially the wild native plants, is important for the Senoi community’s future prospects. It is an opportunity for them to participate in the field of biotechnology that is able for the community on their social economy growth. On the other hand, it is also a way to conserve the wild native medicinal plants to co-exist with the rapid development in our country. At the same time, this is also a way forward on the management of biological resources in the country which align with Sixth National Report of Malaysia to the CBD, December 2019. Besides, there is also a need for a more solid platform for the Senoi community to participate directly and benefit equitable gains as they continue to share their experiences on ways to extract medicinal plants both in medicine and health supplements. By enhancing their traditional knowledge as well as their involvement in decision-making which relates to biological resources, it is able to gain back the confidence of Senoi community, especially the young generation, to continue to practice on their traditional medicinal knowledge. Hence, this is another way forward for Senoi traditional knowledge in medicinal plants that support SDG 8 for Economic Growth and Decent Work as well SDG 10 in reducing inequality. Hence, this proposed study has potential not just for the socio-economy growth of the Senoi community, however it potentials to contribute to our nation’s health care system as well as national economy growth.

Through Architectural Perspectives

The meaning of architecture in this proposed study shows a living expression of a community. By responding to the existing essences, the proposed building adapts the textures found on site which apply to the proposed floor and wall finishes. Besides, the proposed bamboo space frame structure is an approach to inspire the Senoi community to further explore bamboo construction according to their creativity, innovation as well as their strong senses in geometry theory. Therefore, this study could be a catalyst for the Senoi community at Route 59 to transform their place into a haven for their traditional medicines as well as a refuge for wild medicinal plants.

Figure 5.3: Entrance statement from the Community Access

Figure 5.4: The atmosphere at Medi-Amphitheatre

Figure 5.5: Overlooking the Centre Core from Incense Pavilion 1

Figure 5.6: The space relationship between Senoi Gallery and Laboratory

Figure 5.7: Laboratory within the existing forest

END NOTE

Over the time, the native people have tirelessly guarded their natural dwelling that is rich in biodiversity. The value differences between the world and indigenous epistemologies leave questions to ponder on. Perhaps, the sustainability for the future of the community is through revealing their values. Perhaps, the sustainability of the world shall be learned through the lens of these native people. The simplicity yet complexity behind these native people generates the need for further research for a better architectural exploration as well as solution. Perhaps, at this stage, a platform to gather and revalue the community indigenous knowledge as well as the native plants are needed before they disappear forever. With this, I would like to enclose with a poem which being inspired along this thesis journey,

Before the development in; They still can hear tiger raum raum, Before the monoculture of plantation; They weave giant baskets with huge wild pandanus leaves. The rapid growth keep on going from north from south from east from west; They guard, protect, and resist but what else is left for them? Imaging the future of a world, control with programmed, mechanised and automated; Imaging the future of a world, with nothing to hold for a story to be told. Everyone, every creature needs space to live, grow and survive, From a sense of self to the sense of belonging, From a history to a tradition to a culture, For what they believe they do they practice, it speaks the true language of the land. What they live for, rest for, and care for are not just for themselves, But to the heart of the living rainforest that belongs to you and to the world. Let the plants continue to breathe, continue to grow, Let their indigenous knowledge continue to manifest, continue passing on…

(The above words and message being inspired and giving credit to “Mad Weave” & “Solastalgia Forest, Crafts and the People” by GERIMIS)

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APPENDICES