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December 8
Marketing Research
2008
A research report on binge drinking among University of Wisconsin Milwaukee students
Prepared by: Mitchell Charles Griffin And Zachary Allan Kasza
Primary Research Report
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Table of Contents iii
Executive Summary
1
Introduction
2
Definition and Scope of Binge Drinking
4
Causes
5
Consequences
7
Prevention
8
Sources
9
Problem Statement, Research Objectives
10
Methodology
12
Research and Discussion
18
Conclusions and Recommendations
I
Appendices
I
Table 1, Table 2a…
VII
Table 3a…
XI
Table 4a…
XIII
Table 5a…
XIV
Figure 1a…
XV
Figure 2a…
XVII
Figure 3a…
XVIII
Figure 4a…
XIX
Figure 5a…
End
Sample Questionnaire, Coding Sheet
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Executive Summary The problem of binge drinking on college campuses is a widespread problem throughout the nation. Throughout the past 3 months our team has researched the topic thoroughly. We have determined that the state of Wisconsin nurtures a culture of drinking further research is needed. Our primary objective is to gather, analyze, and report information on the topic of binge drinking throughout the University of Wisconsin Milwaukee student population. We created and distributed a survey to UW-Milwaukee students. The survey contained questions regarding drinking habits as well as demographic information. We utilized the internet by published the surveying online and contacting the respondents via email and a social networking website. The data was collected via the host website and then transferred into our statistical software for further analysis. We then ran a series of statistical analysis and formulated tables and charts containing our results. Our team then analyzed each research question and provided feedback and conclusions. The data that was deemed important enough to be presented was organized into a lengthy appendix for ease of comprehension. Based on the data and our interpretations we concluded that the student population of UW-Milwaukee regularly participates in binge drinking activities. Moreover, the excessive consumption of alcohol was spread out over all demographics. Our recommendations include improving the education of college students as well as reaching out to the community and parents.
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1 Introduction This research report was conducted on the topic of the excessive consumption of alcohol, “binge drinking�, among students attending the University of Wisconsin Milwaukee. The problem of binge drinking is apparent on most Wisconsin campuses. This research project is designed to analyze the responses of a variety of UWM students. The information provided in this report can be used by a variety of institutions. High schools, for example, would be able to use the data to properly educate seniors going into college on the dangers of excessive alcohol consumption. High Schools could also format pamphlets to distribute to parents regarding ways to talk to there children about alcohol and the dangers surrounding it. Parents who are better informed on the topic of binge drinking will be able talk to their children and hopefully educate them on the dangerous effects of alcohol. University housing programs such as the UWM Dormitories can use the information gathered by the survey to properly educate incoming freshmen on the pressures and dangers they are sure to face. A recent survey of nearly 750 college presidents found that almost all colleges had some form of alcohol education14. Alcohol counselors from these educational institutions as well as outside firms that specialize in alcohol abuse would also benefit from the data collected and presented is this research project. Moreover, the information collected can be used as a preventative tool by agencies looking to crackdown on the underage drinking. By knowing where, when, and how often the illegal activities occur they will be able to better prepare and forecast when problem situations will arise.
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2 Definition and Scope At the University of Wisconsin Milwaukee where over 29,000 students attend, alcohol consumption is very popular. With the easy access of obtaining alcohol, walking to bars, and going to social events, binge drinking is part of the student life. As stated is the dictionary binge drinking is the consumption of dangerously large quantities of alcoholic beverages in one session. There is no consensus on how many drinks constitutes for “binging” but the average for a male is 5 drinks and 4 drinks for a female throughout a one to three hour period. According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) about 4 out of 5 college students participate in drinking and 60 percent of those students are underage14. That means that a mere 6,000 students do not drink at all at the University of Milwaukee. Entering college, some students think of the nightlife that occurs during the weekends. Some students even choose their desired school based on the party life of that college. University of Wisconsin Madison is known predominately for their parties such as Halloween or the Mifflin block party while Milwaukee is known for being the “drunkest” city in America. University of Milwaukee is the only division 1 school left that sells alcohol at their basketball games which are played at the US Cellular Arena. Wisconsin is a state famous for its breweries has led the nation is binge drinking every year in America since the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention began its surveys on the problem more than a decade ago. The state counts some 5,000 holders of liquor licenses, the most per capita of any state, said Peter Madland, the executive director of the Tavern League of Wisconsin13. Growing up in Wisconsin, people under the age of 18 are legal to drink at most bars if they are with a parent. A bartender has the discretion to
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3 decide whether the minor can drink in their establishment. This already educates minors to the bar scene, taste of alcohol, and the side effects of alcohol. Most college presidents believe that binge drinking is the most serious problem on their campuses. When 10.8 million people participate in the consumption of alcohol the problem becomes very widespread. With that said, 49 percent of those individuals who drink, participate in binge drinking while they are attending college14. Many problems arise due to this dangerous activity that will be mentioned later. Rates of binge drinking tend to vary from 1 percent to as high as 70 percent for a specific school5. Binge drinkers consumed 91% of all alcohol that college students reported drinking, while 68% of alcohol was consumed by frequent binge drinkers4. This means that of all the alcohol consumed by college students over 90% was consumed by the binge drinkers. More males than females reported consuming alcohol which can lead to problems such as violence, sexual harassment, and other type of harmful acts that will be stated later in this report. When touring most college campuses, most future college students will look at the environment of the surrounding campus and notice that there are many liquor stores, corner bars, and other alcohol advertisements such as promotions. Entering into a whole new social atmosphere, many students want to fit in with their peers and participate in the activity that surrounds them which usually involves drinking. For example in Wisconsin, we have many social events that take place every year such as the summer festivals including the largest music festival in the United States. Other events include Halloween which is one of the largest parties that takes place on a college campus, fish fry’s that heavily promotes alcohol, and other social gatherings where alcohol is consumed.
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4 Causes As the above paragraphs have stated, binge drinking is a very widespread problem. In accordance with that, the causes are just as widespread and numerous. Researchers are still constantly at odds with one another about the true causes of binge drinking. However some are agreed upon to be known causes of alcohol abuse. Social norms have played an important role in the rise of drinking amongst college students in recent years. While it may not be considered socially acceptable, it has become a fixed part of our culture. Western culture synonymies college life with a party lifestyle and at the center of it all is the aspect of binge drinking. Some of the most prominent reasons for excessive drinking among college students are the obvious social reasons. College students have a tendency to seek out social networking and the most likely choice on campuses includes frequent partying and regular nights out at bars. It is important to remember that motivation for drinking is normally driven by the desire to fulfill personal needs. In recent years authors have highlighted 4 major categories of drinking motives: Drinking to cope, drinking to conform or attain peer acceptance, drinking for enjoyment or sensation seeking, and drinking to fulfill a desire to socialize in drinking situations10. Drinking to cope has been thought to be one of the main causes for excessive drinking among primarily college aged women. In addition, early in college years, drinking to cope among freshman can be used as an outlet to escape new forms of anxiety and pressure that come about as a factor of introduction into the college lifestyle6. When we minimize our scope to the state level, we see Wisconsin is unique when it comes to the consumption of alcohol. Since minors can drink if they are accompanied
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5 by an adult, children are raised in a culture that centers on alcohol. Moreover, the small towns and rural areas that make up much of the state seem to have relaxed attitudes toward the consumption of alcohol by minors. Indeed most Wisconsin college students will attest to having binge drank on multiple occasions before entering college. Since this survey was conducted on students at the University of Wisconsin Milwaukee we must take a look at certain causes in the campus area. Milwaukee is known as the Beer Capital of the nation and was undeniably formed with the help of various breweries. Student life at the university consists of a strong tradition of heavy drinking and a well developed bar scene. Constant promotions as well as the wide availability of alcohol can also be considered as important sources for binge drinking.
Consequences The consumption of alcohol can have serious short term and long term health effect. These can be both physiological and emotional. According to the website collegedrinkingprevention.gov, about 1,700 college students between the age of 18-24 die each year as a result of alcohol related injuries1. Furthermore, there are alarming statistics relating to injury, assault, sexual abuse, drunk driving, academic problems, and situations involving the police11. One of the most severe consequences is alcohol poisoning. This can lead permanent brain damage and death. People who experience alcohol poisoning need immediate medical assistance. They are usually rushed to an emergency room for detoxification. Men and women seem to be affected differently. Men are reported to have public consequences including harm to others and property. Women, on the other hand, are more likely to cause less noticeable consequences to themselves2.
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6 On the academic level, students who drink are more likely to miss classes by 21%, according to the Center for Science in the Public Interest13. Additionally, there frequently fall behind on class assignments and spend significantly less time reading and studying. This leads to a drop in grade point averages over the course of the academic year. Sexual abuse and assault in one of the more serious concerns on college campuses and the numbers are startling when alcohol is involved. More than 97,000 students fall victim to alcohol related sexual assault. More than 400,000 college students have reported having unprotected sex while under the influence of alcohol with an additional 100,000 saying they were unsure if they consented14. The health affects of alcohol abuse can be quite severe. Short term affects can range from alcohol poisoning to stomach illnesses. The long term affects of alcohol can be much more hazardous. Many forms of liver disease are very common in people who abuse alcohol. Cirrhosis is the most severe and involves the liver being damage beyond repair. Heart disease and other heart problems such as cardiac arrhythmia and even sudden cardiac death are prevalent in heavy drinkers. Moreover, alcohol almost immediately affects the brain. It acts as a depressant and affects nerves cell from firing and therefore affects everything from coordination to vision to speech.
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7 Prevention With binge drinking being one of the leading causes of injury or death, prevention programs are a necessity throughout every college campus. One key factor is to reach out to the students who are involved in such activities. For example, there can be programs such as free counseling, classes showing the dangers of alcohol consumption, involvement with the surrounding communities, and strict enforcement of laws and campus policies. The key is to get as many students involved as possible to reach out to a larger audience. Educating everyone, including parents, on the dangers and problems associated with alcohol can help prevent the abuse of the substance. When drinking is considered a community problem, more people will become aware of the dangers it presents to the individual as well as others12. Positive support groups are needed to assure students that they have a solid foundation around them. The more a community is aware and proactive the less a student is likely to abuse alcohol. Law enforcement agencies can also provide harsh punishment for underage students caught under the influence. This will discourage further problems and act as a deterrent for many other students, not only the individual involved.
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8 Sources 1-“A Snapshot of Annual High-Risk College Drinking Consequences” http://www.collegedrinkingprevention.gov/StatsSummaries/snapshot.aspx 2-“Binge drinking in college-aged women: Framing a gender-specific prevention strategy”. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners [1041-2972] Kelly-Weeder yr:2008 vol:20 iss:12 pg:577 -584 3-“When People Drink Themselves Silly, and Why” New York Times (Late New York Edition) [03624331] Carey yr:2008 pg:F5 4-Ahern, J., et. al., "Culture of Drinking" and Individual Problems with Alcohol Use. American Journal of Epidemiology v. 167 no. 9 (May 1 2008) p. 1041-9 5-“Heavy drinking across the transition to college: Predicting first-semester heavy drinking from precollege variables” Addictive Behaviors [0306-4603] Sher yr:2007 vol:32 iss:4 pg:819 -35 6-“Beyond the "Binge" threshold: Heavy drinking patterns and their association with alcohol involvement indices in college students” Addictive Behaviors [0306-4603] Read yr:2008 vol:33 iss:2 pg:225 34 7-“Culture of Drinking" and Individual Problems with Alcohol Use American journal of epidemiology [0002-9262] Ahern yr:2008 vol:167 iss:9 pg:1041 -1049 8-Kelly-Weeder, Susan. "Binge drinking in college-aged women: Framing a gender-specific prevention strategy." Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners 20.12 (Dec. 2008): 577-584. 9-Seaman, Barrett. "How Bingeing Became the New College Sport." Time 166.1 (29 Aug. 2005): 80. Middle Search Plus. EBSCO. [Library name], [City], [State abbreviation]. 6 Dec. 2008 10-“Binge Drinking and College Students” Journal of college student development [0897-5264] Dreer yr:2004 vol:45 iss:3 pg:303 -315 11-Leppel, Karen. "College Binge Drinking: Deviant Versus Mainstream behavior." American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse 32.4 (Nov. 2006): 519-525. Academic Search Elite. EBSCO. [Library name], [City], [State abbreviation]. 6 Dec. 2008 12-“College Drinking Prevention” http://www.collegedrinkingprevention.gov/CollegeStudents/anatomy/Body_nonflash.aspx 13-“Binge Drinking on College Campuses” http://www.cspinet.org/booze/collfact1.htm 13-Johnson, Dirk. “Some See Big Problem in Wisconsin Drinking” New York Times (New York Edition) 6 November, 2008 pg: A16 14-National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism of the National Institute for Health http://www.niaaa.nih.gov
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9 Problem Statement This research is being conducted for the University of Wisconsin Milwaukee as we all any agencies benefiting from the study. The excessive consumption of alcohol among college students is a widespread crisis. As a result, serious consequences such as physical and emotional problems are prevalent. The alcohol consumption among students has led to an increase in academic troubles, sexual assault, and deaths. By analyzing the responses of various UW-Milwaukee students, we will be able to answer important questions that can be used to help counteract binge drinking and prevent it in the future.
Research Objectives Our primary objective is to gather, analyze, and report information on the topic of binge drinking throughout the University of Wisconsin Milwaukee student population. We have 5 main research questions we wish to answer using the data collected. They are as follows: 1. What is the alcohol drinking profile of the students who took part in the survey? By “drinking profile,” we mean how prevalent is drinking of alcoholic beverages, how much is typically ingested, where is it consumed, and what is the primary reason why students drink? This will help give insight into how to tackle the problem. 2. With those students who drink alcohol, what types of beverages are preferred, and what types are not preferred? We will also suggest possible reasons why certain types are preferred as well as how much is typically spent on different types of alcoholic beverages.
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10 3. How widespread is drinking in the population? We will examine to what extent this sample of students reveals the possibility of alcohol abuse in the student population. Furthermore, we will investigate to whether or not there is evidence of physical dependence on alcohol. 4. What are the most common consequences of excessive drinking? We will additionally study whether or not marketing influences the decision to drink on a given occasion as well as the volume of drinks. In addition, we will reveal if there is evidence of underage drinking. 5. What is the demographic profile of the typical respondent? We will also examine whether or not the academic performance of drinkers appears to be affected by their drinking behavior. Furthermore, we will make insights into associations between demographics and drinking behavior.
Methodology To conduct our research our team used the uwm.radcl.com website to create a 15 question survey. After the survey was created it was then published online. In an attempt to limit difficulties as well as time needed to disperse the surveys we turned to the social networking website, Facebook, for assistance. My partner and I then went about choosing 20 people to distribute the survey to. The data can be considered bias in that all 20 of the people selected were friends of one of our team members. However, during the selection process we only considered their year in school and gender and nothing else. We attempted to diversify our participants by contacting people from all classes as well as both genders.
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11 After the participants were chosen we then went about the process of attaining all their emails and uploading the contacts to radcl. We did this by using contact info that was available on Facebook and through the University. Each person was then sent a message on Facebook informing them that they were chosen to take a survey and an email from uwm.radcl.com would be appearing in their UWM mailbox shortly. We then sent the emails to all of our contacts using the radcl website. Once the emails were sent from radcl to the respondents, we received email alerts notifying us when surveys were completed. Contacts that had not completed surveys within one week were subsequently sent a second email asking them to participate. Within two weeks following the publication of our survey all of our contacts had completed them as requested. We believe that the 100% response rate was due to our use of online communication tools. By sending messages on Facebook and through email we were able to face little problems throughout the process of gathering data.
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12 Research and Discussion
Research Question 1 Based on our collected data we have compiled a drinking profile of UWMilwaukee students. As can be seen from table 3a, 100% of the students surveyed drink alcoholic beverages. This number can be related back to our research on not only the drinking culture of the state but also the wide availability of alcohol. There are 4 liquor stores within 4 blocks of the UWM campus and the student body is well known for partying and excessive alcohol consumption. Referring to table 1, the average nights spent out is 2.6 per week. This means that students, on average, will go out more than just weekends and will therefore consume greater amounts. This is confirmed in table 1. On average, students consume 10.35 alcoholic beverages per night out. When we combine these two statistics, we can see that in an average week, students consume approximately 26.91 alcoholic beverages. Figure 1b shows that as a student progresses further in college, they tend to consume more drinks year after year. As tolerance builds and as ones social network expands, they are presented with more opportunities to drink as well as the ability to drink greater amounts. Alcohol was most often consumed at parties with friends. As you can see in table 2i, the mean answer is 4.65 with a standard deviation of .49. This means that all 20 respondents chose either “Always” or “Quite often”. Additionally, 62% said they always consume alcohol in bars. We assume that this number would be even higher if all respondents were of legal drinking age. These statistics can be attributed to the large number of parties in the campus area as well as the well developed Milwaukee bar scene.
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13 As stated in the “Causes” section, there are various different reasons why college students drink. Figure 1 shows that 35% of students drink because they believe it is the best way to have a good time. Somewhat contrary to our research, only 10% said that they drank to escape. Moreover, he means in tables 2r through 2v are relatively high. This means that students are greatly affected by promotion strategies and usually drink more because of them. Additionally they believe that large amounts of alcohol are easy to come by.
Research Question 2 When asked to rate their preference for a beverage on a scale of 1 to 6, mixed drinks had the highest mean, making it the beverage of choice as shown in figure 2a. Mixed drinks are followed by light beer and straight shots. As stated above, the mean consumption is 10.35 alcoholic beverages per night. Since so much is consumed it is no surprise that mixed drinks have the highest mean preference. Large quantities of mixed drinks can be made at a lower cost. As expected, light beer is high in preference. Milwaukee’s rich beer heritage and the growing popularity of light beer are certainly reasons why the mean preference was 5.600 out of 6. Wine and wine coolers had the lowest mean preference at 4.250 and 3.350 respectively. The low preference can be related to the binge drinking culture which does not traditionally include wine as a drink of choice. Furthermore, a good bottle of wine can cost much more than beer or liquor and since college students frequently look for lower price alternatives it is no surprise the mean preference is lower than other beverages.
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14 As seen in table 1, the average amount of money spent in a night out is $29.15. The standard deviation is 18.84 and the range is 60. This means that the variability of response was extremely high. We can attest this to the fact that respondents who are of age will spend much more due to the fact that they attend bars with high prices. Figure 2b shows that juniors and seniors spend significantly more than freshman and sophomores. When we analyzed the data with found that there is relatively no significant difference between the mean amount spent and gender. Based on our data we can hypothesize that in an average school year, a student will spend a staggering $1,818.96 on alcoholic beverages. This number is roughly half of one semester’s tuition to attend a public university in the state of Wisconsin. If a student did not drink while attending college for four years, they would be able to save around $7,300.
Research Question 3 There is definitive evidence of wide spread drinking in our sample. As seen in table3a, 100% of students surveyed drink alcoholic beverages. Additionally, the mean consumption was 10.35 as seen in table 1. In our definition we stated that binge drinking is considered 4-5 alcoholic drinks in a 3 hour period. Based on our sample data, on an average night out, 100% of UW-Milwaukee students are considered to be “binge drinking”. While we know this is not a correct inference, this would point to excessive abuse of alcohol among the student population. When asked what type of drinker they would consider themselves 40% of respondents selected “A heavy drinker”, as shown in figure 3a. While no students
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15 measured themselves a problem drinker, it is important to consider that respondents are less likely to label themselves in such a way. Figure 3a also shows that 40% considered themselves social drinkers and 20% consider themselves a moderate drinker. Based on our alarming data and previous research, students are incorrectly labeling themselves when they consider their drinking habits. While we cannot infer that 100% of UWMilwaukee students are problem drinkers, we can hypothesize that a large percentage of the population is. Our best estimate is that the average number of alcoholic beverages consumed on a night out among UW-Milwaukee students is 10.35, and we are 95% confident that the true population value lies between 8.5261 and 12.1739 (Table 4a). Furthermore, we are 99% confident that the true population value lies between 7.8570 and 12.8430 (Table 4b). When comparing genders, we attempted to determine whether or not they are significantly different. Table 4c shows that the mean for men is 12 while the mean for women is 7.8750. Table 4c also shows that the significance level is below 0.05, meaning that we can conclude there are significant differences between the genders. Our team presented a hypothesis that the actual mean amount spent on alcoholic beverages on one night out is $20. After completing our sample t-test we analyzed our results, presented in table 4d. Since our t-value is above 1.96 we know that we can reject the null hypothesis. Additionally, our significance is below 0.05 meaning we must revise the null hypothesis. We can revise the null hypothesis to state that it is very likely that UW-Milwaukee students will spend an average of $29.15 on a night out.
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Research Question 4 Figure 4a shows the consequences of drinking ranked in order by mean. The answer with the highest mean states that: the respondent suffers from nausea, shakiness, sweating, and cravings. However, the questions were based on a 5 point scale, so the occurrence of these consequences remains relatively low. Even though the range for the set of variables is quite low at only 0.60 the variables are significantly different. We can conclude that while the amount drank is extremely high based on the data presented above, the consequences from consuming such large amounts of alcohol remains rather limited since the means fall between 1.55 and 2.15 out of 5. There is evidence that marketing strategies have a high influence on the decision to drink in a given situation. Tables 2s through 2v show the means for question 10. All 4 variables have means above 3.75 out of 5. We can then deduct that students come across adds for promotions quite often, and that they are more likely to drink and more likely to drink greater amounts, when promotions are in effect. It is well known that college students are frequently targeting for promotion strategies by both bars and also brands. These results offer conclusions that these marketing strategies are very likely to affect UW-Milwaukee students. We know from table 1 that 100% of respondents drink alcoholic beverages. We also know that 8 of the students surveyed we under the age of 21. Therefore we know that 100% of underage students drink alcohol. Furthermore, figure 5a shows that the average consumption of alcoholic beverages by underage students ranges from 8 to 10. Once again we can relate this to the drinking culture in the state, especially the law in which
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17 underage persons can drink with the consent of a parent. We can also relate this to the pressures of entering college as well as the abundance of alcohol on the campus.
Research Question 5 The typical UW-Milwaukee student is a heavy drinker. They consume an average of 10.35 drinks a night while spending an average $29.15. They will usually go out more than 2 nights a week, most often consuming alcohol at parties or at bars. The typical student also prefers mixed drinks and light beer and primarily drinks because they believe it is the best way to have a good time. They seem to be greatly affected by promotions and believe large amounts of alcohol are easy to come by. The average GPA is above 3.0 (Table 1) and the consequences of drinking seem to be relatively low among the population. The population is somewhat evenly distributed throughout the various grade levels and males seem to very slightly out number females. The majority of the population lives in a rented house or apartment (Figure 3f). Based on our data we are able to conclude that no matter what the gender, age, grade point average, or housing accommodations, UW-Milwaukee students are excessive binge drinkers that are well above national averages. Our team formed a null hypothesis that the average GPA of drinkers was 3.04. Since 100% of our sample population drank, we ran a one sample t-test to test our hypothesis. Table 5a shows the results. The t-value lies between -1.96 and 1.96 mean that there is no significant difference between the null hypothesis and the sample mean. The significance is above 0.05; therefore we accept the null hypothesis and need not revise it.
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18 Conclusions and Recommendations Our prior research determined that binge drinking is defined as consuming 4-5 alcoholic beverages in 3 hours. The average UW-Milwaukee student falls into the category of a binge drinker. Our data shows that the student population at the university consistently binge drinks for all 4 years of college. Furthermore, the level of drinking and the amount spent increases each year. When we examine the causes we can see that the number one reason students drink is that they believe it is the best way to have a good time. As we stated in our background section, the state of Wisconsin is heavy into the drinking culture. The atmosphere in which UW-Milwaukee students are raised in is one that tolerates excessive amounts of alcohol consumption. In addition, our data states that the targeting of college students by marketing and promotional campaigns leads to an increase in the frequency of drinking episodes as well as the number of beverages consumed. One relative bright spot in our research was the fact that the frequency of negative consequences among the population appears to be low. Based on our research we have concluded that the University of Wisconsin Milwaukee is in need of better educational resources to inform the student population about the dangers and negative consequences of binge drinking. Students entering the University should be properly informed in their first week of the semester on the pressures that come along with college life and the presence of large amount of alcohol. Pamphlets should be made for students of all ages with specific facts such as the fact that the average student will spend upwards of $7,300 on alcoholic beverages in a 4 year college stay. One of the most important factors, we believe, is to inform students of the
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19 long term health effects that were discussed in the consequences section on page 5. Such potentially life threatening illness cannot be ignored by a large percentage of the population Specific campaigns must also be instituted to help inform parents and the community to the dangers or promoting and accepting the drinking culture. Since the state is so engulfed in the drinking culture it will be a difficult task. Law enforcement agencies will be provided with the data pointing to the alarming rate of underage alcohol abuse as well as the most frequent areas where binge drinking occurs. Also, local alcohol distributors and retailers will be encouraged to crack down on any sales to underage persons in the campus area.
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Table 1 Statistics How many mixed drinks, beers, and/or other alcoholic How much How many beverages do money do you nights during you consume spend on an an average on an average average night week do you What is your What is your night out? out? go out? GPA? age? N
Valid
20
20
20
19
20
0
0
0
1
0
10.3500
29.1500
2.6000
3.0605
20.6500
9.0000
27.5000
3.0000
3.2000
21.0000
8.00
30.00
3.00
3.40
21.00
3.89703
18.84082
.59824
.48897
1.18210
14.00
60.00
2.00
1.95
4.00
Missing Mean Median Mode Std. Deviation Range Table 2a
Statistics Rate your preference for each of the following drinks: Light Beer (Scale 1-7) N
Valid Missing
20.00 .00
Mean
5.60
Std. Deviation
1.90
Range
6.00
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Table 2b
Table 2d Statistics
Statistics
Rate your preference for each of the following drinks: Regular Beer (Scale 1-7)
Rate your preference for each of the following drinks: Regular Wine (Scale 1-7)
N
N
Valid Missing
20.00 .00
Missing
20.00 .00
Mean
4.90
Mean
4.25
Std. Deviation
1.83
Std. Deviation
1.97
Range
6.00
Range
6.00
Table 2c
Table 2e Statistics
Statistics
Rate your preference for each of the following drinks: Mixed Drinks (Scale 1-7)
Rate your preference for each of the following drinks: Wine Cooler (Scale 1-7) N
Valid
Valid Missing
N
20.00 .00
Valid
19.00
Missing
1.00
Mean
3.35
Mean
5.84
Std. Deviation
2.01
Std. Deviation
1.34
Range
6.00
Range
3.00
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Table 2f
Table 2h Statistics
Statistics
Rate your preference for each of the following drinks: Straight Shots (Scale1-7) N
Valid
20.00
Missing
Where do you usually consume alcoholic beverages? In Bars (Scale 1-5) N
.00
Mean
5.40
Std. Deviation
1.50
Range
6.00
Table 2g
Valid
20.00
Missing
.00
Mean
3.85
Std. Deviation
1.63
Range
4.00
Table 2i Statistics Statistics
Where do you usually consume alcoholic beverages? At a Restaurant (Scale 1-5) N
Valid Missing Mean
20.00 .00
Where do you usually consume alcoholic beverages? Parties with friends (Scale 1-5) N
Valid Missing
2.65
Mean
Std. Deviation
1.14
Range
4.00
Std. Deviation Range
III
20.00 .00 4.65 .49 1.00
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Table 2j
Table 2l Statistics
Statistics
Where do you usually consume alcoholic beverages? Own Place of residence (Scale 1-5) N
Valid Missing Mean
20.00 .00 3.75
Please examine the following quotations and rate how they apply to you as a direct result of drinking: "I fall behind in school due to my drinking." (Scale 1-5) N
Valid Missing
Std. Deviation
1.12
Mean
Range
3.00
Std. Deviation Range
20.00 .00 2.10 .85 3.00
Table 2m
Table 2k Statistics
Statistics
Please examine the following quotations and rate how they apply to you as a direct result of drinking: "I miss classes due to my drinking." (Scale 1-5)
Please examine the following quotations and rate how they apply to you as a direct result of drinking: "I do poorly on exams or papers due to my drinking." (Scale 1-5)
N
N
Valid Missing Mean Std. Deviation Range
20.00 .00
Valid Missing
2.00
Mean
.92
Std. Deviation
3.00
Range
a. Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is shown
IV
20.00 .00 1.95 .83 3.00
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Table 2n
Table 2p Statistics Statistics
Please examine the following quotations and rate how they apply to you as a direct result of drinking: "I get into trouble with the police due to my drinking." (Scale 1-5) N
Valid Missing Mean Std. Deviation Range
Please examine the following quotations and rate how they apply to you as a direct result of drinking: "I drive while drunk." (Scale 1-5)
20.00
N
.00
Valid Missing
1.95 .83 2.00
a. Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is shown
20.00 .00
Mean
1.85
Std. Deviation
1.04
Range
3.00
Table 2q
Table 2o
Statistics
Statistics Please examine the following quotations and rate how they apply to you as a direct result of drinking: "I participate in vandalism or damage property due to my drinking." (Scale 1-5)
Please examine the following quotations and rate how they apply to you as a direct result of drinking: "I suffer from health problems due to my drinking." (Scale 1-5)
N
N
Valid Missing Mean Std. Deviation Range
20.00
Valid Missing
.00
Mode
1.55
Std. Deviation
.76
Range
2.00
V
20.00 .00 1.00 .94 3.00
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Table 2r
Table 2t Statistics
Statistics
Please examine the following quotations and rate how they apply to you as a direct result of drinking: "I experience any of the following: nausea, sweating, shakiness, craving, as a direct result of drinking." (Scale 1-5) N
Valid Missing
Please examine the following quotations and rate them based on your personal experiences. "I generally drink more when there are drink promotions." (Scale 1-5) N
Missing
20.00 .00
20.00 .00
Mean
3.95
Mean
2.15
Std. Deviation
1.10
Std. Deviation
1.18
Range
4.00
Range
3.00
Table 2u
Table 2s Statistics
Statistics
Please examine the following quotations and rate them based on your personal experiences. "On a given occasion, I may decide to go drinking because of drink promotions I hear about." (Scale 15) N
Valid
Valid Missing Mean Std. Deviation Range
Please examine the following quotations and rate them based on your personal experiences. "Large volumes of alcohol (kegs, party balls, etc.) are easy to come by." (Scale 1-5) N
20.00 .00 3.75
Valid Missing
1.00
Mean
4.00
Std. Deviation
.91
Range
4.00
VI
19.00
.82 3.00
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Table 2v Statistics Please examine the following quotations and rate them based on your personal experiences. "I frequently come across ads and promotions for cheap alcohol." (Scale 1-5) N
Valid
20.00
Missing
.00
Mean
3.75
Std. Deviation
1.02
Range
4.00
a. Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is shown
Table 3a Statistics Do you consume alcoholic beverages? If "No," please skip to question #11. N
Valid
20
Missing
0
Median
1
Mode
1
Do you consume alcoholic beverages? If "No," please skip to question #11. Frequency Percent Valid Yes
20
100.0
Valid Percent 100.0
VII
Cumulative Percent 100.0
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Table 3b Statistics What reason best describes why you drink alcoholic beverages? N
Valid
20
Missing
0
Median
3
Mode
4
What reason best describes why you drink alcoholic beverages? Frequency Percent Valid Enjoy the taste
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
2
10.0
10.0
10.0
Relaxes you
5
25.0
25.0
35.0
My friends drink
4
20.0
20.0
55.0
It is the best way to have a good time
7
35.0
35.0
90.0
To escape
2
10.0
10.0
100.0
20
100.0
100.0
Total
VIII
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Table 3c Statistics With respect to alcohol, do you consider yourself: N
Valid
20
Missing
0
Median
3
Mode 2a a. Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is shown With respect to alcohol, do you consider yourself: Valid Percent
Frequency Percent Valid A social drinker
Cumulative Percent
8
40.0
40.0
40.0
A moderate drinker
4
20.0
20.0
60.0
A heavy drinker
8
40.0
40.0
100.0
20
100.0
100.0
Total
Table 3d Statistics What year in school are you? N
Valid
20
Missing
0
Median
3
Mode
3 What year in school are you? Frequency Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid Freshmen
1
5.0
5.0
5.0
Sophmore
3
15.0
15.0
20.0
Junior
9
45.0
45.0
65.0
Senior
7
35.0
35.0
100.0
Total
20
100.0
100.0
IX
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Table 3e Statistics What is your gender? N
Valid
20
Missing
0
Median
1
Mode
1 What is your gender? Frequency Percent
Valid Male
Cumulative Percent
12
60.0
60.0
60.0
8
40.0
40.0
100.0
20
100.0
100.0
Female Total
Valid Percent
Table 3f Statistics Where do you currently live? N
Valid
20
Missing
0
Median
2
Mode
2
Where do you currently live? Frequency Percent Valid At home with parents In a rented house or an apartment In a dorm Total
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
1
5.0
5.0
5.0
18
90.0
90.0
95.0
1
5.0
5.0
100.0
20
100.0
100.0
X
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Table 4a One-Sample Statistics N How many mixed drinks, beers, and/or other alcoholic beverages do you consume on an average night out?
Std. Deviation
Mean
20 10.3500
Std. Error Mean
3.89703
.87140
One-Sample Test Test Value = 0
t How many mixed drinks, beers, and/or other alcoholic beverages do you consume on an average night out?
11.877
df
Sig. (2-tailed)
19
.000
XI
Mean Difference
10.35000
95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower
8.5261
Upper
12.1739
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Table 4b One-Sample Test Test Value = 0
t How many mixed drinks, beers, and/or other alcoholic beverages do you consume on an average night out?
df
11.877
Sig. (2-tailed)
19
.000
99% Confidence Interval of the Difference
Mean Difference
Lower
10.35000
7.8570
Table 4c Group Statistics What is your gender? How many mixed Male drinks, beers, and/or Female other alcoholic beverages do you consume on an average night out?
N
Mean 12 12.0000
8
7.8750
XII
Std. Deviation
Std. Error Mean
4.06761
1.17422
1.88509
.66648
Upper
12.8430
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Table 4d One-Sample Statistics N How much money do you spend on anaverage night out?
Mean
Std. Deviation
20 29.1500
Std. Error Mean
18.84082
4.21293
Table 5a One-Sample Statistics N What is your GPA?
Mean 19
3.0605
Std. Deviation
Std. Error Mean
.48897
.11218
One-Sample Test Test Value = 3.04
t What is your GPA?
df .183
Sig. (2-tailed) 18
.857
XIII
Mean Difference .02053
95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower -.2152
Upper .2562
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Figure 1a
XIV
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Figure 1b
Figure 2a Drink Preference (Scale 1-7) Type 1. Mixed Drinks
Mean 5.8421
2.
Light Beer
5.6000
3.
Straight Shots
5.4000
4.
Regular Beer
4.9000
5.
Regular Wine
4.2500
6.
Wine Cooler
3.3500
XV
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Figure 2b
XVI
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Figure 3a
XVII
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Figure 4a Statement
Mean
“I experience any of the following: Nausea, sweating, shakiness, craving, as a direct result of drinking”
2.1500
“I fall behind in school due to my drinking”
2.1000
“I miss class due to my drinking”
2.0000
“I do poorly on exams or papers due to my 1.9500 drinking” “I get in trouble with the police due to my dirnking”
1.9500
“I drive while drunk”
1.8500
“I participate in vandalism or damage property due to my drinking”
1.5500
“I suffer from health problems due to my drinking”
1.5500
XVIII
(Scale 1-5)
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Figure 5a
XIX