Architecture Design Studio Air ABPL30048 Ryan Yuanye Huang 1 522062
Table of Contents
2
Introduction
4
Part A - The Case for Innovation
6
8 12 16 20 21
A.1 - Architecture as Discourse A.2 - Computational Architecture A.3 - Parametric Modeling A.4 - Algorithmic Exploration A.4 - Conclusion
Part B - Design Approach
23
24 26 30 34 44 46 55
B.1 - Design Focus B.2 - Case Study 1.0 B.3 - Case Study 2.0 B.4 - Technique: Development B.5 - Technique: Prototypes B.6 - Technique Proposal B.7 - Learning Objectives and Outcomes
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part C - Project Proposal
56
58 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 68 72 74 76 77
C.1.1 - Gateway Project: Design Concept C.1.2 - Gateway Project: Site C.1.3 - Gateway Project: Form C.2.1 - Tectonic Elements C.2.2 - Fabrication C.2.3 - Mass Production C.2.4 - Structure C.2.5 - Materiality C.3.1 - Gateway Project: Final Model C.3.2 - Lighting C.4 - Algorithmic Sketches C.5.1 - Improved Solutions C.5.2 - Learning Objectives and Outcomes
References
79
3
Introduction
Hello, I’m Ryan. I came to Australia from Beijing three years ago. I’m in the third year of Architecture. I did Virtual Environments in my first year and used Rhino to build digital models for a few other design studios.
4
INTRODUCTION
In Virtual Environments studio, I designed a lantern inspired by the natural process of germination. Rhino, paneling tool, and fablab was used to modeling and fabricating this project. I learned the basic process of design including idea generation, development, refinement, and fabrication.
The process of germination and plant cell was integrated as design elements in the project.
5
6
PART A CASE FOR INNOVATION PART A 7
A.1 Architecture as Discourse
Architecture is an multi-disciplinary study, relating to several aspects. The primary goal of an architectural project can be art, or science, but I consider architectural design as a solution to human living. I found myself interested in how the design elements correspond to nature, such as sun, air, and environment.
8
CASE FOR INNOVATION - ARCHITECTURE AS DISCOURSE
One of my favorite architecture I have been to is the Beijing National Stadium. As I was walking in the stadium, I appreciate the space and opening of the passage. By covering the stadium with the net frame, the path on every level of the stadium was open to the outside. It feels so natural and comfortable to walk inside the building.
9
The Orange Cube is designed by Jakob + MacFarlane located in Lyon, France. This commercial building has panel pattern inspired by movement of water. The material used on the bands is aluminium scrim. Besides the special colour and panel, the building has a ideal design idea of using sunlight. There is a void cut into this cube. The reason the designers leave such a open space in this cube is they can use this west-facing space to bring sunlight in this building near working place. The hole provide a close touch with river.
10
CASE FOR INNOVATION - ARCHITECTURE AS DISCOURSE
While the designers were designing this building in a competition, they are required to make the building have a certain amount of negative space. So three voids are considered to be placed in the cube. One is the west-facing void on side. Another one comes down from roof, which bring midday sunlight into the cube. The third void located in lower southeast corner is a joint with a neighbouring structure. 11
A.2 Computational Architecture
Computation is the latest stage of design technique, following traditional and digital drafting. Computational design bring computer into the process of creation, not only a way of expressing the concept. This makes computer itself more contributive in design process. Using computational design, architects could explore some of extremely complex design approach generated by computer. However it might limit the imagination of designer when they need to modify their ideas in terms of software capability.
12
CASE FOR INNOVATION - COMPUTATIONAL ARCHITECTURE
Burham Pavilion is a temporary pavilion in Chicago built in 2009. It was designed by UNStudio with Grasshopper. The elements in the design was a reflection to Burham’s Plan of Chicago in 1909. Three identical openings generated by parallelograms goes from the top to the bottom of the pavilion supporting the structure.
Parallelograms inspired by Chicago city plan forms organic openings, and hence create the shape of columns under them.
13
Computer can generate detailed and precise feature in very early stage of design process. An algorithm stimulating both form design and structure makes it possible for designers to find solution for both at the same time.
14
CASE FOR INNOVATION - COMPUTATIONAL ARCHITECTURE
The Strand Link Bridge in London is moduled by design tectonics involving parametric and structural topologies. With computational design, varied option of materiality and structure can easily be generated and tested.
15
A.3 Parametric Modeling
Parametric modeling is an advanced technique in computational design. By creating connections between design steps, parametric modeling generates the final outcome from basic elements step by step. The advantage of this kind of sequential process is that the outcome is updated with change to basic parameters. But there could be errors caused by changes affecting the whole project. It is efficient to build a complex project with a large number of elements by parametric modeling.
16
CASE FOR INNOVATION - PARAMETRIC MODELING
White Noise by soma Architecture used Grasshopper’s Karamba plug-in to build up the truss structural system. The angles between members are generated by a certain algorithm. This music pavilion is a example of involving structural solution in parametric modeling process.
17
Aviva Stadium, located in Ireland, is designed using Rhinoceros and GenerativeComponents. The designers were able to test the components with high level of detail during very early stage of design process, thanks to parametric modeling. And the details was carried until fabrication with BIM implementation.
18
19
A.4 Algorithmic Exploration
By doing Grasshopper practice, I find computational design highly efficient in some case. The design approach that requires heavy effort in traditional virtualisation takes much less steps in Grasshopper. Modifying the design elements is much easier. However the expression of parametric modeling and its algorithm is not as straight forward as computerisation. It feels harder for new designer to involve in it.
20
CASE FOR INNOVATION - ALGORITHMIC EXPLORATION
A.4 Conclusion
As a new technique, computation brings a big change in design process. It makes the traditional design process more organised and efficient. But also affect the design outcome in several ways. I think parametric modeling has obvious advantage in particularly kinds of design approach. As designer, I need to review how computation was involved in my design. Did it inspire me? Has it limit my exploration? Did it solve my problem? Ask questions, knowing what computation does for me, then I will make the most out of it and not be mislead by it.
21
22
PART B DESIGN APPROACH 23
B.1 Design Focus
GEOMETRY I originally chose geometry as area of interest, because our team thought it was suitable for our arguments. We wanted to design something which takes advantage of sunlight, reflects to context, and also unexpected.
24
CASE FOR INNOVATION - PARAMETRIC MODELING
PATTERN During case studies on precedents, we found patterning and its technique more interesting and applicable for our design argument.
25
B.2 Case Study 1.0 VoltaDom is an installation by Skylar Tibbits shown at MIT’s 150th Anniversary Celebration & FAST Arts Festival. It covers a hallway with hundreds of vaults with different size intersecting each other. The vaults create a light effect with the holes, angles and shadows on curved surfaces. Every single vault surface is unrolled as a strip to fabricate the whole project.
26
DESIGN APPROACH - CASE STUDY 1.0
27
28
DESIGN APPROACH - CASE STUDY 1.0
29
B.3 Case Study 2.0 Park Hotel , design by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill LLP (SOM). “The facade provides a range of transparency according to the needs of the spaces inside. Perforated and embossed metal screens over a high-performance glazing system give privacy to the hotel rooms while allowing diffused daylight to enter the interior spaces, and provides acoustic insulation from trains passing nearby. The opaque areas of the cladding shield the hotel’s service areas from public view. The shape of the facade’s openings, as well as the three-dimensional patterns on the screens themselves, were inspired by the forms of the metalwork of the crown jewels of the Nizam, the city’s historic ruling dynasty.” - ArchDaily, 2011
The building fits our approach to take advantage of sunlight with facade opening and pattern. Hence we decided to reverse engineer its design elements, in order to learn skills from it.
30
DESIGN APPROACH - CASE STUDY 2.0
31
Reverse Engineering
The building is separated into two main features, which are pattern and opening, to reverse engineer it.
32
DESIGN APPROACH - CASE STUDY 2.0
We are able to generate the pattern by rotating and repeating a base plane along a hexagonal grid, and then create identical ellipse on them.
33
The opening on the facade of the building is generated with image sampler, which controls the width of each strip of the facade.
34
Image domain 0~1.0
DESIGN APPROACH - ALGORITHMIC SKETCHES
Work by Vincent Huang 35
B.4 Technique: Development
Polygons replaced the ellipse, which has created a number of unexpected shape, such as stars. Triangular grid also provides a interesting layout comparing to hexagonal grid.
36
DESIGN APPROACH - TECHNIQUE DEVELOPMENT
37
Matrix Change of elements
38
DESIGN APPROACH - TECHNIQUE DEVELOPMENT
39
Matrix Change of Density
40
DESIGN APPROACH - TECHNIQUE DEVELOPMENT
Work by Alison Chau & Vincent Huang 41
Matrix Change of Opening
Variation of IMAGE DOMAIN Info of Amplitude 1 A(Image) X B(5) Plane Vector:Z Infor of Amplitude 2 A(Image) X B(5) Plane Vector: Z Image domain 0~1.0
Variation of Addition of Amplitude Set Info of Amplitude 1 A(Image) X B(5) Plane Vector:Z Infor of Amplitude 2 A(Image) X B(5) Plane Vector: Y
A1 Addition 5 A2 Addition 3.120
A1 Addition 6A2 Additio
Variation of IMAGE DOMAINInfo of Amplitude 1A(Image) X B(5)Plane Vector:ZInfor of Ampli
42
Variation of Addition of AmplitudeSet Info of Amplitude 1A(Image) X B(5)Plane Vector:ZInfor of Amp
DESIGN APPROACH - TECHNIQUE DEVELOPMENT
Image domain 0~2.0
on 10
Image domain 0~4.0
A1 Addition 6 A2 Addition 8 A1 PlaneVector Y A2 Plane Vector Z
itude 2A(Image) X B(5)Plane Vector: Z
plitude 2A(Image) X B(5)Plane Vector: Y
Image domain 0~8.0
A1 Addition 6 A2 Addition 8 A1 Multi 23 A2 Multi 19 A1 PlaneVector Y A2 Plane Vector X
A1 Addition 6A2 Addition 8A1 PlaneVector Plane VectorHuang Z Work YA2 by Vincent A1 Addition 5A2 Addition 3.120
A1 Addition 6A2 Addition 8A1 Multi 23A2 Multi 19A1 PlaneVector YA2 Plane
43
B.5 Technique: Prototypes
44
The pattern was tested with boxboard cut by laser cutter. Projecting the pattern on to a dark wall, we tried to simulate the effect that drivers looking at skylight through the facade. At this stage, we found the polygons on triangular more stylish.
45
B.6 Technique Proposal To achieve an unexpected effect with the pattern tested before, we referred to Dior Ginza, which has double skin pattern on its facade.
46
DESIGN APPROACH - TECHNIQUE PROPOSAL
The change of elements and double layer made the facade mist during day and night.
47
The double skin effect is tested with both fabrication prototype and grasshopper model of our pattern. Changing of the viewing angle from driver causes the pattern overlap changes, which result in the movement of pattern. The original ellipse pattern is found to be the most dynamic pattern with double layer. The double skin facade can offer driver a dynamic and unexpected driving experience.
48
DESIGN APPROACH - TECHNIQUE PROPOSAL
49
Fabrication method The installation method at real scale is attaching single surfaces to a grid frame to form the pattern. The members of frame is connected to each other by notches.
50
DESIGN APPROACH - TECHNIQUE PROPOSAL
Only dark and matte material can guarantee the best effect during daylight as bright material is too reflective to create the contrast with skylight.
51
Initial parametric method. Effective to generate the pattern, but difficult to implement in fabrication process.
Then we considered the second parametric method, which uses surface elements to generate similar pattern. It is suitable for application to curved facade.
52
DESIGN APPROACH - TECHNIQUE PROPOSAL
The most recent approach is finding a repeatable rectangle element and morph it on a flexible facade. This can also generate the exact same pattern as the first method.
53
DUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT
Expression of Interest
A form is considered to be used for the project. The pattern is mapped to a series of trimmed spheres, which have variable sizes depending on the its distance from Werribee. However the form was questionable for showing the effect of the pattern since it is vertically curved and too complicated.
54
B.7 Learning Objectives and Outcomes To improve the project we have done, there are several things to refine and test, including the overall dimension of the project and pattern elements, and the distance between the two layers of facade, what values of the dimensions can optimise the effect. It is important to find a shape that can emphasis the effect generated by the pattern. As well as consider the shadow could be projected on to road. I found testing prototypes very important as in many cases that the effect does not as I imagined. Parametric design with Grasshopper is quite different from what I have experienced before. In Grasshopper, there are many ways to achieve one object by different algorithmic thinking. As the design process goes, I need to move on the definitions that can satisfy further approach. For instance, the initial method to generate pattern is not capable of final fabrication, so we need to think of another algorithm that can achieve that.
55
56
PART C PROJECT PROPOSAL 57
C.1.1 Gateway Project: Design Concept The design concept focuses on our initial argument of architecture as discourse, which is unexpected, sunlight, and context. The project is also designed regards to the proposal of Wyndham City. The diagram below shows how the design is achieved according to the three arguments and project proposal. For example the orientation of the project is based on the sun movement at Melbourne and local context such as the orientation of the road. Unexpected is represented by the effect of change generated by the double skin faรงade.
DESIGN ARGUMENT
CONTEXT
DOUBLE SKIN
SUNLIGHT
HEXAGONAL LAYOUT
UNEXPECTED
REPEATED FLOWER OF SIX
FACADE PATTERN
DENSITY/SIZE
ENHANCE DRIVING EXPERIENCE
FINAL DESIGN
PROJECT PROPOSAL
58
DEVELOPMENT
ORIENTATION
POPULATION
LEANING ANGLE
ATTRACTION
SIZE
FORM
PROJECT PROPOSAL - DESIGN CONCEPT
The algorithm is finalised after we decided the design concept. The diagram below represents the progress of producing the final design in Grasshopper.
FORM SURFACE
DEVIDE SURFACE INTO HEXAGONAL GRID
STRUCTURAL JOINTS ON GRID POINTS
STRUCTURAL BEAMS BETWEEN GRID POINTS
PATTERN EDGE CURVES ALONG GRID LINE
OFFSET TO DOUBLE LAYER
VARY CURVE POINTS, CHANGE HOLE SIZES
VARY PATTERN DENSITY
BUILD UP STRCUTURAL FRAME
GENERATE SINGLE FACADE SURFACES
ATTACH SURFACES TO FRAME
59
C.1.2 Site
N
Werribee City
The project is located beside Princes freeway, in the southwest of Werribee. It is a junction where the road from Geelong split up towards Melbourne city or Werribee. There are four one-way roads at the site; the three on the top are towards northeast to city or Werribee; the other one goes southwest towards Geelong. The project is placed on the edge between site A and B because the density of the road gives more cars the chance to experience our project. The road towards city from Geelong is the one with most traffic. There are slight slope on both side of the road, but it hardly affect the design. As there is a petrol station next to the site, people may often stop by and observe the sculpture.
60
PROJECT PROPOSAL - DESIGN CONCEPT
C.1.3 Form In order to show the effect created by our project to the drivers, we need to guarantee that there is enough time for them to see the sculpture. Hence the length of the façade is totally 150m which gives the driver more than five seconds to pass through the façade at 100km/h. To create the maximum area of shadow projected on the road, the angle between the façade and the ground corresponds to the sun path of Melbourne. The form is orientated facing northwest receiving the major sunlight at the afternoon. The height of the form suggests the speed of development of Werribee and Melbourne. The beginning of the form, sitting on the right side of the road, aiming towards city is lower than the right side towards Werribee. The progress of developing the form comes from sequential flat surfaces and curved walls to the final form which across over the road. We were trying to find a form that emphasises the effect of the pattern, as well as relates to Wyndham City. The façade moves people’s attention from city at right side to Werribee at the left side. The surfaces are tilted facing the driver to display the pattern.
61
C.2.1 Tectonic Elements
To build the double skin faรงade in construction, a framing system is used to form the project. The overall fabrication idea is to attach the pattern faรงade to both side of a structural frame. In detail model and construction, structural beams are connected by joint notches and single triangular surfaces attach to the joints of hexagonal steel frame to show the pattern. The two surfaces are approximately 500mm apart for the best of visual effect and construction.
CONCRETE PANEL
62
STRIP FOOTING
STEEL FRAME
BOLTED PATTERN SURFACE
PROJECT PROPOSAL - TECTONIC ELEMENTS
C.2.2 Fabrication
We started testing fabrication once the method is decided. We chose 2.7mm plywood board as the material for both the surface and frame, and tried to make a 1:10 and a 1:50 model by laser cutter. A set of specific panels was cut to test the best fit of the material including the size of hole for inserting the panels and placing the screws. As a result, 2.4mm gap offers the best performance to join the panels. The 1:10 detail model was assembled well. After the first prototype, we cut holes in the centre of frame bars to minimise the block on effect by the bars. The 1:50 model was not successful since the error of material and fabrication was too large comparing to the size of the model which dramatically reduces the accuracy of the model. Therefore we decided not to build the full size model with the connection joints.
63
C.2.3 Mass Production
657
610
563
656
609
562
515
468
421
655
608
561
514
467
420
654
607
560
513
466
76
54 43
419
175
186
164
653
606
512
465
371
32
418
65
98
559
131
142
153
109
120
87
10
652
605
558
511
464
417
370
323
31 20
651
604
557
510 86
463 64 53
416
369
185 174
141
15 2
163
130
650
603
556
509
275
322
227
274
321
119 108
462
415
228
180
97
75
42
181
133
368
134
86
9
87
39
649
602
555
508
461
63
41
648
184 173 162 151
85
118
129
140
601
554 107
507
96
74
52
460
647
600
553
506
459
646
599
552
505
458
73
84
139
172
183
645
161
150
598
128
62
95
551
117
106
504
457
644
597
550
503
456
643
596
549
502
455
50
83
61
642
171
182
595
160
501
105
548
138
116
127
149
94
72
454
39
360 6
407
361
313
51
28
408
362
314
266
409
363
315
267
219
29
364
316
268
220
172
410
365
317
269
221
173
125
40
8 366
318
270
222
174
126
78
411
367
319
271
223
175
127
79
31
412
320
272
224
176
128
80
32
413
273
225
177
129
81
33
30
226
178
130
82
34
414
179
131
83
35
17
132
84
36
7
85
37
18
38
19
The plan for real scale construction is arranged by grasshopper. The specific construction elements including the faรงade surfaces, frame beams and joint notches are arranged and labelled in order as shown above. And they are produced in specific shapes and sizes by corresponding factories.
516
469
422
372
324
40
B
21
325
373
326
374
327
375
328
276
229
277
230
182
278
231
183
135
279
232
184
136
280
233
185
137
88
B
234
186
138
89
41
B C D
187
139
90
42
A
140
91
43
D
92
45
C
44
281
A A
93
46
64
1 2 3 4 5 6
6
5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 1
+ Place in order (row/column) (clear instruction)
Steel Frame
+ Minimise the material used
Facade: Corten 4000x1000 mm
1 2 3 4 5 6
A B C D
PROJECT PROPOSAL - TECTONIC ELEMENTS
C.2.4 Structure The form of the project is about 150m long and 15m tall with a 50m span off the ground in the middle. A strong and reliable structural system is required to hold up the faรงade. Both the ends of the faรงade are attached to a column which goes deep in the ground. Two steel structural arch run along the edge of the form joining the columns and ground. The columns goes higher than the form to apply suspension strings and holding up lighting system.
EAST VIEW
WEST VIEW
SOUTH VIEW
65
PROJECT PROPOSAL - TECTONIC ELEMENTS
C.2.5 Materiality According to the early testing of lighting and shading, dark material offers better effect than bright ones. Bright material reflects light to the inside which reduces the contrast of the faรงade and the sky. Therefore the faรงade will be made out of dark material which does not reflect much light, which leaded us to choose Corten steel. The weathering steel satisfies the requirement of non-reflective and dark, and it shows the slight random change in colour which relates to our argument of unexpected effect.
66
PROJECT PROPOSAL - TECTONIC ELEMENTS
The joints and frame are structural steel. I beam is ideal to be used as the frame of the continuous structure. The beams are covered with chrome color, reflecting the skylight and being nearly invisible, which minimise its influence on the effect.
67
C.3.1 Gateway Project: Final Model Both the digital model and the physical model successfully show the effect we were trying to approach. The contrast between dark faรงade and bright sky emphasises the pattern from the gaps on the faรงade. The density of the faรงade is set to approximately one metre per grid which gives enough population of the repeated pattern, and the distance between the two layers of surfaces is set to 0.5m for the pattern change effect. The shadow of the faรงade dramatically changes during the day.
68
PROJECT PROPOSAL - FINAL MODEL
69
70
PROJECT PROPOSAL - FINAL MODEL
The full sized 1:100 model is made from black mount board as the facade and double layer of box board as frame.
71
C.3.2 Final Model: Lighting Apart from focusing on the effect during daylight, we were trying to achieve a different effect at night by lighting setup. Since the material is dark, it is hard to clearly light up the faรงade at night. Two spot lights are placed above the faรงade, wired between the structural columns, to project the pattern on the ground so the cars driving by could experience the flashing pattern by looking at the light through the facade. Only the edges of the faรงade and frame are lighted up making the project mysterious and unpredictable.
72
PROJECT PROPOSAL - FINAL MODEL
73
C.4 Algorithmic Sketches
74
PROJECT PROPOSAL - ALGORITHMIC SKETCHES
75
C.5.1 Feedback & Improved Solutions
After the fabrication of detail model, we realised that the technique is not very mature for the real scale construction. Since the surfaces are placed on screws, they free to rotate which make the pattern inaccurate. Furthermore, the width of the frame does not actually improve the strength of the structure because there is only one joint plate in the middle of the frame which also causes the frame bars to be able to tilt. Therefore we improved the design of the construction detail using two layers of universal beam for the frame and rigid connection to join them. The faรงade surfaces are connected to the beam joints directly with precise orientation.
76
STEEL PATTERN BEAM SURFACE UB 150 14
CONNECTOR
The final form was a 150m continuous surface which has a 50m span in the middle. This might leads to difficulties on structural solution. It would be easier for structural engineers to build this project if the span is shorter. The span can be reduced to 30m if the surface is divided into three parts. And two additional column can be placed to hold the structure. However the division of surface makes the continuous curve less smooth.
PROJECT PROPOSAL - LEARNING OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES
C.5.2 Learning Objectives and Outcomes It is new to me to integrate algorithm into design elements. After 12 weeks of work with Grasshopper, I now have a better understanding of parametric design. It requires more logic thinking than I initially imagined. Using Grasshopper contains a lot of problem solving and creative thinking. To achieve an element for the design, there are always a number of different ways to do it. I need to think about the function that Grasshopper has; find the methods by algorithmic thinking; test the several methods and find the one that is best for my design. The design process for this studio is quite unique comparing to what I have experienced before. I was asked to learn the techniques of interesting parametric design and apply them to my own design concepts. The technique of algorithm is important in parametric design process where in it limits the possibility of concepts sometimes. We stuck with the definition for several times and the method to generate our design approach has changed several times since the beginning of the Grasshopper exploration. It is interesting how technique being so important. Although the design is very dependable on technique, we were able to achieve some of the design approach which we cannot find the solution in Grasshopper with manual operation in Rhino and fabrication. The process of using Grasshopper reminds me of learning a language. To make the most of out of the tool, I need to observe, understand and remember as many as objects of definition in it. However for a specific design approach, I only need to know the definitions that are related. I often need to search for the definitions done by former users or get help from others to achieve my goals, which is like learning grammar and phrases or looking up books in library.
77
The project includes early technique definition, full sized digital model, and physical model. In all these processes I found the idea of prototype so important. The prototypes, including the partial testing in Grasshopper and fabrication, give a hint for whether the full model can be successfully produced, which significantly reduces the risk of serious design failure. This studio is my first time to work as a team for a major assignment. It could be challenging for a team since the project is complex. Teamwork requires the members to work together and take responsibilities. Good arrangement of tasks and timeline optimises the efficiency of teamwork. Our team worked great during the whole semester. We separated the workload properly, and everyone is willing to meet frequently at university and deliver work on time. Since the entire project contains various kinds of tasks, we can each work on the part that we are good at. I appreciated that we worked together and I am proud to be a part of the team.
78
REFERENCES
References Part A “Aviva Stadium Opened Friday in Dublin Aviva Stadium at Lansdowne Road Dublin – ArchDaily.” Accessed April 6, 2013. http://www.archdaily. com/60213/aviva-stadium-opens-today-in-dublin/aviva-stadium-at-lansdowne-road-dublin/. “Beijing National Stadium - Bird’s Nest | Flickr - Photo Sharing!” Accessed April 5, 2013. http://www.flickr.com/photos/rtz13/5764750072/. “Beijing National Stadium - Bird’s Nest | Flickr - Photo Sharing!” Accessed April 5, 2013. http://www.flickr.com/photos/rtz13/5764750072/. “Bustler: Herzog & De Meuron’s ‘Bird’s Nest’ Wins RIBA Lubetkin Prize.” Accessed April 5, 2013. http://www.bustler.net/index.php/article/herzog_de_ meurons_birds_nest_wins_riba_lubetkin_prize/. Part B “The Park Hotel / Skidmore Owings & Merrill.” ArchDaily. Accessed May 8, 2013. http://www.archdaily.com/149285/the-park-hotel-skidmore-owingsmerrill/. “voltaDom: MIT 2011.” SJET, n.d. http://www.sjet.us/MIT_VOLTADOM.html. “VoltaDom by Skylar Tibbits.” DesignPlaygrounds. Accessed April 16, 2013. http://designplaygrounds.com/deviants/voltadom-by-skylar-tibbits/. Yusheng, Liao. Facade Detail, Dior Ginza, n.d. http://figure-ground.com/ japan/a-d/0021/. Part C Knudsen, Jens Schott. Australia’s Pavillion at the 2010 World Expo in Shanghai, May 10, 2010. http://www.flickr.com/photos/pamhule/4604236304/. DBX Chrome Wrap, n.d. http://www.autoevolution.com/news-g-image/ no-mercy-for-chrome-wrapped-lambo-murcielago-video/75771.html.
79