green neighborhood - bachelor's thesis Yuri Rocco 2016 by Yuri Rocco

POLITECNICO DI MILANO Faculty of Architecture and Society Degree course in Science of Architecture

GREEN NEIGHBOURHOODS

Year: 2015/2016 Relatore: Ivica Covic Tesi di: Yuri Rocco

INDEX

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 CONFERENCE 1.2 CLIMATE 1.3 APPROACHES

2. BUILDING AS MACHINE 2.1 BEDZED

3. CLASSIC BUILDING 3.1 HOTTING - WEST

4. SOCIAL HOUSING 4.1 PLAISANCE

5. REFURBISHMENT 5.1 TOUR BOIS LE PETRE 5.2 EUROPAREI

6. CONCLUSION 6.1 COMPARISON 6.2 PROJECT

7. BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. INTRODUCTION

The value of architecture is to translate the culture of society, which builds and lives during a specific period in history, through physical signs on the land. The architectural work must necessarily be regarded as an outcome of essential human need to design your own present and turn it to the composition of their own future. (Mario Docci) In the span of a few years, the planning, design and construction fields have been swept up in a dynamic discussion of sustainability and green buildings. In design studios and construction sites, we are lerning to share new goals and new standards and even a new language. (Andrea di Franco) Sustainability is about the promises of things the will last - buildings with long and useful lives, forms of energy that are renewable, communities that endure. Green building is about turning the promises of sustainability into reality. The twenty-first century will be the period of cities and urbanization affected also from the event of globalization characteristic of the end of the twentieth century. According to various sources, in the next 40 years the level of global urbanization will dramatically grow rising from almost 60% in 2030 to 70% of the population in 2050. This mean that for the first time in history more than half of the population

will lives in urban areas. The questions in terms of urban distribution, shape, size and density are becoming increasingly complex and politicized because the built environment will directly reflect on the quality of life. The interpreation of globalization has different point of view, but acording with experts the most important is the energy one. City today are the largest users of fossil fuel, pruducing more than 80% of emissions of climate gases, being so the most actor in cliamtic changes. Today the big question, touching many field in particular the architectural and urban planning ones, is asking for solutions to face this problem taking into account that the cities are the product of the technology of fossil fuel, so how to tranform or reinvent cities improving the life quality? In the past twenty-five years many experts thought that the solution of this big question of sustainability had its answer in an intelligent combination of renewable energy sources as solar, wind, biomass and thermal energy. All this promises a clean and secure energy future in urban environment. But unfortunately, the air pollution condintion, that in several city is critical, it is still growing with an uncontrolled speed. Here is the second question, how to tranform the city not only in an “green” energy producer, but also in an “absorbing sink” to guarantee a decrease of air pollution?

Parks, green ways, green roofs and its efficent architecture in combitation with infrastructure for “green” energy production will be the new urban scenarios that will try to face these problems. Some “visionary” experts theorized a transformation of neighbourhoods, into autonomus units powered by renewable energy immersed in green atmosphere making it fully independent and friendly environmentally efficent: this is already a plausable concept. These neighbourhoods and the transformation of so many networks into “smart” networks able to transform and distribute energy, will in fact open the door to the third industrial revolution of the 21st century. The last question characterizing our period, still connected with the problem of pollution, is the porblem of 0 km. This question includes not only what concerns about food travels and quality of the product that is decised from their freshness, but also in the architectural field it touch the materials travel while the construction phase is in act. Most of the builidng have built with materials coming from every where in the world, it means that for their transportation, many sources are used which than are transformed in pollution. Fortunatelly now a days there are different options to face this problem. Many architects opt for materials reachable within 50 km, prefabicated materials or better for reusable materials coming from

demolished sites. The potential in the reusable materials or the one reachable in few km it is enormous. It will effect not only the climatic goals or the problems realted to the limitated sources, but also the questioning in the financial and timing field mostly when the committence it is a public autority.

1.1 ENVIRONMENTAL CONFERENCE From the United Nationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s conference on environment and progress done in Rio de Janeiro in the 1992, to the Kyotoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s conference in the decembre 1997, the global attention was focused on the sustainability progress: moving on in a direction thus future generations will have the possibility to realize their aspirations. The linking wire of this program is the so called Agenda 21: a series of commitments decided from the conference of the 1992 in Rio de Janeiro, from which in a global and local scale for the twenty-first century, it will help to preserve our natural sources, our environment and our climate with a global idea. To this general idea also architecture have is own part to be respected. Now a days, architects have to face problems that actually have always been there since centuries: try to realize the idea of a better quality of life in houses and cities with what nature provide us for free as sun, wind, microclimate of a place, the thermic capacity of the ground and of materials, the trasparency and the opacity of the atmosphere to different radiations, the cooling of the water that is evaporizying, the different shadows given from seasos and natural

elements as trees and plants and te colours of facades and roofs.

1.2 CLIMATE Several environmental crises are motivating us to reevaluate how we plan, design and construct buildings. Air and water pollution resulting from fossil fuel use, fallout from nuclear power plant accidents, and the incipient and potential devastation of climate change all point to a critical need to reduce energy use. Human illness resulting from exposure to toxic chemicals compels us to re-examine their intensive use, especially in building materials. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which includes more than 1300 scientists from all the world, reports that “warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level”. According to the IPCC, the impactsof climate change have already begun and are expected to only get worse. The consequences of climate change also include such extreme weather events as increased cyclone activity and longer, more frequent,and more intense heat waves; reduced snow cover and greater incidence of coastal and inland flooting; shifting plant and animals ranges and loss of biodiversity, and reduced water avaibility

for human consumption, agricolture and energy generation. The major cause of climate change is the increasing concentrations of greenhouses gases produced by human activities, such as deforestation, changes in land use and especially the burning of fossil fuels. This findingis recognized by the national science academies of all major industrialized nations. Greenhouse gases, primarily water vapor but including smaller amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), are emissions that rise into the atmpsphere and act as a thermal blanket, absorbing heat and reemitting it in all directions. The downward portion of this re-radiation is known as the green house effect and serves to warm the Earth’s surface and lower atmosphere to a life-supporting average of 15°C. Without this natural greenhouse effect, life on earth as we know it would not be possible. Beginning with the Industrial Revolution, however, the burning of fossil fuels in ever-increasing amounts has contributed to higher concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide in the atmosphere, intensifying the natural greenhouse effect and contributing to global warming and climate change. Data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration indicates buildings are responsible for almost half of the total energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions annually.

What is revealt to any discussion of sustainable design is that most of the building sectorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s energy consumption is not attributable to the production of materials or the process of construction, but rather to the operational processes, such as the heating, cooling and lighting of buildings. This means thet to reduce the energy consumption and greenhouses emissions generated by the use and maintainance of buildings over their life span, it is necessary to properly design, site, and shape builidings and incorporate efficent heating, cooling, ventilation, and lighting strategies.

1.3 APPROACHES To face this environmental crises, for what concern the architectural field, architects and engineers have been exploring different solution and apporaches to aim the goals. This thesis will explain, analyse and compare three project of new spaces and two of refurbishment, each of it with its own approach to sustainable and green architecture. Starting from a project in the south of London, Bedzed, where the “building is conceived as a machine” of the city, a place where to live but also where to work or to do sports, which a the same time is providing facilities to produce and use energy, passing through a “classical building” in Innsbruck, Hotting-West, where the architects used a complicated system to keep warm the dwellings and a smart way to provide personal decision on the appearence of the builidng to guarantee a non monotonal impact, touchingalso the theme of sustainability on “social housing” with the project Plaisance in Saint Nazaire, where the only technological aspect it is actually the programmation of the entire construction phase and the use of natural heating through the “PLUS” space, until the theme of “reuse” in architecture with the project Tour Bois le Petre in Paris

and Europarei in Uilthoorn, south of Amsterdam, where thsnks to the taken decisions, the architects were able to provide a more qualitative housing space for the inhabitants and big improvement on the energy consumption. At the end of thi thesis, based on this analitical part, a design solution for a urban housing complex will be given.

2. BUILDING AS MACHINE

2.1 BED ZED

The Beddington Zero Energy development is an environmentally friendly housing development in Wallington, a suburb in the south of London. Designed by the architect Bill Dunster in association with Arup group, the project achieves remarkable reductions in energy use, while proposing a new ecological solution for multi-family and multi-functions projects. Bedzed is the UKâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest mixed use, carbon-neutral development, and when in 2002 was built, it set new standards in sustainable building. The client is Peabody Trust, an importan company based in London that deals with contruction housing in key economic and social regeneration, who was asked to develop this project by the Bio Regional development, a body in charge of facilitating the entry of market practices sustainable. At the base of the project we find the demand from the client:

- 1/3 of the houses will be sold - 1/3 will be for shared ownership - 1/3 for social housing for rent. The Bedzed urban system reconciles high-density with amenity, providing each dwelling with a sky garden or a terrace. A combination of passive measures and proven, cost effective technologies from

1. Aereal view of the complex. Source: BedZed official website. 2. Regional framing. 3. District framing.

4. Ground floor plan and semi-pubblic spaces. 5.Planimetric scheme of the circulation and different functions. (pag. 21) 6.Planimetric scheme of the unit typologies. (pag. 21)

the strategy of an integrated, sustainable development. A rigourus specification process helped reduce the environmental impact of the contruction process. The urban design of the complex is elementary, organized in five bloks dense, each consisting of a building of three floors above the ground, for a total of 82 rooms and 2500 sm of mixed use as work, recreational spaces and commercial facilities. Both the planimetric system and the section are designed to optimize the shape of the building with the aim to reduce the need for artificial lighting and thermal losses, in order to minimize the use o heating and cooling systems. Therefore the buildings are oriented and consequently planimetrically distributed so as to make the most of the solar radiation in combination with a careful choice of materials for the transmittance characteristics and thermal mass. The compactness of form has allowed the establishment of a sufficiently large population provide critical mass to help to trigger social community processes. Bedzedâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fundamental goal, explicit in its name, is Zero-Operating Enezrgy. Thenks to the early study on functions and connections the land travel emission are reduced through a number of means. The idea was to show how it was possible to combine work space with housign

LONDON

whilst matching the residential densities of the sorrounding dormitory suburb, and actually increasign overall standards of amenity. Important is Bedzed’s longterm role in shifting the paradignm of communiting suburbs. The project balances residential and commercial spaces: -16% of the projects floor area is for live-work spaces -7.5% are for commercial enterprises on site. The live-work spaces can be used by local residents, or by reverse commuters who might live further in the urbanized region of southeast england. Both locals residents and commuter, could take adventage from the well connected site: The development is in close proximity to mass transit ( 2 bus routes within 300 feets and 500 mt to regional railway station), allowing residents easy access to employment in the greater london region. The north facing work space can be divided up into small units each with its ow front door to the street, or knocked through to create one large work space the length of an entire terrace, with enough desk space for a 30 or 40 person office. The commercial spaces include a organic cafè, pub and grocery shop, a sporting centre and a living centre with nurcery. Besides adding to the life and vitaly

of the place, these places reduce the need for residents to drive for goods and sevices. The strategy to reduce “foodmiles” is similarly transportation-based and multipronged. Most foods travel thousands of kilometers from farm to distributor to grocery store before they end up on the dinner table. Bedzed incorporates an organic grocery store onsite, making the choice to buy low-impact, healthy foods the most convenient option. For the living space, the project it is organized by different typologies of accomodation: -1/2 bed flats -3 bed maisonettes -5 bed townhouses A mixture of both large and small family homes as well as one the two bed flats, led to a wide variety of different plan unit types, each changing to suit the position within the masterplan and cross section. The peculiarity of these house is the attempt to reduce environmental impact by providing individual garden plots with each residence. This was achieved by matching south facing rows of signle aspect residential terraces with north facing live/work units or work space. By placing gardens on the work space roof, it was possible to give every home a garden or a terrace, whilst

WORKSHOP CAR

ORGANIC SHOP / CAFFE

1/2 BED FLATS

SPORT CLUB HOUSE

HEALTHY LIVING CENTRE / NURSERY

3 BED MAISONETTES

WORKSHOP

PARKING

PEDESTRIAN

5 BED TOWNHOUSES

ORGANIC SHOP / CAFFE HEALTHY LIVING CENTRE / NURSERY

PARKING

achieving high levels of cool northlight within the office space. Summer sun (during the growing season) rises high enough to give the gardens at least partial sun during the day, and their placement facilities a deliberate shaping of solar envelope to permit winter sun and passive heating. Arguably, though, the more radical step of providing individual gardens space may be a less successfull strategy than a community garden. A community garden would have better solar access and give more benefits from economies with the sharing of land and gardening techniques. Most important, pheraps, it could enhance the social interaction of the residents. Even though, the private gardens have different benefits: their placement allowss building scheme to permit winter sun to reach every units southern sun room, and they provide a private, if small, outdoor space for each units. The technical aspect to reduce energy consuption for heating, it has been associated with a centralized system powered by wood chips (low co2 emissions), which also provides hot water, and overall the requirements for each dwelling has fallen to 10% of a similar traditional units. The production of electricity is entirely photovoltaic or wind origin: an istallation of 777 m2 and a miniturbines placed on

1.Technologiacal section showing the ventilation, water and energy system of the builidngs. 2.Technical section showing the climatic zones and thermal system. 3.View on the roofâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s garden. Source: BedZed official web site. 4.Axonometric view showing the different units interaction and spaces.

freen foofs at times produce a surplus that is channeled into the national grid, making Bedzed an energy exporter; the energy produced by pv saves the annual 46 tons in co2 emissions and the installation costs were amortized over four years. The consuption of water is limited due to a collection and recycling system, but also thanks to the use of materials easy to clean finish with high standards of confort. Washing machines were installed that consume 39 liter per wash against the 100 liters of common machines. Flushing the toilet, which account for 25% on average annual water consumption for person, are reduced by 7.5/9 liters per once to 2/4 liters. The south walls of the buildings are arranged to accomodate additional solar pannels. Whole project area is 30, on foot and bicycles safety, the mobility system os focused on the use of public transport: for the residents there is a service of car-sharing and scooter-sharing both electric, to give the possibility to adopt a sustainable transport behavior and create interpersonal networks of community living. The tranfer of jobs to the area, creating in buildings of working space are wired with broadband and can be managed independently. The phylosophy of consumption food products at zero kilometers, together with the buying groups system are elements that help relieve traffic congestion.

2. IN SUMMER PRODUCES COOLING

HIGHLY INSULATED= 0.1 W/m2K WINDOWS= TRIPLE GLAZED AIRTIGHTNESS= 2 AC/HR @50Pa SUN SPACE= DOUBLE GLAZED TO ROOM & TO OUTSIDE

IN WINTER STORES PASSIVE HEAT GAINS UNTIL NEEDED EXPOSED THERMAL MASS

WORK

NORTH FACING WINDOWS GOOD DAYLIGHT MINIMUM SOLAR HEAT GAIN

CIRCULATION

HOME

SUN SPACE

EXTENSIVE SOUTH FACING GIVING GOOD, PASSIVE SOLAR HEAT GAIN GLAZED BUFFER SUN SPACE. MINIMUM NORTH GLAZING FOR DAYLIGHT

WIND DRIVEN VENTILATION WITH HEAT RECOVERY

RAINWATER COLLECTION PV TO CHARGE ELECTRIC CAR

LOW FLUSH WC

IT WIRED

RAINWATER STORE

LOW-E LIGHTING & APPLIANCES

FOUL WATER TREATMENT ELECTRICITY

SEPTIC TANK HOT WATER

In the construction phase were used low impact building materials. Structural steelwork and softwood walling studs from local demolition sites for re-manufactoring into useful new structural components. Most bulk materials and labour were sourced within 80 kilometers radius of the site, enabling the completed embodied carbon to compare favorably with that of a volume housebuilderâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s industry standard product, despite having thiker walls and considerably higher thermal mass. After three years of settlement of the population was conducted a sociological surveyon the quality of life in Bedzed, highlighting the improvement of many aspects: 25 -Internal environment of the best buildings for the favoravle daytime lighting conditions, the presence of greenhouses and interior design of good quality. -External environment to better buildings for the presence of balconies and gardens, the peace,security and traffic moderate to zone 30. -Economic benefits due tu energy savinBIOFUEL CHP gs in the consumption of water, electricity, heating and the reduction of costs for the property and the maintenance of cars. -Health benefits that are evident in the reduction of allergic syndromes, improvement ventilation of rooms, more movements on foot and by bicycle favored by the perceived safe and enjoyable.

-Creating a sense of community and neighbourhood. -Convenience in the use of public tranport services, the supply of foodstuffs, enjoyment of sports and leisure facilities.

3. CLASSICAL BUILDING

3.1 HOTTING - WEST

This project was the outcome of a competition won by the firm Baumschlager & Eberle and than built in Innsbruck in 2002. The commissioner was the same patron which few years before, commissioned the project Mitterweg to the same studio, still in Innsbruck, which was taken as prototype for this much larger residential complex. The project had to deal with a large number of apartment, but also with the situation at the edge of the city and the connection with the surrounding countryside. The project is situated on the western outskirts of the city, close to the wooded foothills of the mountains. The existing buildings of the neighbourhood where Hotting - West project has been built, were made up with different typologies, from terrace houses till high-rise buildings. Important is the presence of a kindergarden and a sporting center, respectivelly on the east side of the complex. The urban patchwork is boarded by the university campus whose â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;60s architecture also articulates a quite specific attitude to urban planning, as it still consists of two to three story bases that are crowned by high-rise blocks.

1. Internal path view. Source: Baumshlager & Eberle offical website. 2. Regional framing. 3. District framing. 4. Roof top.

Just at the bottom of the university campus it is located the Innsbruck Airport. In urban planning terms, the aim of the competition was to give a clear definition to the western periphery of Innsbruck. While the site boundaries and density were established by the municipality, the architects declare : “ this assignment proved to be relatively linear: the problem was to allow penetrability despite the high denisity of the buildings ” . The choice was for six free-standing variegated building masses, stepped according to the height ( 5 to 7 floors) and orientation, with continuous balconies around the outside providing protected outdoor spaces. The distance between the buildings depended on their height and location on the site. The architects in an interview said: ” it was a kind of game to find out how the distances and the necessary gaps between the buildings could be used to optimise the trasparency, the orientation, the effects of the sunlight, the shade and the views”. In fact they studied hardly and carrefully these gaps bacause these distances had to work for every building with no consideration to where it is located on the site and its relationship to the surrounding buildings. Obviously the trasparency and masses of the buildings changes according to where you are within the complex. At the end some shading studies showed

INNSBRUCK

that despite of the high density of the scheme, every dwelling would enjoy direct sunlight but also that the complex itselfs provides many surprising views in all directoins establish close links with the landscape. The public exeterior semi-public spaces, were designed by the landscape architect Gunther Vogt of Kienast Vogt in collaboration with different artists which defined theme zones and installed different â&#x20AC;&#x153;artistic-structureâ&#x20AC;? in front of each building entrance. But for this complex the exterior space no longer plays a major role and the activities that used to take place there are being tranferred to a more private space: the balcony zones. Obviously there are still childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s playgrounds, the area is for the gran part only padestrian accessible but since the public lowns no longer have the significance that they use to enjey, the balcony theme was an important and well defined subject for this project. Now a days everyone wants a balcony, a terrace or, at ground floor level, a small garden or a patio. For this reason very prominent balcony zone was proposed for Hotting - West. This zone can be completely closed off with the aid of copper shutters, which offers the opportunity of individually modifying the outer membrane of the building. But this has something to do with the surrounding urban structure: although the buildings are of different

heights, the actual dimensions of all the houses remain the same. Nevertheless, the complex tries to avoid producing an impression of uniformity and monotony, so if every resident has the opportunity of adding their contribution to their particular part of this outer membrane of the building by opening or closing the shutters, the appearence of the buildings will change continually and this is an important aspect for such a densely built-up structure. Since the architects had already dealt with several house projects and made a lot of investigation on typology and solutions, the Hotting - West comes from the prototype Mitterweg where special attention was also paid to the access and service core. The entrance of each buildings it is composed by a corridor that brings yuo to the core of the struture; an hole with an elliptical shape, closed at the top by a glass surface that let the sunlight reach the ground floor, broken by two hard volumes: the staircase and the elevator. Those vertical connections, brings you to the inner corridors located arround the ellipse with doorways set in small niches for each apartments. In the apartments themselves, only bathroom and kitchen are actually adjacent to the inner circulation, while the main rooms are aligned behind the facade. This has one enormus benefit: this layout

1. Tipical floor plan. Source: Baumshlager & Eberle offical website. KINDERGARDEN

2. Tipical ground floor plan. Source: Baumshlager & Eberle offical website.

PEDESTRIAN CAR

3. Planimetric scheme of the circulation and different functions, showing the shadowing projection.

N 3.

allows maximum individuality in the treatment of the space avaible. It is a very simple process to omit or to add a room: all to do is to take away or insert a partition wall, while the band of bathrooms, kitchens and ancillary rooms remained untouched. This is an highly significant development as far as the ground-plan typologies are concerned: there is a service zone and there is also the possibility of adapting the living area to individual requirements. Very diverse domestic arrangements can be realized in such an apartment, and the two child family is no more the common denominator. It is left to the individual to decide whether he or she wants no rooms at all or a number of rooms of equal dimentions. This complex is composed by 6 blocks with the only difference on the height, from 5 to 7 floors, with 4 typology of apartments, for a total of 300 apartments. One of these six builidings hosts a clinic for the elderly, while some apartments are equipped with special equipment for the accommodation of elderly and disabled. All the apartments are connected to the underground garage that can host till 287 cars. The energy concept functioned on the basis of recycling heat and controlled ventilation, using energy stored in used air and energy product by the people

who lives in. - The air intakes is via the roof (1). In the winter, cold external air is heated to a temperature of 0-10 째C by means of solar storage unit (2). When there is no solar heating of the air intake, a gas heater (3) performs this function. - In the ventilating appliance for the dwellings (4), the fresh-air intake is heated to 16-20 째C by heat extracted from the exhaust air (5). In this process the 80% of the thermal energy from the exhaust air (20-22 째C) is recovered to heat the fresh air, with no contamination with the ventilated air. - In the event of no heating being necessary as a result of heat gains from people, lighting or insulation, the fresh-air intakes is fed into living rooms and bedrooms without being preheated. When heating is required, the fresh-air intake is heated to roughly 30-40 째C by a minimal-sized ventilation heat pump (4). - The fresh air is conveyed to the ventilaton outlet (6) in the living and sleeping areas via thermally insulated ducts in the concrete floor slabs. - Vitiated air is removed from the kitchens, bathrooms and WCs by suction. The air from the living rooms and other spaces flows through the slits beneath the doors (7). The extractor of cooking fumes occurs separately via activated carbon filters. - As part of the ventilation system, exhaust air passes through a heat-recovery plant and is released at roof level (8). - Solar heating of hot-water supply is by means of solar collectors (9) and central solar elements (2).

1.Technological section showing the ventilation, thermal and energy system. Source: Baumshlager & Eberle offical website. 2. Tipical elevation 3. Functions and units schemes. GARAGE

4. Tipical long section. CORRIDOR GARAGE GARAGE

GARAGE

SERVICEshort section. CORRIDOR 5. Tipical 4 ROOMS

SERVICE

3 ROOMS GARAGE

4 ROOMS

CORRIDOR

SERVICE

4 ROOMS

3 ROOMS

2 ROOMS CORRIDOR

3 ROOMS

SERVICE 1 ROOMS

2 ROOMS

1 ROOMS

BALCONY

BALCONY 4 ROOMS

1 ROOMS

3 ROOMS

BALCONY

2 ROOMS 1 ROOMS BALCONY

- When insulation occurs, the solar collectors, with an area of 140-190 m2 per building, yield their heat to the central solar storage elements (80-150 m3 per building) situated in the corners of the basement garages.

- In summer, the requisite hot water is heated in the storage elements (with a temperature of 40-60 °C) and then fed into hot-water tanks in the individual dwellings (10), where the water tanks can be reheated by means of the heat pump (roughly 65% more efficient than an electric water heater). - In winter, solar heat is used to warm the air supply (11). At this time of the year, the storage temperature can sink to 5-15 °C. With the temperatures around 20°C, the collectors can yield solar heat. With conventional collectors, very high yields of around 450 kWh per m2 of collector area can be achieved. 36

- The rainwater is collected and used for flushing toilets, providing 55% coverage. According to meteorological data, precipitation in Innsburck produces 5,400 m3 of water per annum over the entire roof area.

Since the Neue Heimat is the only non-profit making housing organizatoin in Tyrol, the rents are low and most of the present occupants of the dwellings had been on the waiting list for a long time. The Neue Heimat is naturally interested in low maintainance and follow-up costs. This means ensuring high quality standars in the workmanship and materials, and implementing an economical energy concept. Part of the additional costs were financed through the support programme

“Low-Energy Housing in Tyrol”. In anticipation of problems with the unusual form of the mechanical services, occupants were givrn a comprehensive introduction to these facilities, and a video was produced to help them operate the ventilation system. For the Architects, the installation of separate appliances for each dwelling has the advantage the it simplifies accounting. The overal response from the occupants was positive, some problems came out with 300 units where the maintainance is relatively high: many residents were surprised that the electricity bill was high compearing to the heating bill. On the whole, occupants are extremelly satisfied with the standars of finishings. The sliding-folding shutters were the most disconcerting feature since some occupants went as far as possible to try to get removed this dark elements. The ventilation and heating system is more efficient only in this compact typologies of housing and when the deal is maintained: the occupants must be prepared to axcept that the windows must be closed or the balance will be altered, but than everyone can act by himself.

4. SOCIAL HOUSING

4.1 PLAISANCE

In the 2006, the architectural studio Lacaton&Vassal has been chosen by SilĂ¨ne, the low-income housing office of Saint Nazaire, for work on the new habitat forms on three different sites. One of them is the Plaisance neighborhood, near the city centre. From a urban planning point of view the lot is wadged in between a dense group of apartment houses built in the 1960s that are ground floor plus five stories, some low density subdivisions of individual houses and a sports park; the site is a mix of different tipologies. The request concerns both the creation of a new rental housing on this lot and then in a second phase, the renovation of the apartment houses. A general urban development plan of the neighborhood envisaged the siting of small collective apartment blocks, ground floor plus four stories, scattered on the lot. The Architects found that the existing houses, paths and uses, as well as the place had been appropriated by its residents, were qualities worthy of preservation and consequently decided that the siting must preserve the views and the passages from the plaisance apartment houses to the sports park. In view of the context, Lacaton&Vassal proposed a semi-collective housing project whose

1. Exteral view of the comlex. Source: Lacaton & Vassal offical website. 2. Regional framing. 3. District framing. 4. Ground floor masterplan.

height and density are midway between the surrounding buildings. This approach to the existing fabric has a contextualist moment yet it differs decisively from the contextualism of the 1970s in the sense that the new design from the Architects make no attempt to imitate the architectural language of the old buildings. Old and new can be clearly distinguished from each other yet they form a seamless functional whole. The buildings are organized into units of six apartments, with a ground floor and two stories. Since the view on the sport park from the already existing buildings nearby must be preserved, the project is laid out in a line along the streets or passages, created from east to west. The rows are about 15 m apart, comprising a passage of 4 m and a private garden from one end to the other. Parking spaces will be confined to an area near the street: some on the ground floor under the first buildings, the rest underground and in closed garage with the cellars. The passage from the buildings will therefore be pedestrian. About the dwellings units it has to be said that the Architects Lacaton&Vassal are known thanks to their studies on units and PLUS space. They belive that for add a real value for living it is necessary to create spaces far larger that usual. For private single-family it would be not a so hard job, but while talking about social housing the situation

is driven by standardized permissible sizes based on outdated theories of social behaviorism. Liberation from these rigid grid conventions is possible only when social housing is defined by the price of the apartments, rather than by their size. By thaking this new approach in their social housing project Plaisance, Lacaton&Vassal were able to provide dwelling units with dimentions as follow:

-One room (livable 70 m2, balconies or garden 30 m2) -Two rooms : (livable 101 m2, balconies 21,5 m2, gardens 82 m2) -Three rooms : (livable 133 m2, balconies or garden 106 m2) 45

SAINT-NAZAIRE

that are bigger than the size of standard social housing units. For the users and innhabitants of this project, as in other projects from this firm, it is impossible to remain indifferent to the programs thought by the Architects. The units are 53 oriented nord-south, with on each side a garden on the ground floor or a balcony and a winter garden (PLUS-cliamte zone) on the upper floors. Their living room-kitchens face south with a 9 m glazed facade (for the three rooms apartments) on the winter garden. The stair cases are built in between the units, by modular concrete slabs and serves a maximum of four apartments. Important are the PLUS studies made by

Lacaton&Vassal. Everithing started by their try to transfer the extra-space concept from the single-family house to the terraced house and the high-rise block. Is here that they increasingly shift their field of operations from the rural-suburban location to the context of the city. As a rule, city dwellings have a strong visual relationship to their surroundings, in most of the cases there is no possibility of physically experiencing this environment from inside the apartment. In a certain sense extra space in the guise of the winter garden introduces this outside space into the building and compensates for the lack of a garden. But also the problem of costs at the m2 in the city it is a big aim solved through the added value of the PLUS space that can be provided without additional costs (thanks to the used of economically priced structural system and materials) larger apartments can be made available in the city at suburban prices. For what concearn the shape of the buildings, Lacaton&Vassal donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t consider form an architectural problem that must be repeatedly reworked but merely the final aggregate condition of an architectural analysis of a particular situation. They says that form is something that occurs, not a sculpture one shape; really different from the new formal languages of nowadays that uses sophisticated form-finding processes which has become the

1. First floor plans. Source: Lacaton & Vassal offical website. 2. Planimetric shemes showing the circulation and the units. 3.

3. Section for the 3 floors builidng moduls. 4. Section of the 2 floors building module plus the garage. 5. Schemes of the construction phase (methods of construction). Source: Lacaton & Vassal official website. (pag. 49)

6. Axonometric view showing the climatic zones (plus space). Source: Lacaton & Vassal official website. (pag.51)

7. Axonometric view showing the external modular spaces. Source: Lacaton & Vassal official website. (pag. 51)

N 2.

primary focus of many Architect’s work. It is not by chance that the Architects avoid the use of models in their work, as models give primacy to the view from outside. Instead they prefer to design from inside to outside, as use to say on his speaches Frank Lloyd Wright. Lacaton&Vassal starts placing the program in such a way that it extends into space until it touches against the boundaries of the permitted built volume. Here in Plaisance, the Architects’s objective was to create modern and spacius housing, avoiding standard apartments, so they tried to:

-provide additional, intermediate surfaces that broaden use capacities, the varieties of spaces and climatic atmosphere -make a collective housing evolve toward the principles that characterize an individual house: verandas, almost individual access, an exterior space extending the rooms. About the theme of materials, the avoidance of any cheap showmanship is a crucial part of Lacaton&Vassal ‘s program, a fact that becomes ultimately clear in their handling of materials. For this project too there is a preference for inexpemsive materials such as corrugated panels of polycarbonate and aluminium or timber shutterigs, as well as the noticeable lack

of materials culturally coded as “costly” or “prescius” such as exclusive kinds of natural stone or hardwoods, is a common feature. But there are different reasons why the Architects choose this low budget materials. The first reason is that they do not ask what the materials mean but rather what it allows. For example the use of polycarbonate for the external shell of the winter garden in the Plaisance has an effect the could never be achieved with completely transparent glass. The translucent veil of corrugated polycarbonate blurs the immediate context. Naturally the cheapness of these materials is also an important reason for using them, and is thanks to them and to methods of construction that they save money which are to be spend for the surplus space. The surplus space is basically the oppurtunity to use cheaper materials so that with the same money you can build more space, that in the case of Plaisance would be the winter gardens and balconies. This way of using materials is also symptomatic of Lacaton&Vassal’s architecture. They do not bother too much about materials, but simply take what is available and what appears suitable for a particular project. This may be buildings materials, existing trees, a sand dune, a green house or the personality of a client. In this case the building system is mixed, composed of:

- a post-beam steel frame - large-span alveolar concrete slab flooring.

It is a simple and optimized system, made up of repetitive standardized elements that provide the spaces with a great deal of flexibility. The winter gardens have an exterior facade made of transparent polycarbonate that can open wide. The interior faces have sliding alluminium joinery along the entire height. The bay windows are all equipped with insulationg interior thermal curtains. Here too as in the projects Hotting-West, the curtains plays a role really important for the facades, every inhabitant can choose how much privacy and sunlight to let get in, while adding also the blurs effect of the polycarbonate, the result will garantee not a monotonal effect. The confort is optimized via a combination of â&#x20AC;&#x153;naturalâ&#x20AC;? systems that permit good thermal management of the spaces: -double north / south exposure of the units with facades made entirely of double-glazed windows -thermal and solar protection through insulating and reflecting curtains -winter gardens that permit sunlight to be captured -compact heated spaces -natural ventilation thruogh wide openin-

gs in the facade. The results produced a good impact on people which had made long wainting list for having the house also because of the low price solution proposed by the Architects, with high spatial qualities. There have not been any complain from the inhabitants and neighborhoods, and thanks to the methods of construction and the provided schemes nether during the construction phase any complain has been made while also the delivery time was respected.

5. REFURBISHMENT

5.1 TOUR BOIS LE PETRE

The reconfiguration of the Bois le Petre tower represents one of the most significant examples of social housing refurbishment for a 1970’s building which combines the objective of increasing energy performance with the improvement of quality of use. The tower is located in the 17° district of Paris just on the north-west of the city centre and was completed in 1962 based on Raymond Lopez’s design, one of the most prominent Architects in France in the post-war’s time. The building has been built with prefabricated reinforced concrete panels (16 cm thick walls, 26 cm thick slabs and 7.20 m spans) in 16 floors it counts 96 apartments. In the 1990 the Paris OPAC (Office Publics de l’Amenagement et de la Construction) gave the commission for a first compliance upgrade and energy re-qualification of the tower to the technical practice TECTEAM. They went for the creation of an external cladding to improve the performance of the envelope while they were also modifying the appearance of the building involving the closure of the existing loggias and the reduction of the windows to small openings providing a lower quality of natural light and on the views from the apartments. In 2002,

the context of a wider urban renovation project aimed at improving the quality of the suburban districts, the municipality of Paris gave priority to the site of Porte Pouchet where the tower building is located. In 2005 OPAC issued a competition for the restoration of the Bois le Petre tower after discarding the option for its demolition and reconstruction. The winning project is signed by Frederic Druot Architecture and Lacaton & Vassal Architects. It is characterised by the creation of a new skin around the entire perimeter of the building. The addition, which has increased the residential area from 8900 to 12,460 m2, is the appliance of the PLUS principle theorised from Lacaton & Vassal. The new additions have been created for the stacking of self-supporting prefabricated three-dimensional modules after the removal of the existing facades with a new transparent envelope made of full-height sliding panels. The modules con be distinguished in two types: bioclimatic module or winter garden plus a balcony, and the residential module. The bioclimatic module was used for the extension of the main east and west sides, it is 3 m deep with a steel structure creating a winter garden of 2 m and a balcony of 1 m. The residential module is built at the north and south sides of the building and it allows the extension and the reconfiguration of the of the internal lay out of the apartments located

1. View of the original builidng 1962. Source: Lacaton & Vassal official web site.

2 View of the second life of the builidng 1990. Source: Lacaton & Vassal official web site.

3.View of the building after the last refurbishment 2005. Source: Lacaton & Vassal official web site.

at the sides of the building. The new additions have significantly improved the quality of natural lighting which was compromised by the 1990â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s works as well as the spatial use giving to the apartments an additional surface varying between 22 and 60 m2 depending on the type of unit. The type of apartments have now increased from 3 to 7 with 16 possible lay-outs with the possibility of having bespoke finishes for the occupants. The refurbishment project has required the removal of the access barrier created by the gap between the road level and the raised floor and the modification of the access to the various floors. The number of central lifts had been reduced to give more space to the apartments and the vertical facilities have been replaced with two new transparent lifts to give natural light to the lift lobbies. Also the electrical and water system in the apartments have been replaced and a controlled mechanical ventilation system has been installed. The users have been involved through the inclusive design up from the very initial stages of the programme down through design and construction and have been able to choose between the various options: remain in their original apartments, move into a smaller or larger one depending on their own needs/financial position and on the number of family members. The creation of the addition via prefabricated modules and the proper manage-

ment of the process have allowed to minimise the disruption to the users who were able to remain on site during the duration of the works: the refurbishment works lasted only 22 months and the first occupiers have entered their apartments only 7 months after the commencement of the site activities. The innovative element of the refurbishment of the Bois le Petre tower consist of the creation of the volumetric extension via the stacking of prefabricated three-dimensional around the perimeter of the building. The new modules have been installed following the demolition of the existing facade and the replacement with a transparent envelop composed of full height sliding panels with aluminium frame with thermal break and insulated glass. The new facade has increased the permeability between the inside and the outside and the level of natural lighting of the rooms in particular at the ground floor; this is the result of the reconfiguration of the entrance space and its levelling with the street level outside. The three-dimensional modules have an independent steel structure, a full height (276 cm), width equal to the structural span of the existing building (750 cm) and a 315 cm depth. Their 22 m2 surface includes a space used as a winter garden (2 m) and a balcony (1 m). The prefabricated modules are delivered to site with a crystal parapets of the balconies

EXISTING EXISTING

RESIDENTIAL BIOCLIMATIC RESIDENTIAL MODULE MODULE BIOCLIMATIC MODULE MODULE EXTENSION EXTENSION

CURTAIN HEAT INSIDE CURTAIN HEAT INSIDE

OU T

SLIDING GLASS FRAME SLIDING GLASS FRAME POLYCARBONATE WALL POLYCARBONATE Summer,Summer, west orientation west orientation

Winter, est Winter, orientation est orientation

WALL

OLD FACADE OLD FACADE

PARAPET PARAPET SHADING CURTAIN SHADING CURTAIN

I NS

Y ON LC BA

ENON EN RDSI RD GA N GA R TE R TE X TE IN E IN W Y ON LC BA

G G DN DN ILI IL I BU BU NG NG TI TI IS IS EX EX

already installed and subsequently they are completed with the finishing elements which identify the winter garden. The light weight enclosure made of polycarbonate and glass and 2 m away from the new facades creates a double envelop acting like a bioclimatic greenhouse which contributes for the majority of the energy saving for the domestic heating following the refurbishment works (60% if compared with the use before the works). The winter garden is user friendly; it does not use complicated technologies and it can be used easily by the occupiers. Its thermal performance during the various seasons is controlled by the correct opening and closure of the double skin and the solar screens: a curtain combined with a roller blind to control the thermal loads coupled with an internal thermal curtain to keep, during the winter nights, the heat accumulated during the hours of solar irradiation. In correspondence of the extremities of the building, heated volumetric additions have been built. The new additions have a load bearing steel structure, slabs made of celllike reinforced concrete, sliding windows with aluminium frame with thermal break and isolating glass and provided with prefabricated element which acts as a balcony with 1 m depth. These additions increase the areas of the north and south apartments respectively of 30 and 37 m2 thus allowing to reconfigure the internal

lay-outs and to double the offer of residential solutions. From an economic point, the Architects in an interview declare that : â&#x20AC;&#x153;For the demolition and replacement of the Bois-le-Petre, the municipal authorities had estimated twenty million euros. In the end, our refurbishment cost only 11.5 million eurosâ&#x20AC;?. The response to this project from the ciEXISTING tizens and inhabitants was really positive since the high quality space requested had been realised without demolishing the original structure in few months.

OLD FACADE

4. Plan of the builidng before the last intervention. Source: Lacaton & Vassal official web site. (pag. 57) 5. Plan of the builidng after the last intervention showing the plus space and the bioclimatic module. Source: Lacaton & Vassal official web site. (pag. 57)

6. Technological section showing the thermal system by summer. Source: Lacaton & Vassal official web site. (pag. 57) 7. Technological section showing the thermal system by winter. Source: Lacaton & Vassal official web site. (pag. 57) 8. Explosed axonometric view explaining the intervation. Source: Lacaton & Vassal official web site.

EXTENSION

RESIDENTIAL MODULE

BIOCLIMATIC MODULE

CURTAIN HEAT INSIDE

OU T

SLIDING GLASS FRAME POLYCARBONATE WALL IN

PARAPET SHADING CURTAIN

NS TE EX

N IO

Y ON LC BA

T IN W

EN RD GA

G IN ST I EX

NG LID I BU

5.2 EUROPAREI

In 2007 the Dutch government published a list 40 districts to which they gave the name of krachtwijken. These neighbourhoods were selected for their social problems. The intention was reduced by eight to ten years their problems and improve the economic and social situation of its inhabitants. One of these neighbourhoods is Europarei. Nine buildings with 1.100 apartments and more than 3.000 residents: nearly one-tenth of the population of the small Dutch city Uithoorn lives in the Europarei settlement that was built in the late 1960s on the outskirts of the city next to the Amsterdamâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s airport. East delimits the park and Libellebos industrial area, while the southern and western are bounded by other districts of terraced and detached houses. The area looks north to the outskirts of the city, the fields of neighbouring city. Europarei area contains 9 blocks of apartments identical, each has 127 social housing. In 2004, Atelier Kempe Thill won the competition to overhaul the housing estate, which was in urgent need of refurbishment. Since the Europarei neighbourhood is a large scale operation typical of the sixties and early seventies, the avant-grade ideas of the Modern Movement were picked up on by bureaucrats with poor judgement working alongside powerful developers

who imposed their financial interests. The nine ten-storey 125 meters long blocks were not considered as architectural entities where each element fits in well but as that each part responds to a technical requirement and co-exists with the others by pure chance. In Europarei quality only manifests itself in the large scale of the housing and the large amount of glazing on the facade. The remaining decisions were based solely on financial criteria. By 2010, six of the ten-story buildings were renovated and the common areas redesigned. The buildingsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; structure and the thing budget did not allow for significant changes to the existing buildings. As the owner, the housing association planned with a mere fifteen years of further use of the buildings and thus kept its total investment to a minimum. Just as cost pressures and pragmatism had determined the creation of the settlement, so too did they effect the clientâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s renovation plans. Still in addition to modernising the building services and the improvement of the energy balance through new windows, thermal insulation,solar roof panels, and a new centralised heating system, the architects managed to achieve a significant aesthetic improvement of the entire settlement. All the strategies applied in refurbishing the buildings are aimed at obtain a much more optimistic ambience than before. They decided against an individualisation of each building,

Additional new entrance hall.

New facade structure and new glass balaustrade.

New bricks facade with and a new thermal insulation layer.

an approach commonly taken in the refurbishment of such settlement. Instead, the renovation concept focused on the settlementâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s overall appearance. The individual buildings were made more transparent and open while maintaining their coherence. The existing qualities, especially the generous size of the individual dwellings and the close relationship between the buildings and the wide, green polder landscape were both preserved and strengthened. At Europarei, Atelier Kempe Thill was able to reinforce the link between architecture and nature, one of the most fundamental promises of modernism, through the skilful use of materials. The original metal-sheeted balustrades of the walkways and balconies were replaced with glass, and new glass pavilions opened up the once dark entranceways. The environment is now reflected in the buildings, which take on a greenish cast. Together with the new facade elements in similarly coloured green glass, the apartment blocks seem to melt into the landscape. In addition, the 125 meters long side elevations were fitted with highly insulating windows, while the short ends of the building were insulated and covered with light-coloured masonry. Atelier Kempe Thill managed to give the housing estate in Uithoorn a new transparency and lightness without having to deconstruct it. To conclude it has to be said that the build process was fast and

simple. All the components of the facade are prefabricated and the production cost is low owning to the large quantities needed and the high level of repetition. Each panel is made up of glazed windows and door plus a blind length of glazed insulation. The refurbishment took place without vacating the buildings. The residents were only transferred to a hotel the day the panels on the facade were replaced. 3.

1. Explosed axonometric view showing the new elements. (pag.61)

3. View on the refurbished building. Source: Atelier Kempe Thill official website.

2. Roof top view of the complex. Source: Atelier Kempe Thill official website.

4. View on the building before the intervention. Source: Atelier Kempe Thill official website.

6 CONCLUSION Analysing, studying, comparing those project, it has to be said that there are several ways on facing all the initial questions. Serveral peoplle think that to be sustainable what they need are solar panels or a water collector, but actually the real answer is on how every one of us conduce his life. It is more about how do you think and move, it is not if you have a wind turbine in you garden. Obviusly it will help our generation to begin the radical change. All this translate in a design view it is still not design a building by beautifull criteria, it is more at the first stage of design, while the architects make their concept phase, it is about the orientation and the shadowing sistem, it is about the ventilation sistem, it is about a qualitative intial design that will make the difference. The “builiding as machine” it is a solution already past and old, it can be a solution in refurbishment, but even there other better solution can be explored. The case of the social housing in Saint Nazaire show us that if you programe everything in a project, even the contruction phase, the result will be super efficent whit a low budget and high qualitative spaces. It is much more qualitative and efficent a winter garden that a super complicated ventilation sistem as it is shown in

the project Hottig-West. Sustainability in tha architecture field is about providing a good connection with the nearest public sevice to aboid the use of cars. It is also about to design a green intent as plants and trees that will help to reduce the air pollutions working as city filters. If in the city in different areas will appear those kind of projects, the radical change will have a good start, and maybe the already mantions questions on our generation problems will be achieved in a fast way to left to future generetion a better quality cities, where the life will be easy and good, as if you are living in country-side. As Mario Docci said: “ The value of architecture is to translate the culture of society, which builds and lives during a specific period in history, through physical signs on the land. The architectural work must necessarily be regarded as an outcome of essential human need to design your own present and turn it to the composition of their own future”, the culture of our generation is an acculturated one, which think not just for itself but also fot the others and for our Earth. Our actual culture is asking as to built with sense and not built because is beautifull, built with criteri to skip possible future problems and try to move on with our histiry with a sensable approach on life.

6.1 COMPARISON

GARAGE: 2 of the 3 studied projects has an underground parking space, : 2 of the 3 studied projects has from which the houses are well connected. groundInparking space, from which some cases the two are directly cones are nected. well connected. In some The directly one of BedZed, the parking space is e two are connected. located at the 0 level.

of BedZed, the parking space is t the 0 level. 66

SHADOWS: In all the threethe projects the WS: In all the three projects shadows produced from the builidngs produced from the builidngs has has been taken in account, but in the en in account, but in the case case of Plaisance it was not aof big deal thebig rows weresince imposed it wassince not a deal thefrom the need of the views on the sport park. e imposed from the need of the the sport park.

Plaisance from Plaisance from Lacaton&Vassal Lacaton&Vassal

BedZed from BedZed from Bill Dunster BedZed from Bill Dunster

BedZed from

BillBillDunster Dunster

Hotting-West from Hotting-West from Baumshlager & Hotting-West Baumshlager & from Hotting-West from Eberle Eberle Baumshlager & Baumshlager & Eberle Eberle

MULTIFUNTION: All the cases presents the attitiude to create a small community, in 2 MULTIFUNTION: All the cases presents of those projects its revealt also from the the attitiude to create a small community, multifunctioning of the lot. in 2 of those projects its revealt also from the multifunctioning of the lot.

SPORTS:The The33projects projectspresents presentsaaconcontexSPORTS: tual similarity that is the presence of sports textual similarity that is the presence of facilities close to each of it. In the case sports facilities close to each of it. In the of BedZed the sportthe centre was planned case of BedZed sport centre wasby the Architect. planned by the Architect.

CAR CARFREE: FREE: in in all all the the projects projects the the access to to area is reserved to pedestrian thethe area it isitreserved to pedestrian and biand bicycle, also more sa-the CAR FREE: all theguarantee projects access to cycle, it alsoinitguarantee more the safety for fety for the inhabitants. The “less pedethe area it is reserved to pedestrian and biinhabitants. The “less pedestrian” one, is strian” one, the casewhere ofmore BedZed, where cycle, it also guarantee safety for the the case of is BedZed, the parking is the parking is at 0 level. inhabitants. at 0 level. The “less pedestrian” one, is the case of BedZed, where the parking is at 0 level.

UNITS: For those kind of projects, the units are fundamental. All of the cases studied UNITS: For those kind thethe units presentsFor high study onofhousing units. UNITS: those kind ofprojects, projects, are fundamental. All of the cases studied units are fundamental. All of the cases presentspresents high study onstudy housing studied high on units. housing units

NS AND BALCONIES: 2 of the 3 UNITS: ForAND those kind of projects, GARDENS BALCONIES: 2 ofthe 3 present house units with at lest atheunits are fundamental. All of the cases studied studied present house units with at lest a or a balcony. Just in the casa of presents study on housing garden orhigh a balcony. Just in theunits. casa of d the aim wasthe toaim provide for each BedZed was to provide for each dwelling a garden. g a garden.

SEMI-PUBLIC SPACE: In all the project, SEMI-PUBLIC SPACE: In all the project, the green spaces and the semi-public the green spaces and the semi-public areas are presents. The neighbourhoods areas are presents. The neighbourhoods are accessable free to anyone who wanare accessable free to anyone who wants. ts. Resting areas and shadowing spot are Resting areas and shadowing spot are spread arround. spread arround.

FUNTION: All the cases presents the e to create a small community, in 2 e projects its revealt also from the nctioning of the lot.

ENERGY: 2 of the three have technological systems to improve energy consumption of the 2builidng. The have one that do not ENERGY: of the three technological have any, use the “plus” solution based of systems to improve energy consumption on internalThe climatic zones withhave a winthethe builidng. one that do not any, ter garden. use the “plus” solution based on the interENERGY: 2 zones of the three technological nal climatic with ahave winter garden. systems to improve energy consumption of the builidng. The one that do not have any, use the “plus” solution based on the internal climatic zones with a winter garden. 74

PERSONALISATION: 2 of the 3 project gives to the inhabitants altenatives on natural lighting and shadowing that also change the rhythm of the complex. PERSONALISATION: 2 of the 3 project PERSONALISATION: 2 of the 3 project gives to the inhabitants altenatives on natugives to the inhabitants altenatives on ral lighting and shadowing that also natural lighting and shadowing that also change the rhythm of the complex. change the rhythm of the complex.

6.2 PROJECT

Two Lifes Student: Yuri Rocco

Site.

Main blocks composition.

Subdivion following the contex.

Functions.

Existing.

Interaction areas.

Green spaces.

Green roofs.

Green Houses.

Solar pannels.

Site circulations.

7 BIBLIOGRAPHY Books:

-Nicoletti M. Gallo C. 1998. Architetura ecosistemica, l’equilibrio ambientale nelle città. Enea editori. -Balzani M. Marzot N. 2010. Architettura per un territorio sostenibile, città e paesaggio tra innovazione, tecnologia e tradizione. Skira editori. -Di Franco A. 2010 . L’Architettura della città sostenibile. Maggioli editori. -Lacaton A. Vassal J.P. Abalos I. Puyuelo A. 2012. 2G Lacaton & Vassal. Gustavo editori. -Ching F.D.K. Shapiro I.M. 2014. Green Building illustrated. Gunshinan editori. -Heilmeyer F. Petzet M. 2012. Reduce Reuse Recycle, Architecture as resource, German Pavillion, 13th Biennale di Venezia. Hatje Cantz editori. -Baumshlager C. Eberle D. 2000. Uber Wohnbau House-ing. Springer Wien New York editori. -Mattei M.G. 2013. Carlo Ratti, Smart City, Smart Citizen. Egea editori. -Cecchetti M. Salvadori L. 2015. Wright, Architettura è Democrazia. Medusa editori. -Gilberti M. 2014. Compendio di anatomia per progettisti. Quodlibet Studio editori. -Ritchie A. Thomas R. 2009. Sustainable urban design, an environmental approach. Tylor and Francis editori. -Monbiot G. 2007. Calore. Longanesi editori. -Donadieu P. 2006. Una nuova proposta di paesaggio delle città. Minnini editori.

Periodics: -AMC n°213. 2012. p. 14-17, -Detail n° 3. march 2002. p. 230-252 -Boundaries n°5. july-september 2012 -El Croquis. n° 177-178. 2015. -A10 n°44. 2012. p. 44-45. -Abitare n°520. 2012. p. 152-161 -A+U n°498. 2012. -Archiscopie n°111. 2012. p. 14-17 -D’Architecture n°207. 2012. p. 20-23 -Arkitekten n°114. 2012. -Oris n°75. 2012. p. 8-17 -Arketipo n°67. 2011. p. 92-103 -Arquitectura Viva n°139. 2011. p. 88-99

Websites: -Official website Baumschlager & Eberle -Official website Zedfactory -www.Bedzed.org.uk -Official website Lacaton&Vassal -Official website Atelier Kempe Thill