soviet effect
http://www.su155.ru/special_projects/photoexhibition/
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Abisheva yuliana
kask elina
Social housing and the welfare state
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content
Brief information about countries
housing development in russia during 1960 - 2000) social housing in russia nowadays
housing development in estonia during 1940 2000 social housing in estonia nowadays
conclusion
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leading question
How soviet era dwelling plans reflects on social hosing nowadays? What are the consequences?
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Russia and estonia
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Russia and estonia
Official Name Capital Area Population Ethnic groups Official Name Capital Area Population Ethnic groups
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Russian Federation Moscow (pop. 8.3 million) 17 million km² (6.5 million sq. mi.) 143 million (2012) Russian 81%, Tatar 4%, Ukrainian 3%, other 12%.
Republic of Estonia Tallinn (pop. 398 500) 45,227 km² (17,462 sq. mi.) 1.31 million (2012) Estonians 65%, Russians 28%, Ukrainians 2.5%, Belarusians 1.4%, Finns 0.9%, other 2.2%. Retrieved from: http://www.nationsonline.org
history timeline
KONSTRUCTIVISM VS STALIN'S AMPIR
"KHRUSHEVKI" (5 storey buildings)
(mass low-cost housing)
19
30
50
40
60
Collectivisation and purges
"Brezhnev era" (9 storey buildings)
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HOUSING REFORMS (NO STYLE) STYLE CRISIS
80
90
20
00
now
Post-Stalin "thaw" Khrushchev makes a secret speech to the 20th Communist Party congress denouncing Stalin's dictatorial rule and cult of personality.
The Brezhnev era
World War II and its aftermath
Death of the Soviet Union
Glasnost and perestroika resourse: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17858981
SLUM AND GARDEN SUBURB
19
20
"KHRUSHEVKI" (5 storey buildings)
(mass low-cost housing)
"Brezhnev era" (9 storey buildings)
BOOM IN BUILDING AND REBUILDING (orientation towards the west)
FUNCTIONALISM
40
50
60
70
80
90
Post -Stalin "thaw" Khrushchev makes a secret speech to the 20th Communist Party congress denouncing Stalin's dictatorial rule and cult of personality.
NEW IDEOLOGY IS IMPORTED OCCUPATION OF ESTONIA Collectivisation and purges
The Brezhnev era
INDEPENDENCE OF ESTONIA
20
00
HOUSING REFORMS PRIVATIZATION
now
NEW ARCHITECTURE RECYCLING SOCIALISM
Glasnost and perestroika
resourse: http://www.estonica.org/en/Culture/Architecture/
Retrieved from: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17858981
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architecture timeline RUSSIA
19
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
40
50
60
70
80
90
20
00
now
00
now
ESTONIA
19
30
8
20
PREFAB HOUSING IN RUSSIA
(D, Safiulina,2012)
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trushebi
khrushebi
N.s. khrushev First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union 10
http://www.aif.ru/dontknows/file/1194584
1-510
1-511
1-447
К-7
II-32
II-29
1-318
1-335
1-464 БМ-4
http://www.su155.ru/special_projects/photoexhibition/
Щ-5416
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prerequisite 1 extremely low technical conditons 2 the los of big part of the housing fund during the IIWW 3 low cost housing every family
hopes and ideas 1 each family a separate apartment 2 communist utopia (collective consumption, comon ownership, equality) 3 good quality of life
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( B, Rudden,1966)(V, Kristin,2011)(J, Zavisca, 2012)
http://www.su155.ru/special_projects/photoexhibition/
prefabricated houses vs brick houses 1 Faster and cheaper (20-30%) 2 Labor costs per 1 sq.m. panel house reduced by 20% (it was reflected on the construction cost: -6% of total cost) 3 The laboriousness of panel structure production is three time less 4 Smaller production areas 5 Reduces steam consumption and energy 6 Do not require additional finishing
(Y, Monfred,1961) ( SNiP 2.08.01-85)
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plans
For the 1959- 1964 years it was planned to build 73 mln.sq.m of housing and by 1964 the roductivity of factories was expected to provide 28, 2 mln. sq.m of living space per year. In the next 10-12 years to eliminate the need for housing
In Estonia the Soviet-era panel-apartment districts were realized and built between 1962-1990. The 3 biggest living districts are located in Tallinn. New Social Housing was a way how to implement new ideology and to built up new society.
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(Y, Monfred,1961) (A, Ader, 2013)
http://www.su155.ru/special_projects/photoexhibition/
снИп SNiP 15
khrushevka
ceiling height 2.5-2.7 m bad sound isolation combined bathroom useful life of a building 25 years on the avarage: studio apartment on 16 sq.m one bedroom apartment 22 sq.m two bedroom apartment 30 sq.m tree bedroom apartment 40 sq.m
2 BEDROOM
STUDIO APARTMENT
1 BEDROOM
minimum kitchen area 4.5 sq.m
5000
6.69 15.55
17.92
1.61
bedroom (6 sq. M per person, 8 sq.m - double)
4.48
2.17
16
1.61
0.93 17.92 6.72
310
17.92
4.33 4.48
5000
living room (not less than 14 sq.m)
11.46
3200
3200
6.72 3200
11.46
3200
Retrieved from: http://istoria-stroitelstvo.narod.ru/
khrushevka
Retrieved from: http://www.archunion.com.ua/kniga/kniga_002_001.shtml
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Norilsk, 2013. Alexander Gronsky
disappointment
“Housing co- operatives are growing in Moscow like mushrooms after rain. However, they lack of roads and stretts lights... and there is no guidance on the difficult question of allotting expenses among the members� (Pravda, January 10, 1964)
People are not satisfied with living conditions
(B, Rudden,1966)
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Norilsk, 2013 Alexander Gronsky
President of the Soviet Union from 1990 to 1991
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http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/chi-eyebrows-brezhnev-19791006-photo.html
http://www.mn.ru/moscow_people/20130512/345150914.html
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II30
II3
п44
п22
п3
п30
п31
п42
п43
п44
п46
http://www.su155.ru/special_projects/photoexhibition/
changes
1 number of stories in a building (9-12-15) 2 less two-bedroom appartments 3 celling height changed from 2,5 to 2,7 m 4 kitchen area expended to almost 7 sq.m. (later to 13,5 sq.m.)
Retrieved from: http://istoria-stroitelstvo.narod.ru/
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http://www.su155.ru/special_projects/photoexhibition/
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http://www.su155.ru/special_projects/photoexhibition/
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http://www.su155.ru/special_projects/photoexhibition/
Microrayon
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Retrieved from: http://greatersp.blogspot.de/2010/10/every-day-life.html
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population and dwelling statistics
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1960
58 42
1965
67
62 38
1970
69 33
1975
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1979
The proportion of urban and rural population
35. 628
1960
44.578
44. 394
1965
1970
72
70 30
1980 urban (%)
55. 821
55. 528
1975
1979
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1985 rural(%)
48. 583
42. 706
1980
1985
Dwellings prodused by social sector (number)
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(I, Boutenko, 1997)
90s
privatization
(Matiss Groskaufmanis, Blazej Czuba, 2012)
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housing development in 2000 and later
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
30-40 apartments
12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
96 apartments
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
127 apartments
25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
150 apartments
HOUSING DEVELOPMENT OF 2000 AND LATER
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(S, Lizhin, 2010)
the age structure of people lived in the post soviet houses
100 80 60 40 20 0
1910
(S, Lizhin, 2010)
1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970
1980 1990 2000
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2000 2014
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http://realty.rbc.ru/articles/05/12/2013/562949989848894.shtml
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Estonia
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VÄIKE-ÕISMÄE Year:
1974-1977
architects:
Malle Meelak, mart port
Typeprojects:
5/9/16 STOREYS HOUSING
population:
27,685
Social objects:
5 schools 6 kindergartens 2 libraries 5 service centers (”ABC”) 37
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http://thetallinncollector.com/travel-and-info/the-new-vaike-oismae/
http://thetallinncollector.com/travel-and-info/the-new-vaike-oismae/
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Migration capacity from 1953 up to 1995
200000 180000 100000 60000 0 1953
1960
from rural
40
1965
1970
urban arrival
1975
1980
rural arrival
1985
1900
1995
from town
http://www.psych.ut.ee/esta/online/1999/full_text/1999/1/ainsaar.html
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http://thetallinncollector.com/travel-and-info/the-new-vaike-oismae/
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http://thetallinncollector.com/travel-and-info/the-new-vaike-oismae/
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http://thetallinncollector.com/travel-and-info/the-new-vaike-oismae/
2000 2014
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http://www.adograaf.ee/tuuga/blogi/images/20100602213951__mg_9263.jpg
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http://g4.nh.ee/images/pix/900x585/f797462d/file62079150_7d9556aa.jpg
http://g4.nh.ee/images/pix/900x585/f797462d/file62079150_7d9556aa.jpg
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Väike Õismäe vision competition Tallinn Architecture Biennale 2013 Recycling Socialism First Prize: Strelka institution
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conclusion
russia
Estonia
privatization
Recycling Socialism
Soviet type of dwelling is still
Renovation or Demolition of the
under construction
former Socialist Housing Districts
the problems of periphery New modern and high quality housing
Architecture and
mostly for the middle class
New Types of Social Housing
attempts to study this problem by
privatization
Strelka Institute
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reference Boutenko, I . (1997). Recent social trends in Russia, 1960- 1995 : comparative changing of social change, 7. McGill- Queen’s Universuty Press 1997. Blazej, C. (2012). Re-briefing Khrushchev’s dream. Research report :citizents as customers. Moscow: Srtelka press. Kristin,V. (2011). Khrushevka, kommunalka: Socialism and daily life during the Thaw, 160. The new history of Russia, (1). Monfred, B. (1961). Concrete-panel construction (cassette forms production) collection of articles,3,4,5,79. Moscow: State Publishing House of the literature on construction, architecture and building materials. Rudden, B. (1966). Soviet Housing and the New Civil Code. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 15(01), 231-262. Safiulina, D. (2012). Upcycling model: reevaluating wasre in Russia. Research report : citizents as customers. Moscow: Srtelka press. Zavisca, J. (2014). Housing in New Russia. International Journal of Urban Regional Research, 38 (2), 727-728. 51
Ader, A., Klementi, K., Tþugu, K. (2013). TAB 2013: Recycling Socialism. Estonian Centre of Architecture. Tallinn. Ruoppila, S. (2006). Residential differentiation, housing policy and urban planning in the transformation from state socialism to a market economy: the case of Tallinn. University of Technology. Helsinki. Kurg, A. (2009). Architects of the Tallinn School and the critique of Soviet modernism in Estonia. Tallinn. Retrieved from: https://www.academia.edu/869605/Architects_of_the_Tallinn_ School_and_the_critique_of_Soviet_modernism_in_Estonia Kurg, A. (2013). The turning point in 1978. Architects of the Tallinn School and their late socialist public. Tallinn. Retrieved from: https://www.academia.edu/8225750/The_turning_point_ in_1978._Architects_of_the_Tallinn_School_and_their_late_socialist_public Kährik, A. (2002). Changing Social Divisions in the Housing Market of Tallinn, Estonia. Tartu University. Tartu. Krivy, M., Tuvikene, T. (2014). Socialist and Post-Socialist Urbanisations. Estonian Urbanists Review U. Tallinn. Retrieved from: http://urban.ee/issue/en/16#
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Kurik, K. (2014). Unfinished Socialism: Five Images from Tallinn. Estonian Urbanists Review U. Tallinn. Retrieved from: http://urban.ee/issue/en/16# Encyclopedia about Estonia. Retrieved from :http://www.estonica.org/en/Culture/Architecture/ The Tallinn Collector. Retrieved from: http://thetallinncollector.com
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