Halocaust; architecture of counter insurgency

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HALOCAUST; the Architecture Of Counter Insurgency ZAHRA HUSSAIN

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS John Palmesino. Eyal Weizman. For the discussions, Abdoumaliq Simone Achille Mbembe Arfan Ghani Kamil Khan Mumtaz Paulo Tavares

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the theme that the text will take in order to analyze, understand space and the modes of governance that emerge in conditions of

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At 17:35 ( +5 gmt zone) SAM enters. Joins the others at the table. XOA1 sips tea and continues.. 01

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A massive landslide hit Hunza District on Monday 4th January 2010. This was followed by rolling boulders and rocks, sliding two villages including Attaabad into the Hunza River. This resulted in blocking the hunza river and Shahra-e-Karakorum (KKH), [OL [YHKL YV\[L MVY H ZPNUPÄJHU[ portion of Pakistan’s consumer goods from China. The transportation speed of goods has decelerated to a large extent affecting the local and regional economy severly.

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XOA1: In 71,our fault..uh lay in the deployment of forces. CZH: ahan XOA1: That’s quite a long border that one core had to take care of. In my case, I was the company commander...from one end..to the other end‌that was about seven kilometers‌.. under twenty people..so if I was to deploy one soldier DIWHU WKH RWKHU WKH JDS ZRXOG EH DURXQG ÀIW\ PHWHUV DQG even then the border could not have been fully secured..so basically we deployed ourselves very thinly. CZH: hmm.. ;2$ DQG LI RQH KDG WR ÀJKW D ZDU WDFWLFDOO\ ZH VKRXOG KDYH FRQÀQHG RXU GHIHQVHV WR VRPH QRGDO SRLQWV ZH FRXOG have secured the areas and border, for two or three months and then some foreign power would have intervened and then there would have been a political solution. So, tactically and strategically, we went wrong

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XOA1: And another aspect being, the insurgency had reached such a high level. In my case, people were, you know, ambushed by Mukti Baani. We call them Mukti Baani insurgents. So they gradually extricated them, leaving behind the dead. When we went with the bigger force. We found the bodies of the dead mutilated‌They would kill and then cut the arms or take out the eyes or chop the head off. So, the insurgents were civilians....but we were army men, and once, my soldiers started torching up the houses in that village. I was their company commander and they had known me since two years, when I would tell them to stop, they would get angry at me, saying that, ‘look at what they have done to our fellow soldiersâ€?. And I would tell them that, whoever ambushed our men don’t belong to this village, these poor people had to deal with the LQVXUJHQWV DQG QRZ \RX DUH SXWWLQJ WKHLU KRXVHV RQ Ă€UH And I would ask them to act like professional soldiers.

DOH: ahan, So how did they respond?

XOA1: But this did not appeal to them, but then, after the war when they would meet me, would tell me that they have realized that what I used to tell them was right but during anger, they would lose senses. ... XOA1: And, You see, this was driven from both sides, maybe the Mukti Bani started off with it, they used to work in the same unit. And they would lock up their own unit RIÀFHUV WDNH WKHLU ZLIH DQG NLGV DZD\ DQG WUHDW WKHP LQ DQ uncivilized manner, torch up the room.. so such incidents GLG RFFXU DQG ZKHQ , ZDV SRVWHG WKHUH WKH ÀUVW SKDVH ZDV over, and the Bengalis had been forced out of the unit.

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XOA2: They don’t realize, or perhaps feel that a certain person used to be their ally. XOA1: During partition..in 1947, I used to see with my own eyes that, these people would drag the Sikhs out of their homes and chop their heads off. And I used to be shocked thinking that we have been living with these people for ages and I used to play with their children. These people have no.. say, their emotions take over and a friend doesn’t remain a friend. uhh, that is the height, but I, when I was wounded, the Indians themselves took me, we had to walk for approxiPDWHO\ Ă€YH NLORPHWHUV DV WKHUH ZHUH QR FDUV WKHQ ZH ZHUH accompanied with a guard of three men. And within twelve hours, they tried to take the bullet out of my stomach. Their action was like, you know how it goes in the Geneva Convention, “Treat your enemy as if you are treating your own person, if he is wounded‌or hurt.â€? That speaks of, you know, professionalism. XOA1: And that follows, when I was at war with them, I wouldn’t think that the the man opposite to me was a Hindu, he is a professional soldier and so am I. And I have to prove my worth that I am a better soldier than him. I got myself trained. There was this area, almost like a PLQHĂ€HOG EXW ZKHUH WKH\ KDG LQVWDOOHG VKDUS HGJHG EDPERRV LQ WKH Ă€HOG LI RQH ZRXOG WU\ WR FURVV LW GXULQJ WKH QLJKW WKH\ ZRXOG JHW VWXFN DQG ZRXQGHG VR ZH GLG QRW Ă€UH at them, we would inform them over the megaphone that if they want, they can come and take their wounded men away, this action was much liked hence when I was wounded, I got taken care of aswell. 11

DOH: 71 damaged us to a great extend. XOA1: Indeed, 71 has damaged us a lot but when we were in the recovery stage we would think we will become better people. But, we haven’t learnt anythinng.

XOA1: And would you believe it, the sentiments during the 65 war were such that when soldiers would pass by, women would take their bangles off and present it to them as a token of appreciation. But in 71 there was a lot of humiliation and everybody said that we must make ourselves strong and ….uh become a better nation but as time passed, we gradually forgot and we became as worse as we were before……Our political system hasn’t learnt.

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“I was actually part of the party which bathed her body before the funeral,” she said, adding that her car was used to transport Benazir to hospital. “There was a bullet wound I saw that went in from the back of her head and came out the other side. We could not even wash her properly because the wound was still seeping. She lost a huge amount of blood,” Sherry explained. dailytimes.com

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Architecture of counter insurgency

A ring comprising of various agency that forms around the site of spectacle. The very act of halocaust can be measured in minutes, affect seen in years.

Qualities of a halocaust Spontaneous, immediate and unplanned. Functions of a halocaust - duration becomes an, instance and the mass reorganizes itself. - It collects bodies and tries to dissipate, dismantle, organize the force field. - It becomes a witnessing ground - It becomes a field that makes visible certain set of relationships, which can help unpack questions of authority, security and governance. Also social and political questions that revolve around threat, fear and society.

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The moment of the occurrence of an event becomes the intermission of a duration that registers itself through several halocausts. The variations in speed, of acceleration and the act of decelerating movement are oriented towards transforming the spontaneous and wild instance into a contained and manageable duration. The halocaust acts like the climate responsive architecture that is flexible in nature and can be temporarily installed. The event holds importance as it gathers around itself a temporary forum, that which registers the event as an occurrence. Halocaust is the device to read contemporary space in a South-asian geospace, for me it also becomes the diagram that helps unpack relations of time and transformation. I use it as a scale that measures change in the case of swift architecture of people around the site at the time of the blast and the material repercussions resulting in manifold transformations.

that constitute the making of a contemporary city that is inflicted to violence and threat. Hence the halocaust signifies the immediate response to a catastrophe/destruction that can be measured in micro seconds but it is bound to regulate changes that can be measured in days and months, even years. I feel that halocausts have become the primary mode of governance and management in contemporary cities that are a site of destruction and violence. An event of destruction regulates processes of governance.

The penumbra of the halocaust is equally important or rather more important inorder to analyse what instigates the scale to develop further. The penumbra is about location, threats, actors and modes of governance

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29.08.2010,

The assasined leader’s dead body is laid to rest at Ghari Khuda Bux in Sindh.

Chief Minister Sindh Qaim (SP :OHO OHZ Ă„UHSS` accepted that Garhi Khuda Bux Bhutto might be inundated if measures were not taken to control the situation, during a briefing by the Speaker Sindh Assembly Nisar Khuhro here on Saturday at the Akil Agani Bund. News.com

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CZH: Talking about politics, what is the root cause of this instability.. XOA2: I have one or two very basic points, ‌‌ whichever the political party‌ As long as they ‌. Have the law of justice... and equity‌ I think people will happily accept it. XOA2: take the present case where the government is bent upon ‌ ‌forming a government of their own in Punjab and although Nawaz Sharif league which has a clear majority from Punjab, Now from the point of purely justice this is entirely injust. He said they will form a coalition with Q-league and what not‌.and Q league and some others and will, through horse trading, show majority in Punjab ‌ form a government. I doubt you feel realistic because people who you get on to your side by horse trading are obviously for sale and therefore they will go to the highest bidder. So it cannot be stable ‌.. Therefore, the just thing is to let Nawaz Sharif government form a government in Punjab. That’s my view ‌‌ it will not suit Mr.Zardari And ‌.. Well so the one thing that they should do is to let Nawaz Sharif form a government in Punjab. Ok! The other thing is that‌‌‌‌.. The government is on the back foot, whenever anyone takes the name of religion. Now this gentleman of Nafaz-e-Sharia Muhammadi or whatever has put the government on their back foot, not only on the back foot, it has brought them on their knees ‌‌.. Despite threats. And it is because of threats that Zardari government is acceded to their demand of enforcing shariah in Malakand. ‌ I have a feeling that this will not stop in Malakand once it has made its 28 points or whatever, but if I know these people or of I have some idea of the character of WKHVH SHRSOH ZHUH DVNLQJ IRU VKDULDK  WKH\ ZLOO ÀQG VRPH point which they say that the government of Mr.Zardari is violated and therefore this whole agreement is null and not anymore. It will not take very long for this thing to realize. ‌‌‌‌ so this agreement is not going to last. 29

XOA2: not going to last and the enforcement of shariah LQ 0DODNDQG LV QRW JRLQJ WR Ă€QLVK LQ 0DODNDQGÂŤÂŤ LQ P\ view, the people in Pakistan have been disappointed by the politicians and by the army ruler, not one army ruler but all of them. SAM: the disillusionment with the leaders..., martial laws and then democratic government. Also the instability that came with democracy because there was a tussle for power. XOA2: Yes.. and therefore they will ‌ let ‌. the religious people ‌‌ umm try their ‌ kind of government they want to because what they have seen is, that whatever may be the type of Islam that these people try to enforce, which a lot of people will not agree with but they know one thing that they will provide justice, Justice of their own kind. ‌. So. People will get quick justice, at less expense. XOA2: All right therefore if the Zardari government, provisional government is involved here was to counter that they should provide justice to the people at less expense, quickly and justice to everyone, not justice only to their party because the moment they provide, start providing their own party they are being partial which is not just. You see the real difference between, The type of justice that is happening today, that if you happen to belong to the opposition um you can’t hope to get any justice and one thing, that name of justice is being provided to PPP people is in fact, unjust because they don’t deserve it. ÂŤVR WKDW¡V LQMXVWLFH 6R P\ Ă€UVW WKRXJKW LV WKDW ZKDW people need in this country, is justice and equity ‌ and ‌. Whoever they think is going to provide justice they will go for it. And that is why I think that this shariah will not stop in Malakand because people will see... they will see that in Malakand justice is being provided quickly and at less cost and they will welcome it, because this is a very a‌ primary requirement of the people. CZH: But will the people they stay happy with that Shariah justice for long or.. you know that’s a very short lived‌. XOA2: Wait a minute‌. It is in the name of shariah ... I have said that they may not agree with that brand of Islam that they try to impose... I think lot of people will be quite unhappy with the type of Islam it will take... but the justice part of it ‌ they will accept So aaa why I have said that in the beginning that in the political environment that they exist in it, this is not practical. 30

DOH: But, look at what is actually happening, I mean, even the kind of institution the whole long march was for. Who doesn’t know the main guy isn’t corrupt himself, and the lawyers! Don’t they exploit the people, drag the cases in court. A few years ago, I visited a jail in Peshawar and so many women had been locked up there for years with their cases not even opened once and they were locked in on the basis of accusations.. I mean, delaying the procedures is delaying justice, because even if they are proven guilty, they will serve some years in jail and then released. With these delayed procedures or one can say ignored cases they are wasting years of a person’s life, you cant bring them back.. You cant even bring a minute back..I mean these are things that happening all over the country and it’s just that the pressure needs to build up for the people to burst out.. XOA2: Well ‌ aaa looking back at the history of Pakistan politics‌‌‌‌. I don’t know whether you will agree‌. That the only people and the only party, which has created a law and order situation, is heard by the government. The history of Pakistan tells you that only way of letting, making the government take a note of you, is by creating a law and order situation. So‌ you can have these discussions on the television. You can write it out on the papers but you will have no impact‌ XOA2: Whether then it can achieve anything or not it will shake the government nevertheless. CZH: Hmmm, would be interesting to see or note the main events that have actually aaan‌ triggered change or affected the space of‌this country.. 6$0 , JXHVV DDDQÂŤ KDYLQJ WKH Ă€UVW FLYLOLDQ JRYHUQPHQW where the leader was aaan‌ the one and only civilian martial law administrator, as Bhutto had made him, so that was the one major issue, it change the political dynamics and aaa‌, then you can talk about the rise of the religious parties again. Before Zia’s, ‌ the movement against Bhutto, because he had done massive rigging in the elections and in the provincial elections all the parties boycotted and they formed this would be an, aaan meaning pata nahi kya tha ab to mujhe bhool hi gaya hai‌, Anyhow and‌ then the removal, the advent of Zia, where you have for the Ă€UVW WLPH WKH PLOLWDU\ JRYHUQPHQW FRPLQJ LQ ZLWK D VSHFLĂ€F W\SH RI ,VODPLF LGHRORJ\ ZKLFK ZDV QRW NQRZQ WR WKH military culture before, So that was a major shift again. And then of course the violence that came about the afghan crises and then Zia’s so called “Islamizationâ€?, where you 31

have, you know…… whip lashing and stuff like that, which is not the part of dynamics of Pakistan’s society at all. $QG \RX NQRZ ZKDW LV QRZ JRLQJ LV WKH ÀQLVKLQJ RI FXOWXUH XOA1: During Zia’s time, it was basically hypocrisy, not islamization in the true sense. The clock would strike 12 and they would be off for Zuhr prayers, then would have IRRG DQG ÀQDOO\ UHWXUQ WR WKH RIÀFH DQG LW ZRXOG EH WLPH for Asr prayers and then they would take off, people have basically concentrated on the performance of the ritual and forgotten the spirit behind them, what it means to actually practice them. SAM: And, The drug culture where Zia for his own survival went to misguided policy I think, of supporting the Americans in Afghanistan, instead of recognizing the sort of modernization of Afghanistan with the advent of socialist communist government there supported of course by soviet union, which may have, in the long run I think would have been far better for us aaan…. than supporting militancy and mujahideen led struggle which was basically IXOÀOOLQJ DQ $PHULFDQ DJHQGD 6R WKDW DQG WKHQ DIWHU WKDW of course we had the hanging of Bhutto. In fact hanging of Bhutto was before aaan… that thing. But during Zia’s period, these are the motor shins, I think that the hanging of Bhutto, something that I think shocked Pakistani society into strange sort of aaan…, non-action, you know it was something that was just not anticipated....Then of course, the sort of American plans and so on. And then of course Zia’s death and…, revival of democracy in Pakistan and…, the clash between the establishment and the democratic forces and…, and also between the democratic forces themselves unfortunately which is why they never strengthen the democratic forces and then of course you know the major role that the issue of corruption played during this period which initially made almost everybody welcome Musharraf and then end of democracy in the end. XOA2: Yes … aaa this is true … I was telling that it is unfortunate that this is the time of leadership that Pakistan has thrown out and this is what we’ll have to deal with…… so instead of Mr.Zardari someone else should come , he may not be as unreasonable as he is and people will at least accept him for a while. Like you see … Musharraf … came into power... through absolutely illegal means but people were so fed up of Nawaz Sharif that they accepted him and you must have read in the papers that in the beginning … Musharraf had 98% support of the people. Through various reasons he threw it away. 32

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The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra satellite captured these images on July 31, 2010 (Previous Pg), and August 1, 2009 (Right). These images show the Indus River in northwestern Pakistan, Flood.

Sat Img: KalurKot, Pk

Sat Img: Dera Ismail khan, Pk

+XPDQLWDULDQ 5HVRUWV A resort is a place known as The term “resort” is now also used for a self-contained commercial establishment which attempts to provide for most of a vacationer’s wants while remaining on the premises, such as food, drink, lodging, sports, entertainment, and shopping. A humanitarian resort is a unique kind, instead of it’s facilities being used by tourists, these resorts are put together by several agencies, and the facilities are used by local/native people. The resort project is global in nature as it develops immense networks across the world, bringing together agencies that provide their expertise and material in setting up the project. An important aspect of this resort is that it is flexible, to be set up at the required site at any given point in time, it is temporary and does not last for a long time. A land that lies on the threshold of threat and danger, epidemic and disasters usually develops humanitarian resorts that work in relation to these disasters and catastrophes in order to bring the effects of disaster to a manageable level. Such a land happened to be the north western valleys called Swat and Bajour, when, on the 21st of May, Pakistani government announced military operations to wipe out the militants spread in these valleys. Which allowed the resort project to develop in a matter of a few days with international

and local agencies. The barren belt along the Grand Trunk road has empty pockets where the resort project set to develop itself, an imperative being, accessibility of goods to arrive in the city. The resort develops into a town as streets lined with tents allotted to a family and market places serving as the food market, lost persons registry booth and hospital supplies. In shah Mansur camp Swabi – the camp developed market areas that served a number of camps. The water places are usually areas where people (usually women and children) are found discussing matters and communicating. The HR project has refined over time, starting off in 1980 with the afghan war and refugees pouring in through the border, the resort was developed near the border areas. In October 2005, the idea of humanitarian resorts was introduced in Pakistan on a grand scale. Massive destruction of areas and displacement of people followed the earthquake. It was the people as one against the wrath of nature, forgetting state marked boundaries; the LOC was opened at several for aid to pass through into Pakistan. The NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) helicopters serving in Afghanistan made their way to Pakistan in order to deploy aid to the dead. Several agencies focused on developing long-term building construction projects in

areas to rehabilitate people. The humanitarian market has been in demand since 2005. In 2010, the encampment or resort has changed its nature of a confined area. The disaster was contained in the previous cases. August 2010, the disaster changed its nature of destructing a contained area, the flood, river Indus that sprouts from the Tibetan plateau and runs down into the Arabian sea, over flowed. It spread into areas near the riverbed affecting the country from north to south. The resort project had to be deployed, quickly and efficiently. It also required calculation of risk to other areas, which would require aid instantly. The resorts now, were not contained but spread along massive lengths from north to south, also called transit camps by the UNHCR, set up on the highway leaving access on one side that was used by the vehicles. Within a period of three weeks the transit camps were being established following the quick pace of disaster. UNHCR and IRS used tents that are manufactured by NRS in China, India and Pakistan. For the flood, the tents were used directly from the NRS ware house in Pakistan. It is interesting to observe the instant production of this space, which was at par with the floodwaters.

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August 2010 The BBC’s Aleem Maqbool in Islamabad says the biggest challenge for the emergency services is access, as so many areas had their transport and communication links destroyed and are now isolated. UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon said he was “deeply saddened by the ZPNUPÄJHU[ SVZZ VM SP]LZ SP]Llihoods and infrastructure in Pakistan”, and offered an extra $10m (£6.5m) in aid for the relief effort. 41

bbc.co.uk

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XOA2: But he had a very good chance of making aaa Pakistan stable and making a name for himself in the history of Pakistan’s good books‌ you see Musharraf was a student in staff College when I was a chief executive so I have had a certain relationship with him‌ so when he took over ‌ I sent to him this half a page of aaa few things in my own handwriting... and all I said was that you‌.aaa bring back the institutions of Pakistan,.. I said that you make sure the independence of judiciary‌‌‌‌‌ then I said that aaa‌. You must try to aaa bring back some law and order. And... then I said that you must ‌. Hold the corrupt people accountable‌. Alright, And then do something to improve the economy of the country. That is the legion, in many countries the economy is strong the country is strong, the economy is weak the FRXQWU\ LV ZHDN 7KHVH IRXU ÀYH SRLQWV , JDYH KLP DQG , said u cannot achieve progress in whatever time frame you have in mind, because anytime you as an army chief‌. Will be aaa disliked by the people because the people don’t like to be ruled by the army. ..So I said him six months, you hold elections and hand RYHU WKH SRZHU -XVW VHW WKHVH DDD IRXU ÀYH WKLQJV VHW the ball rolling , hold elections, hand over power and get out‌‌. As you see but later on as it did not happen. And that if I was in your place, after six months I will hand over power and I will address the nation and tell them that this is what I have done, this is what I thought was good for Pakistan ‌ and here is my neck...... If you think I have done wrong, hang me ‌ shoot me ‌. I’ll hand my self to the people ‌‌ but you see what he has done.

XOA1 nods, asks for another cup of tea.

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AUP: Yeah XOA2: … and the most disgraceful thing among them …. Many things he has done wrong, the most disgraceful thing is 152 ,W RIÀFLDOO\ VD\V WKDW FRUUXSWLRQ LV DFFHSWDEOH LQ Pakistan. This is what it basically says. I felt very bad …, I felt let down, He was my student.

CZH: he started off well though XOA2: Yes…. I had full support for him and that’s why I sent this paper to him…… but unfortunately , probably its part of human nature that once a person gets in power it’s YHU\ GLIÀFXOW IRU KLP WR UHOLQTXLVK SRZHU«««« %XW RQH ZD\ or the other, he wants to stay... and that is what has seen Mr.Musharraf off.

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XOA2: Alright ‌.. I think that was my conviction that these were the things we need to return and if the ‌ people think these were the things which were not umm wrong things to do they could hang me.. I could not get this, because I, one person’s, life is not that important. I am talking of the life of the country .. so you see it boils down to this, is that you ZLOO ÀQG YHU\ IHZ SHRSOH RI WKLV NLQG YHU\ few‌.

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XOA2: I still feel, after having seen all this, that aaa knowledge of the that ummm past time, I feel that what I have suggested was right, the only thing is that he had to have that courage to put his neck on the line, I would have done it ‌‌what I suggested to him was not something academic, that was my true feeling‌. That is something that I would have done myself... I would have initiated actions for these things ‌ held election, hand over power and put my neck on the line. I would not have run away. I would not have hidden‌‌‌. SAM : Yes, And then the gradual disillusionment with the military region, this is a cycle in Pakistani politics, we get disillusioned with the leaders, they never deliver and‌, then you have the whole Musharraf saga and then of course 911 and then post 9/11, the USA predominated Pakistan’s political space.

DOH: maybe one needs to see the kind of dominance they have on space, in terms of sovereignty. SAM: No, I think sovereignty in many case aaa‌,if you look at it as aaa.., you can’t see it in absolute‌ because no country not even the US is sovereign in absolute terms because of the economic independence and more important because of the international laws that everybody subscribes to now, you know, partly through the UN, partly through the international treaties that most countries have VXEVFULEHG WR 6R HYHU\ VWDWH¡V EHKDYLRU LV PRGLĂ€HG because of there own willingness to give up sovereignty.

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CZH: Yeah! SAM: So I think when we talk of sovereignty primarily, we are talking in terms of a government’s ability to make its own decisions, for its policies, regardless of the constraints of its international commitments or within the frame work of those commitments or those constraints and also the most important, the ability of the government to defend its territorial space, whether it is air space, whether it is the sea, you know territorial sea water or whether it’s your land mass. I think that is where this issue of sovereignty has really come up. And if you look at the Zia period, even though we were very closely allied to the US by and large, but the US did not have the sort of aaan‌, space to operate in Pakistan. Everything was done through the Pakistan’s military and the tele-agent agencies. CZH: Indeed.. AUP: ah, we are in a country where a brigadier cannot be promoted to a general without their know-how. I mean, we are in a country that joined CETO and CENTO and which provided it’s base in the 50’s for the rocket to be shot DW 5XVVLD ,W à HZ IURP D EDVH QHDU 3HVKDZDU EDWWD EHXU you know this goes back into the 50’s.America has been running this country, we were part of RCD which was regional corporation development of Pakistan, Amercian Assocation defence , we have been a party to it.

SAM: but you see the US was not able to defy or to disturb your sovereignty physically as it is doing right now.So that was the big difference. post 911, they started moving in physically.., there has been a physical disturbtion of the sovereignty or challenged the sovereignty, and that is why the issue of soveriegnty has become very important ..aaan.., because the idea and what has been even more bothering is the fact that the Pakistan government did transpire, allowed the Americans to aaan.., undermine the sovereignty by actually sanctioning the role by tax. And this is established by ..what the government denies or whatever. 47

CZH: Well... Pause.

SAM:...And the Americans are also consistently been saying that and it is a fact because our territory has EHHQ XVHG IURP ZKHUH WKH GURQHV à \ SK\VLFDOO\ 6R obviously the government was not party to the drone policy but if they didn’t do this, this wouldn’t has happened. So that is why the issue of sovereignty has become a major LVVXH QRZ ÀUVW WKH PLOLWDU\ DQG WKHQ WKH =DUGDUL government have allowed the Americans that freedom to destroy your sovereignty, kill your people aaan‌, and most today also by writing magazine articles in the paper or British aaan‌, investigated rules had published later how drones have killed primarily the civilians, not militancy. So this is what has made sovereignty a very controversial issue for Pakistan.

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Tourrorism The act of commercial organization and operation of actions poised as ‘peace, development and rehab efforts’ to visit and habituate places of economic and political interest.

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21.06.2011

15 August 2011 –

CHICAGO - A former teacher in Illinois has joined efforts to get a class-action lawsuit approved against “Three Cups of Tea” author Greg Mortenson since reports questioned the book’s accuracy.

United Nations humanitarian agencies in Pakistan are on standby after sustained rains have reportedly affected up to 750,000 people in Punjab and Sindh provinces, killing up to 25 and displacing some 50,000 others.

O\MÄUN[VUWVZ[ JVT UN news center Greg Mortenson worked in the northern areas of Pakistan and Afghanistan on local education and schools

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XOA2: Saudi Arabian government has agreed to give oil to Pakistan. They have refused to give cash because they know what Mr.Zardari does with cash. I have heard, I don’t know ______ that when he went to China and he asked them for cash, so they gave him a list of big assets, “k bhai, tmhare pas itna hai, why don’t you put some of your money”. this I have heard from someone I don’t know wether its true or not. AUP: And on the other hand, American Aid is a straight game. If they give you 100 dollars, they will try to take back eighty dollars if not a hundred, and they will try their level best to take back 120 dollars. You see they have their own expenses, cars etc. CZH: Oh yes, I heard the UN vehicles have recently been changed. AUP: And Jamaat-e-Islami Actually, has been the main recipient of American aid aswell. In Pakistan it has always been so, the recipient of American dollars has been the right. I mean jamaat-e-islami has been taking American money not from now..but from the 50’s and 60’s. This I have seen with my own eyes, this Jamaa-e-islami guy said to the American councillor that Maulana Maudoodi has written a Dabatcha(text) on Maghrib and Islam (The West and Islam), the price being only three rupees. The American councilor said, “we will buy 10 lacks”. Oo so what are Americans going to do with 10 lakh dabatchas about Maghrib and Islam. I mean that’s like one way, Jamaat-e-islaami has been on their pay roll since… a long time. The rightist parties have been receiving money since the 50’s and 60’s, but now the problem is that the aid is going to the “liberal NGO sector” and not to these people. DOH: And now they don’t even give to international organizations but just to national organizations….they have picked major organizations…..given them projects…which are Pakistani organizations….which they sublet further. CZH: Yes, like the Aurat Foundation. 53

AUP: Haan, yes that and the liberal society! I mean US AID XVHG WR KDYH DQ RIĂ€FH KHUH , VWLOO UHPHPEHU WKH ZKHDW VDFNV XVHG WR KDYH D V\PERO SULQWHG RQ LW ² $PHULFDQ Ă DJ KDQG VKDNLQJ 3DNLVWDQL Ă DJ KDQG <HV WKURXJK WKH 3/ program of America. Well now the only issue is that the right wing group is not getting the aid. Now American money is coming to liberal, so called liberal, so called civil society. I mean 31$ FDPSDLJQ DJDLQVW %KXWWR ZDV Ă€QDQFHG E\ QRWKLQJ HOVH When it started the dollar was 9 rupees, when the campaign went under way. There was so much infusion of dollar at that time when the feeling was underweight the dollar fell under weight, within a few months the price of Dollar dropped two rupees. I mean, the campaign against Bhutto ZDV Ă€QDQFHG E\ WKH $PHULFDQ GROODU AUP: And now you are getting American aid with questions asked, pehle jo milta tha wo hota tha without question ask. CZH: maybe we begin to realize this now, with the media being free. AUP: Media yes, actually it is right controlled. They will play along. CZH: Who is funding it? AG: There are many people willing to pay the media. Many agencies that need to get their kind of things telecasted. CZH: Even foreign agencies? AUP: Yes, even the foreign agencies. Now you see this program, “Voice for Americaâ€?, that GEO does is basically US funded. DOH: Even if you concentrate on the news, its just negetive things being shown all the time, I mean so many countries have issues but our media projects only the bad news. Media has gained a lot of power‌over-empowered. Media creates a whole drama, what thing is going where, and that will be highlighted, and in the same colour. It is total misuse. I mean it wasn’t wrong to empower media, but it needs to respect it’s space and act responsibly. SAM: Oh the media is‌Well look there are always abuses of freedom but at the end of the day it is better to abuse the freedom then to restrict it. So I mean you know people are not stupid. I think the Pakistani people are fairly concluded to what is happening. I don’t think that you can really fool them. 54

$QG DDDQ 7KHUHIRUH \RX ÀQG WKDW SHRSOH DUH VNHSWLFDO about media but never theless, the media gives a lot of information.

A cell phone rings. DOH cancels the call and switches the cellfone off. DOH: But talking about aid and the controversies around it, I would like to highlight several important points, First one being, they like to keep friendly relations.. They were always‌ and the Us Embassy that is here‌they‌ meaning that we have very good relations with them, with those people, there are events, we go to these events‌. meaning they provide a very good crowd in different places and their agenda is all about developing goodwill, now recently‌..one of my friends‌.she is heading an NGO‌.I have known her for a number of years. They gave her a “Woman of Courage Awardâ€? on American soil.

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Here there are such….they are not alone……and there were a few other women from other countries also who received award, I think they keep on doing this annually….and they gave it….Obama’s wife was there and also Hilary Clinton… they were both there….they gave it….and after she came back here…she is heading an NGO in Sindh…..the embassy did one…..um meaning they organized an afternoon event to celebrate this. I was also invited. That was publicity. They also have a page on Face book. These activities of US embassy keep on happening. A few days back the gay and lesbian thing that they had started. CZH: Yes…was that intentional? DOH: which was all a big show….meaning I don’t know. Meaning, this is stupidity, knowing what type of a system we have here, its sheer stupidity. SAM: yes, we have no system you see. AUP: maybe they wanted to entice everyone..haha! see everyone come out on the road again. DOH: Because Americans can get away with anything, okay. Our culture…..they want to induce their own culture here to this extent….see that they have already done it… we have to a large extent…we say that there is nothing greater than America. …certainly...and we give them space… we give them a lot of space…we meaning….people think a lot that if US AID doesnt pour into Pakistan…..then our government wont be able to survive.

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Yes….there are huge amounts…quite a lot….I don’t remember WKH ÀJXUH RI WKHLU ODVW VDQFWLRQ«WKDW LV«D ORW RI SURMHFWV have been started… here in this street there a project of their about small grants….which has been given..uh------It is of the Foundation, one was a jobs project…then another----project is. They have a lot of major projects. Which they have done… the policy was….it used to be through international organizations before, then if meaning that they grant sub that they have selected the major like this….they get two three advantages out of this they don’t have to come in front, and or …uh….meaning the big organizations also are theirs…after this the one who is in front is not in the picture, whereas they say that our people should be inducted. DOH: but you see…on one side they bomb us down ….and on the other side they feed us.

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03.12.2008 CCTV Footage Stills: FIA 6MĂ„JL )SHZ[ HZ =HU M\SS VM explosives blows up after entering the building. 60

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04.12.2009

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At least 40 killed in suicide attack during Friday prayers at mosque near Pakistan’s army headquarters.

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04.2010

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The wall is covered with 1.5’ thick layerof Mud, husk and clay (1:2:4). It tapers towards the top. It has been replaced for the sand bags that are high-maintenance. This is a permanent solution and resembles the old fort style architecture.

REGULATION

SAM: And that is now, Therefore a lot of people are questioning as to where, what are these NGO’s and aid agencies have to and from where is the money coming from? CZH: Yes, so this has been happening for a while, since the earthquake? SAM: No, there weren’t many US Aid programs operating before 9/11. US aid was out. US was out of Pakistan for decades. So this intervention of US was come the second WLPH Ă€UVW RQH ZDV GXULQJ =LD¡V SHULRG DQG WKH\ OHIW DIter 98 nuclear test. DOH: hmm‌..certainly......now international NGOs always have had a big question mark that who is she and why has she come, mostly organizations were being supported in a way, secondly things changed, people started accepting. I was working with CRS to we were always like that you won’t work for Catholic relief‌‌won’t provide services because people get worried by the word Catholic‌‌‌..what is that those who were working with us, partner organizations, they would understand that okay there is no problem, there is no problem so the local organizations, they can’t survive without international organizations because they don’t have the resources, which are going to come from there. Nowadays which is the biggest funding agency, USAID and they ‌‌.. had a very open and relaxed kind of a system in days gone by. We also did a project for them which was‌.. that was through international‌‌.women empowerment through employment. Now, in majority of their projects it happens that they‌‌get access to information. That is their agenda.

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Secondly now, they are saying that they want accountability for each and every penny. They ask for accounts. And they even have………..now --------the foundation project that we have which is funded by USA…….and……. uh………..by the name of gender equality. They have made up different type of programs. In relation to this project they have given a hotline that if you encounter any problem such as corruption then you inform them on the hotline. Individual contact, anybody can contact them. So US wants direct contact with people. If you have Americans working directly with the people. majority of the Americans…….and whoever is American will have a bigger question mark as to what are they doing.. They need information and they need information to this limit that…one….xxxx was working on one project ……there in Peshawar a little while ago she worked on it. And she used to see that how many people are there in a household, how many guns, how many guests visit, who comes, who is going where……….meaning where does he come from, who is there and what is there, what is the time, what is…..meaning every detaied information……. This much detailed information…….it used to be regularly updated..

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CZH: What was the project? DOH: I don’t remember the title but it was in relation to the Afghans. CZH: but nothing related to this that they should be given the whole information. DOH: no the title was nothing like this………title was not information……….obviously………so they used to ask for detailed information to this limits or regular updates. AUP: and these local NGOs, do these also, they also provide! That they implement directly. DOH: They have their own people….then…and they pay high salaries that’s why people go and do….they give information. Our people give them this information on a very regular basis….and it is daily updated….every day…how much…their interest lies in tribal areas or FATA meaning that USAID has a lot of interest in this area. CZH: When did they enter? DOH: Think now….its about….I think four years have passed….since their arrival.

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Forum goes on a BREAK

20:17 (+5 gmt zone) It is dark outside. XOA2 gets up and goes outside for a smoke, a few minutes later, AUP joins him outside. DOH turns the cellphone on and returns the call. XOA1 and SAM go through the menu card to order snacks. 70

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Secure Space Drug

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City life consists of manifold activities that take place as relationships between institutions, organisations and bodies. City becomes a space that is in a constant flux of movement, distribution, transmission and exchange. Because the instance of an attack brings to a halt all movement around the site of destruction and also any work in progress that deals directly or indirectly with the city engine , security measures are put in place. The security is targetted at ensuring the circulation, although the speed of movement is compromised by the installation of checkpoints and barriers. The security measures are being taken on a very public level, where the landscape is open for everyone, the mediating space that is used by the public. The roads, public spaces such as parks, hotels and offices are adopting security mechanisms to ensure safety. Security measures are the new urban space reforms for the cities of Pakistan. Reforms can be described as actions proposed to improve a current situation. This aspect of reforms in urban space quite resembles the system adopted by the organisations for disaster relief efforts. Relief acts like a layer over the mess of disorder to curb a situation from exploding, it is there to ensure the circulation and working of populations to keep the cycle going. Relief performs the role of a tranquillizer. It instantly seeps into the chaotic system, organises it, carrying out its normal tasks. Relief operations and activities are temporary as

they induce into the immune system, a dose of tranquillizer at the peak of a problem, once the body is sedated, it will respond differently to the disease, it has already learned to cope up with the disease. The urban reforms based on the principle of relief induce something that I call the Secure Space Drug (SSD). The security systems are installed, tried, tested and modified by time. The public amenities such as a street, pedestrian way, road, market places have been induced with a security drug, it is there to make sure that life goes on for as long as possible by trying out different mechanisms of security, each time getting intense. It involves the strategic planning of or related to the ‘movement’ of pedestrians and vehicles. The dynamics around allowing movement under different situations and conditions and laying Patterns in order to ensure circulation can then be constituted as the chemical properties of movement. The authority in-charge of the security restricts access to certain areas and channels the traffic on different routes. Also, matter acts in channelling and regulating movement in a certain space. The physical property can also be perceived as an intervention or a disruption or deceleration of speed within movement but this system of security measure ensures movement.

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Securitization has called for the visual elements that reveal the identity of particular institutions be rubbed off or avoided. Any visual sign that might lead to the identification of a thing is circumvented.

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The idea revolves around the notion of undistinguishable bodies so that a target cannot be set for destruction. The case of GHQ officials follows that, after attempted assassinations on army officials, were advised not to wear the uniform to work. In another case, local trucks transport NATO vehicles from Karachi, Pakistan to Kabul and Kandahar, Afghanistan. The vehicles that are transported are masked from the general public as the highway cuts through some settlements that have attacked these trucks as a protest against the ‘war on terror’ or to destabilize the movement of trucks. This act of hiding identity is also evident when Pak Army officers start using civilian cars for movement in the North West Frontier Province for secret operations at the Durand-line after the War on Terror is declared. The security apparatus works equally for a school and for an army headquarter that they end up looking the same.

&5($7,1* %281'$5,(6

The areas are constantly being cordoned off, enclosed and barricaded. The movement in space is regulated, checked and controlled. Strict boundar¬ies are laid out in order to check activities taking place in a certain area. This also requires any barren space, void or land in the city HUK P[»Z WLYPWOLYPLZ [V IL PKLU[PÄLK HUK taken care of in a certain manner that no area is left unchecked. Spaces are kept separate so that the regulating body can keep a control on the situation. These boundaries create forts within the city with strict surveillance systems. 78

XOA1: Lately, I see there is improvement in the security system... um ... there is not many, u know… check posts, not many barriers set up…and…of course it is lot of inconvenievce for the people. But by and large, people have come to realize that this is important and…….similarly some of the embassies…..which were outside, now they have moved in… so…the target is getting…ah...smaller and smaller…. Otherwise, there was an expanded area which people could easily approach…. insurgent, terrorists, extremists… but now they have to make lot of….. efforts in order to reach the target areas. I think there has been an improvement

XOA1: yeah.you can’t …you can’t get into the streets unless they recognize you in my case I used this, this street…uh…. Fulbrite wali jo hai..so, I go through that but they recognized me, otherwise, a stranger…. they will ask where do you want to go. CZH: … Would it not have been better if they were placed in the diplomatic enclave, I mean it is pretty much a self-sufÀFLHQW FRPSXQG QRZ ZLWK WKHLU RZQ PDUNHW DQG DOO XOA1: Well, it might have become an issue for the local public. There is a certain way of entering that area, if you need to take your car, you will have to have special permission or get into the bus..for already, there are so many people in the line…and more students and other people who have to go for these things, so they have to get in line and it will take very long time so… but if it takes….…it is inconvenience to the residents of that street… but I think it is still working…. and particularly in an area where, you know, the Fulbrite is, examination is held. It’s quite secure… it is away from the main road and in order to reach there …the extremists has to adopt very special efforts. 79

SAM: No I think it is pretty good. I think you know we have to suffer the barricades and various dhamakas at various points on it but by and large it is good. Our problem is not the security being provided by the police and paramilitaries, our problem is the Americans who rented

houses next to ours with big walls and security and we don’t know what is happening inside them CZH: And then aaa.. did you hear about the 23 acre land they have given for the US consulate, near the port. SAM: Yaar when our government is giving them the whole country so I suppose 23 acres of land is not surprising. The American embassy is expanding in Islamabad also and as result the original road to Murree has been blocked to WUDIĂ€F 6R WKHUH LV D ELJ GLYHUVLRQ \RX FDQ¡W JR SDVW that road. So this is a big inconvenience for us. XOA1: the embassies have ‌.even the Italian embassy they have shifted inside and they don’t have proper accommodation they have gone‌.uh‌.. slightly short of American embassy‌, they are in‌..pre-fabricated units. CZH: ahhh‌ XOA1: so they are into containers‌ DOH: Yes, if there is an embassy here‌then because of the embassy they close off half of the road easily, even if they close of the whole road we wont be able to say anything about it. Even if they close off the whole of Islambabad we wont be able to say anything. There are a lot of Americans in Pakistan. CZH: That’s right! Ok what do we say about the NATO supply line that was blocked in October 2010. SAM: I think we should block it permanently. I am very supportive at blocking NATO supplies because other than anything else they are not even paying us the cost of using the roads, if you ever go to the Indus highway on the west side on the Indus because I use that on and off, they have destroyed that road. SAM: Apart from that safety factors there all these other issues. Why should we be a support for NATO supplies to Afghanistan? So I vote for stopping NATO supplies permanently.

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The Urban Intervention

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In 2007, the courrogated sheets were installed on the east-side that connects to the Punjab Library and was used as a short cut to Anarkali bazaar where we would escape to have late breakfasts. In 2008, a barrier was put at the gate in the front Parking lot, barbed wires over the railings, cant hop over them. The small gate by the museum was also closed.

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In 2009, the front Parking lot is closed for Parking. Use the Parking lot developed at south-eastern end.

2006

2008

2010

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Based on the location of important buildings, the urban fabric consists of pockets that are operating in a strict apparatus of security; these zones can also be called forts. The current situation of Pakistani cities calls for certain measures that have to be taken after analyzing the ground realities and estimating the risk. The architecture of enclosures seems to emerge along with the infrastructure being ad¬justed to the security needs. The four and five star hotels in Pakistan have been put on high alert after the several attacks on Hotels in the past few years. The drastic measures taken to secure hotels deals with the height and thickness of the boundary walls, installation of CCTV, barriers at entrance and exits. All vehicles are thoroughly checked at the gate where they slow down, stop and then move towards the parking area. The hotel service supply vehicles that previously used a service road into the hotel also use the points for movement. The boundary walls and gates of the hotel give an impression of a fort. Contrary to the environment outside the hotel, the atmosphere inside the hotel is quite different. The experience of space outside the hotel is that of frenzy, quick and alert, quite different to the slow paced, relaxed and passive interior. The interior does not know its exterior and operates in normality. The ground floor accommodates various restaurants and banquet halls that are booked for parties and corporate events. These hotels are several storey high with

the top most designated for the executives. Foreign guests use these hotels usually who have arrived in Pakistan for business purposes, either as employees or to employ people. A considerable amount of foreign presence in hotels has increased after the infiltration of America in Afghanistan for the ‘War on terror’. As Pakistan borders with Afghanistan on the west, most operations and movement occurs through Pakistan. The foreign personnel are put up in hotels that are the safe zones to work and operate. The security of the hotel proves beneficial for the foreign agencies as it provides them an area to meet and plan their operations. The PC hotel in Peshawar was closed down after the bomb blast in 2009 – it reopened as the US Consulate in Peshawar. The forts are present not only as hotels but are pockets that are gradually emerging in every city, especially Islamabad. This modern city is based on a gridiron pattern cutting across avenues forming sectors of residential plots with a market place in the center. Due to the high influx of foreign personnel in the city, they take up houses in certain sectors to carry out business. Once a house is under foreign occupation, the whole assemblage of movement is rearranged. Barriers are introduced in the streets that connect to the house from any side. The boundary walls are lined with sand bags or high concrete slabs while the sniper sits on the rooftop. With addition to these housing/ resort schemes, the foreign official buildings have recently been awarded generous land

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eMERGING Urbanism ?

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XOA1: ..ah …at this time the situation is certainly going from bad to worse…but…it is still retrievable SAM: I think a democratic system but in a democratic system that ensures there is no rigging of elections and that people who are corrupt they are not allowed to contest elections. People who don’t pay taxes and I am telling my party tareeq-e-insaf that you should adopt the slogan that no representation without taxation. Wo British tha na when they were struggling for their right to vote that no taxation without representation, we should have it reversed because we have people in power who are corrupt or known to be corrupt and who pay no taxes and all, there should be restrictions on these sort of people but there is no other alternative. You have to go on the democratic route. DOH: I think it’s junk, We are not ready for it. Err.. we are ..meaning …we are not made for democracy. Democracy is for those countries where people have tolerance. Here we say that this one is getting down so it is our turn, regardless of how he comes, so one would be illiterate, he will also say that I want to become the President, I am the most capable. This is not how things work….so if we are not ready for it… in India, though there is democracy but the complications in the politics that … CZH: the army has to intervene quite often. AUP: well the structure of the army is strong indeed, the core commanders had reservations when the matter was in the parliament for army budget cheque and balance. I mean this is one version of it. The oney could go wherever, but the parliament would be responsible for it. This did not suit them. When it comes to their interest they are united. 89

XOA2: every … gentleman from the army, who has come into power …. Has administered he country because army teaches you administration … it does not teach you governance. I hope you realize CZH: Yeah

XOA2: The difference between administration and governance. Therefore he…. Does some things right, which are administrative because he has experience, He has been taught to administer but when it comes to government he goes wrong….. so army is in no answer, if I was in place of Mr.Kiyani I would refuse to interfere. CZH: Right. XOA2: Army has brought a bad name as it is, and I would not try to make it worse... CZH: But do you think he will intervene? XOA2: sorry, say again CZH: Would he intervene? Do you think he would? XOA2: You see, I have a feeling as it has happened before, if the politicians who invite him, they have started inviting him… Reading in between the lines in newspaper I can quite see that they have started inviting him CZH: Hmm XOA2: I hope he doesn’t fall for them

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CZH: And what should be the policy with the Americans. AUP: Well, I don’t think it important to stress upon that too much. You see this has been going on since the 50’s when RXU Ă€UVW 3ULPH 0LQLVWHU 0RKDPPDG OLDTDW $OL NKDQ RSWHG WR accept America’s invitation for a tour and declined the invitation from Moscow. That decided everything. SAM: I think we need to revise it with America, you should realize as not just strategic ally all extra country which is hostile to Pakistan inherently and we should distance our VHOI DQG , GRQ¡W WKLQN ZH ZLOO KDYH D Ă€JKW ZLWK 86 WKDW LV stupid, but certainly at distancing and we should look towards our region and develop relations with China, Afghanistan, Iran and Soan rather than looking towards Washington which never comes up to our expectations when we need them. Means this is a history, not a emotional prospectus, this is if you study the history of India. I mean the US and Pakistan relations, you will always see that the cost has been JUHDWHU WKDQ WKH EHQHĂ€WV 6R ZK\ JHW LQWR D DDDQÂŤ \RX NQRZ when we got to in a situation we need to extract our selves from. CZH: And what would be the best way of doing that? SAM: Throw out all the non-diplomatic Americans personally from Pakistan and stop issuing generous visas too. There should be a reciprocal visa regime. That is the whole idea of Visas, all visa’s regimes are based on reciprocity. Here Pakistanis can hardly get visas to the US. And we are giving them of in minutes to the Americans, This is not acceptable. In fact the fewer Americans around Pakistan the better we will be. DOH: if we once at this time all of the American aid, everything‌.Pakistan’s location is very central. That’s the whole problem. The position we are on and the amount of resources that are untapped in Pakistan, they want all of those‌meaning all of the diversity, meaning in Pakistan’s land, in the people,geographically that we have there is not anywhere like it. I haven’t seen a country till date which is more resourceful than this. We don’t use it that’s the problem! or they use it‌.I have one‌.uh‌where was I going‌.was JRLQJ WR 0XOWDQWKHUH ZDV WKLV &RORQHO LQ WKH Ă LJKW UHWXUQing from a coursefrom the Americans, he was saying people RYHU WKHUHÂŤXKÂŤWKH SODQQLQJ WKDW WKH\ GRÂŤWKH FRPLQJ Ă€YH \HDUV DUH JRLQJ WR EH YHU\ GLIĂ€FXOW IRU 3DNLVWDQÂŤDQG ,QGLD WKH\ VD\ KDYH UHDG LWÂŤ QH[W Ă€YH \HDUV PHDQLQJ DIWHU WKDW WKH\ 91

after that they will request America that that they will have this immigration in a year from Pakistan and for that we need aid. Just imagine! Meaning we are not even thinking about these things that something like this will happen…meaning a whole scenario is built. We are not changing….we are not changing because there is an issue in our governance, and now the majority of people, I said to them that the common man thinks that we don’t have a government, there is no one that will take care of us, somebody who does something, so they said the we are also the common man, we also think like this. I said that we have expectations from you that the Army will do something. ….because if anything can happen…meaning that whatever is going in depression they think that no it is for the good, a proper dive then and then only we will be able to get out....so until the pressure comes nothing will happen. Everyone thinks individually, whoever gets the chance, thinks lets migrate, or get out. So that’s how it is happening. I say if you want to immigrate, so whoever is not of any use should go, thats alright….the rest will do something or the other.

21:40 (+5 gmt zone) SAM and XOA2 leave. CZH orders food, AUP accepts dinner invitation ;2$ ÀQLVKHV WHD DQG OHDYHV ZLWK '2+

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PULSE OF THE CITY

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CZH: Our path towards modernity or moderate enlightenment.. haha... AUP: maybe you know its more of a aaaa u know this is that impression or this is that propaganda that I would say that is dished out which actually tries to say modernity is something that is foreign to us which is west western import and it is not really rooted here or in that sense of the world it is not really but my this is my I mean, can say a belief because I don’t have that kind of research or that kind of understanding to really dwell on it but this the whole idea of modernity is as foreign to us as it was to the west one when it happened there. AUP:so one is that and second I mean that there is lot of also things like you know that leads to failure of modernity and how actually it has played………yes and it if you just talk around the notion of architecture, in one ways one can say that the whole project of the modern movement has failed but if you analyse it successively …I mean in postmodern and in post-structural archicture you can still see the heart of architecture is modern movement somewhere still architects are talking about the public good and public domain but actually now the debate is back the biggest debate in archecture is democracy in architecture. CZH:we have not really still achieved the modern goal as yet we are still struggling, or maybe that is the idea, to keep struggling.. AUP:probably the outline that they set for themselves that was just great vision that obviously could not be acheived and then whatever but like somebody said I don’t remember who but 20th century has given rise to three things:democracy,multinational cooperation and propaganda put out by multinational cooperation to protect themselves against democracy.

97

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Although, modifications introduced in space by the state authority are negotiations occurring in order to sustain life of the city, but urban consciousness defies certain regulations. The resistance or alternate acts are seen as spaces emerging through negotiations or dealing with the situation generating by-pass or desire lines. As Caugulhiem talks about the concept of adaptation in his essay that deals with the environment or Milieu, “ According to Lamarck… Adaptation is life’s renewed effort to ‘stick’ to an indifferent environment. Being the effect of an effort, adaptation is not therefore a harmony, it is not providential; it is achieved and never guaranteed.” When the bypass artery is introduced in the vessel for flow of blood for a dying heart, a new relationship/path established between origin and destination without altering the blockage in the vessel. The high-speed tempo of transformation in the overall space of Pakistani cities potentially leads to an alienation from this space. As the enemy targets crowds, festive gatherings have come to a halt in the cities. In this situation, pockets in the urban space transform themselves as release valves for the city population. Some areas are operating outside the security mechanisms, like mosques and market places. These are ambiguous zones that allow an entry into a different space that exists in the same conditions but do not enter into the realm of security mechanisms; this is when urban practises imposed with apparatus of security and surveillance lapse into smooth spaces.

These spaces evolve out as smooth spaces even though they are basically striated spaces, constituted in a manner that they act as a refuge for stressed bodies to interact. A city that thrives on interaction and relationship ties with family and friends. When ideas come in, a new space is formed; the city is constantly redefining itself and constituting itself around the objects that have entered through the road or through bodies or ideas in formation. Why and how does the mosque and the market places work outside the boundary of the security mechanisms, you can’t really secure these spaces, they operate as normal in times of siege, so they have certain particularities that make them operate in a different manner although they are in the same jurisdictions. These spaces are temporary refuge zones that are created in relation to other strict spatial assemblages. While the securitized areas are something you are thrown into, you have to deal with it; these spaces although in the same city under a certain organization evolve as smooth spaces. How is the event registering itself within a space, what set of modifications does it require, each event mobilizes tremors, these tremors are likely to shift the existing systems, the land is deformed, now the people have to adapt to the deformations, some where the land remains even – plain, that acts as a refuge. The sanctuary or the refuge in olden times was set out from town or city. In a contemporary city, refuge tends to emerge within the existing systems, contexts and conditions.

98

CZH: And where does the whole idea of vernacular DUFKLWHFWXUH ÀW LQWR WKLV AUP: Vernacular architecture is okay as long as it is vernacular architecture.As long as you know people are JHWWLQJ WR EXLOG VRPHWKLQJ ZLWK WUXH GHÀQLWLRQ RI YHUQDFXODU architecture and it is more like based on cooperation rather than a single person, and material are also local as found . It works if it is a real vernacular effort and if they do it in a real solution and if it is some architect trying to pretend that they are.. making vernacular architecture then‌ CZH: yeh like you start building bamboo structures in areas where it not even available and the transportation cost‌. AG: Yeah! Then it is you know then its rubbish..because you see if I make it or you make it and something that doesn’t really go with a overall climate..and when architects from the city try doing that it becomes a dicey situation.. AUP: I think that the only thing that works is the FULWLFDO UHJLRQDOLVP $QG  WKH ÀUVW WKLQJ WR GR LV XQ pick the regional architecture and unpicking involves many things, so that is actually one approach that could be worked on because the local spirit somehow appears.. CZH: so what relevance does this whole discourse about public space and gathering hold for the urban scene here.. AUP: well, as long as it strives for a democratic space then maybe it is relevant but then if you start translating that DV SXWWLQJ XS EHQFKHV $QG LW LV PRUH OLNH EHDXWLÀFDWLRQ DQG LGHQWLÀFDWLRQ UDWKHU WKDQ FRQFHQWUDWLQJ RQ D VSDFH WKDW could actually be one of mediation and variations..like an old man walking with a stick ..and a kid on a skate board, so how do they share a space.. CZH: Yeah! And you think we have such a space? AUP: Nope, none that I can think of. What about that BB park in Karachi? AUP: ohh that lethal park near the beach?? CZH: yes.. AG: haa yeah it was a good public space ..pfft. They made a park and put a boundary wall there.

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CZH: yes… it is almost 14’ high..you cant see anything that happens inside..yes you can just hear the water waves..you cant see them.. haha. AUP: yeh it starts from God knows where and goes up to the Indus valley school… so you see the issue of urban design is a major one.. and if yeh so you see what they could do is… well now they have made this committee..and yes Pakistan Urban unit has the capacity to actually do something if they want.. and then you know this whole project was given to AlImam…that parking plaza.. CZH: yes the one that has the same route for going up and coming down… AUP: So if you’re coming down from above, you need to wait for the light to turn green and same goes for if you have to go up…So if there is the space for 350 cars and even if FDUV QHHG WR FRPH GRZQ «VR ZKLFK RQH JRHV ÀUVW« DQG ZHOO okay maybe even that might not be a big deal but who would use that.. if someone wants to go saleen fabrics.. they would actually uh park the car, come down, wait for the park and ride and then go? Who would do that..or how many would want to do that.. CZH: Why yes, the parking is usually connected to the shopping plaza, you park and take a lift or stairs down into the shopping mall. And were they not planning before.. something like you give the key at the gate ? AUP: well then how do you go and come back..haha..well you must consider how important public transport is for big cities.. can you imagine London or Newyork functioning without a public transport system? And now just look at Kalma FKRZN WDNH WKH WUDIÀF IURP KHUH DQG GXPS LW LQ 0RGHO 7RZQ CZH: and the transport system... AUP: well if the bus stops running in the middle of the road IRU VRPH UHDVRQ WKHQ SHRSOH DUH LQVLGH DQG ÀYH SHRSOH ZRXOG be at the back pushing it..wo bhi safar ker rahay hein aur who bhi..hahahahha AUP: yes there was a very good system of wagon, the conductors would make sure you got on the wagon..these buses… well, they would actually grab you and pull you into the wagon. Dinner is laid. AUP and CZH start eating. 100

101

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LANDIKOTAL: NATO oil tankers were set ablaze in two separate incidents late Friday night at Landikotal and Torkham killing at least 16 people, including 8 members of a family. ;OL ZV\YJLZ ZHPK PU [OL ÄYZ[ incident at 10:30 p.m. the militants torched a Nato oil tanker in Khugakhel area on the Landikotal bypass. The tanker was parked on the roadside when it was dynamited with a time device, the sources said.

thenews.com.pk 103

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104

Landi Kotal Fort in the Khyber Pass: a Forward Operating Base, 1919-style

105

The bazaar in Landi Kotal

Bazaar Destroyed due to a Bomb blast

Landi Kotal has been a Popular Base near Torkham, In 1980’s, the war against the soviet made this an important place. The GT road is used as a trade-route by Landlocked Afghanistan. The tradition of Bara Markets began here; illegal goods meant for Afghanistan were stolen and sold here at a cheap price.

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A Space in a State

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A.T.&T.describes sound in these terms, “Audible sound is thus KLÄULK HZ H KPZ[\YIHUJL PU [OL atmosphere whereby a form of wave motion is propagated from some source at a velocity of 1,075 feet per second, the transmission being accomplished by alternating condensations and rarefacations of the atmosphere in cycles having a fundamental frequency ranging somewhere between 16 per second and 32,000 per second.” Principles of Electricity applied to Telephone and Telegraph Work, American Telephone and Telegraph. C.F. Myers, Supervisor of Instruction. Murray Hills, New Jersey. 1939. p.66 117

“A pattern of sound waves”

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The Site; An Insight

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3rd Century BC - 15th Century AD

IMAGE SERIES Sub-Continent Flows. Note: To read these images as Maps, please see “SubContinent Flows” in the end, details. 135

15th Century AD - 1946

1947

2011

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the Urban Intervention

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Pearl Continental Hotel, Front Wall

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Sat Image: Rawalpindi, Red hatched area GHQ buildings, red scribbled roads have been blocked for public use.

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Contemporary KhY[] Yf\ the Practice of Urban Design

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Cafe Koel, The courtyard space.

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the Event

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bibliography. Details.

Sassen, Saskia, “The City: Its Return as a Lens for Social Theory” City, Culture and Society.1:3-10, 2010. Elden, Stuart ‘Contingent Sovereignty, Territorial Integrity and the Sanctity of Borders’, SAIS Review. XXVI (1) p. 11-24, 2006. Mustafa, Daanish. The terrible geographicalness of terrorism: reflections of a hazards geographer. Antipode, 37, 1: 72-92, 2005a Rampton, Sheldon and Stauber, John. Weapons of Mass Deception: The Uses of Propaganda in Bush’s War on Iraq. New York: Tarcher/Penguin, 2003. Doanne, Mary Ann. “Information, crises, catastrophe,” Mellencamp, Patricia. Logics of Television: essays in cultural criticism. Indiana Polis, Indiana University Press, 1990. Print. Foucault, Michel, Security, Territory and Population. London, Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. Print. Rosa, Hartmut and E.Scheuerman, William (Eds), High speed society: social acceleration, power, and modernity. United States, The Pennsylvania State University, 2009. Print. Agamben, Giorgio. Remnants of Auschwitz: The Witness and the Archive. Trans. Daniel Heller-Roazen. New York: Zone, 2002. Print Agamben, Giorgio. “The Idea of Language,” Potentialities. New York Review of Books, New York, 2001. Print Virilio, Paul, Speed and Politics. Translated by Mark Polizzotti, NewYork, Semiotext(e), 1987. Print. Gregory, Derek. “Defiled cities,” Singapore journal of tropical geography, 24(3), p321. 2003 Michael Sorkin, Traffic in Democracy (Ann Arbor: University of. Michigan Press, 1997) p 1-2. Swanstorm, Todd, “Are fear and urbanism at war?”, 38 (1), 135-40. (2002) Arendt, Hannah, The Human Condition. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1973 Misselwitz, P. and Weizman, E. (2003) “ Military operations as urban planning.” In A. Franke (ed.) territories. Berlin: KW institute for contemporary art, 272-85. Sassen S 2010 When the city itself becomes a technology of war Theory, culture and society 27 33–50. Sage Journals Online. Graham, Stephen. “Cities as strategic sites: Place Annihilation and Urban Geopolitics,” in Stephen Graham, ed., Cities, War, and Terrorism: Towards an Urban Geopolitics. (London: Blackwell, 2004): 1-25. Rudolf Hillebrecht, “Gespräch mit Gropius,” Baurundschau 38:9/10 (1948): 72. Graham, Stephen. “Cities, Warfare, and States of Emergency,” in Stephen Graham, ed., Cities, War, and Terrorism: Towards an Urban Geopolitics. (London: Blackwell, 2004): 1-25. E. Kofman and E. Lebas. Writings on Cities, trans. and eds., Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 1996: 21

Sassen, Saskia, “The City: Its Return as a Lens for Social Theory” City, Culture and Society.1:3-10, 2010. Graham, Stephen. “Cities, Warfare, and States of Emergency,” in Stephen Graham, ed., Cities, War, and Terrorism: Towards an Urban Geopolitics. (London: Blackwell, 2004): 1-25. E. Kofman and E. Lebas. Writings on Cities, trans. and eds., Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 1996: 21 Koolhaas, Rem. Mau, B., & Office for Metropolitan Architecture. (1995). S,M,L,XL. New York: Monacelli. By Jean Baudrillard / Translated by James Benedict,This essay was originally published as part of Jean Baudrillard’s “La transparence du mal: Essai sur les phénomènes extrèmes” (1990), translated into English in 1993 as “The Transparency of Evil: Essays on Extreme Phenomena”. Deleuze, Gilles. Desert islands and other texts, Trans Taormina Micheal. Semiotext(e) 2004. Deleuze, G.; Guttuari, F. (2003) what is philosophy?. Paris: minuit, P.105 Ricouer, Paul. History and Truth (1955, Eng. tr. 1965) Massumi, B. A User’s Guide to Capitalism and Schizophrenia: Deviations from Deleuze and Guattari, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. (1992) Deleuze, G. and Guattari, F. (1986), Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature, Trans. Dana Polan, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. Koolhaas, Rem. Delirious New York: A Retroactive Manifesto for Manhattan . Oxford University Press: New York, 1978. (pg 123) Deleuze, Gilles, and Félix Guattari. A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. London: Continuum, 2004. Print.

PHOTO CREDITS: pamirtimes.net thenews.com.pk dawn.com.pk googleimages.com najamibilgrami.com afp Reuters Pamir Times Pakistan Photo Journalism Association Zulfiqar Ali khan Ibrahim Shinwari

FORUM ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The forum is has been constructed out of invidiviual conversations with the following people. Brig. Mohammad Ahmed Dr. Shireen Mazari Ms Fauzia Ehsan Brig Muhammad Akram Ar Arfan Ghani

Brig. Mohammad Ahmed, has served in the army before and after partition in 1947. As a commanding officer in the war of 1965, he was awarded the Sitara-e-Jurrat (Star of Courage) for his bravery and valour on the borders against India. He has served as a managing director for the Transport of Lahore and has also worked with multinational Fertilizer Companies. His views on the Pakistani politics hold great importance in the current scenario. He currently resides in Islamabad, Pakistan. Dr. Shireen Mazari, is a Pakistani political scientist and a prominent geostrategist, currently serving as Director-General of the Foreign Affairs Tank (FAT) of the Pakistan Movement of Justice. She is currently working as the editor of the daily The Nation newspaper and as the Spokesperson on Foreign Affairs of the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf political party. She has also served as the Director General of The Institute of Strategic Studies, a think-tank based in Islamabad and was until recently a regular columnist at the daily The News International. She former served as professor of Military Science at the Quaid-e-Azam University. She was removed from her position as editor of The News after charging that journalists and aid workers were operatives for the US Government and the CIA. She cites American pressure in these episodes, a charge that both the government and The News administration deny. Fauzia Malik, is currently an Executive Director of Human Resource Development Network that has over 800 member organizations. In her previous position, she worked as a Project Coordinator for Farm Forestry Support Project Program and a Manager for Women’s Empowerment program for Peace (WEPP)for Catholic Relief Services (CRS) Pakistan, which focuses on social awareness about women issues and building institutional capacity of most vulnerable rural women of Pakistan. In addition to her current job she has worked as a consultant for different organizations evaluating the projects, team building of different organizations teams. Previously she worked as Project Officer Agriculture for CRS Pakistan. She has alo worked as Social Survey Officer for Halcrow Rural Management in the Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) team. She has undertaken the M&E of an on-farm water management project, to improve the standards of living and agricultural yields of small holders by improving irrigation agronomy, water efficiency and availability. During her first career assignment she has worked as a Social Organizer with the National Rural Support Programme (NRSP) and as a Participatory Rural Appraisal Specialist with ABB on the Marala Ravi Link Canal Improving Project. She holds a Masters degree in Forestry with specialization in social forestry from Peshawar University and a Masters degree in Botany from the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. She is a member of number of professional networks including Human Resource Development Network (HRDN) and Asian Study Group (ASG) Islamabad.

Brig. Muhammad Akram, is a retired army personnel. He has served in Dhaka during the 1971 WAR, after which he was taken as a POW by the Indian Army. Being a trained mountineer, he has worked extensively in uplifting the tourism in Pakistan. He founded the Adventure Foundation and is currently the Managing Director for it. He has led social welfare initiatives of massive scale during the earthquake in 2005 and the recent flood catastrophe in 2010. He has been involved in rescue operations for which he was awarded the Italian Knighthood in 2009. Arfan Ghani is an Assistant Professor at the National College of Arts in Lahore, where he teaches in the Architecture Design department and the Interior Design course. He is an architect and an urban design analyst. He along with Ar Aqeel Kazmi hold informal discussion forums with students and recent graduates.

TIME LINE, Sub Continent Time line of event in the Subcontinent.

MOHENJADARO

. 1600 .

MUGHAL - JEHANGIR

. 1857 .

BRITISH RAJ

. 1600 .

E A S T I N D I A C O M PA N Y

. 1877 .

BALOCHISTAN CHIEF COMMISSIONERSHIP

. 1884 .

E M P R E S S M A R K E T , Karachi

. 1893.

DURAND LINE

. 1894 .

REORGANISATION OF INDIAN ARMY

. 1901.

NORTHWEST FRONTIER PROVINCE

. 1905.

CREATION OF RAILWAY BOARD

. 1916.

LUCKNOW PACT - demanded self government. -rights and representation of muslims.

. 727 AD.

2600 BC - 15 CEN AD

M AC E D O N . 727 AD.

MOHD BIN QASIM ARAB/Muslim

. 997 AD.

M E H M U D G H A Z N AV I GHAZNI/ Muslim

. 1175 AD.

MUHAMMAD GHAURI GHAZNI/ Muslim

. 1175 AD.

MUHAMMAD GHAURI GHAZNI/ Muslim

. 1400 AD.

MUGHAL KING - BABUR PERSIA/ Muslim

. 1537 AD.

- trade union treaty signed by QueenElizabeth 1. - Trading in Cotton, Silk, Indigo dye, Tea. - Factory at Bantam - Ships dock at SURAT.

ALEXANDER

SHER SHAH SURI

AFGHAN/ Muslim - Military and Administrative strategist - Postal System - Currency - Kos Minar to mark the Sadak-e-Azam - Rohtas Fort for a barrier against West. - Road Developed west to bihar, south to Multan.

16 CENTURY - 1857

. 323 BCE .

BRITISHERS

. 1612 AD.

BATTLE OF SWALLY - Defeat the Portugese, take hold of the trading posts.

. 1615 AD.

K I N G S TA L K . King Jehangir sends a letter.

. 1670 AD.

TRADING POSTS Surat (where a factory was built in 1612), Madras (1639), Bombay (1668), and Calcutta (1690). By 1647, the Company has 23 factories.

. 1717 AD.

CUSTOM DUTY WAIVED.

. 1757 AD.

BATTLE OF PLASSEY. Bihar surrenders to Company’s forces.

. 1799 AD.

MYSORE DEFEATED/ OCCUPIED. - Tipu Sultan dies. CHARTER ACT Asserted British Crown over Indian Territory. CONQUEST OF SINDH Karachi Port Developed LAHORE CANTT

. 1799 AD. . 1843 AD. . 1853 AD. . 1857 AD.

WAR OF INDEPENDANCE Indians against British. Company Nationalised. British Government takes control.

1857 - 1947

. 2600 BCE .

. 1939.

. 1946 .

. 1947 AD.

BRITISH DECLARE WAR ON INDIA’S BEHALF - WW11 - Negociations break down. - mutinies begin to occur across British India. DIRECT ACTION DAY -16 August - week of the long knives. - reaction to cabinet mission. Radcliffe line marked. 14 th August. Pakistan an Independant state. Mohd Ali Jinnah, Governer General of Pakistan Kashmir Issue disputed. Punjab Boundary force.

INSURGENCY PA K I S T A N

. 2000 .

. 1950’s .

CONSTITUTION MAKING YEARS.

. 2001 .

. 1960 .

DEVELOPMENTS / AYUB KHAN Modernity progressive. KKH Land Reforms. Indus Water Treaty

1947 - 2000

. 1970.

. 1980.

. 1990 .

REGIME CHANGES 1971 War West Pakistan - Bangladesh Islamabad becomes capital Zia ul Haq Military Coup Sharia and Hudood Ordinance islamic banking system Iranian Revolution I S L A M I Z AT I O N Text Book reform Factories set up (UREA) 1982 Soviet - Afghan War Refugees allowed in. Shia’ism - Iran/ Wahabbism - Saudi Arabia. ISI role in Afghan Jihad. Indus Highway construction D E M O C R AT I C G O V E R N A N C E Land reforms/ Road reforms media - Dish antenna Murree Kahuta Uplifting Nuclear Weapons Demo Govt toppled, Military General becomes president. 1998. Sectarian Issues

2000 - 2011

. 1947 .

ENLIGHTENED MODERATION Free media 9/11 attacks. Fashion Uplifting

. 2002.

Suicide Bombing in Karachi

. 2003.

Refugees pour in from Afghanistan

. 2004.

First Drone attack in Afghanistan by NATO.

. 2005.

KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE.

. 2006 .

TERRORIST ATTACKS IN KARACHI

. 2007 .

TERRORIST ATTACKS : 58 Drone strikes : 04 Red Mosque seige.

. 2008 .

TERRORIST ATTACKS : 59 MARRIOT HOTEL BOMBING Drone strikes: 34

. 2009 .

TERRORIST ATTACKS : 80 Drone strikes: 53 Attack on GHQ %VQ] SJ½GIV´W 1SWUYI MR 6;4 *VMHE] TVE]IVW Muharram Procession. Karachi Islamic University Bombing Sunsilk Fashion show

. 2010 .

TERRORIST ATTACKS : still counting. Drone strikes : Above 100 ,YR^E EVXM½GMEP PEOI JSVQEXMSR Sunsilk Fashion show Coke jingle street dance performances Floods 2010 North to South 2%83 STIRW ½VI MRWMHI 4EOMWXERM &SVHIV NATO Supply blocked -supply opened Food crises

. 2011 .

Governer Punjab Murdered Raymond Davis Case Public gatherings: Dharnaas by PTI OBL operation carried out by US marines Coke studio season 4 &30 ½PQ VIPIEWIH

SUB- CONTINENT FLOWS

3000 BC

700 - 1500 AD

1500 AD - 1700 AD

1800 - 1947

1947

1971 - Fall of Dhaka

1970s. Road Develpments begin

1980s. Zia Era

1990s. Nuclear State

2005 Earthquake

2009, Military ops and IDP

2010, 2011. Floods, War.

7KH )RUXP

http://zahrahussain.podomatic.com

An extensive debate around the site under analysis that brings together a political analyst, ex-army officers, aid worker, architect and academicians.

Halocaust is an on-going project that concentrates on the contemporary urban and regional space in order to trace high-speed transformations in conflict zones.

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