M.Arch_Thesis; "Enhancing Urban Life In Smart Cities Through Biophilic Design" by Zarrin Bahrampour

Zarrin Bahrampour

ENHANCING URBAN LIFE IN SMART CITIES THROUGH BIOPHILIC DESIGN

Master thesis Politecnico Di Milano Milan April 2014

Enhancing Urban Life In Smart Cities Through Biophilic Design

Author: Zarrin Bahrampour Supervisor: Luigi Cocchiarella Master thesis, April 2014, Milan University; Politecnico Di Milano Faculty of Architecture & Society

Acknowledgment

I would like to express my sincerest thanks to my supervisor Luigi Cocchiarella, whose generous guidance, encouragement and patience has supported me from the start till the completion of this thesis. I extend my gratitude and appreciation to all my teachers and friends who made this thesis possible. Last but not least, I owe my deepest gratitude to my family for the support they provided me throughout my life and without their love and encouragement, I would not have finished my master program.

Ringraziamento

Vorrei esprimere i miei piĂš sinceri ringraziamenti al mio relatore, Luigi Cocchiarella, il cui generoso orientamento, incoraggiamento e pazienza mi hanno sostenuto dallâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;inizio fino al completamento di questa tesi. Estendo la mia gratitudine e apprezzamento a tutti i miei maestri e amici che hanno reso possibile questa tesi. Ultimo ma non meno importante, devo la mia piĂš profonda gratitudine alla mia famiglia per il sostegno che mi ha fornito durante tutta la mia vita, e senza il cui amore e incoraggiamento, non avrei finito il mio programma di master.

Abstract

This thesis seeks to develop a preliminary framework for describing the concept of “smart cities” which is currently widely talked about. It starts with the concept of “smart” itself, which has become an integral part of the current debate on the future of our cities. The method used is that of a case study. It goes on by nominating some critics about smart cities on how virtual urbanity is dominating the real one in majority of smart cities, and ultimately it focuses on adding an indicator or let’s say a character to the criteria of smart cities through “Biophilic Design” as the missing piece in the sustainability puzzle of smart cities.

Keywords Smart, City, Biophilic, Design

Abstract

La tesi cerca di sviluppare alcune considerazioni preliminari in merito al concetto di -“Smart Citiy”- “Città Intelligente”, di cui si discute ampiamente in questi anni. Il lavoro inizia dall’inquadramento del concetto di “Smart ”, divenuto parte integrante del dibattito in corso sul futuro delle nostre città. Il metodo adottato nello svolgimento della tesi si basa sull’analisi di alcuni significativi casi studio. Si procede evidenziando alcuni nodi critici riguardanti le “citta intelligenti” e spiegando come l’urbanistica virtuale tenda a dominante sulla corrispondente reale nella maggiore parte delle città intelligenti. Nella definizione dei criteri di valutazione delle città intelligenti ci si concentra infine su un ulteriore indicatore, o se si vuole un ulteriore carattere, precisamente identificabile nel “Biophilic Design”, inteso quale anello mancante nel “puzzle” relativo alla sostenibilità delle città intelligenti.

Parole chiavi Intelligente, Città, Biophilic, Disegno

Contents Acknowledgment Abstract Contents 10

1. INTRODUCTION

2. DEFINITION

3. CASE STUDIES

2.1 The term “Smart” and definition of “smart city” 2.2 Smart city axes 2.3 Smart city categories 2.4 Smart city ranking

3.1 Boston 3.1.1 Introduction 3.1.2 Smart City Projects 3.2 Rio de Janeiro 3.2.1 Introduction 3.2.2 Smart City Projects 3.3 Hong Kong 3.3.1 Introduction 3.3.2 Smart City Projects

3.4 Barcelona 3.4.1 Introduction 3.4.2 Smart City Projects 3.5 Stockholm 3.5.1 Introduction 3.5.2 Smart City Projects 3.6 Masdar City 3.6.1 Introduction 3.6.2 Smart City Projects 3.7 Chicago 3.7.1 Introduction 3.7.2

Masdar city components

278 4. BEYOND SMART CITIES 4.1 Debates and Critics 4.2 “Smart” vs “smart”

282 5. BIOPHILIC DESIGN

5.1 The term “Biophilia” & definition of “Biophilic design” 5.2 Biophilic Design elements 5.3 Biophilic Design & sustainability 5.4 Biophilic City

288 6. CONCLUSION

Resources

1. INTRODUCTION â&#x20AC;&#x153;The nineteenth century was century of empires. The twentieth was a century of nation states. The twenty-first century will be a century of cities.â&#x20AC;? (Wllington E.Webb, former mayor of the city of Denver)

Recently, cities throughout the world are facing complex social and ecological challenges, due to reasons such as population growth, climate changes and extreme urbanization. If we look backwards more than one hundred years over the long trails of history we can notice that in the 20th century the development of technology started and it has grown exponentially and with acceleration. But unfortunately, our cities are not corresponding to the new technology enabled life style of its inhabitants. Based on the world population foundation, the world population on January 31, 2014, was over 7 billion and 2 million people. In the near future, cities will account for almost 90% of he population growth, 80% of wealth creation and 60% of energy consumption. Not only the number of people is rising but also the number of cities is rapidly increasing. It’s predicted by the year 2050 as much as 69% of the world’s population will live in cities; it is also worth noting that in 1900, only 10% of world population lived in cities. Thus the existing cities will continue to expand, and new cities will be built, especially in developing countries. Accordingly trying to achieve better strategies for the creation of new cities is a global indispensable phenomenon. The extreme urbanization also creates more challenges for cities. For example in Tokyo, the subway system has touched the limit of its capacity i.e. 3 billion passengers per year. So another major problem for many of the cities around the globe is transportation infrastructure problems. On the other hand, the global climate change has also increased the necessity of efficient energy consumption and reduction in CO2 emissions which has to be take in to consideration. Therefore, cities urgently need an efficient infrastructure to reduce traffic, noise, air and water pollution. To take action for all these needs, the public investment will not be sufficient. So cities are getting into a competition with each other to absorb more and more financial resources from the private sector. In order to provide an attractive living and working environment it is not only essential to keep people and businesses intact but also to attract new ones into the area. The cities will hence push economic, social and ecological sustainability limits. In light of this, cities are very concerned to upgrade or at least maintain their quality of life and to increase the attractiveness of the place by providing better infrastructure system and public services. In order to achieve this goal, cities seek help from ICT( information and communication technologies). The usage and implementation of ICT in modern cities is getting more and more significant, and it has become a fashion for cities to be labelled “Smart cities”. But sometimes or let’s say most of the time cities rather

rather than becoming smart become just digitalized cities, it is what is threatening the inhabitants of such a cities, the quality of their social life not only doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t improve by this but also decrease. As MIT City Lab indicates â&#x20AC;&#x153;To build the cities that the world needs, we need a scientific understanding of cities that considers our built environments and the people who inhabit them. Our future cities will desperately need such understanding.â&#x20AC;? This thesis seeks to provide a solution for problematic digitalized cities through the phenomenon of Biophilic design. The ambition is to have a world where digital technology and intelligent design together are supplied to create smart cities with high quality of living and jobs.

2. DEFINITION “I cannot understand why people are frightened of new ideas, I’m frightened of the old ones.” (John Cage, composer)

2.1 The term “smart” and definition of “smart city” Based on Oxford dictionary, the term “Smart” means clever and intelligent, and of a place, means fashionable and up market. The use of the term “Smart cities” has rapidly increased recently. The exact origin of combination between “smart” and “city” is not clear of course. Looking at the phenomenon of smart city, there are thematically similar concepts like, Digital city, Intelligent city, T city, Connected city, Ubiquitous city or U city, that is exclusively a Korean idea, and so on. Indeed they are not the same, and among them smart city covers the most comprehensive range of themes, but in many debates by mistake they are equated. Later on by talking about smart cities factors I will mention some differences between smart cities and other similar terms. The term “smart city” was in use from 1990s, but in that time the focus was more on the penetration of ICT use in modern infrastructure between cities and smart communities. . The concept of smart cities started itself too technologically oriented so very soon there were criticisms. For example, smart communities were criticized by Amanda Coe and her colleagues in 2001 from the Center of Governance at the University of Ottawa to be too much technologically oriented and received some suggestions better to be governance oriented and the approach should emphasize the role of social capital and relations in urban development. To explain better, a smart city is not just a city with lots of new installed technologies but it is a city where the urban society has learnt to be adaptable of using new technologies in a way that they can be beneficial to them. Based on business dictionary Smart City is defined: “A developed urban area that creates sustainable economic development and high quality of life by excelling in multiple key areas; economy, mobility, environment, people, living, and government. Excelling in these key areas can be done so through strong human capital, social capital, and/or ICT infrastructure.” Forrester Research, a US technology and market research institute, which defines a Smart City a follows: “ The use of Smart technologies to make the critical infrastructure components and secrecies of a city-which include city administration, education, healthcare, public safety, real estate, transportation, and utilities-more intelligent, interconnected, and efficient.” (Washburn/Sindhu2010) Andrea Caragliu and his team in 2009 defined six important factors for a smart city and based on that defines a smart city: “We believe a city to be smart when investments in

In human and social capital and traditional (transport) and modern (ICT) communication infrastructure, fuel sustainable economic growth and a high quality of life, with a wise management of natural recourses, through participatory governance.” And a practical example of this theoretical definition is Vienna city. It seems the definition of Caragliu of a smart city is implemented in Vienna. According to Hermenegildo Seisdedos, the Spanish economist, the smart city concept essentially means efficiency. But efficiency based on the intelligent management and integrated ICTs, and active citizen participation, then implies a new kind of governance, genuine citizen involvement in public policy. The last definition for smart city is defined by Wiener Stadtwerke Holding AG 2011, the Austria’s largest municipal infrastructure service provider of urban and rural Vienna; “ smart city describes a city in which information and communication technologies as well as resource efficient technologies are systematically implemented, in order to pave the way for a society beyond fossil fuels, to become more resource-efficient, to lastingly improve the quality of life for citizens and the competitiveness of the local economy, urban planning and governance have to be taken into account. A basic indictor of a smart city is the integration and interconnection of these areas, in order to realize the ecological and social improvement potential. A comprehensive integration of social aspect of the urban population and a participatory approach are essential to this.”

2.2 Smart city axes There are basically six factors that define a smart city, in a better way to say, smart indicators: 1. Smart Economy 2. Smart People 3. Smart Living 4. Smart Governance 5. Smart Mobility 6. Smart Environment

1. Smart Economy Smart economy, refers to cities with “smart” industries, especially in the areas of information and communication technologies (ICT), and other industries that require ICT in the production processes. The smart economy includes factors related to economic competitiveness of a territory, such as: : Use of ICT in businesses, financial promotion and retaining and attracting talent and promoting creativity, which is very important for a smart city. The development of business spaces is also one of egregious factors of smart city such as Science and Technology Park, industrial parks or business incubators. Indeed there are some cities, for example Kochi in India is labeled a smart city just because of a tech park. It is noteworthy that this factor helps a lot in Internationalization of the city, and participating in international networks as an outcome. Based on “European Smart Cities” team there are some factors for a “Smart economy”: • • • • • • •

Innovative spirit Entrepreneurship Economic image & trademarks Productivity Flexibility of labour market International embeddedness Ability to transform

2. Smart People One of the key elements of smart city is “smart people”, in fact this factor differentiates smart city from similar terms already mentioned, like Digital city or T city. Smart city is a city with smart people, high educational levels, skills as well as high quality in social life and ability in being open to outside world. There are some factors which characterize a city with smart people, in terms of education and training, high percentage of well educated citizens and presence of university in the city, as well as implementation of e-learning programs, use of ICT in education system and digital development in academic spaces. In order to increase the level of human capital in productivity which leads to a better economy, there must be collaboration between companies and knowledge centers. Most cities dedicate a percentage of their revenue on research and developments which on 2005 was 1.58 percentage of their revenue in order to encourage R&D&I. The characteristics of “Smart people” Based on European Smart Cities team are defined this way:

• • • • • • •

Level of qualification Affinity to lifelong learning Social and ethnic plurality Flexibility Creativity Cosmopolitanism/Open-mindedness Participation in public life

3. Smart Living Talking about smart living, we should elaborate some aspects which significantly improve the quality of life of inhabitants, such as health, culture, tourism, and etc. For instance the use of ICT in health care system or so called e-health provides citizens considerable advantages from diagnosis to monitoring patients, including the management of the organizations. Thanks to implementation of ICT inhabitants can use many online medical services such as booking an appointment. Friedrichshafen in Germany is one of few cities in the world with developed e-health services. For instance with the service called “Mobile Clinic”, patients can transmit their medical information such as blood pressure to telemedicine center. “Independent living” is another service in which the old people or patients will be able to live longer in their own homes with help of ICT. We can highlight also “Telecare” project in Taipei and “A help button” offered in Mexico City, among others. There are a lot to say about smart living but we will say two more words about touristic attractiveness which is required for any smart city, which helps also the growth of the city economy so it works for two aspects of a smart city; smart living and smart economy too. Thus based on European smart cities team there are some characters for “smart living”: • • • • • • •

Cultural facilities Health conditions Individual safety Housing quality Education facilities Touristic attractivity Social cohesion

4. Smart Governance To introduce smart governance I would like to refer to a smart city study Published by “The Committee of Digital and Knowledge‐based Cities of UCLG” in Bilbao, 2012. This research indicate that: “Smart Governance includes political and active participation, citizen services and the smart use of e‐Government. In addition, it often relates to the use of new communication channels, such as e‐government or e-democracy.” To explain more about each of these terms it goes further “New Technologies enable the introduction of a new relationship between Local Governments and citizens; in particular regarding the introduction of public on‐line services and the use of New Technologies to improve the participation of citizens in public decision‐making. In general, e‐Government can be considered as a concept that consists in improving public governance and the provision of public services through the use of ICT (e‐Government), improving the consultation and decision‐making processes using ICT (e‐democracy) and improving public policy making, with the use of ICT, incorporating more critical agents throughout the process (e‐Government).” At the end it presents a new term “e-citizen” to emphasize the role of citizens in all the recently nominated aspects. The main characteristics of “smart governance” are generally categorized by European smart cities team in this way: • • • •

Participation in decision-making Public and social services Transparent governance Political strategies & perspectives

4. Smart Mobility In this topic what is concerned is about connectivity and accessibility, the use of ICT in transport system and efficient ICT infrastructure in a way that people can share information anywhere and to everyone. Based on European smart cities team, “smart mobility” factors are: • • • •

Local accessibility (Inter-)national accessibility Availability of ICT-infrastructure Sustainable, innovative and safe transport systems

4. Smart Environment The concept of smart environment refers to the protection of our environment, basically our planet, specially our cities, trough smart ideas and use of new technologies. It deals with security of our cities, now a day the level of risks are badly increased in cities, an smart environment is a safe environment, so we take advantage of instalment of CCTVs for instance, in public areas in the cities such as multi floor parking lots, to prevent crimes to a certain level. Due to some new problematic phenomenon like climate changes or high pollution in urban areas filled by CO2, our environments are at risk. European smart city team defines four main aspects for a smart environment: • • • •

Attractiveness of natural conditions Pollution Environmental protection Sustainable resource management

2.3 Smart city categories Smart city approach can be divided to two categories, New cities which are named also as Green field, and Existing cities or Retrofitting. For the first category - Green field projects – Asian and Arabian countries where urbanization is in full swing, are pioneers by forming smart cities close to airports or metropolises like Masdar City, which is located in UEA, close to Abu Dhabi , New Songdo city in South Korea that in fact more than being a smart city is a U city. The examples for second category are more of course, in Europe can be named Vienna, Amsterdam, London, Barcelona, in North America, Boston, Seattle and Toronto, in South America Rio de Janeiro and in Asia, Singapore, Hong Kong and Tokyo can be mentioned.

2.4 Smart city ranking The six principals of smart cities, just mentioned above, work as indicators for ranking smart cities, apart from that the scale of the city and population also play a significant

role in it. Thus basically they divide cities to small, medium and large scale and then according to smart indicators they are scored and ranked. For instance based on a research by European Smart Cities team, about 70 medium European cities, Luxembourg is on the top, in second position Aarhus in Denmark is standing, and the third one is Turku in Finland. Thus in order to understand better how this method of ranking works, Trento city in north of Italy, is taken as an example. Based on European smart cities ranking out of 70 middle size chosen cities in Europe, Trento _ as the first Italian city_ in this ranking is as forty fifths smart middle size city out of seventy. Thus Trento overall has this chart:

Fig. 1. Trento smart city chart

3. CASE STUDIES “A city exists for the sake of a good life - not for the sake of life only”. (Aristotle)

Regardless of how many factors are out there for a Smart city, Smart city definition varies widely. It is easily noticeable by taking a look into the short list of smart cities throughout the world. Not all the cities in this list are dealing with all six principles of a smart city. Nevertheless what is important at the end of the day is that the smart city should award all aspects of urban life and its economy and ICT can help to improve the six principles. Here based on a desk research seven smart cities are studied to show better how the theoretical staff mentioned so far about smart cities, are implemented in real life. The order they are coming one after the other, is based on the scale of the selected projects.

3.1 BOSTON, “ America’s walking city”

3.1.1. Introduction Boston is the capital city of Massachusetts State, in US, with the population of 636,000 in 2012; it is an international center of higher education with numerous universities which rank very high in world ranking. Due to many reasons Boston is considered to be a world leader in innovation. The cost of life in Boston is very high, though it ranks high in world livability too. One of challenges Boston faces is related to mobility. During rush hours there is traffic congestion and even finding a parking space can be an issue. Waste reduction is also another significant challenge in Bos¬ton. There are always lots of complaints from citizens regarding this. In line with the objective of Smart city, in first place, they are trying to improve the connection between citizens and government. Nigel Jacob, Co-Chair, Mayor’s Office of New Urban Mechanics explains: “We developed an approach that is about active experimentation in what we call the ‘civic engagement space’, how people are able to get involved in civic life generally and with their government.” There are three main research themes in terms of getting smarter: Clicks and Bricks, 21st Century Learning and Participatory Urbanism.

3.1.2. Smart City projects This program is planned to find out the most efficient way to link new technologies with new ideas, and build the city based on that. And these two should be connected to city public works staff, such as Transportation department. There are some examples of the specific actions they have decided to take:

1. Clicks and Bricks Redesigning the Trash System – they have decided to redesign the trash system of city based on a human centered design. Street Bump – It’s a mobile application to improve the road conditions. While residents driving, the application collects data on how smooth the road is, and if there is need of some intervention it will be taken care of. City Worker – It is a smart phone app for city workers, to help them manage their daily work list and access and record information about the condition of city’s infrastructure such as street lights, roads, trees, and traffic signs. Complete Streets (Livable streets) – it’s a project by Transportation department of Boston, to improve the transportation infrastructure by making it greener, smarter and multi model, and in consequence have a balanced flow of people and goods in the city. The advantages of complete street are: • • • • • •

Meliorated safety Improved health while walking and biking Less transportation cost Better social interactions Less single use of autos Higher neighbour property value

2. 21st century learning It is a learning program for Boston citizens, to provide them convenient, life-long learning. It aims to foster educational experiences in school and out of school, between students and educators and parents. Thus to achieve this goal they have taken some steps trough some projects such as: Boston One Card – The city has launched a single card to provide them access to all the educational resources of Boston such as libraries and schools, for students of public schools in Boston. Discover BPS – It’s a mobile app for parents to facilitate finding a public school for their children. Where My School Bus – It’s a pc and smart phone app for parents to be able to track their children school bus. Autism App/ Assistive Technologies – It’s an app for autistic children, help them in learning. Classtalk - It’s designed for teacher, it helps them sending reminders to students about their home works.

3. Open Data It’s one of the main elements in smart city program of Boston to improve innovation in the city. Nigel Jacob, Co-Chair, Mayor’s Office of New Urban Mechanics argues: “Open data is one of the legs of the stool; we do open innovation, and more effective use and generation of data is a part of that. However, the data that we need around behaviour change is not yet available; we need a much stronger focus on more sensitive datasets.”

There are some other projects also toward smart city Boston such as: Better Traffic Management, A Healthier Environment referring to bike and vehicle usage in the city, parking and climate changes and Transparency.

Organisation and Leadership There are two types of project that Mayor’s Office of New Urban Mechanics (MONUM) of Boston is working on: 1. Innovation projects ; this is generally incubation and Research and development projects. 2. Fostering relationships with city departments. In order to be able to work effectively across all the city departments, the Mayor’s office of new urban mechanics spends lots of time on building up relationships and trust with operational side of the organisation. Mr Jacob explains: “In order for us to be able to work effectively with the operational side of the organisation, they need to understand that we are here to help them and to support them, and that we are not going to expose them or make them look bad. We do that by building trust. That can be anything from writing grant proposals to doing more technical analysis; we have relationships with the local universities so we are able to bring in very sophisticated people to lend a hand with some of these more technical issues that departments are grappling with.”

LOCATION / GEOGRAPHY

BOSTON

U.S.A

Boston is located in the north east of the United States. It lies besides Massachusetts Bay. It has an area of 232.1 km2 in which 125.4 km2(54.0% ) is land and 106.7 km2 (46.0%) is water. The city is the anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston. The city’s official elevation, as measured at Logan International Airport, is 5.8 m above sea level. The highest point in Boston is Bellevue Hill at 100 m above sea level, and the lowest point is at sea level. Situated near the Atlantic Ocean, Boston is the only state capital in the contiguous United States with an ocean coastline. Boston has a continental climate with some nautical influences. The city lies within the transition zone from a humid subtropical climate to a humid continental climate, although the suburbs north and west of the city are significantly colder in winter. Summers are typically warm to hot, rainy, and humid, while winters oscillate between periods of cold rain and snow, with cold temperatures. Spring and fall are usually mild, with varying conditions dependent on wind direction and jet stream positioning. The hottest month is July, with a mean temperature of 23.0 °C and the coldest month is January, with a mean of −1.7 °C. Thus the city averages roughly 95 nights per year with low temperatures at or below freezing.

BOSTON

Bostonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s coastal location on the North Atlantic moderates its temperature, but makes the city very prone to Norâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;easter weather systems that can produce much snow and rain. Most snowfall occurs from December through March. Fog is fairly common, particularly in spring and early summer, and the occasional tropical storm or hurricane can threaten the region, especially in early autumn. Thunderstorms occur from May to September, that are occasionally severe with large hail, damaging winds and heavy downpours. Damaging storms are more common to areas north, west, and northwest of the city.

BOSTON, the most energy efficient large us city in 2013 The city of Boston had done a good job regarding its energy consumption, it is the most efficient large US city , and it got the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy’s 2013 City Energy Efficiency Scorecard. They have implemented many smart projects for the city, for instance, a project related to the safety; the city is wired with a system called ShotSpotter which uses acoustic sensors to detect and pinpoint the location of gunshots. The city also has 222 sensors to detect biological weapons, another project; equipment on buildings tracks greenhouse gas emissions while analytical software helps predict maintenance needs in parts of the sewer system. The city mayor has set up an Office of New Urban Mechanics to better connect citizens to city services and encourage them to contribute to community planning through a 3D game. But the project picked to be explained in this thesis for Boston regarding “Smart City” topic is about an smart idea of an exhibition, “reprogramming the city.”

EXHIBITION: REPROGRAMMING THE CITY

It was an opportunity for urban infrastructure, the exhibition done by The Boston Society of Architects at the BSA Space in downtown Boston, in June 2013. The exhibition presented a global overview of ways in which cities around the world redesign, repurpose, and re-imagine their infrastructure to serve alternate and expanded functions, by highlighting projects in cities participated. The background is a photo of The Cascade, Hong Kong, by Edge Design Institute.

PRESENTED SMART WORKS

1. Lampbrella, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, by Mikhail Belyaev: A street lamp that doubles as a public umbrella.

2. Light Therapy, Umea, Sweden, by Umea Energy: Bus stopsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; lighting replaced by anti-SAD light, therapy lights.

3. UTEC Water Billboard, Lima, Peru, Proposed by the University of Engineering and Technology: Converts the regionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 98 percent relative humidity air into drinking water.

4. Softwalks, New York, by Bland Hoke and Howard Chambers: This large installation, designed by Bland Hoke and Howard Chambers, features a kit of parts including a chair, counter, light, and planter that, when attached to scaffolding structures, transform them into temporary assembled areas for public rest or play.

5. City Tickets, Boston, by Mayo Nissen: A local parking meter especially reprogrammed for this exhibition in collaboration with the City of Boston. This installation prints out updates on repairs to local infrastructure problems and contains a space for visitors to suggest their own parking meter reprogramming ideas.

6. Urban Air,Created by Los Angeles artist Stephen Glassman: Represents an initiative to transform billboard structures into living, breathing, aircleaning bamboo gardens.

7. The Cascade Project, Hong Kong, by Edge Design Institute: The Cascade is a project done by Edge Design Institute, it has converted an ordinary public stairway in Hong Kong into a striking, inspiring, socially engaging public area it is located in The Centrum, the asymmetric mesh sculpture offers individual and adjoining seating areas surrounded by Bauhinia trees and assorted plants.

In the evening, a strategic lighting system creates an inviting atmosphere that tuns the previously undervalued concrete structure into a secure and sociable environment.

3.2 RIO DE JANEIRO, “ Marvelous City ”

3.2.1. Introduction Rio de Janeiro, commonly referred to simply as Rio with 6.3 million people is the second largest city of Brazil and 20% of citizens live in favelas across the city. It is one of the most visited cities in the southern hemisphere and is well known for its natural settings, it is located between sea and mountain. To say more about the points of attraction of Rio, we can name the carnival celebrations, samba and the beautiful beaches. It is noteworthy that Rio is the most dangerous city in Brazil with 37 murders out of 100,000 per year. Other challenges are related to poor healthcare system, economy and transport system. As of now Rio has just bus as transport service, which is not efficient. Rio is one of the best examples that with change of administration, transformed greatly. In 2009 the city was presented with a new government while it was facing many challenges such as poor healthcare, high level of crime, economic and political issues too. Special Advisor to the Mayor of Rio de Janeiro, Mr. Rosa explains that with the new administration: “The city itself started to find its way, and the public sector played a role in this. We stopped blaming others for our problems and started to take ownership over them. We designed a plan to address these challenges in a sustainable way. That started with the municipal administration in 2009.” As already we talked about, in first chapter, there are different motivations for cities to become Smart. One of these drivers is a mega event, and the other one is having obstacles and problems and poor or lack of services. For Rio both of these worked as accelerators toward “Rio smart city”. The upcoming Olympics 2016 and World Cup 2014 are bringing a global focus of attention onto Rio. This has injected a new potency into updating the city systems, and has enabled the city to gain new support and investment which has kick-started some of their regeneration projects, including around smart city technology.

Fig. 2. Favelas in Rio de Ganeiro

3.2.2. Smart City Projects IBM is helping a lot Rio to get smarter, it explains about the plans for Rio: “The team tackled six projects across three different agencies of the City Government of Rio de Janeiro, offering advice on everything from the use of social media in Government to benchmarking best practices for Rio’s investment promotion agency. Pilot projects were proposed for the city’s maintenance department to popularize adoption of public spaces and to exploit social media to reach out to the average citizen. Olympics sustainability projects were prioritized with a view to the city’s long-term future. Rio de Janeiro’s fledgling Investment Promotion Agency received advice and consulting on a market segmentation to determine which sectors to pursue.”

1. Center of operation After the 2010 disaster, the big landslide in the second year of the current administration, in which fifty people were killed and many were left homeless, the Centre of Operations was created to respond to natural disasters. It was originally in the Olympic plan for 2016, but the Mayor decided that it was required immediately since they were in an emergency situation and they built it from scratch in only 8 months. It is used by decision makers in the city to operate general city services, but especially to coordinate emergency response. Over time, they decided to develop routine operational uses for the Centre of Operations. For instance the garbage trucks are coordinated through GPS, so in an emergency case, the trucks can be re-purposed for other tasks. This leads city to manage resources and be more efficient and sustainable.

2. Open Data The main criteria for the Center of Operation was to be “transparent”, Mr. Rosa (special advisor for the Mayor) explains that “if you want to manage a city, one of the best ways to do it is to circulate information and to facilitate the flow of information.” To be more transparent, in their Center of Operation, all of the media companies, TV and radio stations have a seat. There is a press room and they have access to the information. This act ensures that the information is spread out to society through the traditional mechanisms of media, and also through the internet. There are two large categories of data which is available freely to the public:

The portal data – provides in details city information, such as crime rates, mortality rates etc. The Centre of Operations data – holds information for everyday management - e.g. congestion, weather etc.

Fig. 3. Center of oparations

In order to have funds for solving the existing problems that they are facing daily and also to prepare the city for world cup and Olympics, Rio needs to focus on attracting new business and investments. So they made an agency named Rio Business, to provide information and to support private companies who want to do business in the city. Rio de Janeiro was honoured as Top “Smart City” in the world, in 2013 international Smart City Expo, in Barcelona. In the judging panel of World Smart City Expo, the effort of Rio municipality to make radical change and transformation under a long term project into a smart city was appreciated. There are other projects right now in Rio under process such as renovation of Porto Maravilha, the urban zone and the development of transportation system.

Organisation and Leadership The new Centre of Operations has taken huge organisational change from the previously segregated and siloed city departments. The technology has helped with the coordination of this. Mr. Rosa explains: “This is more than just the screens in the situation room; it’s a significant organisational shift and a degree of professionalism for us. It’s actually a whole change of mind-set in terms of how you plan, and how you deal with public management in general.” The Centre of Operations of Rio caused a huge cultural change for the city as an organisation, which was used to working towards individual siloed aims, rather than towards a strategic, coordinated vision.

LOCATION / GEOGRAPHY

BRAZIL

RIO DE JANEIRO

Rio de Janeiro, commonly called Rio, was Brazil’s capital until 1960, when Brasília took its place. It is on the far western part of a strip of Brazil’s Atlantic coast, close to the Tropic of Capricorn, where the shoreline is oriented east–west. The city is founded on an inlet of this stretch of the coast, Guanabara Bay. The City Centre, core of Rio, lies on the plains of the western shore of Guanabara Bay. The greatest zone of the city, the North Zone, extends to the northwest on plains composed of marine and continental sediments and on hills and several rocky mountains. The South Zone of the city, reaching the beaches fringing the open sea, is cut off from the Centre and from the North Zone by coastal mountains. The large West Zone, long cut off by the mountainous terrain, had been made more easily accessible by those on the South Zone by new roads and tunnels by the end of the 20th century.

RIO DE JANEIRO

Rio has a tropical savannah climate, and is often characterized by long periods of heavy rain from December to March. In inland areas of the city, during summer temperature goes above 40 째C, very often, though rarely for long periods. Along the coast, the breeze, blowing alternately onshore and offshore, moderates the temperature. Because of its geographic situation, the city is often reached, especially during autumn and winter, by cold fronts advancing from Antarctica, causing frequent weather changes. Mostly in summer strong showers provoke catastrophic floods and landslides.

RIO DE JANEIRO, Awarded City in Smart City Expo World Congress 2013 Apparently, Rio de Janeiro is the city of the moment. In fact, Rio is not only going to attract the eyes of the whole world on the occasion of the next World Cup, but the Brazilian metropolis is talked about for other reasons. Rio, judged as the winner of the Smart Cities World Awards, presented on the final day of the international Smart City Expo World Congress in Barcelona, On November 21,2013. Among the many initiatives put in place, to remember is the “Centro de Operações do Rio (COR)”, Operations Center, which is established by the Control Center to monitor the metropolis. A considerable importance has given also to the platform of municipal management and multimedia phone 1746 Central, along with many urban regeneration projects.

INTELLIGENT OPERATION CENTER

Rio Operation center, is a center where managers monitor dozens of data feeds for information concerning weather, traffic, police, and medical services on a real-time basis, anticipating looming problems, 24 hours per day by coordinating the activities of more than 30 municipal and state departments, plus private utility and transportation companies. It is the first such facility in the world that is on the path towards the integration of all city functions with a single digital command and control system.

HOW THE CENTER WAS CREATED

On April 5, 2010, a disaster happened in RIO. Rain caused floods and landslides that brought much of the city to a standstill and more than 70 residents were killed. There was 11 inches of rain in 24 hours. This happened in a city of 6.5 million residents with a great history of severe tropical rainstorms and flooding. So people started to ask why the authorities were not better prepared. Mayor of Rio, Eduardo Paes, promised such a thing would never happen again. He moved decisively to reinforce defences against weather related disruptions, and the result is that today, the city has a intelligent operation center, Centro de Operacoes Rio. By integrating data from over 30 municipal, state, and federal entities ranging from employment offices to health services, Rio benefits from collective knowledge sharing. The system is especially vital for protecting lives in the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s poor mountainside communities, called favelas, where tens of thousands of people live in areas where thereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a high risk of flooding and slides.

PROJECT OVERVIEW

The Rio Operations Center, inaugurated in December 2010, integrates the data and monitoring functions of approximately 30 municipal and state agencies and corresponding utilities under one roof. The center is meant to optimise city functioning, especially in the face of large-scale events, and to respond proactively to emergency situations. Working with IBM, the City of Rio de Janeiro created a center where utilities, police, the central fire department, the health department, and other relevant agencies can monitor everything from weather, traffic, trash collection, electricity, water, and gas to disease outbreaks and emergency situations. A crisis room also allows the mayor and his advisors to make executive decisions in emergency situations, whether natural disasters or security threats. By increasing efficiency of service delivery and improving responses to outages and service failures, the Operations Center helps Rio de Janeiro become a more sustainable and integrated city, in addition to a safer one. Intelligent Operations Center saves cities money by reducing staff needed to make decisions and by more effectively deploying resources. Intelligent Operations Center enables them to: - Monitor citywide operations and respond to events and incidents based on inputs received across agencies - Involve citizens and businesses in incident reporting and resolution - Gather and analyse citizen feedback using social media - Manage a broad range of city operations - Deploy rapidly with minimal IT resources The Operations Center is intended to enhance safety and efficiency in the City of Rio de Janeiro, especially in regards to public services like waste, water, sewage, and electricity provision.

PROJECT FUNCTION

IBM scientists created a weather and flood forecasting program that predicts emergencies up to two days ahead of time. The city can now position police, fire and rescue teams close to where problems are likely to occur. In addition, authorities can preemptively close off streets to keep motorists and pedestrians out of harm’s way. Sirens in communities alert people when there’s a danger of flooding or landslides. Also, people can register to have messages delivered to their mobile phones when danger looms. Because data from all of the agencies and companies is integrated, operations managers get a full picture of what’s happening in the city at any time. They can prepare for a large music concert or sporting event in the same way they handle emergencies. The agencies don’t just share data. Representatives from the various departments actually sit side by side in the operations center and look at live videos of city streets and facilities or graphical representations of data feeds—making group decisions on the fly. That’s vital in a situation where the police and fire departments are state agencies and civil defence is a municipal function. Other cities and states in Brazil are now considering setting up similar intelligent operations centers. It’s vital for city leaders to get a handle on their communities. With an estimated one million people worldwide moving into cities each week, experts predict the urban population to double by 2050 to 6.4 billion—making up 70% of the total world population. Already, cities consume 75% of the world’s energy and produce more than 80% of greenhouse gases. So, essentially, the future of cities is the future of the planet. They must be managed much better. The mayor’s actions demonstrate convincingly how bold leaders can harness the power of sophisticated technologies to transform the way a city operates—and make life better for their constituents. Rio’s operations center takes advantage of powerful databases, data integration software, communications technologies and analytic software for predicting accurately where and when flooding will occur. The initiative also shows the importance of investing for the long term. The center is a vital part of Rio’s preparations for the upcoming World Cup Soccer tournament in 2014 and Olympics in 2016. Rio’s Maracana stadium, the venue for the World Cup final and the opening and closing Olympics ceremonies, is located in one of the severe flood zones. In Rio, extreme weather and society coexist. Nothing will alter that. The only thing that can change is the way the city deals with the situation.

PROJECT APPLICATION

With over 400 employees working in shifts 24 hours per day, seven days a week, the Rio Operations Center preforms a variety of functions aimed at improving the efficiency, safety, and effectiveness of relevant government agencies in the City. While much of the attention paid to the Center focuses on its emergency monitoring and response, especially related to weather, a significant portion of the work undertaken relates to ensuring smooth functioning of day-to-day operations. Through the center, Companhia Municipal de Limpeza Urbana (municipal waste corporation) can monitor where its trucks are and better sequence trash collection, minimizing gas usage and improving waste management services. Real-time traffic monitors allow transit agency employees to redirect traffic around blockages and provide alternate routes for drivers, reducing stall time for vehicles with public notices. Each agency has a small bank of desks with computers in front of a wall of television monitors, which can show real-time images or be used to run models with IBMâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s â&#x20AC;&#x153;Smarter Citiesâ&#x20AC;? technology. The information managed by the Operations Center is increasingly being developed into citizen-friendly formats, including the social networking site Twitter.

3.3 HONG KONG, “ Pearl of the orient”

3.3.1. Introduction After the British colonial era and Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong, in 1998, they identified the positive impact of ICT on economy, so they made a Digital 21 Strategy, and they keep updating it base on social and economical changes. The 2008 Digital 21 Strategy has now been finalized after undergoing public consultation. It contains five key action areas: • Facilitating a digital economy • Promoting advanced technology and innovation • Developing Hong Kong as a hub for technological cooperation and trade • Enabling the next generation of public services • Building an inclusive, knowledge-based society Jeremy Godfrey, CIO (Chief Information Officer) of the OGCIO (The Office of the Government Chief Information Officer) says about the modifications they made in the system since 2004 when they just established OGCIO: “Whereas ten years ago government ICT was decentralized, and each department had its own ICT-shop, now it is much more sensible to have shared systems and shared data. So OGCIO has a role in understanding what it makes sense to do centrally and what it makes sense to do in a distributed manner. It is then up to us to deliver the central systems”. He continues regarding the first key in 2008 21 Strategy, facilitating digital economy: “We see a very substantial (market) opportunity because of the size and the growth of the mainland ICT market and the possibility of the Hong Kong ICT sector playing a role as China’s digital entrepôt… This is about Hong Kong businesses playing a leading role in ICT innovation and trade, whilst leveraging the relationship with the mainland - that is the relationship that makes Hong Kong special.” Furthermore, regarding the last key of the strategy he explains: “The use of ICT needs to be widespread. We can’t afford to have groups excluded from that. We see ICT as a mechanism to narrow social exclusion. In a way digital inclusion is ICTenabled social inclusion.” Their desire is to keep their position as leading digital city in the world, beyond doubt, their vision about digital city has been changed over time. As of now in the list of 10 smartest Asia/Pacific cities, made by Boyd Cohen, Hong Kong ranks 4th, after Seoul, Singapore, and Tokyo.

3.3.2. Smart cities projects The main fields of actions in Hong Kong are three:

1. Electronic information management Electronic information management (EIM) has three themes, content management, record management and knowledge management. EIM aims to have a strategical approach to obtaining effective information management via a wider use of IT and associated culture change, in a way that information can be created, stored, used, diffused, resumed and recorded, in a well managed way and be ready for day to day use.

2. E-Government The city website is running by The OGCIO, the goal is to be able to cover 80% of the citizens needs in terms of dealing with government in that website, the objective is that the website should be well managed to be attractive, efficient and convenient for inhabitants. They have provided numerous governmental mobile apps and website, with facilitated execution.

3. E-Gov Wi Fi The intention of providing this program is to transform Hong Kong to a wireless city, by offering free Wi-Fi for all inhabitants.

4. Open Data They put many data related to geography, history, economy for free. To obtain the best level of service, they announced a competition, and the winner was an application that showing the location of the nearest doctor, and tracking appointments. Thus they plan to go further by adding new databases for free online.

LOCATION / GEOGRAPHY

CHINA

HONG KONG

New Territories

Kowloon

Hong Kong Island

Lantau

Qutlying Island Hong Kong became China’s first special administrative region in 1997. It is located on China’s south coast, surrounded by the South China Sea on the east, south, and west, and borders the Guangdong city of Shenzhen to the north over the Shenzhen River. The territory’s 1,104 km2 (426 sq mi) area consists of Hong Kong Island, the Kowloon Peninsula, the New Territories, and over 200 offshore islands, of which the largest is Lantau Island. Of the total area, 1,054 km2 (407 sq mi) is land and 50 km2 (19 sq mi) is inland water. Hong Kong’s land area is hilly to mountainous with steep slopes, in which less than 25% of it, is developed, and about 40% of the remaining land area is reserved as country parks and nature reserves. Most of the territory’s urban development exists on Kowloon peninsula, along the northern edge of Hong Kong Island, and in scattered settlements throughout the New Territories.

HONG KONG ISLAND Hong Kongâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s long and irregular coast provides it with many bays, rivers and beaches. Despite Hong Kongâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s reputation of being intensely urbanised, the territory has tried to promote a green environment,and recent growing public concern has prompted the severe restriction of further land reclamation from Victoria Harbour. Hong Kong has a humid subtropical climate. Summer is hot and humid with occasional showers and thunderstorms, and warm air coming from the southwest. Summer is when typhoons are most likely, sometimes resulting in flooding or landslides. Winters are mild and usually start sunny, becoming cloudier towards February; the occasional cold front brings strong, cooling winds from the north.

HONG KONG, THE FUTURE LEADING ICT HUB IN ASIA-PACIFIC In 1998, they identified the positive impact of ICT on economy, so they made a Digital 21 Strategy, and they keep updating it based on social and economical changes. The 2008 Digital 21 Strategy has now been finalized after undergoing public consultation. It contains five key action areas: • • • • •

Facilitating a digital economy Promoting advanced technology and innovation Developing Hong Kong as a hub for technological cooperation and trade Enabling the next generation of public services Building an inclusive, knowledge-based society

Thus following these five keys in their strategy they are trying to become the leading ICT hub in Asia pacific region.

CYBERPORT

Cyberport, a pioneer of the Hong Kong ICT industry, is a creative digital community with a cluster of technology and digital content tenants. It is managed by Hong Kong Cyberport Management Company Limited which is wholly owned by the Hong Kong SAR Government, with the vision to establish Cyberport as a â&#x20AC;&#x153;leading ICT hub in Asia-Pacific regionâ&#x20AC;?. It consists of four office buildings, a hotel, and a retail entertainment complex.

VISION / FOCUS

With a vision to establish itself as a leading information and communications technology (ICT) hub in the Asia-Pacific region, Cyberport is committed to facilitating the local economy by nurturing ICT industry start-ups and entrepreneurs, driving collaboration to pool resources and create business opportunities, and accelerating ICT adoption through strategic initiatives and partnerships.

CONTEXT

HONG KONG ISLAND

Cyberport located on a 24-hectare site at Telegraph Bay in the Southern District of Hong Kong Island. The construction of the Cyberport portion consists of four office buildings, The Arcade and Le Meridien Cyberport Hotel. It was completed in phases between 2002 and 2004 to provide altogether about 100,000 square metres of grade-A office space to accommodate 100-plus IT and related companies.

CENTERS

To realise the vision of becoming an ICT hub in the Asia-Pacific region, Cyberport has established five interdependent centres, each of which advances the development in a specific area and helps to carry out three focuses: nurture ICT industry start-ups and entrepreneurs to foster local talent; drive collaboration through better utilisation of resources to create business opportunities; accelerate ICT adoption through strategic initiatives and partnerships. These five centres are: - Knowledge Centre - Campus Development Centre - Collaboration Centre - Entrepreneurship Centre - Technology Centre

Knowledge Centre Knowledge Centre is established to drive knowledge based programmes that will transform Hong Kong into an inclusive knowledge-based digital economy, invests in local talent by organising world class conferences, inspirational trainings and competitions, creates more ICT related positions and supports ICT adoption initiative. To achieve these objectives they have some programs like: - Knowledge Sharing : Cyberport tries to nurture and educate the youngsters about innovation, creativity and technology and inspire them and pave the way for their future career. Through nurturing, more talents can be tapped into the ICT profession and helps the industry to maintain in a healthy cycle, and in the end, contribute to Hong Kong and help Hong Kong to obtain its vision. Cyberport organizes some programmes such as internship programme, career talks, professional talks and campus and company visits, competitions, such as: Hong Kong Youth 3D Animation Competition , and Hong Kong Game Development Competition, so as to increase the youngstersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; interests in the ICT profession as well as to inspire their creativity and innovation power. - Community Programmes: The adoption of vital information and communication technologies forms the key focus of Cyberport, and the institution views the further development of this field as an essential component of Hong Kongâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s future as a knowledge-based digital economy. Every member of society should have equal right and access to information technologies. For this purpose, there are programmes that reach out to different communities across society, educating the public on the use of ICT facilities to enhance their quality of daily life. Some of the programmes have included community visits to Cyberport as well as marketing sponsorship on ICT adoption initiatives. For instance eHealth Record Internship Pilot was also a six month program lunched in 2012, aiming to train and provide practical experience for graduates from healthcare-related or IT disciplines to help deploy electronic medical record/electronic patient record systems in Hong Kong.

Campus Development Centre The Campus Development Centre is responsible for the development, management and maintenance of the Cyberport Campus, with the goal of providing an inspirational and creative environment for our companies. A professional standard of service is provided to Cyberport companies and visitors alike, ranging from customer-oriented services such as organising events, conferences, and meetings, to basic essentials such as security and cleaning. They have been very conscious of the impact of projects and programmes on the environment, and a great care is taken to ensure services are as safe and sustainable as possible. There is a wide variety of green reforms, including waste recycling, energy efficiency initiatives and even the green roofing of the buildings, all intended to reduce carbon footprint and support a better environment for Hong Kong.

Collaboration Centre The Collaboration Centre was established to develop a comprehensive reciprocal network for Hong Kongâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ICT start-ups and SMEs, helping them to explore, establish a presence in, and capture emerging business opportunities in Hong Kong, Mainland China and overseas markets. By encouraging business alliances and talent exchanges between the Hong Kong ICT industry and its overseas and mainland counterparts, the Centre promotes the long-term development of Hong Kong as a digital economy .

Entrepreneurship Centre Entrepreneurship Center is a growth platform nurturing and strengthening ICT. It nurtures and strengthens Information and Communications Technology (ICT) entrepreneurs and start-ups by offering financial assistance, support and professional services of all kinds in different stages of enterprise development.

Technology Centre The Technology Centre is dedicated to bringing cutting-edge industry tools and knowledge to Hong Kong in order to develop a diversified technology-oriented local industry with a global outlook and network. Since its inception in 2003, the Technology Centre (formerly the Digital Media Centre) has supported local businesses through the investment of high-end production equipment, as well as the production of video, film, animation and game content for online platforms.

CYBERPORT MAP

Fig. 4. Cyberport map

BUILDINGS

1. Cyberport 1 2. Cyberport 2 3. Cyberport 3 4. Cyberport 4 5. The Arcade 6. Le Meridien Hotel

Cyberport 1 Building features based on Cyberport official website: - Over 15,000 m2 of lettable floor area consisting of Grade A office space across 9 floors. - Office sizes are flexible and range from 76 m2 to a whole floor of 2,400 m2. - Double glazed glass curtain wall with panes of low emissivity coatings. - Open ceiling design. - Clear ceiling height of 2.9 m. - Raised floor of 150 mm clear space. - T5 fluorescent fittings supplied in materials. - Dedicated chilled water supply available for connection to server room. - Optical fibre and CAT 6 block-wiring system. - Smartcard security system. - 24-hour central air-conditioning with zoned variable temperature control and energy saving devices. - Electrical loading design with 150VA/m2 with dual riser. - Essential power design with 30VA/m2 with dual riser. - Over 760 parking spaces available throughout the campus, and available Electric Vehicle Charging Station.

Typic Floor Plan:

Loby Level 1:

Loby Level 4:

Meeting Room Level 2:

Meeting Room Level 3:

Cyberport 2 Building features based on Cyberport official website: - Over 17,000 m2 of lettable floor area consisting of Grade A office space across 10 floors. - Office sizes are flexible and range from 155 m2 to a whole floor of 1,860 m2. - Double glazed glass curtain wall with panes of low-emissivity coatings. - Open ceiling design. - Clear ceiling height of 2.9 m. - Raised floor of 150 mm clear space. - T5 fluorescent fittings supplied in materials. - Dedicated chilled water supply available for connection to server room. - Optical fibre and CAT 6 block-wiring system. - Smartcard security system. - 24-hour central air-conditioning with zoned variable temperature control and energy saving devices. - Electrical loading design with 150VA/m2 with dual riser. - Essential power design with 30VA/m2 with dual riser. - Over 760 parking spaces available throughout the campus, and available Electric Vehicle Charging Station. Typic Floor Plan:

Loby Level 1:

Loby Level 4:

Multi purpose functional Room Level 1:

The Podium & amp; Multi Purpose Court Level 4:

Cyberport 3 Building features based on Cyberport official website: - Over 53,000 m2 of lettable floor area consisting of Grade A office space across 12 floors. - Office sizes are flexible and range from 200 m2 to a whole floor of 9,000 m2. - Double glazed glass curtain wall with panes of low-emissivity coatings. - Open ceiling design. - Clear ceiling height of 2.9 m. - Raised floor of 150 mm clear space. - T5 fluorescent fittings supplied in materials. - Dedicated chilled water supply available for connection to server room. - Optical fiber and CAT 6 block-wiring system. - Smartcard security system. - 24-hour central air-conditioning with zoned variable temperature control and energy saving devices. - Electrical loading design with 150VA/m2 with dual riser. - Essential power design with 30VA/m2 with dual riser. - Over 760 parking spaces available throughout the campus, and available Electric Vehicle Charging Station.

Typic Floor Plan:

Loby Level 1, Core A &amp; B:

Loby Level 1, Core E:

Exibition Gallery, Level 3, Core C:

Terrace Garden, Level 3, Core E-F

Green Concourse, Level 3, Core E:

Sea View Concourse, level 3, Core F:

Video Conferencing Room 1, Level 3, Core C:

Video Conferencing Room 2, Level 3, Core C:

Function Room 1, Level 3:

Function Room 2, Level 3:

Function Room 3, Level 3:

Training Teatre, Level 3:

Training Room 1, Level 3:

Training Room 2, Level 3:

Training Room 3, Level 3:

Cyberport 4 Building features based on Cyberport official website: - Over 7,000 m2 of lettable floor area consisting of Grade A office space on two low rise blocks across 4 floors. Office sizes are flexible and range from 270 m2 to a typical size of 1,000 m2. - Double glazed glass curtain wall with panes of low-emissivity coatings. - Open ceiling design. - Average ceiling height of 3 m. - Raised floor of 200 mm clear space. - T5 fluorescent fittings supplied in materials. - Dedicated chilled water supply available for connection to server room. - Optical fibre and CAT 6 block-wiring system. - Smartcard security system. - 24-hour central air-conditioning with zoned variable temperature control and energy saving devices. - Electrical loading design with 150VA/m2 with dual riser. - Essential power design with 30VA/m2 with dual riser. - Over 44 parking spaces available. Typic Floor Plan:

The Arcade The Arcade, situated in the core zone of Cyberport, is a 27,000 m2 retail and entertainment complex with an international mix of a state of the art cinema, playing ground for kids, restaurants featuring fine cuisines, a variety of lifestyle shops and a supermarket . It has also a Chapel named Rose Chapel perfect for weddings. It is one of the best in its kind, high end shopping arcade in the Southern District of Hong Kong. The place is host of weekly markets and numerous festivals, and entertaining activities for families during weekends. Explanied in their website: â&#x20AC;&#x153; The Arcadeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s innovative design and unique architecture integrate nature and technology with retail, entertainment and education/exhibition activities. It offers unparalleled experience for visitors, and provides the community with a place to meet, relax, refresh and do business. In addition, The Arcade is equipped with avant-garde multimedia facilities and Open Wi-Fi, through which visitors can access information at any time and stay connected.â&#x20AC;?

Fig. 5. Arcade banner

Fig. 6. Arcade main entrance

Fig. 7. Arcade, Ocean View Court

Fig. 8. Arcade, Ocean View Court

Fig. 9. Arcade

Activities / Places:

Fig. 10. Internal view of Arcade

Fig. 14. Arcade Food Court, fast food

Fig. 11. Arcade, Resturant

Fig. 15. Arcade Food Court, seating area

Fig. 12. Christmas Funland 2013

Fig. 16. Golden Songs night 2013

Fig. 13. DigiPlay ground

Fig. 17. Weekend Market, March 2012

Activities / Places:

Fig. 18. Broadway

Fig. 22. Broadway

Fig. 19. DigiPlay ground

Fig. 23. Weekend Market November

Fig. 20. Nextâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Kids Sport Day, 2012

Fig. 24. Lion Dance & Festive Performance

Fig. 21. Wise Kids Play Room

Fig. 25. Yoga for the Bear

Le Meridien Hotel The hotel Le MĂŠridien Cyberport is very Chic, modern. It has 170 - rooms, haven of effortlessly stylish and cool design, cutting edge technology with upscale amenities. It is located within few minutes from the heart of the city. Nestled amongst a backdrop of greenery while overlooking the South China Sea, the hotel is dramatic in dĂŠcor and chic in design. It has five restaurant and bars with different decoration. There is total wireless connectivity throughout the hotel, which allows guests to stay in touch effortlessly. There are four types of rooms in the hotel: - Smart Room - Deluxe Ocean View Room - Deluxe Suite - Bay side Premier Suite The hotel is good for who wants to spend holiday or as a business hotel its also convenient, there are conference rooms for meeting and professional gatherings.

Fig. 27. Hotel exterior

Fig. 26. Hotel exterior

Hotel’s Pictures:

Fig. 28.Arrival at Hotel

Fig. 32. Reciption

Fig. 29. Cardio Vascular Suite

Fig. 33. Pool

Fig. 30. Next’s Kids Sport Day, 2012

Fig. 34. Lion Dance & Festive Performance

Fig. 31. resturant & bar Umami, indoor

Fig. 35. resturant & bar Umami, outdoor

Hotelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Pictures:

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Fig. 36. PSI bar

Fig. 40. PSI bar, sunset spot

Fig. 37. Prompt resturant, indoor

Fig. 41. Prompt resturant, outdoor

Fig. 38. Ball Room Meeting set up

Fig. 42. @ Ocean Meeting set up

Fig. 39. Function Room, round table

Fig. 43. Function Room, teatre set up

Hotelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Rooms Views:

Fig. 44.Smart Room

Fig. 45. Delux Suite

Fig. 46. Delux Ocean View

Fig. 47. Premier Suite

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FACILITIES / SERVICES

1. Conference & Exhibition Center 2. The Arcade 3. Le Meridien Cyberport (Hotel) 4. Costumer Service Center 5. Car Park - Electric vehicle - Charging Station

6. IT & Telecom - Internal Private Network - Central Data Exchange (CDX) - Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) - Fixed Telecommunications Network Services (FTNS) - Satelite Signal Downlink Services - BlockWiring (BW) - Satelite Master Antena Television System (SMATV) - IP Telephony and Unified Massaging Service - IT&T Service@Bel-Air

103

HOT SPOTS

Sea View Concourse

Go Gym

Smart Space 1: Reciption

Smart Space 1: Pantry

Smart Space 1: 2 Seat Unit

105

Smart Space 2: Meeting Room Smart Space 2: Solution Room

The Podium

Smart Space 2: Connect Space

Rose Chapel

106

Incubatee Office A

Smart Space 2: Work Station

Smart Space 2: Flexible Space

Public Transport Interchange

Bare Shell Office

107

3.4 BARCELONA, “ The City of Counts, The City of Gaudi ”

3.4.1. Introduction Barcelona with 1.6 million population, economically is far ahead of other Spanish cities, and it is the 4th in Europe and ranks 35th globally. Tourism is a great industry in Barcelona; it is one of top tourist spots in the world, following the footsteps of cities like London and Paris. After tourism, information services, media, fashion and food are other sectors with significant role in Barcelonaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economy. Education is a key pillar for Barcelona smart city vision. I would say with certainty that Barcelona is the first place any student in Europe would love to go for an exchange program. The city is lively and it never sleeps. Barcelona is a compact city. It was planned well for both its vertical and horizontal developments taking into account the issue of sustainability. However it still leads to some challenges like traffic congestion, noise and pollution. But beyond a shadow of doubt, Barcelona is still the most loved city for students in Europe to go for an exchange program. Its alive, it never sleeps, it has lots to offer.

109

3.4.2. Smart cities projects The smart city movement in Barcelona has been accelerating lately. It started with the similar concept like Smart City or Digital City, but now they look at ICT just as an enabler. In fact smart city itself is not looked upon as a goal, it is considered as means but not an end. Currently there are lots of projects for Barcelona Smart City, and they are trying to make them more collaborative, under one single strategy, in a way to be adaptable to other cities. They understand the importance of connectivity with other cities. So by the City Protocol they try to define a global, cooperative framework, based on open standards, among cities, industries and institutions with the goal to address urban challenges in a systemic way in areas such as sustainability, self-sufficiency, quality of life, competitiveness and citizen participation, which act significant roles in smart city concept. Julia Lopez Ventura, Strategic Director of TIC iSmart City in Barcelona City Council, explains the movement in this way: “From our point of view this is a good opportunity to say what we are doing thanks to ICT by creating a global strategy, rather than siloed strategies in different departments. In the past we, like many other cities, used ICT to increase welfare and to foster economic progress- this is not something new. But the smart city movement has a particularity that not only cities are working towards this vision, but also companies and academia. For us it’s important because there are many things happening at the same time and maybe because technology is mature enough to help cities now, where it wasn’t in the past.” They took the first step toward smart city in the energy sector, and now they are spreading it to other sectors. According to their protocol the main task for them is to: • Design and validate a network management platform and sensor data that can become a reference model and be adopted by other cities around the world. • Design and validate a communication network of sensors that allows communication between many of the sensors developed in Catalonia. • Define and validate a framework based on open standards, avoiding specific solutions. • Develop a platform that is fully applicable both to large and small cities, including metropolitan areas. • Study, implement and validate the appropriate service and business models for the optimization of public management.

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By taking advantage of ICT goals have been set to enhance: • • • • • • • •

Efficient and sustainable urban mobility Environmental sustainability Business-friendliness and attracting capital Integration and social cohesion Communication and proximity with people Knowledge, creativity and innovation Transparency and democratic culture Universal access to culture, education and health

As already mentioned Smart Barcelona for city leaders is not the end it’s just a mean, because they define city as something “dynamic” which is always changing. Barcelona is an open living lab. They have defined a very clear strategy and conceptual model for the smart city. The model is made of three levels; “People, Information and City Structure”. The smart city movement started and grew so fast in Barcelona that they could not even define a formal strategy for it, currently they are defining a preventative strategy for the smart city and the vision outlined in the strategy is as: “A self-sufficient city made of productive neighbourhoods at human speed, inside hyper connected metropolis, of high speed and zero emissions”. Barcelona already has become the major business hub in southern Europe and Mediterranean. Based on 2012 “Europe Smart City Ranking”, Barcelona ranks 8th among large scale European cities. Barcelona Smart City has three axes: International Promotion, International Collaboration and Local Projects. The first one, International Promotion, they participate in international events, they was the host for, Smart City Expo, Barcelona, Nov. 2013. For the second axe, they have made a city protocol which can be adapted to other cities with different scales even, and for the last one they have specified many local projects above one hundred projects, they have divided them to two categories; Transversal and Horizontal projects, here we nominate some of them:

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1. Transversal projects New Telecommunications Networks – By integrating different fibre optic networks, boosting Wi-Fi network, reducing operating and maintenance costs and creating new business models. As of now there are 250 free Wi-Fi hotspots for citizens in Barcelona. Barcelona has identified high speed broad band as the key technological infrastructure to foster economic developments. Urban Platform – Creating Barcelona sensor platform, city operating system, and new apps and services. Intelligent data – Open data, measurement of city indicators, and a central room for control and decision making.

2. Vertical projects Lighting Plan – A directive plan for lighting in Barcelona. Self-sufficient islands – Energy self-sufficient island, to improve practices related to consumption and production of energy. Electric Vehicles – Development of electro-mobility in the coming years to become a global innovation hub for electric vehicles. Tele-management of Irrigation – Remote management system for centralized control of the automated irrigation infrastructure in order to control the duration and frequency of irrigation in each area. Directorate Mobility Plan – Orthogonal design of the bus network in order to improve the urban mobility. Urban Transformation – Within the frame of the remodelling of the main streets of Bar¬celona, this will develop a series of smart cities and telecommunications projects. An example is “22@Barcelona” a successful urban model for city transformation, the business, industrial district in the center of Barcelona, is changed to a well functioning mixed area, for leisure, residential. The objective was to connect old and new parts of the city in a smooth way, giving more freedom to private sector to build in the center, even high rise buildings, with a ring road to further increase connectivity.

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Facts on 22@ Barcelona , The Innovation District: • The 22@ Barcelona is about 494 acres of land • When finished the project will have created 4 million m2 of constructed floor space – 3,2 million m2 for productive activities and 800,000 for housing and services • The district will have increased 114,000 m2 of green space • The district will have been provided with 130,000 new jobs • 180 million Euros are going to be invested in the district • The project is foreseen to be finished in 2020 • 4,500 new companies have already moved to the district since 2000, about half of them are new start-ups • Since 2001 the population in the district has grown with about 23 % with 16,750 people.

Fig. 48. 22@ district, the Media ICT environment, Barcelona

More Sustainable, 2012-2022 – a road map for achieving a more equitable, prosperous and self-sufficient Barcelona. O-Government – ICT will be used to create an Open Government, strategy and a road map, to develop tools and web sites in order to foster transparency, accessibility, efficiency, open data (public sector information that is made available to everyone in standard, open, digital formats) and civic participation.

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Smart parking – A network of sensors and displays of parking availability across whole the city.

Fig. 49. Smart parking App barcelona

Barcelona in your pocket – A set of mobile apps. New Energy Networks, Under Ground Galleries, and New Heating and Cooling System, are other projects paving the way to Smart Barcelona. Barcelona has recently published its “Strategy” in which there are debates about the projects done so far and also future plans, they believe that this will help them to raise the city profile as a global smart city, secure investment, and also support other cities in achieving their goals.

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Organisation and Leadership The smart city movement in Barcelona has grown so fast. There was no formal strategy at the beginning for the city, the projects came first followed by the development of strategies for the city. When the new Mayor , Xavier Trias ,was elected in 2011, one of the earliest commitments was in investment in digital innovation and entrepreneurship through investment in smart cities, as outlined by Mayor: “We should not waste the opportunity we have to apply these new technologies to improving people’s quality of life, by generating a new “economy of urban innovation” based around smart cities. This is another of our future commitments.”

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ENDESA PAVILION Endesa Pavilion is one of interesting smart projects in Barcelona. The total investment in this Smart City project is over 100 million Euro. Given below is the explanation on this on Endesa web site: “ENDESA Pavilion is a self-sufficient solar prototype installed at the Marina Dock, within the framework of the International BCN Smart City Congress in November 2013. Over a period of one year it will be used as control room for monitoring and testing several projects related to intelligent power management. The pavillion is actually the prototype of a multi-scale construction system. A facade composed by modular components, like solar brick, that respond to photo voltaic gaining, solar protection, insulation, ventilation, lighting … The same parametric logic adapt façade geometries to the specific environmental requirements for each point of the building. It is a single component that integrates all levels of intelligence that the building needs. From “form follows function” (classic XX century statement) to “form follows energy”. The facade opens reacting to the solar path, being active and becoming permeable towards south, while becoming closed and protective towards north. The behaviour of this skin makes visible the environmental and climatic processes that surrounds the prototype.” The Endesa Pavilion is an innovative solar-powered building designed by Instituto de Arquitectura Avanzada de Cataluña and developed by Visoren. It is 154 m2 large and transparent, light and portable. It has a modular structure with laminated wood entrances and a photo voltaic roof. In addition to an average daily consumption of 20 kwh and an estimated output of 100 kwh. The Pavilion is open for visitor to go and see how it is from inside too.

Fig. 50. Endesa pavilion location

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Fig. 51. Endesa pavilion Barcelona

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Fig. 52. Endesa pavilion Barcelona

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LOCATION / GEOGRAPHY

SPAIN

Barcelona is the capital city of Catalonia, in Spain and the second largest city after Madrid. It is located on the northeast coast of the Iberian Peninsula, facing the Mediterranean Sea. On a approximately of 5 km is limited by the mountain range of Collserola, the Llobregat river to the southwest and the BesĂ˛s river to the north. It has a Mediterranean climate. Winters are mild and humid, and summers are warm and dry.

BARCELONA

Its average annual temperature is 20 °C during the day and 11 °C at night. The coldest month is January with minimum temperature of typically 2 °C. In the warmest month, August, the typical temperature varies between 31 °C maximum in day and it goes down to 20 °C in the night. Thus generally the summer holiday season lasts about six months, from May to October, and it is in fact one of the reasons to attract lots of tourists from whole the world there.

BARCELONA, THE MEDITERRANEAN INNOVATION HUB Barcelona the Mediterranean innovation hub, ranks as the third in global ranking of Resilient Cities, in 2011. It is a major innovator, introducing a solar thermal ordinance in 2000 that requires all new buildings over a certain size to generate hot water from solar thermal energy. More recently, an initiative known as LIVE Barcelona promoted electric vehicle adoption. Currently there are almost 200 EV charging stations throughout the city. Barcelona aims to be one of the leading global Smart Cities and a benchmark for sustainable urban development. Lately it was the host of the Smart City Expo, the next one is going to be there in November 2014. The Smart City Campus, 22@Barcelona was lunched formally in Expo. The campus will â&#x20AC;&#x153;transform the city into an experimentation and innovation laboratory, the center of which will be the Smart City Campus, a cluster where companies, universities, entrepreneurs and research centers can set up in the spheres of information technologies, ecology and urban development. One of the possible joint proposals is the establishment of a pioneering research center for exploration of new technological possibilities in the service of the city and people.â&#x20AC;?

THE 22@ - INNOVATION DISTRICT

The 22@ innovation district will be a latest-generation cluster to educate, research and develop solutions applicable for Smarts Cities around the world. 22@Barcelona project transforms two hundred hectares of industrial land of Poblenou into an innovative district offering modern spaces for the strategic concentration of intensive knowledgebased activities. This initiative is also a project of urban refurbishment and a new model of city providing a response to the challenges posed by the knowledge-based society. As of now its the most important urban project in Barcelona , with a high real state potential and a 180 million Euros public investment of infrastructure plan.

HISTORY

The 22@Barcelona innovation district is located in the historical center of Poblenou which is in the old Taulat neighbourhood which means “small piece of farmland” and occupies the section of the current district closest to the sea and the historical municipality of Sant Martí de Provençals. For hundreds of years it was just swampland, with lagoons surrounded by reeds. This landscape is still evoked by the street names Llacuna (lagoon) and Joncar (reed bed). The abundance of water, open spaces and low prices led the first bleaching meadows to be established in the area in the 18th century. After that came the steam engines, later on electric power, and a variety of industries including oils, wines, textiles, metal, gas, machinery, mosaics, graphic arts, paints, plastics, food, etc. By the end of the 19th century, Poblenou was the area with the highest concentration of industrial activity in the country, for which it was known as the “Manchester of Catalonia”. The first urban nucleus was built around Prim Square. Throughout the 20th century, Poblenou became an industrial, working-class residential neighbourhood, with the creation of significant shantytowns like Somorrostro, Pequín and Transcementiri. They disappeared in second half of the 20th century and an intense de-industrialization process began in the 1960s, along with the consequent freeing up of large swaths of land often occupied by new transport companies, workshops and warehouses. With the 1992 Olympic games, a large-scale transformation of the neighbourhood began. Later on 22@ project was lunched by the Municipal City Council on 21 July 2000. The purpose is to develop and execute all types of urban-planning projects in the industrial and productive areas of the city of Barcelona with urban designation of 22@ or related. This includes planning as well as management, projection and execution; the planning, promotion, design, construction and management of infrastructures, urban services, facilities and public spaces; and national and international promotion of the industrial and productive areas involved, as well as driving business creation and activities linked to information and communication technology.

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VISION

The ambition of 22@ project is to find a new compact city model, combining urban planning, ecology and information technology, to become a benchmark center for smart cities. Barcelona has provisioned a diverse, balanced, sustainable environment for 22@ district, in which the most innovative companies and universities coexist with housing, facilities and green zones. This includes planning as well as management, projection and execution. The concept is to transform 200 hectares of industrial land in the center of Barcelona into an innovative productive district, aimed at concentrating and developing knowledge intensive activities. As an urban refurbishment, it answers to the need to restore the economic and social dynamism of the Poblenou, creating a diverse, balanced environment with production centres, social housing, facilities and green zones aimed at improving both the quality of life and of the workplace. As an economic revitalization, it offers a unique opportunity to turn the Poblenou District into an important scientific, technological and cultural platform, making Barcelona one of the most dynamic and innovative cities in the world. As a social revitalization, it favours the networking of the different professionals working in the district and encourages and supports innovative projects that foster collaboration among companies, institutions and residents as well as social, educational and cultural organizations.

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CONTEXT

The 22@Barcelona area is 198.26 hectares in size, included in the old industrial district of Poblenou, located in northeast of Barcelona. It is privileged with an extraordinary urban and metropolitan centrality, and very close to the Mediterranean sea also. The new innovative, productive hub of the city is vertebrated by the Diagonal Avenue, business core of Barcelona, connecting Glorias square, to the Barcelona International Conventions Centre.

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SCALE / PROGRAM

The 22@Barcelona area is 198.26 hectares in size consisting 115 blocks, which is basically the whole south-eastern quadrant of the city, from Gran Via to the beltway and from the Olympic Village to Rambla de Prim. The transformation is creating new economic zones for production activity in the centre of the city, in addition to areas for facilities, social housing and green spaces, changing former industrial zones to a high-quality urban and environmental area.

The Project Scale: Territory: 98.26 Ha Potential total GFS (gross floor space): 4,000,000 m2 - Production Activity: 3,200,000 m2 - Other uses (facilities, housing and services): 800,000 m2 The Program: - Regularisation of 4,614 existing homes - Creation of 4,000 new social housing units (at least 25% rented) - Increase green space: New green space: 114,000 m2 - Increase in facilities: New facilities: 145,000 m2 New jobs: 150,000 (Estimate) Investment in infrastructure: 180 million euros So at the end, the project will create 4 million square meters of constructed floor space, 3.2 million of which will be used for productive activities and 800,000 for housing and services. So far, regeneration has begun on approximately 68% of the industrial areas in Poblenou. Noteworthy among these plans is the Industrial Heritage Protection Plan, which consolidates protective measures for 114 elements, and outside the 22@Barcelona area, the Poblenou Historical Centre Protection Plan and the Diagonal-BesĂ˛s Campus.

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OBJECTIVES

1) As an urban refurbishment: It answers to the need to restore the economic and social dynamism of the Poblenou District by creating a diverse, balanced environment with production centres, social housing, new facilities and green space aimed at improving both the quality of life and of the workplace.

2) As an economic revitalization: It offers a unique opportunity to turn the Poblenou District into an important scientific, technological and cultural platform, making Barcelona one of the most dynamic and innovative cities in the world.

3)As a social revitalization: It favours the networking of the different professionals working in the district and encourages and supports innovative projects that foster collaboration among companies, institutions and residents as well as social, educational and cultural organizations.

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ANALYSIS

of an area, composed of 9 blocks in 22@ district

Site Aerial View:

Site Plan:

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Zoning Uses:

Public Services:

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Industrial Buildings

Residential Spaces

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Open Spaces:

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Walking through The Blocks:

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Roads

Side walks

Street Material Diagrams:

Typical Gridded Concrete

Old Brick

Old Stone

Old Brick with Asphalt

Bike Lane Bumpers

Built Out Raised Bike Lane

Foliage Diagrams:

Full Grown

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Developing

Wild

Building Material Diagrams:

Brick

Stucco

Concrete

Glass

Clay Roof Tile

CMU (concrete masonry unit)

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ACTIONS

PHASE 1: Physical environment, Urban planning, Building, Infrastructure PHASE 2: Corporate environment, Projects PHASE 3: Personal environment, Relationship space

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1. Physical Environment: Urban planning, Building, Infrastructure

Increase density Based on analysis, as of 2000, the buildability (mÂ˛ of ceiling/mÂ˛ of land) of the district is low since the area was an industrial area, Thus they have categorized three classes of buildability based on different activities: - Industrial Activities: 2 - Urban Productive Activities: 2,2 - @Activities: 2,2 - 2,7 - Social Housing: 2,7 - 3

Balance Public and private benefits Private benefits: - More productive uses - Higher density - Leading edge infrastructures Public benefits: - Free cession of land: - 10% for 7@ facilities - 10% for social housing - 10% for green areas - Eventual opening of streets - Financing a part of the Special Infrastructure Plan

Special Infrastructures Plan - New Mobility Plan - Public Space Renewal - New energy Network - Selective Pneumatic Waste Collection - New Heating and Cooling System - Underground Galleries

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2. Corporate Environment: Projects There are foreseen four main fields for projects: - Media - ICT - BIO - Energy

MEDIA Barcelona Media Park The audiovisual sector is a strategic option for the city of Barcelona, both due to its economic dynamism and to its cultural significance. For this reason, 22@Barcelona promotes the creation of a great multidisciplinary centre of reference, the Barcelona Media Park, aimed to bind the main public and private agents of the audiovisual sector seeking to improve its competition and international projection. The Barcelona Media Park is an urban complex, open to the citizens, where modern technical spaces come together with offices for investigation and innovation, university training, services of Media and ICT incubation which will be at the Media-TIC building, and residences for entrepreneurs and professionals related to the communication sector. On the one hand, the Barcelona Media Park has a branch devoted to training, investigation and innovation undertaken by Pompeu Fabra University, and on the other, a branch devoted to audiovisual production and other industry services, carried out by Mediapro Group and 22@Barcelona.

Fig. 53. Media Park and surrounding, Barcelona

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Barcelona media innovation center is a collaborative project between government and universities in Barcelona. Looking at the center from three different angles, defines it these three ways: -University point of view: A transfer model for the industrial sector and for all universities and research centres. - Administration point of view: A connexion model with the industrial sector, through which direct R&D (research and development) policies. - Industrial point of view: A model of technology centre for a sector with great relevance and activity in Catalunya, in which companies need to innovate continuously and implement research with high quality. Barcelona Media Park is consist of: -

Communication Campus of Pompeu Fabra University (24,000 m2) Audiovisual Production Centre and Media complex offices (36,000 m2) Barcelona Media - Innovation Centre Media Factory (Centre of cultural interpretation) Barcelona Media Halls (Linked to the activities of the Park) Incubator for companies

Fig. 54. Media Park 3d model, Barcelona

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The Media Park activities will be in: - Cinema - Radio - Television - Games - Web content and services - Music and recording - Animation - Product design and innovation - Advertising - Book publishing - Newspapers & Magazines - Museology & Cultural heritage - Theme Parks, events and shows - Content & services for Mobiles & PDAs

Participants: Companies: Mediapro, Lavinia… Institutions: RNE, CAC, Barcelona TV… Specific spaces: Barcelona Media, Production Centre Universities: UPF, UB, UOC Technological Centers: Barcelona Media, Innovation Centre Incubators: PBM Incubator Residences: Zamora-Almogàvers Dissemination: Media Factory

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ICT Center ICT

Participants: Companies: T-Systems, Indra, Telefónica Institutions: CMT, FBD, Localret Specific spaces: Interface Building, MediaTIC Building Universities: UB, UPC, La Salle Technological Centers: Technological ICT Center Incubators: MediaTIC Building Residences: Zamora-Almogàvers Dissemination: ICT House It belongs to the network of CT of the CIDEM. Its main activity consists of the transference of the knowledge generated in the private and public centres of research.

The Features: • Specialized in a type of technology or sector, with excellence criteria at national and international level • Its Mission: to reinforce the industry of the TIC – Adaptation of products to the necessities of the demand – To take advantage of the Catalan system structures of research and development. • Its operation: – Strategic lines defined – Internal and external groups/lines (collaboration in network with other centres) – Network structure: to spread, to sensitize and to detect necessities and demand

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Media TIC Building Media TIC building is a place of encounter for the Media and TIC community in 22@ district in which spaces and services of high value are added for new companies and professionals. It won World Building of the year 2011 Award.

Fig. 55. Media TIC office building, Barcelona

Its a 9 floor building including ground floor, which noticeably is higher than others. Ground and first floor function is as House of the TIC, from second to fifth floor are TIC Business Incubators, and the last two top floors are house of TIC Institutions.

Fig. 56. TIC building solar facade detail

Fig. 57. TIC building ground floor interior view

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     

Plaça de les Glòries

Agbar Tower University of Barcelona

Barcelona Activa Green spaces

New Indra HQ

Barcelona Media Park (PBM) Offices (MediaPro, etc.) UOC

Interface Building (exclusive ICT SMEs)

Audiovisual Production Centre

MediaTIC Building: - ICT Centre - FBD - PBM Incubator - ICT House - Landing

UPF Barcelona Media Innovation Centre (Art Centre, Yahoo, etc.) Radio Nacional de España

CAC Audiovisual Consortium of Catalonia

22@Barcelona Building Green spaces

T-Systems HQ Barcelona Televisió Social Housing

Fig. 58. The Media ICT environment of 22@ District

ENERGY Interuniversity Campus of Besòs: It’s a scientific and technological cluster with local and international universities and companies working together in activities focusing on the determined knowledge vectors.

Participants: Companies: Endesa, Ecotècnia Institutions: ITER, Cambra de Comerç Specific spaces: Campus Offices Universities: UB, UPC Technological Centers: RC Energy, TC Energy Incubators: b_TEC Incubator Residences: b_TEC Residence Dissemination: Campus services

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BIOFIRM There are projects in Biotech, Medical Technologies and Pharmaceutical in Biofirm 22@ Barcelona District. Some spaces are dedicated for Biotech companies (local & international) as Offices, Laboratories and spaces for Possible small productions.

Participants: Companies: Gaes, Matachana, Sanofi Aventis, Semillas Fitó… Institutions: IBEC, CIDEM, BioCat, … Specific spaces: BIO Enterprise Park Universities: UB, UPF, UPC Technological Centers: IBEC Incubators: Health Building Residences: Zamora-Almogàvers Dissemination: Health Building Medical Technologies In addition to the concentration of the product and its positioning, medical technologies will be the impulse of the involution of different factors: •Investigation and Technological Transference •Formation •Creation and attraction of companies •Entailment of the administrations specific •Creation of spaces and services •Diffusion/awareness of the sector •Institutionalization and financing

Promoter team and support: The project is running by a promoter team formed by representatives of the public administration, research centres and of medical and enterprise sectors and, in addition, it has institutional and enterprise support of different administrations, business associations and concrete companies, public and privet hospitals and health organisms, international agents, etc.

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As an example is taken one of the developments of medTech Cluster; “Creation of specific spaces”: Proposal: Creation of specialized equipment for the sector Health Building. Representative building: Ideal for the companies of the sector of Life science Features: • Unique and urban location: Concentration of companies and innovating institutions of the sector, in the centre of Barcelona. • Adapted to the companies’ needs, with concentration of uses and economies of scale: fixing the bases of the Bio offices of the future, it will have shared infrastructures, spaces of incubation, formation, and research centres. • Exclusive for the sector: it will be the emblematic building for the Life science companies in Barcelona. • Supported by key local and regional agents

Health Building: Between 10,000 and 20,000 m2 is dedicated to Health related activities.

Activities: • Technological transference and research centers (Ibec-UPC-UB, entrepreneurship research, etc) • Educative center, formative activities and seminaries (Masters university and entrepreneurship education) • Broadcasting spaces for the medical technologies • Health Incubator with new companies and university or hospitable spin-offs (strong relationship With existing programs of entrepreneurship : XTT, Medical doctors Association, Clinical Hospital, etc.) • Institutions related to the sector • Companies linked with the rest of activities of the equipment • Ideally, possible “medical activities”. • Common services

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Fig. 59. Health building location in the site

3. Personal Environment: relationship space Personal Environment, is referring to the projects related to relationships for professionals , neighbours and citizens. For the professionals: • Àgora Program • Networking • Relationship spaces • 22@Network For the neighbours: • Digital District Program • Actions of direct communication • Support to initiatives of the district • Educative Project Citizens Projects: •Virtual Memory of the Sant Martí District’s elders •New multimedia classrooms •Computer recycling network •Families on line •Teleworking •Discovering Sant Martí All these projects will provide some benefits such as increase of belonging feeling. They help to create communities in 22@, and people will be proud of living and working in 22@.

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3.5 STOCKHOLM, “ Eken - The Oak ”

3.5.1. Introduction Stockholm the capital of Sweden is the most populous city of Sweden with a population of close to 870,000 inhabitants; it has the highest GRP (gross regional product) in Scandinavia. Telecoms industry in Sweden has been very strong since last 100 years, especially due to presence of Ericsson Company; it was the first country that had 4G. Smart city concept in Stockholm is people centric. They have started first moves toward smart city concept in 90s, emissions of greenhouse gases out of transport and energy consumption creates Co2 is half of the average of other metropolitan cities amount. They have spent a lot, on making appropriate e-government from 2006, to make it accessible for all citizens.

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3.5.2. Smart City Projects 1. E-government They have made an e-strategy for the city. A large part of this strategy is related to e-governance. They invest 70 million euro to create 50 digital services to cut management cost.

2. Stokab network Company Stokab is a Swedish city network company located in Stockholm, which is also owned by the City through the City Hall AB. The business was started in 1994 with the mission to build -out a competitively neutral fibre network for Internet and telecommunications in Stockholm. One of the reasons for the formation of Stokab was to coordinate the city’s various companies and administrations needs of modern communications and the City’s desire to minimize the respective coordinate cable excavations in the city. The expansion of the network began in Stockholm’s inner city shopping centers and the major industrial areas around Stockholm. And now it covers whole the city.

Fig. 60. Stokab network in Stockholm

3. Kista science city Kista science city in Stockholm is one of projects for smart city Stockholm, “A creative melting pot in Stockholm where companies, researchers and students collaborate in order to develop and grow. The foremost sector in Kista is ICT… Ericsson, Microsoft and IBM are just some of the major ICT companies to have established a presence in Kista Science City. There are also over a thousand other ICT companies of all sizes. 6,800 students are currently studying ICT courses at Stockholm University and the Royal Institute of Technology in Kista Science City.”

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Fig. 61. Kista science city, Stockholm

4. Royal Seaport Stockholm Royal Seaport Innovation is an arena for learning, innovation and collaboration on sustainable urban development. The advanced companies, academia, and industry on various research and development projects that contribute to the Stockholm Royal Seaport achieving its high environmental and sustainability goals.

Fig. 62. Royal Seaport areal view, Stockholm

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5. Transport and energy efficiency The city in cooperation with private entities is investigating on the use of to optimise procedures of some services such as traffic monitoring. For example they made congestion charge zone in order to be able to monitor traffic and manage it better.

6. Green ICT Stockholm city has a very good name in terms of good living environment, and to maintain this reputation should make further steps to improve it. Thus they have made Green IT strategy. “Green IT is a collective name for the measures designed to reduce our environmental impact with the aid of IT. It involves both using information technology to reduce our environmental impact, and reducing the energy consumption and environmental impact of the IT sector as a whole. Green IT is a strategic and management issue, which is why it is important that environmental issues are considered from an operational viewpoint. Doing so clarifies the ways in which the municipality can reduce its environmental impact across the board.”

7. Open data Open data in Stockholm has a key role for the future plans, they try to make it more and more accessible and comprehensive. They look at Open data as a great opportunity for the city, specifically to develop economy and create new innovative services and products. To obtain this goal and facilitate the use of this data they made a competition for companies and individuals, named “Open Stockholm Award”. They received around 200 new ideas, and about 60 developed solutions, which was a great success in terms of output and also the quality.

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LOCATION / GEOGRAPHY

Virtually Stockholm is situated on fourteen islands and on the banks to the archipelago where Lake Mälaren meets the Baltic Sea. Indeed the city centre is situated on the water, in Riddarfjärden bay. Here is the list of 14 islands consisting Stockholm: 1.Beckholmen 2.Djurgården 3.Helgeandsholmen 4.Kastellholmen 5.Kungsholmen 6.Lilla Essingen 7.Långholmen 8.Reimersholme 9.Riddarholmen 10.Skeppsholmen 11.Stadsholmen 12.Stora Essingen 13.Strömsborg 14.Södermalm Due to this fact there are numerous bridges in the city, even the historical name for Stockholm Old Town was “The city between the bridges” this name is still used for the entire city which spans over numerous islands, islets, and hills.

SWEDEN

STOCKHOLM

Stockholm is located on Sweden south-central-east coast, where the fresh water Lake M채laren (Sweden third largest lake) joins to the Baltic Sea. Over 30% of the city area is made up of waterways and another 30% is made up of parks and green spaces. The Stockholm climate is very similar to the Eastern area of the United States. The average annual temperature is 10 째C. The average rainfall is 30 to 60 inches a year. The deciduous forest has four distinct seasons, spring, summer, autumn, and winter.

STOCKHOLM, THE GREEN CAPITAL OF EUROPE The city has implemented many practical solutions to gain their noted green success. As an example they have provided tax relief for companies who install motion sensors in their businesses in order to turn off lights when buildings are vacant. Part of what makes this city smart is the transportation network. The city is located on Sweden southern coast and has multiple ferries connecting various international destinations. There are also high-speed trains connecting major cities, and close to 2000 public buses in the city, and more than 1000 local trains and trolleys to move people around the country. The city is very green. There are 1000 parks (30% of the city space), seven nature reserves within the city, and residents annually recycle almost 100 kg of waste per person. 90% of the residents live within 300 m of some green space. There are also two large wastewater treatment plants where biodiesel is produced for public buses. Even excess heat from sewage water is reused in residential heating applications. If all of those ‘green’ factoids aren’t enough the city has almost 3000 clean tech companies working to green up the city even more.

ROYAL SEAPORT, STOCKHOLM

Royal Seaport, is a new urban district in the heart of Stockholm, an arena for innovation, learning and collaboration on the theme of sustainable urban development. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s an opportunity to bring together companies, academia and the city on various research and development projects. The City is planning for 12000 new homes and 35000 new work spaces for the district. The project will largely be sited in areas previously used for gas production and other industry. The area has strong values such as close to water, nature and walking distance to city centre.

VISION / GOAL / FOCUS

Vision: Stockholm Royal Seaport is part of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s vision of a world class Stockholm by 2030, as already set out in the Stockholm City Plan, A Walkable City. Thus the district is going to be a world class environmental city district, a sustainable society in a vibrant part of the city.

Overall Goals: The goal of the project is to create a sustainable, climate-positive district where residents can enjoy a good life while at the same time causing the least possible environmental impact. The goal is to: In 2030 Stockholm Royal Seaport is fossil fuel free and Climate+ In 2020 CO2-emissions are not more than 1,5 ton per person Stockholm Royal Seaport is adapted to a changed climate Stockholm Royal Seaport has high environmental and sustainability goals Therefore to obtain the goals just mentioned above they focused on some areas.

Focus Areas: - Sustainable energy use - Sustainable transportation - Ecocycle systems - Sustainable lifestyles - Adapted to a changed climate

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CONTEXT

The Stockholm Royal Seaport urban development project runs from Hjorthagen in the north, across the port area, to Loudden in the south. It includes the areas of Hjorthagen, V채rtahamnen, Frihamnen and Loudden and lies alongside the waterway Lilla V채rtan. The development will largely take place in areas previously used for port operations and gas production and other industry. The district is located in a wakable distance (3.5 kilometres) from city center.

City Center

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SCALE / PROGRAM

Stockholm Royal Seaport is one of Europe largest urban development districts with 236 hectares land, and one of 18 areas in the world chosen to participate in the Climate Positive Development Program. It includes the areas of Hjorthagen, Värtahamnen, Frihamnen and Loudden and lies alongside the waterway Lilla Värtan. The name Stockholm Royal Seaport came into use in the beginning of 2006, refers to an area in Hjorthagen adjacent to Norra Djurgården. The old industrial gasometers that have been the symbol of the area will be transformed into apartments and a cultural center, or torn down and rebuilt in spirit by the Swiss architects Herzog & de Meuron. Development of the area began in 2010 and in October 2012, the first residents moved in. The entire area will be completed around 2030. Plans are under way to build about 12,000 new homes and create 35,000 new job opportunities. In addition to new homes and workplaces, the port’s operations will be modernised and concentrated on the piers, while container and oil handling will be moved elsewhere. This will release land that is important for the development. The City has plans for an international stage for guest performers, a museum, a pre-school, a school and a library on the site, as well as other facilities and meeting places. The City of Stockholm is responsible for land remediation, infrastructure such as streets, public spaces, cycle paths, bridges and parks, and art. The City is also involved in the port redevelopment, work on the Northern Link motorway and planning the Spårväg City tramline.

Key Facts: - Construction period: 2010-2030 - Area: 236 hectares - New apartments: 12,000 - New work spaces: 35,000 - Commercial space: 135,000 m2 - First moving in: October 2012 - Energy requirements for residential buildings: 55 kWh m2/year - Distance from city centre: 3.5 km (Walking distance to the city centre) - Modern port and cruise terminal - Infrastructure: Biogas buses, metro, tram, ferry, district heating, vacuum waste collection, new cycle and pedestrian paths and high speed broadband, car share schemes.

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TIMELINE

As of now this is the timeline for the urban development in Stockholm Royal Seaport and it might change over time since they keep revising it throughout ongoing projects. 2008: Decision on environmental profile by the City Council. Opening of Scandinavia’s most modern cruise terminal. Building works start on expansion of the South Värtahamnen port. 2009: Clinton Climate Initiative pledges support for Stockholm Royal Seaport. Opening of offices and businesses in the Riga complex in Värtahamnen port. 2010: Construction of tunnel to carry power lines in Hjorthagen. Building work started on the Värtapiren pier. Closure of gasworks. Stockholm is awarded the first European Green Capital by the European Commission. 2011: Building works starts on the first 682 dwellings in the northwestern district of Hjorthagen. 2012: The first new residents move in, in the northwestern district of Hjorthagen. Building starts on 1200 flats in the second phase of construction. Construction started for a bridge over the Husarviken inlet for pedestrians and cyclists. 2013: Building work started on offices and businesses in the port area and the gasworks area. Completion of three new football fields. 2014: Opening of the new modern freight port for container traffic in Nynäshamn south of Stockholm. Construction starts in the third and fourth residential phases. 2015: Opening of offices and businesses in the port area. The Norra länken road infrastructure (E20 European Motorway) opens for traffic.

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2016: Construction start in the fifth residential phase. Opening of the new passenger terminal at the V채rtapiren pier. 2017: Construction of housing reaches the quay areas in Ropsten. 2018: The new city tram line is completed and opens for traffic. 2020: First residents and businesses move into homes and offices in the Frihamnen port area. Building work starts on new homes and offices at Loudden. The new V채rtaverket powerplant is completed and becomes the largest bio-fueled powerplant in the world. Around 2030: Completion of Project

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FUTURE OF STOCKHOLM ROYAL SEAPORT

Fig. 63. The new residence tower by Herzog & De Meuron, artwork in gasometer 3 and sculpture park

Fig. 64. The new residence building, courtyard and a possible artwork in gasometer 3 from above

Fig. 65. An example for open space

Fig. 66. Vision Picture of gasworks

Fig. 67. Third residential phase 2 by BSK Architects

Fig. 68. View from FisksjĂśĂ¤ng with gasworks area in the foreground

Fig. 69. An example of public space with seating area and greenery

Fig. 70. Beach path alongside the Husarviken inlet, Andersson Jรถnsson Landscape Architects

Fig. 71. An example of a piazza in Kv. Valparaisotorget

Fig. 72. Sea View from VĂ¤rtaterminalen, C. F. MĂ¸ller Architects

Fig. 73. Vision Picture eastern Deer Park meets Little Darkness

Fig. 74. Vision of the Future gasworks

3.6 MASDAR, “ City of the future, The world’s first Eco City ”

3.6.1. Introduction In spite of all the other case studies mentioned in this thesis, Masdar city belongs to the first category of smart cities, it’s a new city, and they have built it from scratch. Masdar City stands in the middle of the desert of Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates, the word “Masdar” itself means “source” in Arabic, It is designed to be one of the most sustainable cities on the planet. With a solar power station at its heart and wind farms providing energy for it, it aims to be low carbon. The city is built on a raised platform to allow its “digital plumbers” easy access to the system of advanced technologies that run it. It is pedestrian friendly and entirely car-free, a walkable city, although the city is experimenting with a network of electric driverless podcars. Masdar city is founded 17 kilometres out of Abu Dhabi, close to the Abu Dhabi International Airport. “The International Renewable Energy Agency” (IRENA) headquarter will be located in the city.

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COMPONENTS

The city is built for sustainable advantages. Thus to achieve this aim there are some factors taken to account:

1. Orientation Since Masdar city is located in desert, it has a hot climate, so they maximized efficiency by the proper orientation for city and building in a way to minimize solar gain and on building facades and streets and maximizing cooling night breezing.

2. Integration For convenience and to minimize use of transportation all of the city activities such as work, entertainment, residential building,etc are kept in close proximity.

3. Low rise, High density Most of the buildings are not more than five floors.

4. Vibrant urban realm To build the city as much as attention is given to building is given to inter spaces too, the spaces between buildings are built in a way that they invite people to outdoor area, to the street to pizza, where students, residents, professionals and visitors face each other and interact.

5. Pedestrian focused Based on the traditional design the city is made with narrow and shaded streets, and pedestrian shaded path along with it to encourage people to walk. But the city will also have a well equipped and efficient city transportation. To sum it up the city is a wakable city with short distances between destinations and with good outdoor spaces as well.

6. High quality of life The city is offering the highest quality of living and working with the lowest possible environmental impact.

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Foster and Partners explain about the city in terms of sustainability: “ Masdar City is an emerging global clean-technology cluster located in what aims to be one of the world’s most sustainable urban developments powered by renewable energy. Located about 17 km from downtown Abu Dhabi, Masdar will eventually be home to companies, researchers, and academics from across the globe, creating an international hub for companies and organisations focused on renewable energy and clean technologies. Inspired by the architecture and urban planning of traditional Arab cities, Masdar City incorporates narrow streets; the shading of windows, exterior walls and walkways; thick-walled buildings; courtyards and wind towers; vegetation and a generally walkable city. They explain more further: “The design provides the highest quality living and working environment with the lowest possible carbon footprint and includes a northeast-southwest orientation of the city. This makes best use of the cooling night breezes and lessens the effect of hot daytime winds. The intelligent design of residential and commercial spaces will reduce demand for artificial lighting and air conditioning. All buildings will surpass the highest sustainable building standards currently set by internationally recognised organisations.”

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LOCATION / GEOGRAPHY

ABU DHABI

U.A.E

Abu Dhabi is located on the northeastern part of the Persian Gulf in the Arabian Peninsula. Most of Abu Dhabi city is located on the island itself, but it has many suburbs on the mainland, for example: Khalifa City A, B, and C, Al Raha Beach, Al Bahia City A, B, and C, Al Shahama. Abu Dhabiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s land surface is 67,340 square kilometres, and it is equivalent to about 87% of the UAEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s total land area. Only 30% of the emirate is inhabited, with the remaining vast expanses covered mainly by desert and arid land.

ABU DHABI

The climate of Abu Dhabi is a hot desert climate. The sky is always sunny and blue. From June till September, the weather is extremely hot and humid, the temperature goes above 38 째C. During this time, sandstorms occur frequently. From November to March, the weather is cool. During this period dense fog on some days can be seen.

CONTEXT

ABU DHABI CENTER

MASDAR CITY

Masdar City, the ecco urban project currently is taking place 17 kilometres out of Abu Dhabi city center, between Abu Dhabi city center and the Abu Dhabi International Airport and Yas Island, The masdar city is planned to cover 7 square kilometres to accommodate 90,000 people , 40,000 inhabitants and 50,000 daily commuters.

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SCALE / PROGRAM

The area dedicated to the city is six square kilometres equal to 600 ha. It will be host for 45,000 to 50,000 inhabitants, and 1500 businesses. It is expected that more than 60,000 workers will commute to city daily. Infrastructure construction for the city will be handled by the Al Jaber Group and design of the central Masdar headquarters building has been awarded to Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture. The city is designed by Foster and Partners and engineer consultant is Mott MacDonald. It will be feed just by solar energy and other renewable energy resources, such as wind farms, with a zero waste ecology. The construction started in 2008 and it was planned to be completed in 2016, but later on, due to the global crisis, the date is moved to a period between 2020 and 2025. In 2010 the first six building of the city was complete and occupied and the first phase of the city will be completed by 2016.

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MASTER PLAN

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KEY ZONES

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Fig. 75. Amphitheater, Masdar City

Fig. 76. Masdar City, Aerial View

Fig. 77. Aerial View of Central Plaza in Masdar City

Fig. 78. The headquarters of the International Renewable Energy Agency , Courtyard(IRENA)

Fig. 79. An example of Public Space, showing the shading and transportation

Fig. 80. Masdar City Institute & its court yard

Fig. 81. A view of the Knowledge Center at the Masdar Institute

Fig. 82. The headquarters of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)

Fig. 83. Vegetation and combination of different facades facing plaza

Fig. 84. Interior court yard of an office in Masdar City

Fig. 85. Night Aerial View of Central Plaza in Masdar City

Fig. 86. Electric Car Stop under one of buildings in Masdar City

Fig. 87. Windstalk, wind farm view in the night

Fig. 88. Windstalk, details

Fig. 89. Windstalk, aerial view

Fig. 90. Windstalk, wind farm day view

3.7 CHICAGO “Windy City”

3.7.1. Introduction Chicago is the third most populous city in US with 2.7 million inhabitants after New York and Los Angeles. It is attempting to foster its economy. In last decade Chicago had the worst economical performance in the top 10 metropolitan cities in the United State by losing 7.1% of its jobs. Education, crime and transport are also included in Chicago’s challenges. Chicago has been active in the Smart City Concept since 2011, the election for new mayor. It shows how important the administrative role is for smart cities. The well aligned governance helped Chicago to achieve its aspiration to create “City as a Platform”. The main areas of smart city projects in Chicago are related to investments in superfast broadband infrastructure, community engagement, and inclusion projects. Chicago is ranked the 8th smart city in North America.

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3.7.2. Smart cities projects As mentioned above there are three main areas for smart city projects in Chicago: â&#x20AC;˘ Infrastructure investments â&#x20AC;˘ Economy development â&#x20AC;˘ Community engagement

Fig. 91. Chicago Smart grid projects poster

1. Infrastructure investments There are some programs in Chicago Smart project with the use of ICT such as: Super fast Broadband project - the city invests to get a gigabit speed broadband via open fiber optic ring to create a more dynamic and creative market place and to invite companies to locate or relocate to Chicago. This is done to generate rapid economic growth for the city, which has been down in last decade. Sustainable Broadband adoption - this program intends to spur economic development in five disadvantaged neighbourhoods in Chicago by providing computers with broadband and training opportunities to more than 11,000 residents and 500 small businesses and not-for-profits.

Fig. 92. Wi Fi facility in public libraries in Chicago

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2. Economic developments Chicago intends to foster its economy by a new based information marketplace. Mr. John Tolva, who was the Chief Technology Officer of Chicago till last November describes it: “Where the innovation is taking place is really with third parties - developers, designers and interested parties working outside of government to make things better. Much of what we’ve done is to turn the equation around and think of the city itself as a platform that we can provide the raw materials for, but that applications are built on top of.” To facilitate this marketplace some investments have taken place: Chicago Health Atlas – it is a website which displays collective information related to health on a map. Windy Grid – it is a geographical information system, which monitors the cites’ functions and presents a unified view of city’s operation in the past and present on a map.

Fig. 93. Chicago Health Atlas website

Windy Grid – it’s a geographical information system, which is monitoring cities’ functions and presents a unified view of city operation in past and present on a map. Illinois Open Technology Challenge – a collaboration with Illinois Open Technology Challenge, in order to bring together government, communities and developers in a common mission, to respond better to today’s civic needs and help fostering the economy of the city. Web Hosting– hosting web gives opportunity to developers who have an idea to make life better in Chicago. They can create services on the government open data through the limited space given to them.

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Fig. 94. Chicago Web Hosting

3. Communities engagement Most of the work in this topic has been done by Smart Chicago Collaborative, Smart Chicago Collaborative (SCC) is an institution charged to connect community with civic data. It connects the dots between technology and community to improve lives in Chicago through technology. Initiatives include: The City that Networks – it is a report on what the Smart Chicago Collaborative would do digital inclusion. Digital Skills Initiative – it’s a central hub for coordinating technology training across the departments and delegate agencies that have received federal funding. Connect Chicago – a loose network of more than 250 places in the city where internet and computer access, digital skills training, and online learning resources are available for free.

Fig. 95. Connect Chicago Logo

Smart Health Centers – places that have trained health information specialists in lowincome clinics to assist patients in connecting to their own medical records and find reliable information about their own conditions.

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Civic summer - Civic Innovation Summer is an experimental summer jobs program for teens focused on civics, media, and technology. The program, run in July and August of 2013, includes more than 140 Chicago teens being trained to use the latest digital tools to organize themselves, amplify their voice, and take positive civic action. Chicago early learning portal - Chicago Early Learning is a portal where residents can easily find and compare locations, like pre populated locations, named by neighbourhoods and it has filter to help someone find the best for them and their family. Foodborne Chicago - Foodborne Chicago is a website that connects people who complain about food poisoning on Twitter to the people who can some how help them out. Thanks to technology one can use computers & code to search Twitter for tweets related to food poisoning in Chicago. Foodborne illness is a public health issue. If someone is feeling sick and feel it is from eating in a public place, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a good thing to alert others about the possible danger. CUT Group - The Civic User Testing group, is a project in which regular Chicago citizens get paid by participating in testing application program. The participants have to just sign up in a CUT Group profile to be a tester and they receive a $5 VISA gift card, after that if they are chosen to be a tester they get $20 VISA gift card.

Fig. 96. CUT Group Chicago

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Organisation and Leadership The organisational structure of Chicago combines strong leadership with a strong partnership with civil society. The city Mayor thanks to his experience at the White House has an understanding of how organisational structures can influence the success of smart cities programmes. Mr Tolva, the City Mayor, explains: “A lot of the time these movements seem very bottom-up but in our case it was a bottom-up movement of third party developers that’s been paired with the official vision of the administration - which seems to have worked.”

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LOCATION/ GEOGRAPHY

CHICAGO

U.S.A

Chicago “windy city” is situated in northeastern Illinois State of US, on the southwestern shores of Lake Michigan. It is the most important city in Chicago Metropolitan Area located in the Midwestern United States and the Great Lakes region. The city get lots of advantages economically and historically from the freshwater of Lake Michigan, and two rivers, the Chicago River in downtown and the Calumet River in the industrial far South Side. The lake also provides another positive effect, moderating Chicago’s climate; making waterfront neighbourhoods slightly warmer in winter and cooler in summer.

The city lies within the humid continental climate zone , and experiences four distinct seasons. It experiences a humid and hot summer,and the temperature can exceed 32 째C. Winters are cold, windy and snowy with few sunny days. The climate fluctuates greatly on a single day, especially during winters, there is always a need of an umbrella even if the day starts with the sun glowing. Spring and autumn are mild seasons with low humidity.

CHICAGO

CHICAGO, THE CITY AS A PLATFORM Chicago the city of skyscrapers, has so many projects related to smart city with different objective from economic developments to communities engagement , from providing fast broad band to smart health care facilities. They have a very clear strategy. There is a civic organization â&#x20AC;&#x153;Smart Chicago Collaborativeâ&#x20AC;? - www.smartchicagocollaborative.org - devoted to improving lives in Chicago through ICT. However for Chicago this is not the only definition of Smart Chicago, they have done other efforts and investigations related to energy consumption, carbon emission and at the last but not least the objective of this thesis, enhancing the lives of citizens of smart cities trough biophilic design, even though they do not use the exact word, the following pages will explain it in detail.

ANALYSIS OF CARBON EMISSIONS IN THE CHICAGO LOOP This is one example , analysis of carbon emissions in the chicago Loop, the central business district of Chicago, each color is related to specific level of carbon emission, for each building per aquare feet.

The least carbon emission The second least carbon emission The third carbon emission The most carbon emission

CHICAGO PARK SYSTEM

1967 City Rail Lines

1995 City Park System

In the left picture there is the rail way system of Chicago in 1967. The transportation network is extended from center. After years in 1995 ,as shown in the top right picture, in spite of the idea of Burnham for Chicago- the architect and planner who made for the first time a comprehensive plan for the city of Chicago- the parks and green spaces in the city are separated , also he had planned them to be not only connected inside the city but also connected to the regional ecological system out of the city. Daniel Hudson Burnham, (1846 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1912) was an American architect and urban designer. He was the leader in the creation of master plan for Chicago. He published the plan in 1909 with his co-author, Edward H. Bennett, â&#x20AC;&#x153;The Plan of Chicagoâ&#x20AC;?, after three years work. It was a long run plan for the future of the city. The plan included ambitious proposals for the lake front and river and declared that every citizen should be within walking distance of a park. As of now the municipality decided to make use of some abandoned parts of the old rail way and make them green and connect the green system of the city to be as a network not like some spots in the city map, and it is the objective of 2030 Chicago city park system.

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There are lots of debates regarding Chicago is getting its own high line,”Bloomingdale”. But in fact it’s going to be so much better than that, because unlike New York City’s High Line, the Bloomingdale trail will serve as a transportation corridor and neighbourhood park.

2030 City Park System

As said by Street blog Chicago: “The High Line in New York City has been lauded for transforming abandoned freight rail tracks into an elevated walking path and park on the west side of Manhattan, but The Bloomingdale will be even better This is simply because the High Line acts as a tourist attraction, while The Bloomingdale will serve as a neighbourhood park in areas that sorely need more green space, and a very useful car-free transportation link for people walking and biking.”

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The 606 is apart of ambition of Mayor Emanuel -Actual Mayor of Chicagoabout creating 800 new parks and green spaces trough out Chicago over the next fives years. The project is supported financially a public private collaboration between ;The City of Chicago and The Chicago Park District, and The Trust for Public Land. The 606 is supposed to bring together arts, history, design, trails for bikers, runners, and walkers, event spaces, alternative transportation avenues, and green, open space for neighbours, Chicagoans, and the world. 226

The Bloomingdale Trail is the centerpiece of The 606. In their website they explain about “Bloomingdale Trail” in this way: “As train traffic slowed on the Bloomingdale Line in the 1990s, attention turned to how the train line might be used to increase much-needed green space. The City of Chicago brought residents together to discuss an area of particular concern – Logan Square, a neighbourhood that, at the time, had the least amount of open space per capita of any in Chicago.” 227

BLOOMINGDALE TRAIL

Bloomingdale Trail is a 2.7 mile elevated corridor, multiuse recreational trail and park along an unused rail line. The trail will serve as an alternative transportation corridor, a living work of art, and a spectacular new green space for all Chicagoans and also as a tourist attraction to be enjoyed.

HISTORY

The Bloomingdale Line was originally constructed in 1873 by the Chicago and Pacific Railroad Company as part of the 36 mile (58 km) Elgin subdivision from Halsted Street in Chicago to the suburb of Elgin, Illinois. It was soon absorbed by the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railway (also known as the Milwaukee Road), first via a 999year lease in 1880 and later with a fee simple deed conveyance to the same in 1900. As a result of mergers and acquisitions, it became part of the Soo Line Railroad, a subsidiary of the Canadian Pacific Railway, which had owned the right-of-way. The City of Chicago purchased the right-of-way from Canadian Pacific Railway in January 2013, thus becoming the owner. The railroad was elevated approximately twenty feet in the 1910s as result of a city ordinance aimed at reducing pedestrian fatalities at grade crossings. The line had been a street running railway within Bloomingdale Avenue, an east-west street running at 1800 north; creating the embankment reduced Bloomingdale Avenue’s width in some cases, rendering it an alleyway in some portions. Steel-reinforced concrete embankment walls line the right-of-way and there are 38 viaducts built into the railroad to accommodate cross traffic. The line was used for both passenger and freight trains and served several local industrial businesses, including a Schwinn Bicycle Company warehouse. The Bloomingdale Line was primarily used to reach the Lakewood Branch and industrial district on Goose Island. The last freight train ran on the line in 2001. The Blomingdale Avenue embankment continues west of the Trail’s terminus at Ridgeway Avenue. There, it intersects with Metra’s commuter tracks of the Milwaukee Road, with northbound North Line trains continuing toward Fox Lake, and West Line trains running along the Bloomingdale tracks west to Elgin. The tracks lower to surface-level on the western outskirts of the city. As train traffic slowed on the Bloomingdale Line in the 1990s, attention turned to how the train line might be used to increase much-needed green space. The City of Chicago brought residents together to discuss an area of particular concern – Logan Square, a neighbourhood that, at the time, had the least amount of open space per capita of any in Chicago.

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VISION

The aim of the Blommingdale trail and Park project is to through reuse of an abandoned industrial infrastructure, enhance the urban environment as a place to socialize, contribute to public health by encouraging walking running and bicycling, and connect communities. As it is explained in the framework : “It will bring the natural world closer to residents of dense urban neighbourhoods. It will bridge and connect these neighbourhoods with transportation networks, and be an elevated landscape that creates a new and dynamic urban experience.”

Values of The Bloomingdale Trail and Park: • Financially sustainable; • Environmentally sustainable; • Fully accessible for all types of users, with special attention to the varied needs of the most vulnerable – children, the elderly, and persons with disabilities; • Designed for durability and with a stewardship plan to ensure a high-quality, maintainable project; and • Developed with full community involvement.

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CONTEXT

The Bloomingdale trail is a 2.7 mile (4.3 km) elevated railroad located on the northwest side of Chicago. The right-of-way passes through the community areas Logan Square, Humboldt Park and West Town.

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SEGMENTS

7 N

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OBJECTIVES

1) Honor and enhance the Bloomingdaleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s unique attributes: - Capitalize on the variety of experiences created by the elevated structure and its separation from cars. - Preserve the sense of discovery on the site. - Enhance the connection to the natural world that is experienced along the top of the trail. - Highlight the unique construction methods and scale of the existing retaining walls. - Restore and rehabilitate the industrial infrastructure to meet current standards and allow for long-term use as a public trail and park.

2) Balance trail and park aspirations: - Create an environment where both pedestrians and cyclists feel safe and welcome. - Use design and signage to communicate expectations about speed on, and appropriate use of, the path. - Provide separate paths, where appropriate, to maximize enjoyment of the Bloomingdale by different users. - Remove retaining walls at access parks to create a continuous park landscape.

3) Create a signature public space that is integrated into the community while honouring the need for separation between the public and private realm: - Concentrate group gathering spaces and activities in broad embankments and nearby parks. - Allow for the top of the trail to be dedicated to linear movement and smaller group activities. - Create unique experiences when transitioning from the street level to the top of the viaduct. - Respond to privacy desired by neighbours while also providing eyes on the trail. - Provide a unified experience across the length of the site through consistency in site elements. Introduce variety at access parks to distinguish them.

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4) Integrate access to the Bloomingdale into the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s transportation, park, and social infrastructure: - Provide a variety of access point types that respond to a range of trail and park users. - Enable safe, shared use between cyclists and other users at access points. - Use existing city and social infrastructure to locate access points and improve routes to them along the trail.

5) Create a safe and welcoming environment: - Use lighting, path design, and sight lines to create an environment that enhances the feeling of safety on the Bloomingdale. - Connect to the ground level in a way that is safe and sensitive to the surrounding community. - Work with the community to create an environment that promotes safety.

6) See and experience the Bloomingdale as a living work of art: - Use a wide range of artistic approaches. - Strengthen community use and stewardship of the Bloomingdale through the arts. - Reflect local interests, concerns, and history of the structure through the arts. - Introduce visitors to the Bloomingdale neighbourhoods through the arts.

7) Balance the needs of residents, businesses, and visitors to create a local trail and park with global appeal: - Balance the needs of residents with users. - Encourage connections between local communities and amenities and the Bloomingdale Trail and Park. - Build support for the ongoing stewardship of the trail and park to ensure the project remains active and vibrant for years to come.

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TIMELINE / PROPOSAL

TIMELINE Public Meeting

Septembre 2012

Design Complete

December 2012

Public Open House

Winter 2013

Construction Begins

Summer 2013

EXISTING

Ecologically consistent Flat

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Under Construction

Spring 2014

Bloogingdale Basics Opens

Enhanced Bloomingdale

Fall 2014

Fall 2015

PROPOSED

Shade Wet Enclosed

Views Dry Exposed

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DESIGN STRATEGY

Existing Infrastructure Based on 2011 survey about bridges and walls condition, there are 37 viaducts and over 3.5 miles of retaining walls on the site. This inventory revealed that the condition of the walls and bridges along the Bloomingdale vary from very good to relatively poor. Fig. 97. Axonometric Diagram of Typical Embankment

Along portions of the Bloomingdale there are sloped embankments from the trail elevation down to the street elevation and they are thickly vegetated with pioneer trees and perennial species. Fig. 98. Section of Typical Embankment

Although the tree canopy has the positive effect of extending the visual experience of the trail and park landscape, strategic thinning and interplanting of a more diverse plant palette will enhance the ecological health and visual quality of the embankments.

Fig. 99. Axonometric Diagram of Typical Retaining Wall

Fig. 100. Axonometric Diagram of Typical Viaduct

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Proposed Infrastructure Variation in topography can create a range of experiences, diverse ecological conditions, and facilitate access.

Fig. 101. Axonometric Concept Diagram at Access Point

Fig. 102. Conceptual Site Sections Showing Topographic Variation

Drainage can be directed to lowered areas, allowing for variation in planting along the path.

At the elevation of the trail, there is the unique experience of moving through the elevated landscape. Lowered areas can provide a sense of enclosure and privacy.

Raised areas can take advantage of views.

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Landscape Infrastructure The transformation of the Bloomingdale Line into a public open space is taken as an opportunity to support positive environmental change within the City of Chicago, such as improvements to storm-water management and air quality, reduction of the urban heat island effect, and increased habitat for wildlife. SUNSHINE WIND

Fig. 103. Diagrammatic Section of Landscape Infrastructure

Planting canopy trees on the trail top and adjacent to the trail will provide shade, improve air quality, and reduce wind on the site.

Drainage Presently the rain that falls on the structure either infiltrates into the ground or ends up in the city sewers. The use of porous material below the planting beds and paths can detain storm-water during heavy rain events, reducing the amount of water entering the city sewer system during times of heavy rain. PRECIPITATION

Over flow during heavy rain

Fig. 104. Diagrammatic Section of Site Drainage

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Path Design A multy used path will connect the length of the 2.7 mile site. The central 10â&#x20AC;&#x2122; zone of the path will be shared by bicyclists and pedestrians while the exterior 2â&#x20AC;&#x2122; zone on each side will be dedicated to pedestrian use. At various points along the Bloomingdale, an additional 1.5 miles of separated pedestrian trail will be provided to allow pedestrians to have more options for relaxation along the elevated structure(right below figure).

Fig. 105. Typical Path Sections

Fig. 106. Shared-use Path with Separated Nature Trail

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Planting Through topography and drainage, diverse ecological conditions can be created on the site that will contribute to the range of park experiences. Lower areas will be wetter and have species that thrive in moist conditions. Higher areas will be relatively dry, providing the right conditions for a different community of plants.

Fig. 107. Axonometric Diagrams of Planting Strategy

Fig. 108. Seasonal Habitat Diagram

To provide the greatest impact in a narrow corridor, a “hyper-nature”, or “naturalism” that is clearly constructed, can be created through strategic density and diversity of planting. Thus a collection of species that offer the greatest variety and sensory interest throughout the year, while also providing important microclimatic protection from sun and wind is selected. Thanks to the topography design there are varying moisture conditions on the site to help establish a structural logic for more diverse ecological conditions. It is planned to incorporate information about plants and ecology into signage.

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Trees

Shrubs

Perennials Fig. 109. Sections of Planting Layers

Fig. 110. Planting Diagrams

Planting on the Bloomingdale should create the opportunity for rich engagement with the natural world (Biophilic Design). Planting design along the trail will mimic certain aspects of natural systems, most notably the placement of plant communities in conditions that support establishment and growth. It is exactly what this thesis is concerned about; in design strategy of Bloomingdale Line, has been taken into account biophilia hypothesis.

Fig. 111. Shared-use Path with Separated Nature Trail

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Seating & Viewing

Fig. 112. Axonometric Diagrams of Seating Strategies

At viaducts with notable views, is foreseen â&#x20AC;&#x153;miradorsâ&#x20AC;?, projections over the street. To separate pedestrian seating areas from the shared-use path, plantation will be used, to reinforce the park-like feeling of the site. Will be provided seating that is both inwardly and outwardly focused. Where possible, they have planned to integrate seating into the landscape, to be more connected to the nature. To frame views, landscape or art will be used. They have provided opportunities to connect the city street level and upper park level through the use of skylights in bridges.

Fig. 113. An example Seating area and viewing spot

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Access Points

Fig. 25. Access Points, Transit Networks, and Adjacencies

The objectives related to accessibility is to : - Provide a variety of access point types that respond to a range of trail and park users. - Enable safe, shared use between cyclists and other users at access points. - Use existing city and social infrastructure to locate access points and improve routes to them along the trail. The greater the integration of the Bloomingdale into the existing life of the city, the more each will benefit the other. It was originally built to separate trains from the city texture, thanks to height difference, which now serves as an asset for the trail and park. Citizens emphasized the role the Bloomingdale will play as a â&#x20AC;&#x153;connecting corridorâ&#x20AC;?, linking previously separated amenities. To provide connections to school locations, transit lines, and bicycle routes, there was need of more access points. A variety of access points are foreseen in order to provide connections to existing networks within the community. Access at parks will expand the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s open space network. Connection to bicycle routes and transit will integrate the trail into citywide transportation systems, an be as a transport corridor. The Bloomingdale Trail and Park will connect to all neighbourhoods through which it passes, since there will be provided access at even distances. To achieve a feeling of uninterrupted movement, The Bloomingdale requires specific and considered entry locations along its 2.7 miles, providing access for people with disabilities, and taking advantage of the adjacent parks and the Bloomingdale Avenue right-ofway.

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School Park

Park Access Street Access Street Access (Merits future consideration) West Trailhead Access Site Boundary

Metra CTA Blue Line Bus Line Bike Route

The Bloomingdale will be integrated into the adjacent neighbourhoods and numerous existing transportation and open space networks, as it is transformed for recreational use. The location of access points for the Bloomingdale will be as it is listed up, some access points will be as priority. The access locations have met the following criteria: -Provide access in existing or planned parks adjacent to the Bloomingdale. Along the length of the Bloomingdale adjacent parcels have been acquired for neighbourhood parks. These locations are the priority for integrating the Bloomingdale into the city. -Provide access every 1/2 mile, ensuring equitable distribution the length of the Bloomingdale supporting reasonable walking distances between access points, no more than 1/4 mile. -Provide access where the Bloomingdale crosses transit, bicycling, and pedestrian transportation networks. -Provide access near area parks and schools. -Provide access every 1/4 mile where feasible, to allow for shorter walking distances for pedestrians, no more than 1/8 mile.

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Access Points - Characteristics Whether they are parks access points or streets ones, they will have common characteristics. Consistency in treatment is important, since access will be the Bloomingdaleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s invitation to the public. Access points respond to site specific conditions while maintaining a consistent and recognizable aesthetic, serving as an advertisement for the entire Bloomingdale. For sure in intersection there will be provided access points, which way finding and street improvements will guide people to find them. In case of streets which are difficult to cross such as; California, Western, Milwaukee, Damen, and Ashland Avenues and Humboldt Boulevard, there will be accessibility from both side of the street. If there is more attraction in one side of a street like a school, or urban park, the access point will be provided on that side.

Fig. 114. Central Park Avenue Ramp, north-east

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Park Access Access points to the parks will be from both urban neighbourhood and also from trail. In the case of access from trail there will be a level change which can provide space for programming. In order to have a continuous, sloped landscape access at parks from the trail should capitalize on the embankment width. Where the path is lowered adjacent to a park, the retaining wall on the side of the park should be cut down to allow the creation of the slope. Access at parks should incorporate unique experiences, for example used for skating as seen in the picture below.

Fig. 115. A Skate Park at Ashland Avenue, north of the Bloomingdale

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Bloomingdale Avenue Access Points

Fig. 116. Bloomingdale Avenue, the Trail and Park, and Connecting Ramp

California Ave.

Humboldt Blvd.

Kedzie Ave.

Kimball Ave.

Central Park Ave.

Ridgeway Ave.

For the parts of Bloomingdale Trail, where there is no adjacent park, care must be taken to provide appropriate entries to the Bloomingdale. For much of its length, the elevated line is paralleled by a 20â&#x20AC;&#x2122; wide street (see below map, indicating in gray on which side of the Bloomingdale Line it is located). Bloomingdale Avenue has very less traffic and discontinuous. It changes travel direction frequently. By turning Bloomingdale Avenue into a one-way street, part of the right-of-way (up to eight feet) becomes available for access. This fact allows the entire width of the Bloomingdale Line to be retained for trail and park use.

Bloomingdale Ave.

Bloomingdale Avenueâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s extent and location in relationship to the Bloomingdale Line Fig. 117. Bloomingdale Avenue, right-of-way

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Bloomingdale Avenue Ramps and Stairs

Fig. 118. An Access Point Using Bloomingdale Avenue

py y Ex d e n Ken Rail ra Met

Paulina St.

Winchester Ave.

Milwaukee Ave.

There are provided ramps at all access points, stairs are planned only to be used in combination with ramps. To maximize the road width on Bloomingdale Avenue, stairs width is maximum five feet. Ramps will be built at a grade of 1’ rise per 12’ run, with landings every 30’ of run. The result will be the shortest ramps accessible for disable people. The ramps will be maximum eight feet wide to enlarge the street width. To minimize the length of the ramp the elevation of the Bloomingdale will be lowered(see the fig....). Ramps and stairs will look different from the Bloomingdale Line structure in material. They also will be as transparent as possible to maximize visibility and light.

Bloomingdale Ave.

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High Volume Access Point and Path

Fig. 119. High volume access point and path

There is adequacy between paths and accesses, where there is a high traffic path, which in deed is wider than a low one, separated lanes for cyclists and pedestrians, the access ramp is also wider due to high traffic; for instance: for a pedestrian path of 6’ and cycle path of 10’ the planned access ramp will be 14’. As seen in the sections above in some parts of the trail the pedestrian and cycle path are separated by trees and vegetation, in other parts they are right beside each other and enclosed by trees and vegetation.

Note 1. AASHTO:

The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Offi cials (AASHTO) has existing guidelines for the planning, design, and operation of shared-use paths. These include standards for path width, setbacks, and the path’s horizontal and vertical alignment. All path design elements presented in the Bloomingdale Trail and Park plan meet the standards presented in the AASHTO guidelines.

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Low Volume Access Point and Path

Fig. 120. Low volume access point and path

In contrary for a low traffic path the access ramp will have a less wide, for instance as shown in the figure up, for a low traffic path pedestrian and cycle path are not separated, and it is 12â&#x20AC;&#x2122;, so the access ramp to this path is provided to be 7â&#x20AC;&#x2122; which is in fact half of the high traffic access ramp width. As seen in the sections above in some parts of the path is shaded by trees and vegetation from both sides, and in some other parts there are trees just in one side, which is due to many good reasons, for example in order not to cover an important view.

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Privacy

Densely Planted Areas

Vegetated Screen Structure

Lowered Path with Adjacent Planted Area

Elevated Seating Structures

Fig. 121. Axonometric Diagrams of Privacy Strategies

Privacy is a central concern for the design of the Bloomingdale Trail and Park. Path alignment and other design strategies such as planting and seating should be in a way to provide privacy for neighbouring property. Thus they have considered these elements for designing the trail: -Where private property adjoins the trail, and there is a single shared-use path, the path should be located on the opposite side of the elevated structure. -Where private property adjoins the trail, and there is both a shared-use path and a pedestrian path, the shared-use path should be located closer to, and the slower-moving pedestrian path should be away from, the property. 3.8 Seating areas should be placed away from, and not provide views into, private property. -Where possible, lower the trail elevation to create additional privacy. - Use planted areas and site structures to screen adjacent private property.

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Program The use of the elevated portion of Bloomingdale is derived from being a lifted landscape in a city, to provide diverse experiences for multiple users. The transformation of the site into a trail and park will allow visitors the opportunity for uninterrupted bicycling and walking through the city and create opportunities for seating, socializing, and appreciating views. Where the trail widens into parks, there is an opportunity to provide additional amenities, such as playgrounds, outdoor classrooms, and skate parks. The activities on the elevated trail should serve individuals and small groups, and big group and more diverse activities typically are where the Bloomingdale abuts adjacent parks and transitions to the street below. The programs taking place in Bloomingdale Trail should be in a way to bring the community together. The design will provide information about site history, sustainability, art, and other aspects of the trail and park to educate about Chicagoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s past and future. This could be included in signage, park walks with experts, information kiosks, or elements of the physical design. Power outlets should be provided at regular intervals to facilitate art and other programming.

Mobile food vendors

Farmers market

Seating

Site amenities, water bottle filling station

Fig. 122. Examples of few possible programs

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Lighting Apart from making the Bloomingdale Trail and Park a safe night time destination in Chicago which is very important, lighting should be sufficient to provide way finding information, prevent accidents or injury, and identify the presence of other users in the space. Best attention will be given to respect the dark skies preservation, energy conservation, and the prevention of light trespass to adjacent properties. Thus the lighting will be implemented with low intensity and evenly distributed across the entire width of the site, with an average lighting of 0.5 footcandles and it will be a mix of overhead and low lighting. When passing next to access parks, lighting fixtures on the Bloomingdale will be coordinated with those found in the park. Chicago Park District electrical supplies will used to lit the Bloomingdale Trail from dusk to dawn.

Fig. 123. An Example of Overhead Lighting Blended into Canopy

Fig. 124. An Example of Low Lighting, Re-purposing Old Rails

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Railings and Fencing For issues of public safety at the level of the park and the level of the street, guardrails are required along the length of the Bloomingdale Trail and Park. In addition, short fences and benches will be installed around the planting to discourage intentional and unintentional entering the planting beds. The design will be used to provide minimal sense of obstruction and enclosure, with a easy installation and maintenance job. The railing and fences will be as much as possible environmentally friendly, in terms of design and material also. Further more in order to maximize the openness of the site the railing and fencing will be as transparent as possible.

Fig. 125. An example of fencing for a seating Area and Pedestrian Path

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Wayfinding The consistent Wayfinding and signage throughout the Bloomingdale trail and park will contribute to the userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s comfortable experience of the trail. Informational signage will also help to integrate the trail into the surrounding urban network. It will also provide information about the history and identity of the surrounding communities. Wayfindings will be at two levels; street levels and trail level: At street level wayfinding should be very clear, directing people to and from safe crossing points, and provide information about distance between access points for multiple types of trail users; pedestrians, cyclists,... . Wayfinding on the trail will highlight transit connections, and provide information about distance to local amenities and commerce. Further more temporal, commuinity based signage like commuinity massage boards, and also information about adjacent schools, public transport lines, and bicycle facilities will be included in wayfinding system.

Fig. 126. Examples of Creative and Informative Wayfinding

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Maintenance One of the principals for a sustainable project is to think about maintenance since the begining, in design stage itself, to prevent any inconvenient situation or even none resolvable one in future. Waste receptacles will be in close distance for all kind of users, more located at trail entrances and at major seating areas due to higher traffic. There will be provided maintenance and emergency vehicle access in the vicinity of main crossing points, Ridgeway, Kimball, Damen, and Ashland Avenues, in case of any need. The strategy for planting ,as just mentioned before, is in a way that, in drier areas due to the role of topography, the plants which need less water will be coltivated, in spite of wet areas which will be land for plants with more demand for water, however hose bibs will be provided for the maintenance of the park during establishment and drought conditions.

Sustainable waste removal and recycling

Routine plant care

Effi cient maintenance vehicles

Community stewardship

Fig. 127. Maintaining Public Parks

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Infrastructure for Arts and Programming Public art planning is an integral part of the Bloomingdale Trail and Park. There will be a design team consist of a public art advisor. It will work closely with artists to identify specific opportunities and to incorporate work into the construction process. Design and construction of infrastructure will permit easy access to utilities to support future performances, public art, and programming. To obtain this goal there should be provided all the materials they would need such as electricity, water,... . A place with interactive art on the walls and under passes will be for sure more friendly and pleasant, Chicago has already got it, and many projects regarding that are already done in the city, for instance â&#x20AC;&#x153;Public art done by a volunteer group of people for an underpass at Addison and Avondaleâ&#x20AC;?, (see pictures below). A crime happened in that underpass, and it came to mind of one of inhabitant of the neighbourhood to make such a art there, and a group of volunteers made this beautiful piece of art. The same kind of art already exist in Bloomingdale avenue and is going to be more through whole the Trail.

Fig. 128. Public art done by a volunteer group of people for an underpass at Addison and Avondale

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All the benches, fences, and access ramps and stairways will be opportunities for artistic design and fabrication, even new concrete construction will incorporate designs/molds created by artists or anticipate opportunities for future public art. To support the interactive art there will be created a community to coordinate public art funding and to support diversity of artistic approaches. There will be programming coordination with schools and local community agencies to identify fundable partnership opportunities, to create this public art.

Fig. 129. A Community Art Project Sponsored by the Chicago Public Art Group and Logan Square

Fig. 130. Chicago Public Art Group, Ohio street under pass

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Community Integrations The the Bloomingdale Line as a public place is an opportunity for neighbouring communities to have positive connections. Beyond doubts more connections to the community through nonmotorized transportation will promote healthier safer and economically more developed neighbourhood. The community will be engaged and reflected in the programming, art, and amenities of the Bloomingdale Trail and Park. Furthermore, access points into the trail and park should invite users up onto the Bloomingdale and down into the neighbourhoods. The community is informed how to participate in the City of Chicagoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s public bidding process for the construction of the Bloomingdale, and youth are already engaged in the ongoing stewardship and programming of the Bloomingdale, especially in art, education, maintenance, and service-learning opportunities.

Stewardship One of the visions for Bloomingdale is to be sustainable, financially beyond the opening of the trail and park only, for ongoing maintains, programming, and other activities. The steward group of Bloomingdale is consist of: - Park specific stewardship groups; Park advisory Consils, (PACs) that act as the local stewards, - The Friends of the Bloomingdale Trail (FBT) - The Chicago Park District (CPD) - The Chicago Department of Transportation (CDOT) - The Trust for Public Land (TPL) Stewardship for the Bloomingdale will go far beyond the institutional partners (CPD, CDOT, TPL, local elected officials, PACs, and FBT) to include the entirety of the communities it serves. Parks benefit greatly from active community participation and dedication, and the resulting sense of ownership.

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Involving communities, Design Charrette Involving communities has been as one of the visions and in fact starting point of Bloomingdale Line. The first meeting was held in September 2011, followed by a design charrette in October 2011, another community meeting in December 2011, and the final presentation in March 2012. The public design charrette held for four days from first till forth of October 2011, at the McCormick Tribune YMCA in Humboldt Park made up the list of visions for Bloomingdale Trail. Over 200 people worked in small groups worked in these four days, they examined topics such as; accessibility, safety, programming, landscaping, and art. They went directly to the site, and had a on site survey, and attended open house meeting. More than 500 community members attended for the meetings, while thousands more kept track of progress, some submitting comments online. This remarkable level of input lead to a deeper community involvement in the Bloomingdale.

Fig. 131. Design Charrette, McCormick Tribune YMCA in Humboldt Park, October 2011

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Fig. 132. Design Charrette, McCormick Tribune YMCA in Humboldt Park, October 2011

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FUTURE OF BLOOMINGDALE TRAIL

Fig. 133. Park at Kimball Avenue East

Fig. 134. Wood Street Mirador, north

Fig. 135. An example of fencing for a seating Area and Pedestrian Path

Fig. 136. An example of fencing for a seating Area and Pedestrian Path

Fig. 137. An example of fencing for a seating Area and Pedestrian Path

Fig. 138. An example of fencing for a seating Area and Pedestrian Path

Fig. 139. Milwaukee Avenue Approach, south

Fig. 140. An example of fencing for a seating Area and Pedestrian Path

Fig. 141. Bridge at Western Avenue Bridge, north

Fig. 142. The Bloomingdale Trail and Parkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Connection to Kimball Avenue

Fig. 143. Julia de Burgos Park, south-east

Fig. 144. Access and Mirador at Damen Avenue

4. BEYOND SMART CITIES “Technology is the answer but what was the question?” (Cedric Price, British architect and influential teacher and writer on architecture. )

4.1 Critics and Debates More the concept of Smart City is spreading; there are more debates and critics rising up in the world around it. Many cities would like to be labeled “Smart city”, it has become as a sort of fashion for cities now a days. Many of them from the phenomenon of Smart City have taken out just the use of ICT in their daily life, but even in this case, they have not taken the proper, efficient use of it. They made a mistake here between Smart city and Digital city, smart city is not just a digitalized city, as has mentioned already in the second chapter, smart city has six factors in which all should be together in order to be able to call the city as a Smart one. There are some reasons behind creation of smart cities, like extreme urbanization, but we should not forget the fact that smart cities came to solve problems not to create new ones. For example, sticking to the idea of smart cities, many cities forgot about the shape and urban plan of the city as they overrated the use of ICT in the city. One of the debates about Smart City is named “Beyond smart cities”. This phenomenon has different definitions; beyond smart city in what aspect? Tim Campbell in his book “Beyond Smart Cities, how cities network learn and innovate”, explains: “Going beyond smart cities means understanding how cities construct, connect and manipulate relationships that grow in urban environment.” In this book he talks about how cities learn from each other, networks and innovate, why some cities can learn some cities cannot. There is a question in fact why also technology is advanced in many countries in Europe but none of the countries in Europe so far have been as successful as Germany in terms of Smart Cities, they have the same technology, why they cannot just copy, in the other term why they cannot learn. Tim Campbell argues it this way: “City learning is about the creation of a certain type of social capital. It is not just the novel practices or hot technologies. Learning is about the shared values held by people from all walks of life who care about the city where they live.” He goes on and he names some cities proactive learning: “Proactive learning cities are able to count on networks of individuals who learn for and on behalf of their cities.”

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So he blames the cities which did not learn not to have a learning system. In MIT University, as an example of going beyond smart cities, in their media Lab they are working on a new term “City Science” as they say, the City Science Initiative provides an interdisciplinary nexus where these research networks join to improve the design, livability and understanding of high performance urban environment. They focused on one of the neglected items in theme of Smart Cities, which is planning and urban design, they explain in their website, based on the urgent need of cities due to extreme urbanization and other reasons: “Our need to improve our understanding of cities, however, is pressed not only by the social relevance of urban environments, but also by the availability of new strategies for cityscale interventions that are enabled by emerging technologies. Leveraging advances in data analysis, sensor technologies, and urban experiments, City Science will provide new insights into creating a data-driven approach to urban design and planning. To build the cities that the world needs, we need a scientific understanding of cities that consider our built environments and the people who inhabit them, our future cities will desperately need such understanding.” All discussions in the concept of Smart Cities, more or less, are around some neglected parts in human life and extra points given to ICT use. We should not forget what Aristotle said: “A city exists for the sake of a good life, not for the sake of life only.”

4.2 “Smart” vs. “smart” When we talk about Smart City the first thing that comes to our mind is a huge, expensive and time consuming interventions in a city, fast developed infrastructure or lots of apps for citizens and tourists. These are all Smart ideas, but what about smart ones? The ideas which are not very expensive or time consuming, but they are “Innovative”, sometimes even “Spontaneous”. Rick Robinson, Executive Architect at IBM specialising in emerging technologies and Smarter Cities, argues about smarter cities in this way: “Use more complete and accurate information to take better-informed, more forward-looking decisions.” Thus to have a smart city, in first place we should be able to make the best use of what we already have, and then try to add new facilities or upgrade existing ones through ICT

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and smart and innovative solutions. For instance; Amsterdam is one of the smartest large cities in Europe, and it ranks high in “Smart People” factor. In this photo is shown a boating race planned by people themselves, in a water pass. This is a smart idea, created by people themselves. In this small event we see involvement of people, creativity, usability and ect. All these are required to make a city “Smart”, with a better quality of life.

Fig. 145. Amsterdam, boating race planned by people

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5. BIOPHILIC DESIGN, “The Architecture of Life”

“Everything is amazing right now and nobody’s happy.” (Louis C.K. American comedian, writer, actor, producer.)

5.1 The term and definition of “Biophilic Design” The term “Biophilia” is made of two particles, “Bio” and “Philia”; Bio is coming from Biology and Philia means the attraction and positive feeling that people have toward certain habitats, activities, and objects in their natural surroundings. Literally the word Biophilia means “an innate love for the natural world, supposed to be felt universally by humankind.” Erich Formm, the German psychologist, used this term for the first time to describe a psychological tendency of being attracted to all that is alive and vital. Edward O. Wilson, American biologist researcher, in his book “Biophilia” presents and popularizes the hypothesis of biophilia. He defines biophilia as “the urge to affiliate with other forms of life” he describes biophilia hypothesis as “the connections that human beings subconsciously seek with the rest of life.”The biophilia hypothesis suggests that there is a relation between human beings and other living systems. Stephen R.Kellert and his colleagues in the book; “Biophilic design”, explain: “biophilic design is an innovative approach that emphasizes the necessity of maintaining, enhancing, and restoring the beneficial experience of nature in the built environment.” Biophilic Design is an innovative way of designing the places where we live, learn and work, aiming to decrease the environmental impact of the built environment and reconnect us to natural world. It can be applied to all different scales, from urban scale to a building design and even to interior design. Biophilic Design seeks to create healthy and productive habits for modern humans. Biophilic attributes are elements and qualities in physical environment which connect us to the physical, psychological, and cognitive benefits derived from direct experiences with nature. These natural attributes bring back life to built environment through the use of design strategies and materials. Some ideas connect biophilic design to green architecture, but indeed biophilic design is much more comprehensive. The leading experts in the biophilic design field hold that “we should bring as much of nature as we can into our everyday environments so as to experience it first-hand; second, we need to shape our built environment to incorporate those same geometrical qualities found in nature” (1). In spite of green architecture merely focusing on means, biophilic design emphasizes on end results, and establishes natural-based habitats for humans to live and work and learn. Architects and planners

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who utilize the ideas of biophilic design create spaces in which humans can truly fulfill their potential. Biophilic design incorporates elements derived from nature in order to maximize human functioning and health. Biophilic design offers humankind lots of benefits. Being in touch with nature in daily bases, works as if they are in particular landscapes, it reduces stress and enhances wellbeing. Since we as human beings are drawn toward certain configurations and natural contents. Prehistoric people inhabited in these landscapes trough their evolution, and human brain was adapted to this environment. Over millennia, in built environment we have somehow blocked this connection. We are so addicted to our built habitats that we cannot imagine one day without them, and we do not notice their disadvantages, so thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s why stress has become a persistent issue in modern cities.

5.2 Biophilic Design Elements There are six elements of Biophilic Design:

1. Environmental Features Bringing well-recognized characteristics of the natural world into the built environment: Colour, water, air, sunlight, plants, animals and natural materials, landscapes and geology.

2. Natural Shapes and Forms Botanical, animal and shell motifs. Shapes resisting straight lines and right angles, arches and vaults and domes (architecture that evokes emotion), simulation of natural features, extending even to biomorphic art, architecture, design.

3. Natural Patterns and processes Varying the sensory experience of a space with time, change, and transitions; complimentary contrasts, the play between balance and tension; rhythm, ratios and use of scale, information richness, fractals and organized complexity.

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4. Light and Space Learning how and why humans react to light in all its forms (warm, cool, shaped, filtered, diffused, inside vs. outside) informs how to use it. The same applies to differing kinds of spaces: Shaped, harmonious, jarring, light and dark, etc.

5. Place-Based Relationships The significance of place is tied to meaning: Historic, cultural, geographic, spiritual, or ecological. With deeper understanding, we can honor and evoke those relationships within the build environment.

6. Evolved Human-Nature Relationships We have been transformed by our complex relationship with Nature, and we still react strongly to the echoes of our long history. We can use design to evoke these powerful reminders, such as Prospect and Refuge; Order and Complexity; Curiosity and Enticement; Mastery and Control; Affection and Attachment; Security and Protection; Exploration and Discovery; Information and Cognition; Fear and Awe.

5.3 Biophilic Design and Sustainability As much as reducing energy consumption is essential for a sustainable city, to meliorate the conditions of where people live, work, learn, heal, and etc is important too. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s already proved the advantages of natural daylight and ventilation in productivity and less number of sick days in office workers and shorter healing process even. It is noteworthy that many biopgilic strategies reduce energy use; more natural ventilation and natural light means less energy consumption and it is exactly the same thing sustainability is trying to achieve. In these days people are more aware that they deserve a healthy environment around them. Contemporary biophilic design seeks to re-connect the built environment with nature through specific strategies including, but not limited to, the use of windows, daylight, fresh air, plants and green spaces. Biophilic design provides the answer to this predicament, preventing harm to both people and nature while facilitating a beneficial

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between the two. To truly achieve sustainability, we need to cultivate our innate and deep love for life.

5.4 The Power of Nature It has been proved that people who feel more comfortable are significantly more productive. Based on biophilic design hypothesis being in contact with natural elements such as sunlight, outdoor air and living plants, has been linked to increase productivity in workers, improvement in student’s scores, and reduced stress, faster healing process, and decreased use of painkillers in patients. Although these strategies are simple and very effective, they are neglected from most of contemporary projects. For instance, hospitals are noticeably far from naturalistic elements. Biohilic design is able to reinvent hospital typology to be more efficient, both medically and environmentally. The essence of biophilic design has been achieved by many different cultures around the world and throughout history. If we look at the past most of the cities were based on this idea, perhaps Le Corbusier’s Radiant City also was a raw intention toward biophilia. Even Archigram’s plug in city has some elements of that. But any how now since modernism disconnected cities and thus their citizens from nature, it will be a process of baby steps to reconnect at the city scale.

5.5 Biophilic City Timothy Beatley, well known internationally sustainable city researcher and author, professor in Virginia university, coined the term “Biophilic Cities” in his book “Biophilic Cities: Integrating Nature into Urban Design and Planning” in 2010. He had introduced “Green Urbanism” in 2009. He presents creative strategies to be used by cities to reduce their ecological footprints and become more livable and equitable places in the process. He explains in his Article “Imagining Biophilic Cities”: “A biophilic City is at its heart a biodiverse city, a city full of nature; a place where in the normal course of work and play and life residents feel, see, and experience rich natureplants, trees, animals.”

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“A biophilic city is more than simply a biodiverse city,” says Beatley. “It is a place that learns from nature and emulates natural systems, incorporates natural forms and images into its buildings and cityscapes, and designs and plans in conjunction with nature.” In Biophilic Cities website is argued in this way: “City planners and urbanists have special opportunities to advance biophilic city design, utilizing a variety of strategies and tools, applied on a number of geographical and governmental scales. The agenda is one that must extend beyond conventional urban parks, and beyond building-centric green design. It is about redefining the very essence of cities as places of wild and restorative nature, from rooftops to roadways to riverfronts. It is about understanding cities as places that already harbor much nature and places that can become, through bold vision and persistent practice, even greener and richer in the nature they contain.” What a biophilic city is or could be is an open question, here are mentioned some of characteristics of a “ Biophilic City”: - Biophilic cities are cities with abundant nature in close proximity to living and working places; biophilic cities are green, organic and natureful. - Citizens of biophilic cities feel a deep connection with the unique flora, and with the climate, topography, and other qualities of environment that serve to define the urban home; in biophilic cities residents recognize easily, common species of trees, flowers, insects and birds and care deeply about them. - Biophilic cities provide abundant opportunities to be outside and to enjoy nature through strolling, hiking, bicycling, exploring; biophilic cities encourage people to be in touch with our mother nature, to spend more time amongst the trees, birds and sunlight. - Biophilic cities appreciate natural forms, shapes, and materials. - In Biophilic cities education about nature and biodiversity is very important, many and varied opportunities to learn about and directly experience nature is provided in biophilic cities; there are many opportunities to join with others in learning about nature, whether though a nature club, or volunteering for nature restoration projects. - Biophilic cities invest in the social and physical infrastructure that helps to bring urbanites in closer connection and understanding of nature. - Biophilic cities recognize the importance of actions to limit the impact of resource use on nature.

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6. CONCLUSION “Ending a novel is almost like putting a child to sleep – it can’t be done abruptly.” (Colm Tóibín, Irish novelist, journalist )

Recently we see new cities rising in the most unlikeliest location in the world, the best example; Masdar City, located close to Abu Dhabi, in a desert area, which was planned to be the world’s first zero-carbon, zero-waste city, but later on due to economical crises, they had to change the plan and try to reduce carbon to as minimum as possible. Another example, is new smart city in China; Guangming. Old and new cities are all trying to get a lable as smart cities, and they vie for the world’s smartest city. Inspite of all of these newly constructed cities, or the old cities that have gone through so many changes and many lables such as “smart city” or Eco City”with the use of technology in people’s daily life, still the words of Loiuse C.K. clearly makes sense: “Everything is amazing right now and nobody’s happy”, the life seems to be much easier than before thanks to technology but no one is satisfied properly yet. The futurologist James Woudhuysen, Professor of Forecasting and Innovation at De Montfort University in Leicester, believes new technology alone is not enough. He argues more: “The idea of smart cities has been around for more than 20 years, but the concept doesn’t necessarily mean much. Architects like the idea of smartness to show that they’re hip about information technology. But in the UK today, lots of big new houses would arguably be a smarter move than lots of new IT.” He points out that great urban changes have often occurred when technologies coincide, the same as what happend in the industrial revolution, creating unpredictable social change. he explaines: “It also helps to have a sense of forward movement in society – that anything is possible. But with so many people fearing climate change, that isn’t the zeitgeist today.” Self-styled freelance futurologist Robin Mannings, a telecommunications expert, does agree with Woudhuysen . he believes: “Successful innovation is hard to predict. Thirty years ago nobody would have dreamed of the smartphone, the iPod or the internet, which have changed our lives. The big things just happen. What matters is not technology, but big ideas. With climate change round the corner, I’m putting my money on floating cities. Why not?” Thus knowing all these, the point is: “what should be done?” or maybe better to ask this way “ why is it like this, is there anything missing, or forgotten?” This thesis wanted to remind all urbanists and planners about the connection of human beings with nature, about the proved benefits of being in touch with nature. Based on

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sufficient experiences, and researches, the movement has already begun the in U.S. New York City is planning to add parks and green spaces to the cities in a way that in 10 minutes distance from each residential house exists a park. Further the Biophilic design, what is presented in this thesis is the answer for the mentioned question, and it has a wider definition than just greenery. Biophilic design principles can be applied in a variety of contexts allowing growth of both people and environment. Human psychology clearly benefits from contact with nature, and inviting nature into our buildings is the ideal way to insure both the continuation of our modern lifestyle and to satisfy our more primitive needs. Positive effects can especially be seen in the realm of healthcare. The typically stressful atmosphere holds tremendous room for improvement, and numerous studies evidence natureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s role in healing. To sum up everything, the built environment needs, interfere with biological human needs to commune with nature or with existing ecological systems. Ancient architects built for their cultures, which were almost always more in touch with the earth compared to the westernized society of the present. Ancients mimicked natureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s forms, producing magnificent structures with which we are still awe. Though biophilic design is a novel concept, in the past they have certainly employed some of its recommendations. Today, we can add another layer to this tradition and ensure maximal benefit for our planet and ourselves.

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