Wind Farm Proposal in Copenhagen, Denmark by Zachitect

AIR STUDIO JOURNAL

Architectural Design StudioAIR Tutor: Cam & Victor

CONTENT

INTRODUCTION p4 PART A. CONCEPTUALISATION PART B. FURTHER DEVELOPMENT PART C. DETAIL DEVELOPMENT

MEET ZACH

ZACHITECT.COM Explore the Beauty & Complexity of Architecture

ello, I am Zach, a vegetarian and a big fan of vegetable, animals and most importantly architecture. I started observing buildings when I was a child. At that time I believed that there were many changes could be made to the buildings. Today as an architectural student, I see architecture as a combination of beauty and complexity. There are always conflicts and sacrifices involved in architectural projects because of the pursuit of aesthetics and functionality. Therefore, I believe that the ultimate task for architects is to find the balance through experience and innovation.

PREVIOUS WORK

his is a design for a boathouse in Studley Park, Yarra Bend in Melbourne. The style was inspired by Mies Van Der Rohe as part of the course of Architectural Design Studio of Water. The main approach was to make the boathouse unique to the site by fitting the building into the landscape. Large glass curtains and semi-closed multi-functional spaces were applied in accidence to Mies style. However, the environmental problems often seen in Miesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; buildings were optimised by passive design with the consideration of solar access, sun angles, breeze direction and the climate of this area.

Applications: Autodesk Revit, Autodesk AutoCAD, ArchiCAD, Lumion 3D, Rhino 3D, Sketchup, Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Indesign.

IMPRESSION

REFLEXION ON DIGITAL ARCHITECTURE THE CONTROVERSIAL PARAMETRIC DESIGN

he application of softwares has been increasingly popular in architectural design. It brings new possibilities to design with more dynamic visual representation. The newly emerged Building Information Modelling helps to test building performance before construction. However, in my own experience with the Computer Aided Design, I have also noticed several disadvantages that potentially limit design ideas and innovation.

ersonally I’ve experienced the situation in which the design ideas were pushed to be simplified by softwares due to their lack of functions and my limited knowledge of softwares. Thus a considerable part of computer aided design is about to find

the solutions in terms of methods to digitise ideas, instead of focus on innovative ideas. That is why learners are often advised to do paper draft on the first stage.

n terms of Parametic Design, it is indeed a innovative design approach, but in my opinion, also CONTROVERSIAL. It is clear that parametric approach helps to generate special geometries that can hardly be drafted by traditional drawings. The outcomes of Parametric design are often unpredicatable. It is surely perfect for experienmental designs as its form generation could create more complex and eye-catching designs under the influence of natural process. For architecture in terms of firmness, commodity and delight, however, paramet-

ric is not ar the core of building design. The undoubted priority in practical architecture is to design a building that can be built. But designs generated by parametric approach, which are usually of rich and complex geometry, often complicate construction1. The chaotic forms also limit the maximisation of space use. Ironically, the prioritised focus on geometrical forms does not necessarily produce delightful designs among the main mainstream. Finally, one can easily tell the difference from a circle to a triangle, but not from one tree to another. Many projects by parametric design looked the same to me because they are too chaotic to notice distinct characteristics that define a building. 1 Brady Peter, “Computation Works: The Building of Algorithmic Thought“, (2013), Architectural Design.

DESIGN FUTURING

rchitecture as an important type of design practice, is not merely to construct buildings. Architecture is of politics, society and environments. It holds the responsibility of leading the world towards a better future.

DESIGN FUTURING

rchitecture as an imporant design practice, holds the responsibility and potential to lead the world to a better future through inspiration and expression of buildings. One of the most significant concept of futuring is 1evironmental sustainability, which is also extremely relative to architectural design as a one of the core considerations. One the other hand, the continuity of unsustanable lifestyle can lead to 2irreversible damage to the natural environment. Thus architectures are supposed not only to realise sustainability within a building, despite its great importantce, but also to inspire and possibly chang the minds of others though design. Both these two aspectes will be discussed.

he Solar Collector is a very inspirational public art about renewable energy in Cambridge, Ontario, Canada. 3 It consists of 12 shimmering metal shafts and solar panels. These shafts rise at the angles of the sun locally during a year. The talllest shaft is perpendicular to the sun at win1 Tony Fry, Designing Futuring, (New York: Berg, 2009), p.7. 2 Fry, p.1. 3 Solar Collector, Explore the Solar Collector, <http://www.solarcollector.ca/explore.php> [accessed 10 March 2014].

Image Source, <http://www.solarcollector.ca/index.php>

DESIGN FUTURING â&#x20AC;&#x153;In a collaboration between the community and the sun, Solar Collector gathers human expression and solar energy during the day, then brings them together each night in a performance of flowing light patterns.â&#x20AC;?

ter solstice, when the sun is low in the sky, while the flattest shaft faces the high sun at summer solstice. This project plays a vital role in introducing solar angles to the public, and this concept can be futher extended to passive design as a environmental design strategy which is well represented by the physical form of the Solar Collector.

n terms of interaction, Solar Collector collects energy through solar panels duriing daytime, and the collected energy powers the lights on shafts to perform interactive light patterns that are created by people around the world on the Internet. Such interaction through performance or function effectively presented the joy of renewable energy in a immediatly tangible way with participations, as a future direction of energy generation.

herefore, the simplicity in function and complexity of solar angles in form that is unique to site makes the Solar Collector a successful design that inspires local community and the participants around the world to think on renewable energy and futher sustainability. Images Source, <http://www.solarcollector.ca/ex_view.php>

DESIGN FUTURING

PURPLE SILKWORM ISLAND The Japanese Pavilion

pan Pavillion was constructed for Shanghai Expo in 2010. It bears a very strong message of environmental sustainability. To compare with he previous project of the Solar Collector, the Japanaese Pavilion took an indirect formal approach in expression of environmental considerations by exeprience and technology in stead of direct expression in form.

he pavilion was nick-named Purple Silkworm Island, of which the form suggested nature and life. The pavilion expressed the vision towards future life of sustainbility that can be realised and powered by advanced technology. The inspiration for public again was not merely dragging attention as the previous project did, but provided an direct and tangible experience of the benifits and positive change to the world by staying sustainable.

n terms of technologies, the whole building was covered by purplr membrane that absorbs solar energy. The caves act as water collectors. Atennae on the roof

Image Source, <http://www.detaoma.com/Yutaka_Hikosaka/?portfolio=japan-pavilion-expo-shanghai-2010>

DESIGN FUTURING

were connected to internal air-conditioning system to ensure ventilation1. In addition, there was the cutting-edge green technology, the footstep-absorbing floor, which can generate electricity when stepped on.

he Japanese Pavilion is the combination of Breathing Organism, Carbon Neutral Building, Energy Genration and Water Collection. Great strategy of multiple technology emplyment and interdeciplinary approach created great performace.

t is not only inspiring, but also a tangible futuring model for both commercial and residential projects in a more practical sense rather than being a symbol as the previous Solar Collector. This is not only about technology, it is also about harmony.

1 Bridgette Meinhold, Japan Pavilion is a Solar Energy Generating â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Purple Silkworm Islandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, (2010)< http://inhabitat.com/japan-pavilion-isa-solar-energy-generating-purple-silkworm-island/ >[accessed 10 March 2014]. Image Source, <http://www.ting9968.com/996/news/2010/06/2010-06-2375339.htm> Image Source, <http://inhabitat.com/japan-pavilion-is-a-solar-energy-generating-purple-silkworm-island/>

DESIGN COMPUTATION

omputerisation converts the existing idea into digital representation, it is about finding solutions. Computational Design creates process of formal generation, which requires the understanding of process. The outcome may not be predictable.

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SENDAI MEDIATHEQUE

SENDAI MEDIATHEQUE T

he building of Sendai Mediatheque in Japan was designed by Japanese architect, Toyo Ito. It is one precedent of computerisational design. It employed a very unique structure. Floors are steel-ribbed slabs supported by 13 lattice columns, which enabled the idea of free plan1. The whole building looks floating . The most interesting part is the space within each lattice colunm . These spaces remain usable.

1 Megan Sveiven, â&#x20AC;&#x153;Flashback: Sendai Mediatheque / Toyo Itoâ&#x20AC;? (2013) <http://www.archdaily.com/?p=118627>[accesed 20 March 2014]

he building is of a simple cube with rectangular floors. Most of the features in terms of free plan, transparency, and floating were generated by the designer, then the ideas were transformed into digital representation. The computer helped to provide accurate measurement and test of structural stability. But the ideas remained similar.

or lattice columns, the patterns are of simple forms. Thus parametric design as a computational approach is not necessary despite its feasibility in practise.

Image Source, <http://www.archdaily.com/118627/ad-classics-sendai-mediatheque-toyo-ito/>

COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN

endai Mediatheque est and trees. This cal reprensentation is ceivable despite the

relected the analogy of foranalogy in terms of geometriplanned and completely congrids on the lattice columns.

his is a typical example of function-oriented project, designed for achiving maximisation of space use and great structural stability. It survived the earthquake in Senai in 2013. Besides, the design intent on features are also evident as stated before, thus the purposes, functions, and intent of design can be easily undersood and classified.

Image Source, <http://www.archdaily.com/118627/ad-classics-sendai-mediatheque-toyo-ito/>

ICD/ITKE RESEARCH PAVILION

ICD/ITKE Research Pavilion T

his pavilion was designd and fabricated by Institute for Computational Design, Institute of Building Structures and Structural Design, and students from University of Stuttgart as a bionic design for research and teaching purposes1.

learly, this is an great example of computational design. Similar to the previous building by Toyo Ito, this project also started from an analogy, sea urchinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s plate skeleton. However, for this pavilion as 1 Unistuttgart, ICD/ITKE Research Pavilion, < http://icd.unistuttgart.de/?p=6553> [accessed 20 March 2014]

Image Source, <http://icd.uni-stuttgart.de/?p=6553/>

a computational design, the anology was rather used as a start point to form the basic geometries and further process of fomal generation. The analogy of sea urchin does not define the final design outcome, which is also unpredicatable.

he whole structure consist of a basic body and cells generated along the surface. In this case, the geometries are not conceivable but surely archiveble with the assistance of parametric design softwares.

COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN

esign of the pavilion mainly focused on process controled formal generateion. Form is the priority over function, and structural stability. This is not a functionoriented project. It took a different approach of architecture in terms of looking for new methods to free architectural forms from the existing mainstream, thus it is a successful exeprimental project as it serves as.

Image Source, <http://icd.uni-stuttgart.de/?p=6553/>

COMPOSITION & GENERATION

COMPOSITION & GENEGRATION

omposition reflects the arragement and combination of pre-defined geometry that are often of regular forms. These geometries define characteristics of a building. Generation is the idea of finding the process of change then to define , design and start the process from the beginning to create un-conceivable outcomes based on conceivable rules.

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BENESSE HOUSE

enesse House is an art centre in Naoshima, Kagawa, Japan, designed by Japanese Architect, Tadao Ando, who is my absolutely favourite Architect. The art centre was built on the hill, consists of several separated parts, some of the spaces were created as basement.

A Andoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Draft

ndo started the design by composition of different geometries, which were mostly regular shapes including rectangle, triangle, ellipse and arcs. He focused on the experience of spaces that were linked to the surrounding elements such as landscape and the sea. The shapes were composited with considerations of orientations to ensure great views towards the sea1.

1 Tadao Ando, e.d. by Ma Weidong, Wu Bo, and Teng Qixia, (Ningbo: Ningbo Publishing House, 2005), p.103.

Image Source, <http://www.fastcodesign.com/1671711/beyond-the-white-cube-6-experimental-museums/>

COMPOSITION

Imagine: Pool is â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;connectedâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; to the Sea

or compositional design, shapes are critical to define the characteristics of the designed building. In this Project, Ando had hidden major part of his buildings underground, then left simple geometris on ground surface to call the imagination of people1.

Plan Ground

Plan 2nd Floor

Plan Basement

Plan 1st Floor

omposition method in terms of arranging defined regular geometries requires careful and deep considerations of internal space layout and the relationship between building and landscape. It is about fitting geometries into landascape and defining and expressing unqiue style.

Ma Weidong, (2005), p.98.

Image Source, <http://openbuildings.com/buildings/chichu-art-museum-profile-2447>

WATER CUBE

atercube was designed and constructed for Beijing Olympic Games 2008. The original idea for this design was from soap bubbles, which fills into a cubic box. This project is a typical example of generational design but with control of boundaries.

he dicovery of great firmness within bubble structure had enabled the building to apply less material to achive structural stability. The material used was also light so that it reduced the load and pressure for the whole structure of the building2.

he building presented a great advantage of structure and materials by computational design, in partcular, generational methods based on mimicking natural process. Unlike many other generational examples, such greatness is also achieved by the control1 of boundary as a box, which eventually turned disordered bubble structures into a cube.

Water Digital Structural Model

1 Architectureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s New Media: Principles, Theories, and Methods of Computer Aided Design, ed. by Yehuda Kalay, (Combridge, MA: MIT Press,), pp.19-20.

herefore, it is not he generational design alone that enabled the structural improvement. Control factors and choose of material were also critical. But most importantly, the discovery of particular structure from a narual process out of the ordinary architectural field provided oportunities for improving architecture and construction as a whole.

2 Ani Arzumanyan, AD Morphogenetic Design, (2012), pp.39-40.

Image Source, < http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=392487&page=3 > Image Source, < hhttp://issuu.com/ani.arzumanyan/docs/morphogenetic_design >

GENERATION

Water Digital Structural Model

or generation method in design, it focuses on the building it self. Minimal elements, such as the cells in this project, in the generational process often helps to achieve geometrical goals, despite their potential to optimise the structure, constrution and mateiral.

o compare generation with composition, composition focuses on both inside and outside, both interior space layout and the relationship with the landscape and surroundings. Composition has greater ability to define and create distinguashable building characteristics than the generaional approach.

Image Source, < http://blog.visualarthouse.de/2013/03/the-water-cube-in-beijing-by-oliver.html > Image Source, < hhttp://issuu.com/ani.arzumanyan/docs/morphogenetic_design >

CONCLUSIONS

hroughout the stuties of precincts in Part A, I have realised many potential outcomes and opportunitis, such as genrational methods based on on the orginal units and biomic ideas by parametric approach to realise un-conceivable outcomes, for designs under the newly emerged computational methods.

owever, I have also noticed several conflicts and potential weakness. Therefore, I believe it will be wise to start with both traditional-computerisational and the new-computational approaches, and set limits for controling computational outcomes such as the Water Cube project.

inally, the design is going to be interactive with the public as the Solar Collector. Ideally it will also be a sustainable model with all-around environmental features that are tangible and inspiring, such as those in the Japanese Pvilion, thus both people and the environment will benefit in long term.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

he most difficult part in Part A is the parametric deisgn in terms of the Grasshopper with Rhino. They unilised many geometrical and mathematical knowledge, 1such as matrix, determinents and average points. Fortunately I have managed tooperate it through getting to understand every single concept, parametre and a few new words, as English is not my first language.

t is critical to understand the process of producing design, not merely copying tutorials step by step. Architectural Computing afterall is a tool helping architects to achive more complex and precise outcomes.

1 Rajaa Issa, â&#x20AC;&#x153;Essential Mathematics for Computational Designâ&#x20AC;&#x153;, Report McNeel and Associtates.

ALGORITHMIC SKETCHES

APPENDIX

he form of the body was created by one single closed curve. Then the curve was offsetted to form a ring surface. Then it was rotated around the Z axis, then every rotated ring surface was then rotated on their own planes with a series of angles. Then these breps formed a loft to create the basic body.

he most interesting operations I found were Brep|Brep intersections, and Box Morph. The main idea was to create a parametric outime with a form that was not random but was defined and controlled.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Architecture’s New Media: Principles, Theories, and Methods of Computer-Aided Design. ed. by Kalay, Yehuda. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 2004). Arzumanyan, Ani. AD: Morphogenetic Design. (2012). Fry, Tony (2008). Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (Oxford: Berg) Issa, Rajaa. ‘Essential Mathematics for Computational Design’. Second Edition. Robert McNeel and associates. Meinhold, Bridgette. Japan Pavilion is a Solar Energy Generating ‘Purple Silkworm Island’. (2010). <http://inhabitat.com/japan-pavilion-is-a-solar-energy-generating-purplesilkworm-island/ >.[accessed 10 March 2014]. Peters, Brady. ‘Computation Works: The Building of Algorithmic Thought’. (2013). Architectural Design. Solar Collector. Explore the Solar Collector. <http://www.solarcollector.ca/explore.php>. [accessed 10 March 2014]. Sveiven, Megan. “Flashback: Sendai Mediatheque / Toyo Ito”.(2013). <http://www.archdaily.com/?p=118627>. [accesed 20 March 2014].

Tadao Ando. ed. by Ma, Weidong, Wu, Bo, and Teng, Qixia. (Ningbo: Ningbo Publishing House. 2005). Unistuttgart. ICD/ITKE Research Pavilion. < http://icd.uni-stuttgart.de/?p=6553>. [accessed 20 March 2014].

IMAGE SOURCES Image Source, <http://www.solarcollector.ca/index.php> p.8 Image Source, <http://www.solarcollector.ca/ex_view.php> p.9 Image Source, <http://www.detaoma.com/Yutaka_Hikosaka/?portfolio=japan-pavilionexpo-shanghai-2010> p.10 Image Source, <http://www.ting9968.com/996/news/2010/06/2010-06-2375339.htm> p.11 Image Source, <http://inhabitat.com/japan-pavilion-is-a-solar-energy-generating-purple-silkworm-island/> p.11 Image Source, <http://www.archdaily.com/118627/ad-classics-sendai-mediathequetoyo-ito/> p.14 Image Source, <http://www.archdaily.com/118627/ad-classics-sendai-mediathequetoyo-ito/> p.15 Image Source, <http://icd.uni-stuttgart.de/?p=6553/> p.16 Image Source, <http://icd.uni-stuttgart.de/?p=6553/> p.17 Image Source, <http://www.fastcodesign.com/1671711/beyond-the-white-cube-6-experimental-museums/> p.20 Image Source, <http://openbuildings.com/buildings/chichu-art-museum-profile-2447> p.21 Image Source, < http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=392487&page=3 > p.22 Image Source, < hhttp://issuu.com/ani.arzumanyan/docs/morphogenetic_design > p.22 Image Source, < http://blog.visualarthouse.de/2013/03/the-water-cube-in-beijing-byoliver.html > p.23 Image Source, < hhttp://issuu.com/ani.arzumanyan/docs/morphogenetic_design > p.23

B1 MATERIAL SYSYTEM

STRUCTURE

STRUCUTRE

Birds Nest Stadium

Across the precedents, architectural examples that with great applications of structures are usually of 2 main types, waffles and trusses, which are usually both self-standing structure with great asthetic values. DECORATION The trusses and waffles are no longer purely structural members that merely provide stability, but are also designed as decorations, which were traditionally only used to hide unpleasant elements to the eye1.

1 B, Kolarevic & K, R, Klinger, Manufacturing/ Material/Effects, (2008), p.20.

Canton Tower

MATERIAL Waffles structures are mostly constructed with timber, such as South Pond and Savilla Metropo, and each elements within such structures usually has a linear depth. Truss structures tend to use structural steels with sectional profiles to form more flexible and rigid structure such as Canton Tower and Birds Nest Stadium.

MATERIAL SYSTEM

South Pond

SCALE: In terms of scale, waffle strucutre is often applied by design in a generally smaller scale, the South Pond, or midium, the Savilla Metropol,which expand horizontally. While for truss with steel, it has the potential of pesuing great heightnes, Canton Tower, and large scale expansion, Birds Nest Stadium.

Sevilla Metropol

FUNCTION: In the precedents, waffles forms the body of the structure, but truss could form more complex designs by being incorporated as supporting elements on the surface to support other components inside. For example, the Canton Tower has a concrete core which is supported and listed by the trusses which formed the exterior.

CASE STUDY 1 ITERATIONS

QUADS

DIAMONDS

HEX

TRI

CONTOUR A

CONTOUR B

CONTOUR C

QUADS WAFFLE

DIAMONDS WAFFLE

QUADS RANDOM WAFFLE

WAFFLES

CONTOURS

TRUSSES

ITERATION: 1 - 20

CASE STUDY 1: STRUCUTRE

QUADS RANDOM

SKEWED QUADS

QUADS STAG

Unlike other Research Fields, strcuture does not have definitions provided except for the LunchBox Plugin that generates lattices. SPACE TRUSS

CONTOUR B+C

SKEWED DIAMOND WAFFLE

And precedents for structure usually have a pre-defined body generated by other methods (will be discussed in B3), for the application of structural elements. Or they are the bodies that the transformation are based on. Therefore, I decided to start applying various structural transformations on thse bodies. But I also tried the application of structure on various bodies in the last few iterations.

QUADS STAG WAFFLE

TRI WAFFLE

WAFFLES

ITERATION: 20 - 36

TRI WAFFLE

CONS QUADS WAFFLE

MORPH WAFFLE

MORPH

MORPH PYRAMID

QUADS TRUSS ON BODY

TRI WAFFLE ON BODY

TRI TRUSS ON BODY

HEX WAFFLE ON BODY

TI WAFFLE ON BODY

BODIESS

MORPHS

TRI WAFFLE

CASE STUDY 1: STRUCUTRE

MORPH DYNAMIC

MORPH WAFFLE

STAG TRUSS ON BODY

HEX WAFFLE ON BODY

4 SELECTIONS

TRUSS

CONTOUR

RIGINDNESS:

SECTIONING:

The double layer space-truss is the one that provides the best regindness in terms of strucrural performance.

The structure formed by contours from 2 horizontal directions provides the idea of sectioning. Every single structural pipes shows the section of whole body on its plane.

DOWNSIDE: The density of trusses with diagonal bracing and double layers could possibly block solar penetration, and views. It could also be difficult to fabricate, and cosumes more resources and materials.

The top grids in square shapes could potentially be used for the installation of solar panels. The lack of horizontal elements on the sides ensures great view without being blocked. The facbrication is relatively easier with only few components.

CASE STUDY 1: STRUCUTRE

MORPH

WAFFLE

DYNAMIC:

FLEXIBILITY:

Morph potentially provides better apperance over traditional waffles, which generally have a linear depth, which the only changes made on profile of the element shapes.

This iteration has the most flexible body that was transformed into waffle structures.

However, by morph, each elements could have a much more dynamic shapes with 3-dimensional changes and dynamic connections with each other. It keeps the greatness of waffle but exntends it futher.

Unlike truss or morph, the waffles with an extrusion style clearly preserves the shape of the origonal body. These waffles are great for forming temporary individualised space for public use.

Potentially the elements are more adjustable to incorporating solar panles into it.

CASE STUDY 2 REVERSE ENGINEERING

REVERSE ENGINEERING 1

Three closed curves, top opening, largest outline, and base outline (middle curve), acted as control elments to meet the basic requirement of size and spae needs and limitations.

2 Three control curves were lifted to certain height desired.

A body lofted through the 3 curves, which represents the basic body shape of the stadium.

Use the base shape outline, and the top opening outline to start assigning origion points for branches. Branches are based on the geodesic curves on the surface of the lofted body.

Geodesic curves were created by continous shifting the orders of connections between each two points on 2 curves respectively to create randomess.

Trim the bottom by a hortizontal plane, which finaised the connection of branches to the ground with random gaps.

BIRDS NEST STADIUM

OUTCOME: ELEVATION

OUTCOME: PLAN

OUTCOME: PERSPECTIVE

REVERSE ENGINEERING

Tower Height:1 454m Structure 146m Antenna Ellipse Dimensions: 40.5 x 54 m Top 60 x 80 m Bottom 20.88 x 36 m Smallest At 280 m Height Vertical Columns: 24 Columns Rings & Angle: 46 Rings 15ยบ to the Ground

1 2 ellipses that decided the height of the tower 1 Design Features of the Canton Tower, <http://news.sina.com. cn/c/2010-09-30/063321199825. shtml>[accessed 3 May 2014]

2 24 straight lines connecting two ellipses with uniform gaps in between

3 Rotate the top ellipse counterclockwise which also changed the 24 straight lines

4 Add 46 inscribed rings of horitzontal planes with uniform gaps in between

5 Rings extracted to be prepared for tilting

CANTON TOWER

6 Rings except the bottom one were tilted with a 15ยบ angle to the ground

7 Tilted Rings changed the straight lines based on rings, and formed grids

8 Add bracings into each grid, bracings are connected as polylines

9 Combine the 24 straight columns, 46 rings, and bracings to form the final body

10 Add the cap and antenna to the main structure to complete the tower

REVERSE ENGINEERING OUTCOMES

Tower Height: 454m Structure 146m Antenna Ellipse Dimensions: 40.5 x 54 m Top 60 x 80 m Bottom 20.88 x 36 m Smallest At 280 m Height Vertical Columns: 24 Columns Rings & Angle: 46 Rings 15ยบ to the Ground

OUTCOME: ELEVATIONS

OUTCOME: PLAN

CANTON TOWER

OUTCOME: PERSPECTIVES

TECHNIQUE DEVELOPMENT

BRACING & RINGS

BRANCH DENSITY

TRUNK SIZES

TRUNK LOCATIONS

INTERATION: 1 - 21

uniform

squeezed

squeezed on one side

same size

uniformly increased

random size

loose

medium

dense

rings on the edges

bracing close to the edges

rings close to the edges

BRANCH CURVATURE BRANCH PROFILE & SIZE

TECHNIQUE DEVELOPMENT

pentagon profile & increased radius

pipe with ball cap & increased radius

triangle profile & increased radius

Inwards long spread

volcano spread

short inwards spread

medium inwards spread

upwards long spread

upwards folded spread

After finishing 30+ iternations in case study 2, and the 2 reverse engineering of the Birds Nest Stadium and the Canton Tower, I found those two process are rather simple and with limitations that prevent from fomal changes as they all have predefined shapes or controlling elements. Therefore, I started constructing the new definition incorporating the vertical style of the Canton Tower and the random horizontal spreads of the Birds Nest Stadium.These new definitions are surely providing more flexibity and more changes for the iterations and potential outcomes.

BRANCH CURVATURE

BRANCH DENSITY

NUMBER OF TRUNKS

INTERATION: 22 - 36

7 trunks

6 trunks

5 trunks

loose

medium

dense

horizontal folded spread

horizontal long spread

downwards long spread

upwards long srpead

inwards long spread

upwards folded spread

POLYGON LOCATIONS

TECHNIQUE DEVELOPMENT

12 seg star with 12 trunks

10 seg star with 20 trunks

20 seg star with 30 trunks

ITERATION 1-21: trunks were based on random curves (including curves geomtrically meaningless but drawn based on other factors, e.g. sun path, wind direction, publc movement, etc.) ITERATION 22-36: trunks were based on polygons and stars that provides a more uniform distribution of tunks and srpead. ITERATION 37-51: trunks were based on ellipse to take advantage of the site as sllipse could be inscribed within the rectangular site, thus to investigate more possible site ar

TRUNK SIZES

BRANCH CURVATURE

BRANCH DENSITY

TRUNK LOCATIONS

INTERATION: 37 - 51

uniform

overlapped & squeezed

overlapped & uniform

low unconnected

dense

minimum

poped trunks

flat upwards spread

inwards long spread

BRACING & RINGS

TECHNIQUE DEVELOPMENT

bracing close to edge

long bracing on spread

uniform

OUTCOME SELECTIONS (Trunk Spaces for Wind Turbines)

Unifromly increased Trunk spaces potentially defines the space usage, e.g. larger and midium spaces for public access and multifuntions which will be refined in detailed design.

Minimal numbers of spread on uniformly increased Trunk spaces has a large potential and rooms of appliying solar panels or other decorative materials on the structure.

Trunks with similar sizes distributed uniformly on a controled shape could potentially well selfdefine the space in terms of creating unique landscape around them. Medium dense spreads could also be used for installations.

This iteration has the most unique shape with each trunk distributed on an controlled ellipse. Tunks are taller than the spreads, which could turn the function of the structure upsidedown, in terms of providing public access on spreads.

TECHNIQUE PROTOTYPES

PROTOTYPING

WIND TURBINE

OPERABLE SOLAR PANELS

TECHNIQUE RPOTOTYPES

MAIN STRUCTURE

As our reseach field is structure, and the design uses trusses. Therefore, the group decided to make model using metal wires, and apparently that is the only option (We are thinking on doing more materials now, e.g. timber.) Unfortunately, the wire prototype for the main structure collapsed after the interim presentation. The wind turbine works as we have referenced the real turbine shape to make it work. The operable solar panel introduced a system that we developed to not only apply on solar panels (because we are considering dropping this idea according to climate), but many other elements such as wind tunnels.

TECHNIQUE DESIGN PROPOSAL

STRUCTURE

APPX. 12000mm

TECHNIQUE DESIGN PROPOSAL

PLAN & ELEVATION VAWT Virtical Axis Wind Turbine

PLAN

APPX. 1000000mm

ELEVATION SOUTH

COPENHAGEN CLIMATE Averagw Daily Sunshine Hours in Copenhagen

DEC

NOV

OCT

SEPT

AUG

JUL

JUN

MAY

APR

MAR

FEB

JAN

Inefficient for Solar Energy

Wind Rose Yearly Average Wind Speed in Copenhagen

0.9 - 2.2 m/s 2.2 - 3.1 m/s 3.1 - 4.5 m/s 4.5 - 6.7 m/s 6.7 - 8.9 m/s 8.9 + m/s

BEST DIRECTION: 225ยบ NW-E

Averagw Daily Sunshine Hours in Copenhagen: http://www.holiday-weather.com/copenhagen/averages/ Wind Rose Yearly Average Wind Speed in Copenhagen: http://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/sites/windrose. phtml?station=EKRK&network=DK_ASOS

WIND TURBINE & ENERGY AMOUNT BEST DIRECTION: 225ยบ NW-E APPROX. AVERAGE WIND SPEED 6.25m/s APPROX. YEARLY ENERGY GENERATION ESTIMATION:

13000 x 5

KILOWATT HOURS

TasVAWT 10000, Axis X: Power Curve (watts) Axis Y: Windspeed (m/s) K&S Turbines TasVawt 10000 Mill Height: 6.2m Mill Weight: 2250kg Mill Diameter: 6m Tower Height: 5.5m Tower Weight: 550kg

tasvawt 10000: http://www.kandwturbines.com.au/tasvawt_10kw.html

LEARNING OBJECTIVE & OUTCOMES

REFLEXION & FEEDBACK

PRESENTATION APPROACH VISUAL

COMMUNICATION

DESIGN RATIONALISATION DESIGN

INTEGRATION

PRESENTATION APPROACH: In the interim presentation, the group focused on the site surroundings and Danish culture as a start point, however, too much literature was adopted without going stright to the design proposal. The presentation failed to clearly convey design ideas and the project the group was worling on, due to lack of good collaborations among our members. Therefore, we will need to more clearly define our work but very importantly at the same time, knowing othersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; work. Thus the group members will have a comprehensive understanding of all the knowledge shared across the group, and will work more seamlessly with one another. VISUAL COMMUNICATION: Visual communication is the key in expressing our design. The jury found the pespective models, plan and elevation of the design much more convincing than description. Therefore, the group will start producing more pictures with clarity for instrucing every key part of the design and the overall image. Preferably, the image produced will also be illutrated by dimension or a straightforward human figures to let others feel the scale of the design thus understand our idea well.

DESIGN RATIONALISATION One of the key elements in our design were the trunks in the structure, which defines the spread and potential usable spaces inside. However, the logic behind it was not very strong in terms of defining the location of trunks as they are based on a path. The group had done iterations based on random curve, ellipses (controlled curve), and polygons & stars. These did produce many dynamic outcomes. But for backing up the idea, and make it stronger, the group decided to incoporate the design decision with scientific data and surrounding cultural points. The scientific data such as wind direction and average speed helped the structure which uses wind speed to turn to facing the wind to maximise wind energy generation. While cultural points such as theatre, bars, or the mermaid statue are also to be used to define the orientation of elments in the design, so that, people could easily locate beatiful view points with unconcious guide of the design. This is what the group is currently keeping working on in terms of rationalisation. DESIGN INTEGRATION: The current design applied VAWT, Virtical Axis Wind Turbine as its energy generation method. The wind tubines are to be installed into the trunk spaces on an isolated column, which was rather a mechanical addition to a design instead of part of the design, which both the Jury and the group had realised. Thus we are working on the improvements of the design in terms of incorporating energy generation into the strucure as a unity. A rough idea is to turn the branches into wind tunnels to install horizontal axis wind turbine, and preferably to make wind tunnels operable to rotate and chase the wind, thus to maximise wind energy generation.

REFLEXION & FEEDBACK

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: THEORETICAL RESEARCH: My theoretical Research mainly focused on the site, culture, climate, and most importantly this time, the green energy types, generations and divices, in the scientific field that I have never touched before. Such research extends my knowledge in green energy in detailed level in terms of divice dimensions, amount of kilowatts hour generated, calculation of energy generation, etc, which are critical to the design of an energy generation structure. With the information, the design was partially guided to form its dimension, orientation, size, rooms for divices. This is much more interesting than traditional architecture of buildings. And it also makes me realise again that the architecture needs to be practical, because it is something that is going to be built.

REFERENCE

REFERENCE B, Kolarevic & K, R, Klinger, Manufacturing/Material/Effects, (2008), p.20. Design Features of the Canton Tower, <http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2010-0930/063321199825.shtml>[accessed 3 May 2014] Tasvawt 10000 <http://www.kandwturbines.com.au/tasvawt_10kw.html> [accessed 3 May 2014] PICTURE http://www.dezeen.com/2010/08/22/movie-by-spirit-of-space-south-pond-bystudio-gang/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropol_Parasol http://stuckintrafficjam.com/2012/11/17/made-in-china-places-and-facesphotoblog/2_canton-tower-guangzhou/ http://www.beijingholiday.com/photo/national-stadium-photos.html http://www.platek.com/wind/ http://www.wallcoo.net/cartoon/3d_commercial_architectural_renderings/ birds_nest_beijing%20national%20stadium_architectural_renderings_8007.html http://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/sites/windrose. phtml?station=EKRK&network=DK_ASOS http://www.holiday-weather.com/copenhagen/averages/

SKETCH

C1 DESIGN CONCEPT

FINALISATION

REFLEXION & FEEDBACK

CONCEPT CHANGE CONPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS TECHNIQUE CHANGE

RECAP & ISSUES

CONCEPT CHANGE

The initial proposal was to design 5 tree-like pavilions connected with one another, and to have Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT) installed in the centre of each pavilion. For each tree pavilin, there are branches growing up from the trunk, at which the reinforcement trusses were added to ensure stability. Floor shaded by the pavillions were covered by many rectanular pieces timber.

In responce to tutorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; advice, the group started changing the concept from pavilion to a forest by filling the site with such trees. Then the trees were made of random heights, numbers of branches, and their locations, thus they look organic. The group decided to create the forest experience for the public, also to make a place for people to meet one another, for family activities or simply a relaing place for reading books. One of the important changes is that the trees were oriented to face wind with the reference to wind statistics in copenhagen. But there ARE limitations as there is not specific data of wind for the site.

There were issues that the form of the pavilions are very organised, and are lack of variaty, and they left the rest of the site empty. Besides, the wind turbines in centres are more of technical additions to the design, but not part of it. Most importantly, the VAWTs cannot be proved to work as obviously the wind can be blocked by the trunks.

CHANGES & DEVELOPMENT COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS To ensure better performance of Wind energy generations, we have tested mutipul proposals including the whole structure and wind tunnel as ampifiers, through a computational fluid dynamics software as adviced by tutors. The testing result for the original proposal showed that it failed to generate energy because wind was blocked. More testing processes and results will be addressed later. TECHNIQUE CHANGE With the knowledge of wind test, the group decided to change the generator from VAWTs to Horizontal Axis WInd Turbines, and to fit them into “tunnels” or “funnel” as branches. Then the group also started exploring the best form of the tunnel that helps to ampify wind to ensure the maximisation of energy generated. For overall form, the branches are oriented by fields on the line representing the direction of winds. The cliamte statistics were extracted from Grasshopper Plugin Ladybug.

SITE

WIND DIRECTION & FREQUENCY the farther the distance between lines to site, the more frequent wind from such direction will be

CONSTRUCTION Install Brach CNC Tubes bended by Machine. Original design was to have tubes of funnel shapes. But they were very expensive and hard to mark, and cannot be produced through CNC machine. Tubes are hollow for lightness and storage of wires.

Reinforcement Multiple tubes installed with connection trusses coonecting each to tubes, by whelding them together. These connection trusses act as reinforcement to ensure the structual stability and rigidness.

Podium Seats After the installation of branches, a timber podium is to be installed, and the podium works as seat, which also hides the roots. It does not bearing load or pressure.

24M

Turbine & Wind Ampifier Turbines are to be installed at the tips of branches on top, and will be bounded by a ring-like tunnel as the wind ampifier. (The wind flow test for ampifier will be addressed later.)

PROPOSED DESIGN

FIELD

BASED ON WIND DATA AS ORIENTATIONS FOR TRESS.

Plan

Trees on Site are oriented by the field, to maximise wind energy generation as their tips are all facing the direction where most wind come from.

C2 TECTONIC ELEMENTS

DETAILS

STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS Main Structural Elements The most common elements in the design are pipes/branches. With the advice from tutor, the group had tested several different material, and made pipes out of them.

PVC Pipes The first material the group had tested was PVC pipes, they are light for being structure, and are easy to bend for construction.

Metal Pipes The group had also tested multiple metal pipes as our prototype. Metal pipes are more rigid, interms of structure and connection between two, but are much more heavier than PVC. They are also harder to bend, CNC bending is needed.

Funnel, Aborted One of the initial proposals was to create tube that has a funnelshape. But this idea was given up due to the difficulties and high costs in manufacture. Also, it failed the wind performance test.

PVC PROTOTYPE

SAND Sand was used to bend PVC pips. It was firstly heated in oven and then poured into the PVC pipes to soften them.

PVC PIPES They are light, cheap and easy to bend after heated and softened by hot sand. They can be easily bended by hands.

PIPES with Different Thicknesses 2 thin pips, and 1 thick pipe were bended to test the relationship between dimension and rigidness.

The Thin Pipe is more rigid The bended thin pipe was still very smooth, the shape looks uniform. But the thick pipe had some deformation after bending.

Failure The other thin pipe was pretty much broken, therefore it does not ensure rigidness and stability when it comes to the real project.

METAL PROTOTYPE

STEEL PIPE Steel pipe was rigid, prodiving enough tensile strength for the structure. It is comon and esay to bend due to its good ductibility

COPPER PIPE Copper pipe is ideal for the visual effect as it can rust to gain a green surface. That was the main purpose for using copper. But it is very hard to bend and has a low ductibility.

BRASS PIPE (NOT GOLD) Brass is usually cheaper, but it does not provide enough pressure strength due to the softness. Also the colour may be a problem.

STEEL PIPE WITH COPPER COATING This is the material the group finally chose. As steel has good structural quality, and the copper coating gives the desired colour changes.

PROTOTYPE

RESULT The steel pipe with copper coating forms the main structure of the project. The connections of tubes will be whelded according to the advice of the engineer who helped the group to bend the pipes. These pipes are not bended through CNC machine but manually, while the real project will use CNC pipes and bended by machine.

WIND FLOW TEST COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS (CFD) The average wind velocity in Copenhagen is around 6m/s. Yet the performance of wind turbine requires at least 6m/s or above. The wind generation method for the project is HAWT, the hotizontal axis wind turbine. To ensure the performance, the group decided to create a wind ampifier to accelerate the wind velocity through test. The wind flow test was conducted in Autodesk Flow Design, as part of its CFD suit. it simulated the wind movement, to provide data including wind velocity changes, dreiction and surface pressures.

WIND FLOW TEST: TUNNELS The test was conducted with these five types of tubes. The first funnel failed, the second and third tubes does not accelerate the wind velocity at all. The third one cames from a precedented wind ampifier project, but it is not stable. The best option is the ring, it accelerates wind speed from 6m/s to 7m/s.

4TH

ACCELERATE WIND VELOCITY AT THE BEGINNING, BUT GRADUALLY CREATING ROTATING MOVEMENT OF WIND, THUS REDUCED THE VELOCITY AND THE FLOW BECOMES VERY UNSTABLE.

PROTOTYPE

VIDEO https://vimeo.com/97639942 WIND FLOW TEST DEMONSTRATION VIDEO

20CM 45ยบ

BEST AMPIFIER The best ring accelerates wind speed from 6 to seven. It needs less material, thus less cost, but a good performance. The structure will also not be affected due to its lightness. TREE BRANCHES FACE DOWN The wind flow test also showed that the facing down of branch tips, where turbines are installed could imporive energy generation as the wind will bounced up once hits the ground.

TURBINE HEIGHT

WIND FLOW

SITE

24M

HEIGHT FOR TURBINE

DETAIL Wind Ampifier Ampifier Reinforcement

Turbine Installation

General Dimensions: branch lengths: 22 - 43 m overall height: 24 m tube diameters: 250 mm Material + Finish: mild structural steel edp PRIMEr coating finish: paint - metal copper, gloss Manufacturing Process: prefabricated, assembled on site cut: 12 or16 m (or custom size) Cold-form cnc rolling bend finish: CHAMFERED joints for seamless finish

EXPLODED PERSPECTIVE

C3 FINAL MODEL

EXPERIENCE

SITE PLAN

PLAN

WEST ELEVATION

FROM RIVER

FROM BACK CORNER

LOOKING UP

LOOKING INSIDE

MODEL

3D PRINTING

MODEL

3D PRINTING

FINAL MODEL BY 3D PRINTING (PROTOTYPE PHOTOS WERE IN C2) The Final Model was printed through 3D printing technology. The actual dimension of branches are thinner than the ones in the final model on 1:1000 scale. This is a limitation of 3D printing as it requires at least 2mm thickness for meshes in the printing. The scale is small because the size of the project are very large as it filled the whole site. Also the cost of 3D pritning would be extremely high if the model is to be made on a larger scale.

VIDEO

vimeo.com/97639691 WIND PAVILION PROPOSAL VIRTUAL TOUR

Copenhagen Wind Farm for Architectural Design Studio: Air. Designed by: Zach X.G. Zheng, Anna La & Kennard Irawan. Sincere Thank to Our Tutors: Cam Newnham & Victor Bunster.

C4 FINAL DESIGN

STATEMENT

WIND PAVILIONS The idea of Wind Pavilions is to design an energy generation farm as public arts. The project is to have artistic value, commercial value, environmental value, and social value. In terms of artistic value, the design was very inspiring to copenhagen and the denish architecture. As most buildings in Copenhagen are of simple forms, this even applies to Denish architecutre. This is one of the few parametrically designed projects, with very outgoing and expressive forms. For commercial and environmental values, the project has brought further adaption to green renewable energy to the city. This is to promote the futher development to the renewable energy industry. While environment was kept clean and will be well protected. For the public in Copenhagen, not only the generator was deisgned but als othe landscape on site was redesign. The place was turned to a park with a fountain in the centre, and a square around it for people to meet and chat to each other. The path for pedestrians were directed to interesting city spots such as the little mermaid. The podium for tree pavilions are for seating and having a nice reading.

TECHNIQUE The method of energy generation is the wind energy by HAWT, the Horizontal Axis WInd Turbine. This is a very mature technology. The tubrine will be having a diametre of 4m, and installed behind the ampifier. As tested through the CFD Flow Design (C2), they were proved to be working properly. The turbines were oriented to face the most frequent wind direction according to statistics extracted from the plugin ladybug from Grasshopper. The test was conducted in Autodesk Flow Design. TOTAL AVERAGE ENERGY GENERATION: single branch: 5775 KWh (per annum) entire wind farm: 1848 GWh (per annum) powering 656 houses per annum

OUTCOME & FEEDBACK

DEVELOPMENT

PRESENTATION FEEDBACK FEEDBACK The project had successfully demonstrated its performance through multiple wind flow tests as a part of Computational Fluid Dynamics. Constructability was also proved to be practical with a consultation with the engineers who helped the group to bend metal pipes. However, the project also have weakness from an architectural perspective, despite its good practice in the engineering field. 1. The project lacked of attractiveness for people to come and visit due to its unclear and simple definition of functions and activities involved. 2. The elements in the project, though of random geometries, but they are still less interesting and limited in function, which makes the project a wind farm only instead of a public art.

IMPROVEMENTS Improvements made regarding issues were adding the landscape design and alter the forms to be more dynamic and functional. For landscape, the site was further designed into a park, with the references to Madison Park Square, New York City, USA, and Carlton Gardens. The design applied the Baroque Style in terms of setting up the centre of the site as a meeting square. Paths are rediated from the centre, and they are leading to important features on site. The form was also altered. more branches were added to the lower places for tourists to climb on. Also a play ground for kids was created. It looks like the other trees, but much shorter in order to let kids play on it.

IMPROVEMENT 1

Riverbank : Best View

Little Mermaid

Badminto

Foun Kastellet

Meeting

JETTY

Design Musum Denmark

LANDSCAPE DESIGN

ENTRY PLAYGROUND

on Courts

ntain

Playground

EMPTY AREA

g Square

FILLED BY TREE PAVILIONS

Vegetable Farm

Barbecue Area MAIN ENTRY

IMPROVEMENT 2

PLAN

ELEVATION

PERSPECTIVE

LEARNING OUTCOMES LEARNING OUTCOMES The computational design has brought a whole new scope regarding architecture. The new approach activated new potentials in architectural design. For example, in the reverse engineering in Part B, such skills helped to understand the logic behind those famous projects with a complex geometry, such as the Birds Nest and the Canton Tower. Randomness and variability is also a new experience. Regulations, building codes and ther policyrelated requirements were not considered too much in the design of this project. Instead, the organic shapes were encouraged. It was all about exploring possibilities and pushing the potentials to their extremes. A example could be the interations that the group made. The interations clearly demonstrated the rules of change, and the limitations. The Air Studio provided sufficient freedom for doing researches. Usually there is not a definite answer, the solution could be found through multiple approaches. In the project, the group did the research on strcutural, and talked to the engineers. It was a tight combination of practical knowledge such as material, connections and theoretical design. Through the researches, the group also learnt new concepts such as Computational Fluid Dynamics, which provides accurate tests for wind energy performance. We are proud of the fact that we were able to prove the practice, not merely estimating it. Also the researches on turbine and related field such as climate were also new discoveries and knowledge introduced into the architectural field. They demonstrated the good interdeciplinary collaboration between architecture and others. To be honest, parametric design is one of the great approaches in architectural design. However, I do not believe that it will be the replacement of the traditional computerised design approach. One feature in parametric design I most valued is the utilisation of mathematics, which could be used to simplify steps such as reptitive works. Afterall, personanlly I prefer traditonal architecture of simplicity.