List of Figures

Figure 1: Autism Spectrum of Disorders (Source: American Psychiatric Pub, 2013)

Figure 2 : Research Framework (Source: Author)

Figure 3 : Medical classification of all the disorders that come under ASD. (Source: Author)

Figure 4 : Triad of Impairments (Source: Author)

Figure 5 : Word Cloud on problems reported by parents of children with ASD (Source: Ennis-Cole, 2019)

Figure 6 – Clear Organisation of spaces at REED Academy in Oakland, New Jersey (Source: WXY, 2011)

Figure 7 : Children at Social Sensory Architecture Pavilion, University of Michigan (Source: Ahlquist and Lienhard, 2016)

Figure 8 : Parameters for Analysis of Case Studies (Source: Author)

Figure 9 : Eden Institute Main Entrance, Princeton,NJ (Source: KSS Architects, 2011)

Figure 10 : Eden Institute Ground Floor Plan (Source: KSS Architects, 2011)

Figure 11 : Built-Open Relationship, Circulation, Stimulus Level Organisation at the Eden Institute (Source: KSS Architects, 2011)

Figure 12 : Elevation, Student Entrance & Central Courtyard at the Eden Institute (Source: KSS Architects, 2011)

Figure 13 : REED Academy, Oakland (Source: WXY, 2011)

Figure 14 : REED Academy Ground Floor Plan (Source: WXY, 2011)

Figure 15 : Circulation, Buit-Open Relationship & Sensory Zoning at the REED Academy (Source: WXY, 2011)

Figure 16 : Courtyards and Classrooms at REED Academy (Source: WXY, 2011)

Figure 17 :Northern School for Autism, Australia (Source: Hede Architects, 2013)

Figure 18 : Design Development. Northern School for Autism, Australia (Source: Hede Architects, 2013)

Figure 19: Massing: Northern School for Autism, Australia (Source: Hede Architects, 2013)

Figure 20: Site Plan with connections to green spaces: Northern School for Autism, Australia (Source: Hede Architects, 2013)

Figure 21: Ground Floor Plan: Northern School for Autism, Australia (Source: Hede Architects, 2013)

Figure 22: Learning Area Unit: Northern School for Autism, Australia (Source: Hede Architects, 2013)

Figure 23: Elevations: Northern School for Autism, Australia (Source: Hede Architects, 2013)

Figure 24: Action for Autism, New Delhi: External and Internal (Multipurpose Hall) Views. (Source: Action for Autism)

Figure 25: Action for Autism, New Delhi: Main Entrance (Top left), Water Play Area (Bottom Left), Front Facade (Right) (Source: Aayushi Goyal, 2020).

Figure 26: Floor Plans: Action for Autism, New Delhi (Source: Aayushi Goyal, 2020).

Figure 27: Sankalp School: Classroom Concept. (Source: Benny Kuriakose, 2021)

Figure 28: Sankalp School: Proposed 3D Views. (Source: Benny Kuriakose, 2021)

Figure 29: Sankalp School: Proposed Site Plan. (Source: Benny Kuriakose, 2021)

Figure 30: Calming colours used in classrooms.(Source: Benny Kuriakose, 2021)

Figure 31: Sankalp School: Sensory Gardens & Courtyards. (Source: Benny Kuriakose, 2021)

Figure 32: Sankalp School: Colour Schemes used in design. (Source: Benny Kuriakose, 2021)

Figure 33: Sankalp School: Landscape Plan. (Source: Benny Kuriakose, 2021)

Figure 34: Photos of Sankalp School. (Source: Benny Kuriakose, 2021)

Figure 35: Sankalp School: Classroom Layout. (Source: Author)

Figure 36 : Eden Institute, NJ: Spatial Organization. (Source: Author)

Figure 37 : REED Academy, NJ: Spatial Organization. (Source: Author)

Figure 38 : Northern School for Autism: Spatial Organization. (Source: Author)

Figure 39 : Action for Autism: Spatial Organization. (Source: Author)

Figure 40 : Sankalp School: Spatial Organization. (Source: Author)

Figure 41 : Eden Institute, NJ: Circulation & Thresholds. (Source: Author)

Figure 42 : REED Academy, NJ: Circulation & Thresholds. (Source: Author)

Figure 43 : Northern School for Autism: Circulation & Thresholds. (Source: Author)

Figure 44 : Action for Autism: Circulation & Thresholds. (Source: Author)

Figure 45 : Sankalp School: Circulation & Thresholds. (Source: Author)

Figure 46 : Eden Institute, NJ: Escape Spaces. (Source: Author)

Figure 47 : REED Academy, NJ: Escape Spaces. (Source: Author)

Figure 48 : Northern School for Autism: Escape Spaces. (Source: Author)

Figure 49 : Action for Autism: Escape Spaces. (Source: Author)

Figure 50 : Sankalp School: Escape Spaces. (Source: Author)

Figure 51 : Eden Institute, NJ: Sensory Zoning. (Source: Author)

Figure 52 : REED Academy, NJ: Sensory Zoning. (Source: Author)

Figure 53 : Northern School for Autism: Sensory Zoning. (Source: Author)

Figure 54 : Action for Autism: Sensory Zoning. (Source: Author)

Figure 55 : Sankalp School: Sensory Zoning. (Source: Author)

Figure 56 : Eden Institute, NJ: Facade (Top), Recreational Spaces with Varied Lighting (Bottom Left), Windows partly covered with opaque screens to minimise distractions (Bottom Right). (Source: KSS Architects, 2011)

Figure 57 : REED Academy, NJ: Facade with floor to lintel level fenestrations throughout (top), Varied lighting for classroom spaces (bottom). (Source: WXY, 2011)

Figure 58 : Northern School for Autism: Windows at lower and higher levels for indirect natural light. (Source: Hede Architects, 2013)

Figure 59 : Action for Autism: Windows with opaque screens. (Source: Aayushi Goyal, 2020)

Figure 60 : Sankalp School: Windows with timber panels at the bottom. (Source: Benny Kuriakose, 2021)

Figure 61 : Eden Institute, NJ: Neutral colour palette followed for all spaces. (Source: KSS Architects, 2011)

Figure 62 : REED Academy, NJ: Diverse colour palette with a range of finishes. (Source: WXY, 2011)

Figure 63 : Northern School for Autism: Muted colour palettes for indoor spaces (top), Bold colours used at certain points in the exterior (bottom). (Source: Hede Architects, 2013)

Figure 64 : Action for Autism: White walls with rough textures used throughout the centre. (Source: Action for Autism)

Figure 65 : Sankalp School: Planned Neutral Colour Palettes for classrooms. (Source: Benny Kuriakose, 2021)

Figure 66 : Eden Institute, NJ: Landscaped Courtyard (left), Gymnasium (right). (Source: KSS Architects, 2011)

Figure 67 : REED Academy, NJ: Variation in flooring and landscaping materials. (Source: WXY, 2011)

Figure 68 : Northern School for Autism: Recreational Spaces with varied flooring materials. (Source: Hede Architects, 2013)

Figure 69 : Sankalp School: Muted Colours to demarcate different wings. (Source: Benny Kuriakose, 2021)

Figure 70 : Eden Institute, NJ: Wall posters for wayfinding. (Source: KSS Architects, 2011)

Figure 71 : Northern School for Autism: Bold colours used to highlight different wings, with landscaping elements serving as pathways. (Source: Hede Architects, 2013)

Figure 72 : Action for Autism: Landscaping Elements. (Source: Aayushi Goyal, 2020)

Figure 73 : Sankalp School: Maps as visual aid. (Source: Benny Kuriakose, 2021)