Burma Federal 2nd Editon Final by Satt Ka

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rmwdum Ô jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtrsKd;om;aumifpD (NCUB) OuUÏ}uD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmbdkjr.trSmpm æ Ô jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtrsKd;om;!Gef‹aygif;tpdk;& 0ef}uD;csKyfa'gufwmpdef0if;.trSmpm æ Ô u&ifeDjynf0ef}uD;csKyf ref;atmifoef;av;.trSmpm æ Ô p0fpef‹a&mifa0 (p0f,l*sif;odkuf) .trSmpm æ Ô pma&;ðypkol. trSmpm æ tcef; (1) Ô ya'o&mZfacwfumv (u) ajrjyef@a'o ya'o&mZfrif;rsm; (c) awmifwef;a'o ya'o&mZfrif;rsm; (*) ya'o&mZfbk&ifrsm;ESifh awmifwef;a'oya'o&mZfrif;rsm;qufqHa&;? tcef; (2) Ô t*FvdyfukdvkdeDacwfumvrS vGwfvyfa&;&&Sdonfhtcsdefxd wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;/ e,fajrrsm;taetxm; (u) wkdif;&if;om;rsm;e,fajrrsm;tydkif;tjcm; (c) awmifwef;a'orsm; (Part One [kac:wGifonfh e,fajrrsm;) (*) awmifwef;a'orsm; (Part Two [kac:wGifonfhe,fajrrsm;) (C) u&ifeDjynf oD;jcm;vGwfvyfjcif;ESifhywfoufaom pmcsKyf/ pmapmif/ rSwfwrf;rsm; tcef; (3) Ô vGwfvyfa&;óu;yrf;onfhumv (u) Armjynfr vGwfvyfa&;óu;yrf;jcif; (c) zufqpf*syefacwfumvESifh wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;tajctae (*) 'kwd,urBmppft+yD; Armjynfr EkdifiHa&;Edk;=um;r_ (C) zqyv tzG‹J csKyfESifh awmifwef;a'oacgif;aqmifrsm; pwifawG‹qkH &if;EDS;vmjcif; (i) &Srf;jynfvli,frsm;u (21/1/46) ae@pGjJ zifh zqyvtzG@J csKyfodk@ay;pm (p) &Srf;jynfvli,frsm;u (20/2/46) ae@pGjJ zifh zqyvtzG@J csKyfokd@ay;pm

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ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

u&ifeDjynf0ef}uD;csKyf ref;atmifoef;av;. trSmpm jynf a xmif p k j ref r mEd k i f i H t rsKd ; om;!$ e f @ aygif;tpdk;& zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpka&;&m0ef}uD; cGef; rmwf&u f b kd efu yifvpkH w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&; rS ppfrSefaom 'Drdkua&pDzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkEdkifiH awmfopfwnfaqmufa&;qDo@kd [al ompmtkyu f kd yHEk ydS f xkwfa0&mwGif trSmpma&;ay;&ef tultnDawmif; vmonfudk usaemfhtaejzifh rsm;pGm0rf;ajrmuf0rf; om*k%f,lrdygonf? u&ifeDjynfonf ordkif;0if oD;jcm;vGwf vyfaom jynfwjynfjzpf+yD; usL;ausmfppfudk ESpfaygif; (55) ESpfwdkifwdkif ,ae@txd ckcHwGef;vSefvsuf&Sdonf? jrefrmjynf.jy\emonf 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;qdwfokOf;jcif;jy\emESifh trsKd;om;rsm;wef;wl&nfwl zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;jy\emESpf&yfrS jrpfzsm;cHonf[k ±_jrifonf? ,if;jy\emonf u&ifeDjynftxd xyfwlcHpm;ae=u& onf? u&ifeDjynfonf 'Drdkua&pDta&;ESifh trsKd;om;rsm;wef;wla&;rludk pGJudkif+yD; jrefrmjynftm%m&Sit f yk pf u k kd awmfveS w f u kd yf 0JG if=uonfh wyfaygi;f pkrsm;/ tzG@J tpnf; rsm;ESifh vufwGJwdkufyGJ0if&efcH,lxm;+yD; vufwGJwdkufyGJ0ifv#uf&Sdonf? urBmajray:wGiaf exdik =f uaom urBmv h o l m;rsm;tm;vH;k twGuf 'Dru kd a&pD tajccHvl@tcGifhta&;onf wrsKd;wnf;/ wom;wnf; &Sd&rnfjzpfonf? wdkif;jynfEdkifiH wckwGif EdkifiHa&;ordkif;tajccHESifh e,fajrordkif;tajccH&Sd=uaom trsKd;om;rsm;onf vlrsKd;}uD;i,fr[l vlrsKd;a&;wef;wlnDr#r_/ EdkifiHa&;wef;wlnDr#r_ &Sd=u&rnfjzpfonf? xdkodk@ urBmhvlom;rsm;twGuf vl@tcGifhta&;onf wom;wnf;&Sd=uonf[k cH,l xm;=uygu +idr;f csr;f om,monfh urBmavmu xGe;f vif;vmrnfjzpf+yD; wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsKd;rsm; pkaygif;aexdkif=uaom wdkif;jynfEdkifiHwckonf trsKd;om;rsm; wef;wl&nfwl jynfaxmifpkpdwf"mwf wnfaqmufoGm;ygu/ urBmhtv,fwGif +idrf;csrf;om,m0 ajymonfhEdkifiHwcktjzpf wnfwHhEdkifrnfrv$Jay? xdk@a=umifh yifvHkpdwf"mwf &Sifoefazmfaqmifa&;rS ppfrSefaom 'Drdkua&pD zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfopfwnfaqmufa&;qDodk@ pmtkyfonf 'Drdkua&pD vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh jynfaxmifpktwGif; wdkif;&if;om;rsm;wef;wla&;udk OD;wnfcsuf/

yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

&nfrSef;csuf/ tepfom& tjynfht0azmf!Gef;xm;+yD;jzpfonf? jrefrmjynfESifh u&ifeD jynfwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;onf ,if;pmtkyfudk zwf±_avhvmygu ppfrSefaom zuf' &,fjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmuf&mwGif tajccHvdktyfcsufrsm;jzpfaom yifvHkpdwf"mwf/ trsK;d om;pdw"f mwf/ jynfaxmifppk w d "f mwf wnfaqmufa&;udk rsm;pGmtaxmuftul ðyoGm;vdrfhrnf[k ,Hk=unfyga=umif; a&;om;xkwfazmfvdkufygonf? (ref;atmifoef;av;) u&ifeDjynf 0ef}uD;csKyf 2003 ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv (12) &ufae@?

ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

FOREWORD

Burma, or the Union of Burma, is not only a land of many nations or peoples -- the Mon, Burman, Rakhine, Shan, Kachin, Chin, Karenni, Palaung, Lahu, Lishu, Wa -- but it is a nation-state or a country, founded by a treaty -- the Panglong Accord, signed on February 12, 1947, one year before the Union of Burma came into existence. What is the Panglong Accord, what principles does it stands on? The Panglong accord is a treaty that brought many national states -Ministerial Burma, the Federated Shan States, and the states of the Frontier Areas -- together, to form a nation-state, based on the principle of freedom and the equality of all national states forming the Union of Burma. In political science term, the agreement was to establish a federal union, or a nation-state based on federal structures and principles. This volume looks at the goals of the founding fathers of the Union and the aspirations of the different nations to live in freedom and harmony -- which have still to be fulfilled fifty years later. What transpired after Panglong was that the Union constitution was hastily drawn up, amidst political tensions, namely, the assassination of U Aung San and his interim cabinet, and threats made by the communists and their leftist allies to launch an armed revolution (which they did launch in April 1948). They said that the independence to be obtained through negotiation with the British was a sham, a sell-out by the AFPFL (Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League) to British and imperialist interests. The constitution was drafted and promulgated and in 1947, the British flag was lowered and the Union flag hoisted in the very early morning of January 4th, 1948. It was understood that because the 1947 Union constitution was drawn up in haste, it could be amended any time in the future, through the process of fraternal consultation.

yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

The 1947 Union was not a federal one. The constitution provided for a somewhat de-centralized but unitary, colonial-like arrangement. Ministeral Burma was not a constituent state but occupied instead the position of a Mother country (Pyi-Ma), and the other constituent states did not have their own constitutions, but were appenages of the Pyi-Ma. Nonetheless, in the turburlent and dangerous years following independence, the peoples and leaders of the constituent states -- the Kachin, Shan, Chin, and the Karens (before they were compelled to take up arms), and others -- remained staunchly loyal to the Union government. In 195758, the ruling AFPFL party split into two camps and many cliques, and this was followed by an indirect coup launched by General Ne Win. The military ruled the country as caretakers for two years. The rule of the country by the military, which by then had alienated the ethnic nationalities, pushed the leaders and governments of the constituent states to propose to the government of U Nu (1960-1962) the amendment of the Union constitution to make the Union more federal, as agreed upon at Panglong in 1947. U Nu agreed and while a constitutional seminar was in session in Rangoon, the military led by General Ne Win, staged a coup on March 2, 1962. Ne Win's military regime ruled without a constitution from 1962 onward, and in 1947, it pushed through the second constitution, the 1974 BSPP (Burmese Socialist Program Party, or Lanzin) constitution. This constitution established a one-party state dominated by the military at all levels. Only military or former military officers had any say in national and local affairs. It was a military dictatorship wearing a "socialist" mantle. The Lanzin state and system collapsed in 1988, when the people rose up in a "people's power" uprising. But the military drowned the people's uprising in blood and massed firepower in August, and it has been ruling the country illegitimately and without a constitution ever since.

The leaders of the ethnic nationalities have for many decades consistently held the position that for the Union of Burma to prosper, be stable, peaceful, and united, the fundamental issue to be looked into is the constitution of the country, particularly from the standpoint that, one, the country is a multi-ethnic one, and two, that it was envisioned in 1947 at Panglong, that the union of national states (Pyi-daungzu) would be a federal one.

ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

This volume that deals with the federalism question and related issues is a timely one, and will be useful to all readers, especially those who desire to know more about the so-called ethnic conflicts and problems in Burma. It will also be invaluable to leaders seeking for a viable solution to the question of how different terrorities may be formed into a strong and lasting union and how diverse ethnic and cultural can live in harmony and solidarity under one flag.

Dr. Chao-Tzang Yawnghwe Consult-Advisor The Movement for Democracy was a one-party February 12, 2003

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a=umif;udkvnf;aumif;/ zufqpfppftkyfpk jyefvnftkyfpdk;ygu 'Drdkua&pDtajccHvl@tcGifhta&; qdwo f Ok ;f jcif;jy\emESihf jynfow l &yfv;kH wd@k . pm;0wfaea&; qif;&J'u k rQ sK;d pHck pH m;&jcif;jy\em onfvnf; oHo&mwausmhjyefvnfvmrnfjzpfa=umif;udkvnf;aumif; ponfh EdkifiHa&;tod tjrifE;kd =um;vmygu yifvpkH w d "f mwf/ trsK;d om;pdw"f mwfjyefvnf&iS o f efazmfaqmifEikd rf nfjzpf +yD; ppfreS af om'Dru kd a&pDzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk ikd if aH wmfopfwnfaxmifa&;udk OD;wnfomG ;Edik f rnfjzpfayonf? ,ae@ jynfolvlxktrsm;pkonf 'Drdkua&pDta&;/ vl@tcGifhta&;udk tjrefqHk; &&SdcH pm;vdk=uaomfvnf;/ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; wef;wla&;jzpfonfh zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkEdkifiH awmfwnfaqmufa&;udkrl oabmaygufolenf;yg;aeao;a=umif; awG@&Sd&onf? EdkifiHa&;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;/ EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;onfyifv#if 'Drdkua&pDvl@tcGifhta&;ESifhpyfvsOf;I pmtkyf rsm;/ pmapmifrsm;/ owif;rsm; trsK;d rsK;d a&;om;jzef@a0xkwv f i$ =hf uaomfvnf; wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;wef;wla&;jzpfaom zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;ESifhpyfvsOf;I pmtkyfrsm;/ pmapmifrsm;/ owif;rsm; a&;om;jzef@a0xkwfv$ifhjcif; tvGefenf;yg;a=umif; awG@&Sd&ayonf? odk@jzpfI wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;tm;vHk;onf aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tajccHjzpfaom wef;wla&;pdw"f mwf/ yifvpkH w d "f mwf/ jynfaxmifppk w d "f mwf jyefvnfay:xGe;f vmI ppfreS af om 'Dru kd a&pDzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk ikd if aH wmfwnfaqmufa&;twGuf wbufwvrf;rS taxmuf tulðyap&eftvdk@iSm T “yifvkHpdwf"mwf &Sifoefazmfaqmifa&;rS ppfrSefaom zuff'&,fjynf axmifpkEdkifiHawmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDodk@”pmtkyfudk a&;om;ðypkwifjyvdkuf&ayonf? pma&;ðypkol cGe;f rwf&u f b kd ef jynfov l w $ af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f u,ef;trsK;d om;pnf;vk;H nD!w G af &; 'Dru kd a&pDtzJ@G / z,fcòHk rŒe,f 2003 ck/ azaz:0g&Dv (12) &ufae@//

ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

tcef; (1) ya'o&mZfacwfumv wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;jzpf=uaom ucsif/ u&if/ u&ifeD/ csif;/ Arm/ rGef/ &Srf;/ &ckdif ponfh vlrsK;d rsm;onf a&S;ya0o%D ya'o&mZftyk pf ;dk pOfumvuwnf;u uk, d b hf &k if/ uk, d ahf pmfbmG ;/ uk, d hf 'l;0g;/ ukd,fhapmzsm/ ukd,fhapmfu/J ukd,fhawmifykdif &rftkyfrif;rsm;wifajr‡mufI ukd,fhxD;/ ukd,fheef;/ ukd,fha[mf/ ukd,fh=uiSef;ESifh xD;jzLaqmif;/ a&$xD;aqmif;/ a&$"g;vG,fukdif/ aiG"g;vG,fukdif taqmif ta,miftrsKd;rsKd;jzifh oD;jcm;vGwfvyfpGm tkyfcsKyfaexkdifvmcJh=uonf? (u) ajrjyef ha'o ya'o&mZfrif;rsm; vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;vG,fulaom {&m0wDjrpf/ ppfawmif;jrpf/ oHvGifjrpf0Srf;a'ow av#mufwGif&Sdaom ya'o&mZfrif;rsm;onf tm%mòyif=u&mrS rif;vufeufukdifEkdifiHxlaxmif&ef ud, k v hf rl sK;d tcsi;f csi;f vnf; wdu k cf u kd cf =hJ uouJo h @kd tjcm;vlrsK;d jcm;ESiv hf nf; wku d cf u dk cf =hJ uonf? xdo k @kd tm%mòyifppfyGrJ sm; tjyeftvSefwkdufckduf=uaomfvnf; yk*Hjynf/ ok0Àblrd oxHkjynf/ rkwWrjynf/ yJcl;[Hom0wDjynf/ oa&acwW&mjynf/ yif;,jynf/ jrifpdkif;jynf/ rdk;n‡if;jynf/ rdk;aumif;jynf/ ppf ukdif;jynf/ tif;0jynf/ auwkrwD awmifiljynf/ tr&yl&jynf/ rEWav; (&wemykH) jynf paom rif; vufeufEkdifiHrsm;/ òrŒjyEkdifiHrsm;/ wkdif; i,fjynfi,frsm;/ acwfrsm;òyifI ay:aygufchJonf? wacwf+yD; wacwf tckduftwhHtm;jzifh ay:aygufchJonf? odk@aomfvnf; wnfwHhckdif+rJr_um; r&Sdacs? rif;vuf eufEkdifiHrsm; wnfwHhckdif+rJr_r&Sdjcif;onf tiftm;}uD;olu tiftm;enf;olukd ppfa&;jzifhtEdkifusifh wkdufckduf/ vk,uf/ zsufqD;/ owfjzwf+yD; rif;vufeufEkdifiHxlaxmif&ef twif;oGwfoGif;onfh ppfbk&ifpepfqdk;. ppftedVm¶kHa=umifhyifjzpfonf? ppfbk&ifrsm;acwfumvwav#mufvkH;wGif wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; tcsif;csif; pnf;vkH;pkpnf;=u+yD;/ trsKd;om;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tiftm;jzifh jynfaxmifpkEkdifiHykHpHrsKd; rwnfaqmufEkdifcJhay? yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

tcef; (2)

(c) awmifwef;a'o ya'o&mZfrif;rsm; awmifwef;a'o ya'o&mZfrif;rsm;jzpf=uaom &Sr;f apmfbmG ;rsm;/ ucsif 'l;0g;rsm;/ u&ifeD apmzsmrsm;/ u&ifapmfuJrsm;/ csif;&rftkyfrif;rsm;onf qufqHa&;rajyvnfr_rsm;a=umifh we,fESifh we,f tjyeftvSefwkdufckdufchJ=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; rif;vufeufEdkifiH/ òr@jyEkdifiH/ wkdif;i,fjynf i,frsm;tjzpf pkpnf;xlaxmif&ef wOD;e,fajr wOD;odr;f ,lxm;Edik o f nftxd }uD;us,af omppfyrJG sm; wkdufckduf=ujcif; r&Sdacs? rdrdwkd@ ya'o&mZf udk,fydkife,fajrrsm;tjzpfom }uD;i,frcJGjcm;bJ wef;wl &nfwl oD;jcm;vGwfvyfpGm twl,SOfwu GJ m aexkdifvmcJh=uonf? (*) ya'o&mZfbk&ifrsm;ESifh awmifwef;a'oya'o&mZfrif;rsm; qufqaH &; ya'o&mZfb&k ifrsm;ESihf awmifwef;a'o ya'o&mZfrif;rsm;. qufqaH &;onf txuf atmuftkyfpkd;olESifh tkyfpkd;cH&olwkd@. qufqHa&;rsKd;r[kwfay? tcsKyftjcmtm%m ykdifpkd;rdk;r_vnf; vkH;0r&Sday? Oyrm æ 0ef;okad pmfbmG ;}uD; OD;atmifjrwfonf rif;wke;f rif;bk&if. &Siðf yom;jzpf+yD; jrefrm bk&ifESifh t&if;ESD;qkH;aom &Srf;apmfbGm;jzpfonf? odk@&mwGif 0ef;okdapmfbGm;onf tcsKyftm%m tm;vkH;onf ‚.vufxw J Gifyif&Sdonf? xdkenf;wl 0ef;odkapmfbGm;e,fuhJodk@aom tcsK@de,frsm; onf =oZmcHtqifh xD;&Heef;&HtqifhwGif&Sdaomfvnf; tcsKyftjcmtm%mtm;vkH;onf ‚wkd@ toD;oD;. vufxw J iG yf if&o dS nf? ya'o&mZftm%mykid jf zpfaom bk&ifrsm;/ apmfbmG ;rsm;/ 'l;0g;rsm;/ apmzsmrsm;/ apmfuJrsm;/ &rftkyfrsm; tcsif;csif; tjyeftvSefqufqH=uonf? bk&ifrsm;ESifhe,f&Sif rsm;. rSL;}uD;rwf&mrsm;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mykdifrsm; wkduf¶kdufqufqHr_r&Sday? tcsKd@e,frsm;onf orD;unmay;,ljcif;jzifh aqGrsK;d qufpyf=ujcif;/ a&$yef;ckid /f aiGyef;ckid /f a'oxGuyf pPn;f rsm; tjyeft vSef vufaqmifay;=ujcif;jzifh csp=f unfa&;wnfaqmuf=uonf? ppfcsw D uf=uonft h cg ppfom;rsm; pkaqmif;ay;yk@d uln=D uonf? TonfrmS bk&ifrsm;ESihf e,f&iS rf sm;.qufqaH &;jzpf+yD; rdrw d @dk . e,fajr tkyfcsKyfa&;rSm ukd,fykdifjyXmef;cGifh/ ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh tjynfht0&Sda=umif;awG@&onf? xkd@a=umifh bk&ifukd aexGufbk&if/ apmfbGm;ukd ae0ifbk&if[k ordkif;pmrsm;wGif wifpm;ac:a0:okH;pG=J ujcif;onf vufatmufcHr[kwfa=umif; xif&Sm;ayonf?

ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

tcef; (2) t*Fvyd u f v dk edk aD cwfumvrS vGwv f yfa&;&csdet f xd wkid ;f &if;om;e,fajrrsm; taetxm; wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;. e,fajrrsm;taetxm;udk orkdif;t& ðcHikHIavhvmygu ya' o&mZfacwfup 1948 ck/ t*FvdyfvufatmufrS vGwfajrmufvmonftxd tm%mykdifwOD; wnf;.vufatmufwGif jrefrmEkdifiHawmf (State of Burma) taejzifh e,fajrrsm; wpkwpnf; wnf;twGif; aexkdifvm=ujcif;r[kwfay? a'oe,fajrtvkduf vlrsKd;pktvkduf oD;jcm;aexkdifvm cJh=uonfrSm orkdif;0iftcsuftvufyifjzpfonf? pkpnf;+yD; pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfaom wdkif;&if;om;rsm; e,fajrudk e,fcs@J t*Fvyd u f vma&mufyidk ;f jcm;jcif;jzifh pdw0f rf;uGjJ ym;r_&o dS nf[al om t,ltqonf e,fcs›q J ef@usifa&;w&m;yGrJ sm; acwfumvtwGif; tmaygiftm&if;oefoefjzifh a[majymIaumif; aom tqifhwGifom&Sdonf? trSefrSm rlvuyif oD;jcm;pDwnf&Sd=uonfh wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;e,fajr rsm;ukd aoG;rpnf;rdatmif t*Fvdyfwkd@u oyfo#Kdóu;yrf;cJhonf[k rSwf,l&rnfjzpfonf? TwGif ra0;vSaomorkdif;a=umif;ukd jyef=unfhrnfqkdygu t*FvdyfukdvkdeDe,fcs@J u ‚ wkd@. udkvdkeDukd,fusKd;twGufESifh wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;e,fajrrsm;. aemufcHorkdif;a=umif; rwlnDuGJ jym;jcm;em;wnf&adS ejcif;udt k a=umif;ðy+yD; wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d e,fajrrsm;udk atmufygtwkid ;f tykid ;f (4) ykdif; cGjJ cm;owfrSwfxm;a=umif; awG@&onf? (u) wkid f;&if;om;rsm;e,fajrrsm;tydkif;tjcm; (4) rsKd; 1? &cdkifa'o/ rGefa'o/ Arma'orsm;udkaygif;v#uf Armjynfr (Burma Proper) [k ac: a0:okH;pJGvmojzifh Armjynfr Burma Proper [kac:a0:oHk;pGJvmojzifh jrefrmjynf/ jrefrm EdkifiH[lI urBmay:wGif pwifay:aygufoHk;pGv J monf? t*Fvdyftpkd;&u wkduf¶kduftkyfcsKyf onfhe,fajrjzpf+yD; aemifwGif 91 Xme0ef}uD;tpkd;&tkyfcsKyfonfh e,fajrjzpfonf? ,ae@ vuf&SdrGefjynfe,fESifh &ckdifjynfe,fonf t*Fvdyftpdk;&vufxufrS 1974 ckESpftxd Arm jynfrwGif xnfhoGif;xm;onf? ,ck ppfudkif;wdkif;onf Armjynfre,fajrtpdwftydkif; tjyif Part One (ac:) Z,m; (1)/ udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&e,fajrrsm;jzpfaom taemuf zuf&Srf;jynfjzpfonfh aomifoGyfe,f/ qifuvdkufcEDW;e,f/ cEDW;vkHe,f/ aqmr&e,fy,f (ac:) em*awmifwef;a'o/ txufcsif;wGif;a'oe,fajrig;cktjyif t*Fvdyfbk&ifcHu tkycf sKyfa&;oD;oef@xm;&Sad om Part Two (ac:) Z,m; (2) e,fajrjzpfonfh txufcsi;f wGi;f pD&ifpk&Sd [krRvif; qrf'D0DZH/ wrl;òrŒe,f armvdkufaus;vufa'o toD;oD;pkpnf;yg0if onf? 2? u&ifeaD pmzsme,frsm; pkpnf;xm;aom u&ifejD ynf (Armrif;wke;f rif;ud, k pf m; uif;0ef rif;}uD;ESifh t*Fvdyfbk&ifcHudk,fpm; qma'gufuvyfazghqufwdk@ 1875 ck/ ZGefv 21 &ufae@wGif csKyfqdkxm;aompmcsKyft& oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaome,fajrtjzpf qufvuf todtrSwfðyxm;aome,fajrjzpfonf? t*Fvdyfu pdwfóuufe,fedrdwfowfrSwfxm; yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

+yD;/ ,ckvuf&Sd u&ifeDjynfjzpfonf?) 3? awmif}uD;/ uavm/ aròrŒ/ vm¶_d;/ vGKdifvif/ vGKdifarG/ oHawmif ponfhòrŒrsm; (awmif ay:pcef;òrŒrsm;tjzpf oD;oef@tkyfcsKyfa&;xm;&Sdonf? ,ck aròrŒonf rEWav;wdkif;wGif vnf;aumif;/ oHawmifòrŒonf u&ifjynfwGifvnf;aumif;/ awmif}uD;/ vm¶_d;/ uavm/ vGdKifvif/ vGKdifarGòrŒrsm;onf &Srf;jynfwGifyg0ifonf?) 4? awmifwef;a'orsm;[lI txufygtwdik ;f tydik ;f (4) rsK;d ydik ;f jcm;wnf&adS =umif; awG@&&dS onf? tykdif; 4? awmifwef;a'orsm;[kac:a0:onfh e,fajrrsm;xJwGif Part One (ac:) uk, d yf idk f tkyfcsKyfcGifh& e,fajrrsm; (10) ckESifh Part Two (ac:) bk&ifcHu tkyfcsKyfa&;oD;oef@xm;&Sd aome,fajrrsm; (3) ydkif;[lI atmufygtwdkif; ESpfrsKd;xyfrHowfrSwfxm;a=umif; awG@&Sd &onf? (c) awmifwef;a'orsm; (Part One) ac:wGio f nfeh ,fajrrsm; Government of Burma Act-1935 SECOND SCHEDULE ! Areas in Burma to which special provisions apply Part One

- (ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& e,fajrrsm;)

(1) The Federated Shan States as specified in Notification No.31, dated 27th September 1922, of the Political Department of the Government of Burma as amended by any subsequent notification made before the commencement of this Act zuf'&,fjynf

axmifp&k rS ;f jynf? (,ck vuf&&dS rS ;f jynfjzpf+yD; &Sr;f apmfbmG ;rsm; Part One e,fajrrsm;jzifo h m pkpnf;yg0ifonf?) (2) The Shan States specified in Notification No.41, dated 5th October, 1922, of

the

Political Department of the Government of Burma, as amended by any subsequent notification made before the commencement or this Act other than the Federated Shan

zuf'&,f&Srf;jynfaxmifpkwGif xnfhoGif;jcif;rðyonfh &Srf;apmfbGm;e,fjzpfaom aomifoGyfe,f/ qifuvkdufcEWD;e,f/ cEWD;vkHe,fwkd@jzpfonf? (,ck ppfukdif;wkdif;ajrmufydkif; wGif pkpnf;yg0ifonf?) States.

(3) The Arakan Hill Tracts. &ckid af wmifwef;a'orsm; (ac:) yvuf0a'oESihf ajrmufyidk ;f &Sd awmifwef;a'orsm;? (,ck csif;jynfwGif pkpnf;yg0ifonf?) ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

(4)

The Chin Hill District.

csif;&rftkyfrsm;e,fajr csif;awmifwef;a'o/ (,ck csif;jynfwGifyg0ifonf? vuf&Sdcsif;jynfonf csif;&rftkyfe,fajrrsm;ESifh Part One &cdkifawmifwef;a'oe,fajr rsm;jzifh pkpnf;yg0ifonf?) (5)

The Kachin Hill Tracts of the Myitkyina, Bhamo and Katha District.

jrpf}uD;em;/ Aef;armfESifh uom/ pD&ifpkrsm;twGif; ucsif'l;0g;rsm;e,fajr/ ucsif trsKd;om;rsm;aexkdifonfha'ojzpfonf? (,ck ucsifjynfwGifyg0ifonf? vuf&Sd ucsifjynfonf ucsif'l;0g;e,fajrrsm;/ Part One e,fajrrsm;ESifh Part Two e,fajrrsm;jzifh pkpnf;yg0ifonf?) (6) The Somra Tract. aqmfr&e,fy,f? (em*awmifwef;a'o vuf&Sdppfudkif;wdkif;ajrmufydkif;wGif pkpnf;yg0ifonf?) (7) They are known as the Triangle. }wd*He,fajrqkdonfh arcESifhrvdcjrpfESpfoG,f=um;&Sda'o? (,ck ucsifjynfwGif pkpnf;yg0ifonf?) (8) The area known as the Hukawing Valley lying to the north of the Upper Chindwin District.

txufcsif;wGif;a'oESifh [l;aumif;awmif=um;a'ojzpfonf? (,ck ppfukdif; wkdif;ajrmufydkif;ESifh ucsifjynfwGif pkpnf;yg0ifonf?) (9)

The Salween District.

oHvGifc¶kdifjzpfonf? (,cku&ifjynfwGifyg0ifonf? 1952 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmv (7) &ufae@wGif oHvGifc¶kdifac:zmyGefe,fESifh bm;tH/ v_dif;bGJ@/ oHawmife,frsm;ukd pkpnf;Iu&ifjynftjzpfowfrw S o f nf? 1954 ckEpS f ZGev f (1) &ufae@wiG f aumhu&dwEf iS hf =umtif;qdyf}uD;e,frsm;tygt0if u&ifjynftjzpf wdk;csJ@owfrSwfonf? xkd@a=umifh vuf&Sdu&ifjynfonf Part One e,fajrESihf Part Two e,fajrrsm;jzifh pkpnf;yg0ifonf?) (10) All tribal territories which at the date of coming into operation of this Act are unadministered.

t*FvdyftkyfcsKyfa&; vkH;0vufvSrf;rrDaom e,fajra'orsm;? (Oyrm ‘0’ apmfbGm;rsm;e,fajr/ Wa states/ ,ckvuf&Sd &Srf;jynfwGif pkpnf;yg0ifonf?) yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

txufaz:jyaom Part one e,fajrrsm; (10) ckonf oD;jcm;udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&Sdaom e,fajrrsm;jzpf+yD;/ t*Fvdyfbk&ifu vHk;0wm0ef,lxm;onf? Armjynfr 0ef}uD;tzGJ@tpdk;&u 0if a&mufpGufzufydkifcGifhr¶Sdacs? (*) awmifwef;a'orsm; Part Two ac:wGifonfh e,fajrrsm; Part Two

(1) Such Parts of the Myitkyina and Bhamo Districts as are not included in Part One of this Schedule.

- Part one wGifryg0ifonfh jrpf}uD;em;ESifh Aef;armfwdk@rS tpdwftydkif;rsm;? (,ck ucsifjynf wGifpkpnf;yg0ifonf) (2) Such Parts of the Upper Chindwin District as constitute the Homalin sub-division together with the village tracts which were included in the former Tamu township of the Mawlaik sub-division on the preceding abolition.

- txufcsif;wGif;pD&ifpk¶Sd [krRvif;qrf'D0DZH/ ,ckwrl;òrŒe,f armfvdkufaus;vufa'o rsm;? (,ck ppfudkif;wkdif;ajrmufydkif;wGif pkpnf;yg0ifonf?) (3) The Kyain township, the Myawady Circle of the Kawkareik township, and so much of the Karen Hill tracts in the eastern half of the Toungoo District and the Thaton District as may be prescribed by His Majesty in Council.

- =umtif;òrŒe,f/ aumhu&dwfòrŒe,frS jr0wDwdkufe,f/ awmifilpD&ifpk ta&S›bufjcrf;ESifh oxHkpD&ifpk&Sdawmifwef;a'orsm;jzpfonf? (,cku&ifjynfwGif pkpnf;yg0ifonf?) Part two a'orsm;okH;ckonf Armjynfr0ef}uD;tpkd;&tzG@J u t=uH^m%fay;Ekdif aomfvnf; bk&ifcH.tqkH;tjzwfonfom t"dutwnfjzpfonf?

txufaz:jyyg (Armjynfr/ u&ifeDjynf/ awmifay:pcef;òrŒrsm;/ Part One awmifwef; a'orsm; (10) ckESifh Part two awmifwef;a'orsm;okH;ck e,fajrrsm;tm;vHk;onf t*Fvdyftpkd;& vufxufrS vGwfvyfa&;&&Sdonfhtcsdefxd wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;.e,fajrrsm; taetxm;rSefjzpf onf?

ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

jrpf } uD ; em;

[k r R v if ;

u o m Aef ; arm f wrl ; armf v d k u f

awmif i l

oxk H Õ ajryHkay:wGif azmfjyxm;aom*%ef;rsm;onf tydkif; (1) e,fajrtwGif; usa&mufaome,fajrrsm;jzpf onf? tydkif;(2)e,fajrrsm;twGuf ajryHkwGifcef@rSef;Edkif ygonf? teD;pyfqkH; ajrykHt!$ef;azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf?

yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

(C) u&ifeDjynf oD;jcm;vGwfvyfjcif;ESifhywfoufaom pmcsKyf/ pmapmif/ rSwfwrf;rsm;? Treaty AGREEMENT REGARDING THE INDEPENDENCE OF WESTERN KARENNI

1875 In accordance with the request of His Excellency the Viceroy of India that Western Karenni should be allowed to remain separate and independent, His Majesty the King of Burma, taking into consideration the great friendship existing between the two great countries and the desire that the friendship may be fasting and permanent, agreed that no sovereignty or governing authority of any decription shall be exercised or claimed in western Karenni andHis Excellency the Kinwoon Mengyee, Minister for Foreign Affairs, on the part of His Majesty the King of Burma, and the Honourable Sir Douglas Forsyth, C.B.K.C.S.I..,envoy on the part of His Excellency the Viceroy and Governor-General of India, execute the following agreement;Agreement.- It is hereby agreed between the British and Burmese Government that the State of Western Karenni shall remain separate and independent, and that no sovereignty or governing of any description shall be claimed or exercised over that State. Whereunto we have on this day, the 21st day of June 1875 corresponding with the 3rd day of the Waning moon of Nayoung 1237 B.E., affixed our seals and signature.

Seal .(Sd.) TD Forsyth

Seal (Sd.) Kin-Woon Mengyee

ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

t*Fvyd t f pd;k &ESihf Armrif;tpd;k & csKyfqakd ompmcsKyf jrefrmouU&mZf (1237) ck/ c&pfouU&mZf (1875) ckESpf u&ifeDjynf. vGwf vyfa&;udktodtrSwfðyaompmcsKyfrSm t*FvdyfvdkcsKyfqdkxm;+yD; ‚udk Armokd@jyefvdkuf ygu atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf? u&ifeDjynfe,fudk uef@owfoD;oef@vGwfvyfpGmaexdkifcGifhqufvufðy&ef awmif;yefvm$ yd@k qufc&hJ m/ jrefrmbk&ifrif;jrwfonf jrefrmESi+hf Adwo d # ESpjf ynfaxmifw@kd . r[mrdwfqufqHr_ a&S@odk@cdkif+rJapr_udk&nf&G,fv#uf u&ifeDjynfudk rnfolur# wefcdk; v$r;f rd;k csKyfcs,t f a&;qdu k sL;vGejf cif;rðyvky&f ef vdu k af vsmpGmoabmwlnD cGiðhf yawmfrcl hJ av&m Edik if jH cm;a&; uif;0efrif;}uD;tm; jrefrmbk&if. ud, k pf m;vS,af wmftjzpfjzifv h nf; aumif;/ (Honourable Sir Douglas Forsyth) qma'gh wuvyf (pf) azghquftm; tdENd, bk&ifcHcsKyf. udk,fpm;vS,fawmftjzpfjzifhvnf;aumif;/ oabmwl r[mrdwfpmcsKyfudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJh=uonf? pmcsKyf ? ? ESpfOD;oabmwlcsKyfqdkonfh TpmcsKyft&/ u&ifeDjynfudk rnfolwOD; wa,mufur# pDrcH ef@cJG pd;k rd;k csKyfcs,jf cif;rðy&bJ oD;oef@xm;vsuf vGwv f yfaom “tif 'Dyif;'if”h tcGit hf a&;ay;&ef jrefrmbk&iftpd;k &ESihf +Adwo d #tpd;k &wd@k ESpOf ;D ESpb f uf oabm wlnD=ua=umif;? ,if;odk@aom yÉdnmOf0efcHcsufjzifh c&pfouU&mZf (1875) ckESpf/ *|efv (21) &uf/ jrefrmouU&mZf (1237) ckESpf/ e,kefvqkwf (3) &ufae@wGif u|Efkyfwdk@ qdkif&m wHqdyfawmfrsm;ESifhwuG atmufwGifvufrSwfa&;xdk;=ua=umif;?

pmcHawmf yHk§wD'Daz:qvf

yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

wHqdyfawmf yHk§uif;0efrif;=uD;

LOIKAW 26 JUNE 1947 The Karenni States cannot take part in the Constituent Assembly discussions on the Shan State are not the same status as the Karenni State. Burma has not yet become an independent State. The White Karens, Shan, Chins, Kachins and Arakanese are now merely beginning to discuss the future constitution of Burma and any draft constitution they produce will have to be placed before the British Parliament, for the Constituent Assembly itself has no power to finalise the constitution except with the sanction of the British Parliament. It should be clear to all that the present Constituent Assembly has no power or authority of itself. The Constituent Assembly is drawing up the constitution with the sanction of the masses but that constitution can never become law until Parliament agrees. Only when that agreement is obtained will Burma become an independent country. At Government House at 3;30 pm on 20-6-47 the Governor informed the Karenni delegation that as Karenni was inhabitants with full sovereign the British Government could do nothing about Karenni without the consent of the inhabitants them selves. Therefore it should be quite clear to anyone who knows about politics that an independent country like karenni cannot take part in an Assembly which is now merely a proposed constitution for a country merely about to become independent. When Burma has achieve independence, karenni will be prepared to enter into aneaty of alliance with her or with whatever is in power at that time.

(sd) U Bee Tu Ree (sd) Saw Thein.

ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

wdkif;oljynfom;taygif;wdk@ æ Armjynfjzpfwdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmfwGif vGwfvyfaomArmjynf. tem*wf tkyfcsKyfa&;pnf;rsOf;a&;qGJ&mY u&ifeDe,frsm;twGuf rygEkdifacs? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf jrefrmjynf/ &Srf;jynfwdk@onf u&ifeDe,frsm;uJhodk@ tqifhtwef;rwlacs? jrefrmjynfonf rvGwfvyfao;ay? vGwfvyfpGmtkyfcsKyfEdkif&eftwGuf jrefrmjynf. tem*wftkyfcsKyfa&;udk ,ckrSomv#if u&ifjzL/ &Srf;/ ucsif/ &cdkif/ *sif;azgpaom acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;ESifh wdkifyif aqG;aEG;v#uf tkyfcsKyfa&;pnf;rsOf;udk pwifa&;qGv J #ufyif&Sdayonf? ‚vuf&Sda&;qGaJ om tkyfcsKyfa&;pnf;rsOf;udk t*FvdyfygvDrefv$wfawmfwGif wifoGif;&rnf? ,ck jrefrmjynftem *wf tkycf sKyfa&;pnf;rsO;f a&;qGaJ omtzG@J onf bmrStm%mr&Sad o;onfukd wdik ;f oljynfom; wdk@ odoifhayonf? odk@twGuf ‚wdk@tvdk&Sda&;qGaJ om jrefrmEdkifiH vHk;0tm%mydkiftkyfcsLyf a&;pnf;rsOf;onf vlxktay:wGif&Sdonf[kqdkxm;aomfvnf; trSefpifppf t*FvdyfygvDref. oabmwlncD su&f &Srd o S mv#if vH;k 0tm%mydik v f w G v f yfaom jrefrmjynftyk cf sKyfa&;udk &&SEd ikd f vdrfhrnf? u&ifeDe,frsm;onf vHk;0tm%mydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;&&Sdxm;av+yD? u&ifeDe,frsm; oabmrwlEdkifbJ t*Fvdyftpdk;&u bmrSrvkyfEdkifa=umif;udk (20-6-47) &ufae@ &efukefòrŒ wGif nae (3;30) em&Dct JG csed f bk&ifct H rd af wmfY awG@qpkH Oftcg bk&ifcu H , kd w f ikd 0f efcaH vonf? odk@twGuf u&ifeDe,frsm;onf vGwfvyf+yD;aome,frsm;jzpfonfhtwGuf jrefrmjynf vHk;0 tm%mydkifvGwfvyfa&;twGuf a&;qGo J nfhpnf;rsOf;xJwGif ryg0ifxdkufao;a=umif;udk EdkifiH a&;em;vnfolwdkif; odoifhayonf? jrefrmjynfonf wu,fhvGwfvyfa&;&+yD;onfhaemufrSmomv#if ESpfjynf wjynf pmcsKyf r[mrdwt f aeESihf a&;qGo J ifah yonf? jrefrmjynfonf vGwv f yfa&;&&S+d yD;onfah emuf rnfonfhtzG@J / ygwD/ tpdk;&jzpfrnfudkvnf; u|Efkyfwdk@ vHk;0rodEdkifacs? odk@twGuf jrefrmjynf onf vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;&&Sd+yD;aemuf tpdk;&jzpfonfhtzGJ@ESifh txufazmfjyygtwdkif; r[m rdwt f aeESihf pmcsKyfðyvky&f rnfjzpfa=umif;udk od&edS m;vnf&ef xkwaf zmfa&;om;vdu k jf cif;jzpf onf? vGdKifaumfòrŒ 26-6-47

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u&ifeDudk,fpm;vS,f (yHk) OD;bDwl&D§apmodef;

usaemfpma&;ðypkolonf txufyg xkwfjyefa=unmcsufESifhywfoufI um,uH&Sifp0f odef;udk ar;zl;ygonf? pyfodef;onf uEW&0wDe,f e,f&Sifapmhzsmp0fv0D. om;awmfpyfoljzpfonf? p0foed ;f &Si;f jyonfrmS u&ifeaD cgi;f aqmifwOD;jzpfol odik ;f b[efonf Armwdik ;f ðyjynfðyv$waf wmfu zG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'rl=urf;a&;qG&J mrSm oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom u|Efkyfwdk@u&ifeDjynfudk xnfh oGi;f xm;a=umif; tpnf;ta0;wGif vma&mufwifjyonf? u&ifejD ynfacgi;f aqmifrsm;u usaemfEiS hf OD;bDwl&Dudk oGm;a&mufuef@uGuf&ef wm0efay;tyfojzifh usaemfwdk@ &efukefqif;oGm;=uonf? xdkacwfumvrSm pm&Gufpmwrf;tvGef&Sm;yg;aomtcsdefjzpfonf? usaemfESifh OD;bDwl&D vrf;av#mufoGm;pOf rar#mfvifhbJ vrf;ay:rSm jzLazG;aompm&Gufw&Gufaumuf&I usaemfwdk@ wdkifyif=u+yD; t*Fvdyfbk&ifcHxH pma&;vdkufa=umif;/ pmta=umif;t&mrSm oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom u&ifejD ynfpmcsKyfEiS yhf wfoufI ,ck t*Fvyd t f aejzifh b,fvo kd abmxm;ygovJqo kd nft h csuEf iS hf Armwdik ;f ðyjynfðyv$waf wmfonf tem*wfz@JG pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccH Oya'rl=urf;a&;qG&J mwGif u&ifeD jynfudk xnfhoGif;xm;onf[k od&a=umif;/ oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom u&ifeDjynftay: b,fvdkxdcdkuf apEdik o f nf[k xifjrifygovJqo kd nft h csuEf pS cf suu f kd bk&ifcu H , kd w f ikd Ef iS hf oGm;awG@ar;jref;+yD; a&;xm; aompmudkvnf; ay;vdkufonf? bk&ifcu H t*Fvyd Ef iS hf Arm/ u&ifejD ynfukd oD;jcm;vGwv f yfaome,fajrjzpfa=umif; tod trSwfðyxm;aompmcsKyfudk t*Fvdyfu qufvufav;pm;tod trSwfðyxm;a=umif;/ u&ifeD oabmxm;rygbJ rnfolurS pmcsKyftay: rzsufqD;Edkifa=umif;/ ,if;pmcsKyfonf u&ifeDtay:rSm t"durlwnfa=umif;/ ArmjynfEiS hf aygi;f a&; raygi;f a&;onf u&ifejD ynf.oabmxm;tay: rlwnf a=umif;[k bk&ifcHu &Sif;vif;ajymqkdygonf? xdk@a=umifh usaemfESifhOD;bDwl&Donf u&ifeDjynfodk@jyefoGm;+yD; xkwfjyefa=unmcsufudk xkwfjyefvdkufjcif;jzpfonf[k pyfodef;u usaemfhudk &Sif;jyzl;ygonf? pyfodef;onf touf (80) ausmf&Sd+yD; ,ae@xd vGKdifaumfwGifaexdkifygonf?

ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

&Srf;/ u,m;jynfrsm;ESifhqufqHa&;pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;ESifhqkdifaomrSwfpmv$m ArmEkdifiHawmfY wyfcsv#uf&Sdaom *syefwyfrawmf}uD;. ppfaoemywdESifh ArmEkdifiH 0ef}uD;csKyfonf ArmEkdifiHESifh &Srf;e,f/ u&ifeDe,frsm;ukd wOD;ESifhwOD; ,ckwnf&SdqJ &if;ESD;pGm qufqrH r_ ysujf ym;apjcif;iSm xkq d ufqrH E_ iS hf ywfoufI atmufygtcsurf sm;ukd oabmwln=D u onf? (1) wOD;.e,frS wOD;.e,ftwGif;okd@ vGwfvyfpGm0ifxGufoGm;vmEkdifcGifhukd todtrSwfðy& rnf? (2) xked ,frsm;wGif ukeyf pPn;f rsm;ukd we,frw S e,fo@dk vGwv f yfpmG aqmif,jl cif;wk@d cGiðhf y&rnf? xkd@tjyif xkde,frsm;u rdrdwkd@.EkdifiHwGif qkdif&mtcGefawmfpepfukd umuG,f&efrSwyg; ,if; uJhokd@aqmif,laom ukefypPnf;rsm;tay:wGif tcGefawmfaumufcHjcif;r&Sdap&? (3) wEkid if EH iS w hf Ekid if H b¾mawmfa&;twGuf aphpyf&iS ;f vif;&ef&adS omudpEP iS phf yfvsO;f I vufiif; ay:xGuv f maomtcsurf sm;ESiyhf wfoufI a,bk,stm;jzifh a&S;u vkyx f ;Hk vkyef nf;twkid ;f oD;jcm;oabmwlnDcsufrsm;ðyvkyf&rnf? (4) &Sr;f e,f/ u&ifeeD ,frsm;wGif ArmEkid if aH wmfYtok;H ðyv#u&f adS om aiGEiS ahf iGpuULrsm;ukyd if tok;H ðy&rnf? TrSwfpmv$monf vufrSwfa&;xkd;aomae@Y pwiftwnfjzpf&rnf? atmufwGif vufrSwfa&;xkd;aom yk*~Kdvfrsm;onf oabmwla=umif;xif&Sm;ap&ef TrSwfpmv$mY vufrSwf a&;xkd;I rdrdwkd@.wHqdyfawmfrsm;ukd cyfESdyf=uonf? ¶_d;0g ouU&mZf (18) ESpfajrmuf tXrv Tyxrae@ ArmouU&mZf 1305 ck/ 0gacgifvqef; (1) &ufae@wGif &efukefaejynfawmfY *syef/ ArmbmomESpfrsKd;ESifh rdwWLpmv$mESpfckjzifh yÉdnmOfukdcsKyfqkd=uonf? (ykH) ¶_dZkdu0gbD ArmEkdifiHawmf *syefwyfrawmf}uD;. ppfaoemywd (ykH) barmf ArmEkdifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyf

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a&S‹wef;rS 0J,modk@ - apmodef;/ p0fv0D/ apma&$/ OD;pdef/ (u&ifeDya'gifaumifpDOuUÏ)/ AdkvfcsKyf OD;atmifqef;/ (yqyv tzGJ@csKyfOuUÏ)/ OD;atjrav;/ OD;baz/ odkif;b[ef/ apmZde/ OD;jr? tv,fwef; - ocif0wif/ OD;vGZD /D apmyDc0g;/ OD;A*sr;f / OD;wif/ ref;bcdik /f ocifoef;xGe;f (uGejf rLepfygwD twGif;a&;rSL;)/ OD;wif/ OD;baomif;/ OD;azcif/ ocifcspf? aemufwef; - OD;ausmfjrifh/ OD;atmif0if;/ OD;bqdkif/ OD;atmifZHa0/ OD;ndrf;/ OD;odrf;atmif/ apmbOD;}uD;/ (autif,ltzGJ‹csKyfOuUÏ)/ OD;xGef;vS/ apmcvlv,f/ OD;wifarmif?

rSwfcsuf ? ? txufyg"gwfyHkESifhpmom;azmfjycsufonf rl&if;rdwWLrSeftwdkif;jzpf+yD;/ (rqv/ e0w/ etz) vufxufxkwfa0onfh pmtkyfpmapmifrsm;wGif jrefrmjynfESifh u&ifeDjynf rdwfquftzGJ@ &efukefòrŒ 1946 ckESpf/ {+yDv (30) &uf” rl&if;tpm;/ “u&ifeD (u,m;) acgi;f aqmifrsm;ESihf &efuek òf rŒ (zqyv) tzG@J csKyfY awG@qH=k upOf” [k ordik ;f jzpf&yfreS u f kd v$JrSm;pGmazmfjyxm;a=umif; awG@&Sd&onf?

ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

w&m;v$waf wmfw&m;0ef}uD;csKyf (t_idr;f pm;) t*~r[moa&pnfol OD;jrifo h ed ;f . 1947 ck zGJ hpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya' tcef; (10) ESifh ywfoufI olyg0ifaqmif&u G cf o hJ nfu h ¾ukw d ifjyjcif; 1947 ckESpf/ Zlvkdifvapmapmykdif;wGif usaemf&efukefòrŒrS w&m;r±kH; w&m;ol}uD;csKyftjzpf tr_xrf;aepOf w&m;a&;XmetwGif;0ef OD;aomif;pdefu w,fvDzkef;jzifhowif;ydk@ygonf? owif; twdkcsKyfrSm æ ,ckvuf&dStvkyfudk csufcsif;v$+J yD; tajccHOya'a&;qGaJ eaomtzG@J Y e,fjcm;awmif wef;om;rsm;Oya'a&;qGaJ eaomtzG@J Y e,fjcm;awmifwef;om;rsm; Oya'a&;qGaJ &; t=uHay;t&m&Sd tjzpfjzifh vkyfapvdkonf? xdktvkyfudk csufcsif;vufcHyg[k jzpfygonf? usaemfu “AkdvfcsKyf}uD;atmifqef;ukd &Srf;/ ucsif ponfhvlrsKd;pkHu ,kH=unfarwWm&Sdyg aomfvnf; Armwkdif;ukd r,Hk=unf=uyg? okd@ygI usaemfArmwa,muftaejzifh 'Dtvkyfukdvkyf&ef oifhawmfr,frxifyg? w&m;a&;0ef}uD;ukd usaemfhtm;ray;Ekdifa=umif;/ ¶kH;uvnf;,ckrS zGifhpyifjzpf aeI qufvkyfrSjzpfr,fjzpfa=umif;” ajymjy&m OD;aomif;pdefu “w&m;a&;0ef}uD;u ajymrnfr[kwf a=umif;/ OD;jrifo h ed ;f ud, k w f ikd f Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;ukad jymjyv#if omIoifah wmfygvrd rhf nf?”[k jyefajym ygonf? Akv d cf sKyf¶;Hk ok@d w,fvzD ek ;f quf&m r=umcifbJ usaemfu h dk vmawG@Eidk o f nfqI dk Akv d cf sKyf&&dS m twGif;0efrsm;±kH;okd@ usaemfoGm;awG@ygonf? Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;ukd ausmif;om;b0uwnf;u odu|r;f I &if;&if;ES;D ES;D &Syd gonf? usaemf u 0ifoGm;oGm;jcif; tav;ðy+yD; “AkdvfcsKyf usaemfhukd b,fES,fh a*smufwGef;wmvJ”vkd@ ajymawmh AkdvfcsKyf r&,fpbl; &,f+yD;aemuf AdkvfcsKyfu “OD;ajymwmawGtm;vkH;odygw,f? Armrkd@vkd@ &Srf;/ u&if/ ucsifawGukd t=uHay;ygu rSm;,Gif;oGm;v#if [kdbufvkdufw,f 'Dbufvkdufw,fvkd@ ajym=u rSmukd pkd;&drfovm;”vkd@ ajymygw,f? 'Dawmh usaemfu “AkdvfcsKyf}uD;wkd@ usaemfwkd@ ,cktm;vkH; &Sad epOf a&Sma&Sm¶_¶_ jzpfEidk yf gw,f? ok@d aomfvnf; aemufaemifbmjzpfrvJ[k rodEidk yf gb;l ? tJawmhrS tjypfqkd=uonfukd a&Smifvkdygw,f”[k ajymygw,f? Akv d cf sKyfu “usaemfvnf; tJ'guo dk wd&vk@d rkid ;f yGeaf pmfbmG ;}uD;ESihf qrm;'l;0g;qif0g;aemif wk@d u OD;jrifo h ed ;f ukd Oya't=uHay;t&m&St d jzpfvcdk siaf =umif; vmajymonht f csed cf g [kw d ek ;f u olw@dk ukd t*Fvdyf/ tar&duef/ jyifopf/ =opa=w;vs/ tdENd,yg&*lawGukd iSm;ay;ygr,f? olwkd@ wa,muf a,mufukda&G;ygvkd@ajymawmh olwkd@u OD;jrifhodef;ukd&rSmom usaemfwkd@ auseyfEkdifr,f? OD;jrifhodef;u usaemfwkd@&@J ,lqcsuf/ tawG;tac:/ tjzpftysuftm;vkH;ukd odwhJoljzpfvkd@ olukdyif txl;,kH=unf wma=umifh oluvGv J kd@ tjcm;olukd vufrcHEkdifygvkd@ ajym=uw,f”[k ajymygw,f? yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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auseyfygw,f? tajccHOya'wGif tao;pdwfta=umif;csif;&mrsm;udkvnf; a&;oma&;yg? vufcHyg w,f”[k ajymygw,f? 'ga=umifh usaemf qufvufraqG;aEG;awmhyg? ucsifacgif;aqmifrsm;u “&Srf;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhom aqG;aEG;yg? &Srf;jynfu vufcHv#if olwkd@vnf; tajccHOya'rSm vufcHr,f”[kajymwma=umifh olwkd@ESifhvnf; usaemf (3) cgavmufyJ awG@c&hJ ygw,f? Ttcsed t f cgavmufrmS Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef; uG,v f eG yf gonf? &Sr;f acgi;f aqmifrsm;ESihf usaemf}udrfzefrsm;pGm aqG;aEG;ygonf? OD;csefxGef;ESifhusaemf rlcsxm;onfhtwkdif; tenf;i,ftusOf; r#om jznfhpGuf+yD; tm;vkH;ukdvufcH=uygonf? okd@aomfvnf; cGx J Guf&eftykd'fukdawmh b,fenf;eJ@rS rðzwfEidk /f xnfo h iG ;f ay;&r,fv@dk cyf=urf;=urf;yJajym=uygonf? acgi;f aqmif+yD;ajymoluawmh anmif a&$ r[ma'0Djzpfygw,f? r[ma'0Dtm; jyif;jyif;xefxefaxmufcHolrsm;rSm apmfbGm;rsm;.aemuf vkdufrsm;r[kwfbJ vlxkukd,fpm;vS,frsm;omjzpf=uI usaemfaemufqkwfchJ&ygonf? Tta=umif; ukd 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ekxo H @dk tpD&ifcaH wmh 0ef}uD;csKyfu “b,fwwfEidk rf vJAsm olw@dk u Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef; uwday;xm;wmukd ukdifxm;awmh ajymvkd@&rSmr[kwfbl;aygh? 'gayr,fh udpPr&Sdygbl;? ucsifukdvnf; 'Dtwkid ;f yJay;&r,fqadk wmh ucsijf ynfe,fEiS q hf idk w f t hJ ajccHOya'ukd ra&;eJ@O;D ? qrm;'l;0g;}uD;ukad c:+yD; pum;ajymOD;r,f”[k rdef@=um;tyfygonf? xkd@aemuf usaemfod&Sd&onfrSm 0ef}uD;csKyfu qrm;'l;0g;}uD;tm; “ucsifjynfe,fzG@J pnf; &mwGif jrpf}uD;em;tjyif a&S;,cifuawmif;qkdxm;cJhwJh Aef;armf'Dp}wdwfukdyg ucsifjynfe,fwGif xnfo h iG ;f r,f? ‚tjyif ucsijf ynfe,fOuUÏonf ucsiv f rl sK;d rsm;omjzpf&r,fv@dk tajccHOya'wGif xnfhoGif;ay;r,f? tjyeftvSeftaejzifh ucsifacgif;aqmifrsm;u cGJxGuf&eftykd'fukd pGef@v$wfyg” [k ajymqk&d mY “qrm;'l;0g;}uD;uvufcI H ucsijf ynfe,fOya'Y cGx J u G jf cif;ESiyhf wfoufaom tajccH Oya'ESifh roufqkdifap&”[k xnfhoGif;a&;&ygonf? csif;udpPESifhywfoufI jynfe,frvkd[kqkdaoma=umifh csif;Oya'Y “csif;0daoowkdif;”[k trnfwyfI a&;qGJcJhygonf? cGJxGuf&efjy\em ray:aygufcJhyg? tjcm;tykd'frsm;rSm &Srf;jynfqkdif&m tajccHOya'ESifh twlwlyJjzpfygonf? u&ifjynfe,ftwGuf u&ifacgi;f qmifrsm;u cGx J u G &f eftyk'd v f cdk sio f nf[k b,ftcgurS rajymI jy\emray:cJhyg? TtcsdeftcgY cGJxGuf&efudpPrSm &Srf;jynfe,ftwGufom&Sdygawmhonf? vG,fvG,fESifh cGx J u G jf cif;rðyEkid &f ef tajccHOya'wGif “tajccHOya' tm%mwnfonfah e@rS (10) ESpt f wGi;f cGx J u G f EkdifaomtcGifhta&;ukd tokH;rðy&[k xnfhoGif;cJhygonf? u&ifeDjynfe,fta=umif;rSm æ 1855 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEkdifiHatmufykdif;ukd t*Fvdyftpkd;&odrf;ykduf&m w¶kwfjynfESifhpaom teD;tem;&SdEkdifiHrsm;ESifh e,fjcm;owfrSwfchJonf? xkdtcgu t*Fvdyfu taemufbufrS ta&S@buf okd@wkd;csŒJ vmonfrSm jrefrmEkdifiHtxda&mufchJonf? jyifopfu ta&S›bufrS taemufbufokd@ wkd;cs@J vmonfrmS vmtk/d uarBm'D;,m;/ AD,uferftxda&muf&cdS o hJ nf? t*Fvyd t f yk pf ;dk onfeh ,fEiS hf jyifopf tkyfpkd;onfhe,fwkd@ rxdawG@&ef =um;wGif wkdif;jynfwck&Sdoifhonf[k t*Fvdyfu,lqI uEWm&0wD/ abmvcJ/ =uufzkd;}uD;trnf&Sdaom apmfbGm;ykdif (3) ae&mukd vGwfvyfaomjynfe,f[kowfrSwf+yD; yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

rif;wkef;rif;}uD;. oabmwlnDcsufukd&,lchJonf? okd@jzpfI 1946/ 1947 ckESpfrsm;wGif jrefrmjynf tm; vGwfvyfa&;&&ef aqG;aEG;onfhtcgY u&ifeDe,fa'onf jrefrmjynf.tpdwftykdif;r[kwf vGwfvyfaome,frsm;jzpfI xnfhoGif;rpOf;pm;Ekdif? okd@aomf xkdESpfrsm;wGif u&ifeDwOD;jzpfol okdif; A[efqkdolu (zqyv) tultnDjzifh olykefxcJhonf? okdif;A[ef uG,fvGefonfhtcgY abmfvcJu OD;bDqkdolu jrefrmbufukdqef@usifI olykefxonf? OD;bDppfyGrJ SmusqkH;I xkdtcg t*Fvdyftpkd;&u u&ifeDe,fukd jrefrmjynftwGif;okd@ xnfhoGif;csifaomfvnf; pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;u vGwfvyfaom EkdifiHjzpfaeI bmr#rwwfEkdif? xkdtcgu u&ifeDe,f (3) e,fpvkH;wGif apmfbGm;}uD; (3) OD;pvkH; uG,v f eG =f uI cav;i,frsm;omuse&f m pum;ajymaqG;aEG;&rnfh acgi;f aqmif&mS rawG@c?hJ ok@d twGuf aemufrSyJ&Sif;rnf[k qkH;jzwfonf[k usaemfodcJh&ygonf? tajccHOya'udk v$waf wmfY jrefrmjynfvw G v f yfa&;&aom 4/ 1/ 1948 ae@wiG f twnfjzpf &ef 2 &ufapmI 2/ 1/ 1948 &ufae@wGif wifoGif;&ygrnf? 1947 ck/ 'DZifbmv 27 &ufae@wGif 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Eku ta&;}uD;IvmcJhyg[k usaemfudk w,fvDzkef;jzifhac:ygonf? usaemfa&mufonfhtcgY OD;csefxGef;a&muf&Sdaeonfudk awG@&ygonf? ‚tjyif uEW&0wDapmfbGm;}uD;om; (r[ma'0D. om;r[kwfyg) pyf0ÀqdkolESifh OD;pdefqdkolwdk@udk awG@&ygonf? ‚aemuf 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek 0ifvmygonf? “0ef}uD;csKyfu OD;jrifhodef; olwdk@udk odygo vm;”[kar;I usaemfu “OD;pdefudkawm@ rawG@bl;yg? pyf0Àudkawmh uEW&0wDapmfbGm;}uD;.om; qdkwmawmh odygw,f? vlcsif;vJodygw,f”[k ajzqdkygonf? 0ef}uD;csKyfuqufI “pyf0ÀESifh OD;pdefwdk@u olwdk@ u&ifeDe,f (3) e,fudk jrefrmjynfESifhaygif;vdka=umif; vmajymae=uw,f? tJ'g OD;jrifhodef;ESifh OD;csefxGef;wdk@ b,fvdkoabmaygufovJ”[kar;&m usaemfu “usaemfajymEdkifwm uawmh 'De,f (3) ckpvk;HrSm acgif;aqmifr&Sd? cav;awG om&Sdw,f? uEWm&0wDtwGuf pyf0Àudk acgi;f aqmifqw kd m vufcEH ikd yf gw,f”[k ajymygonf? Tod@k ajym=u&if; pyf0Àu “usaemhu f kd uEWm &0wDtwGuf acgif;aqmiftjzpfvufcHv#if usef (2) e,ftwGuf usaemfESifhOD;pdefudk acgif;aqmifrsm; tjzpfvufcHygvdk@ tifwdkuftm;wdkufajymygonf? 'Dawmh 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek/ OD;csefxGef;ESifh usaemfwdk@ (3) a,mufaqG;aEG;=uygonf? OD;csex f eG ;f u “ 'De,fawG[m &Gmomomav;awGyg? jrefrmjynfxu J kd xnfhvdkufv#ifvnf; uef@uGufrnfholawG &Sdr,frxifygbl;? vufcHvdkufv#if aumif;ygw,f”[k ajymygonf? usaemfu OD;csefxGef;udkaxmufcH+yD; “ usaemfwdk@ArmawGu wzufowf u&ifeDe,fudk jrefrmjynftwGi;f od@k xnfo h iG ;f jcif;r[kwyf g? ‚wd@k bufuacgi;f aqmifawGvmajymI vufcjH cif;jzpf I tjypfqdkrnfhol &SdrSmr[kwfyg? uef@uGufEdkifol wOD;om&Sdygw,f? xdkolrSm t*Fvdyfomv#ifjzpf ygw,f? t*Fvdyfudk,fwdkifuvnf; 'De,frsm;udk jrefrmjynftwGif;xnfhoGif;I uef@uGufrnf r[kwf yg”[kajym&m 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Eku csufcsif;vufcH&efqHk;jzwfygonf? aemuf+yD; 0ef}uD;csKyfu u&ifeD jynfe,ftajccHOya'udk &Srf;jynfe,f.tajccHOya'twdkif; a&;qGJapygonf? usaemfu pyf0Àudk “cGJxGufa&;udpPwGif ucsifjynfe,fucGJxGuf&ef pGef@v$wfouJhokd@ pGef@v$wf&efwkdufwGef;ygonf? ‚tjyifol@tm; 'De,fawGu ao;ao;av;vnf;jzpfvkd@ cGx J Gufvkd@ b,fvkdjzpfEkdifrSmvJ? wOD;wnf;aeEkdifrSmrS r[kwfbJ”[kvnf;ajym&m/ pyf0Àu “&Srf;jynfukd cGx J u G &f ef tcGit hf a&;ay;v#if usaemfw@dk oabmtwkid ;f vGwv f yfaomwkid ;f jynftjzpf 0ifa&mufvm wJhe,fawGukd cGJxGuf&ef tcGihfta&;ay;oifhygw,f? ,ckuJhokd@ uwkdufu¶kduf vma&mufyl;aygif; ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

jcif;ukd aemufaemiftjypfajymvmv#if cGx J u G &f eftcGit hf a&;&So d m;yJv@dk acsyEkid yf gw,f? 'Dtajctae vnf; a&mufr,frxifyg”[k ajymygonf? 'ga=umifh 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Eku “olw@dk ajymwJt h wkid ;f yJ vufcH vkdufyg”[k rdef@=um;ygonf? rSwfcsuf ? ? 1947 ckESpf/ tajccHOya'a&;qG&J mY u&ifjynfe,fukd aumfolav;[kac: ygonf? u,m;jynfe,fukd xkdpOfu u&ifeDjynf[kac:ygonf? jrifhodef; 14/ 6/ 92 t*~r[moa&pnfol OD;jrifhodef; EkdifiHawmfw&m;0ef}uD;csKyf (t+idrf;pm;)

txufyg pmwrf;onf e0wvufxufwGif tb,fa=umifh 1947 ck/ zG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'Y cGx J u G cf iG yhf 'k rf jyXmef;&ovJ[k Edik if aH &orm;a[mif;rsm;udk ar;jref;ojzifh OD;jrifo h ed ;f rS e0wodk@ a&;om;ay;ydk@onfhpmjzpfonf? usaemfpma&;ðypkoludk,fwdkif jynfwGif;rS 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; OD;EkESifh u,m;OD;pdef a&;om;ðypkonfhpmudkvnf; wygwnf;,laqmifvmcJhaomfvnf; ‚pmrsm; aysmufqHk;oGm;ojzifh razmfjyEdkifjcif;jzpfygonf? Ô

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tcef; (3) vGwv f yfa&;óud;yrf;jcif; (u) Armjynfr vGwv f yfa&;óud;yrf;onfu h mv Armjynfr Ekid if aH &;acgi;f aqmifrsm;onf vGwv f yfa&;twGuf OD;pGmv_y&f mS ;a=umif; awG@& onf? ArmjynfEkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_onf YMBA bmoma&; toif;tzG@J trnfcH+yD; pwifonf[kqkd &ayrnf? YMBA bmoma&;toif;rS wqifh GCBA tqifo h @dk wufvrS ;f Ekid +f y;D trsK;d om;a&;/ Ekid if aH &;/ ukd,fykdifvGwfvyfa&;wkd@ukd wqifh+yD;wqifh yGifhvif;jywfom;pGm óu;yrf;vm=ujcif;jzpfonf? 1936 ckESpf/ &efukefwuUokdvfoydwf}uD;ay:ayguf+yD; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; Armh EkdifiHa&;wGif xifay:vmonf? ‚ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; ausmif;om;avmurS ykdrkdus,f0ef; aom EkdifiHa&;avmuokd@ ajcpkHypfI0if=uonf? 'kd@Armtpnf;t±kH;Y 0ifa&mufI ocifbG@J cH,lum “ocifrsK;d a[h 'k@d Arm”[k aºu;a=umf ñuH;0g;=uonf? ocifvil ,frsm;wGif ocifatmifqef;wOD;vnf; yg0ifvmcJhonf? ArmouU&mZf (1300) jynfhESpfwkdufyGo J nf ykdIjyif;xefvmonf? a&eHajrtvkyform;wkd@ oydwfarSmufI &efukefokd@csDvmonf? v,form;rsm; nmoHay;+yD;csDvmonf? ausmif;om;wkd@ onf Ekid if aH &;jyif;xefpmG tiftm;jyvmonf? Akv d af tmifausmf usq;Hk jcif;/ ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm; tzrf;cH&jcif;wdk@a=umifh ykdI vGwfvyfa&;twGuf pdwf"mwfwufºuvmonf? ArmhxGuf&yf*kd%f;}uD; vnf; ay:vmonf? ocifacgi;f aqmifvil ,frsm;vnf; ArmhawmfveS af &;ygwu D dk v#K@d 0u S w f nfaxmifchJ onf? vufeufESifhppful EkdifiHjcm;rSt&,l+yD; vGwfvyfa&;ukd wkduf,lrnf=uHpnfcsufjzifh awmfvSef a&;ukd pwif=uonf? xkdumvu ocifatmifqef;onf ajrv#Kd;IaysmufuG,foGm;onf? *syefEkdifiH okd@ aemufqkH;wGifa&muf&SdoGm;um *syefppfulukd&&Sdonf? ArmjynfrSvli,fwpkukd xyfrHac:,l+yD; *syefYppfynmrsm; oif,o l nf? od@k jzifh &Jabmfo;Hk usyd Ef iS w hf uGaom Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmf}uD; ay:vmonf? Armjynfokd@ ppfOD;vSnfhvmaomtcg ausmif;om;/ v,form;/ tvkyform;/ EkdifiHa&; orm;rsm;avmutwGif; ArmhvGwfvyfvkdaompdwf"mwfrSm touf0ifum aygif;pyfpkpnf;cdkifrm vm+yD; vGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfESifhtwl ArmwrsKd;om;vkH; tHkºuyg0ifv_yf&Sm;vm=uonf?

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,if;yl;wGaJ qG;aEG;yGw J Gif ar;cGef; (8) ckpvkH;ukd AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;wOD;wnf;uom 'kdifcH ajz=um;onf? OD;baz 0ifpu G +f yD;ajymvku d af ompum;a=umifh &Sr;f vli,ftzG@J u, dk pf m;vS,rf sm; rsm;pGm pdwfxdckdufoGm;=uonf? ar;cGef; (7) ESifhywfoufI ¹cif;csefxm;aome,fajrrsm;rygbJ ArmhvGwf vyfa&;&Ekdifrnf? tajctaet& ,lwef ,l&rSmyJ[k ajz=um;cJhonf? wenf;tm;jzifh zqyvtzG@J csKyfrlrSm ¹cif;csefe,frsm; rygcsifaeygap? ArmjynftwGuf oD;jcm;vGwfvyfa&;ukd ,lwef,lrnf[k cH,lxm;jcif;yifjzpfonf? ,if;aqG;aEG;yGJESifhywfoufI &Srf;vli,fukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@ tawmfhukdrausrvnfjzpf ojzifh &Srf;jynfjyefa&muf+yD; azaz:0g&Dv (20) &ufae@pGJjzifh OD;wif{/ OD;xGef;jrifh (awmif}uD;)/ OD;pHazwkd@u &Srf;vli,frsm;ukd,fpm; AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;xH a0zefcsufpmwrf;a&;om;ay;ykd@chJonf? ‚pmwrf;tcsKyfrmS ¹cif;csex f m;aome,fajrrsm;onf awmifwef;a'orsm;jzpf+yD; Armjynfudk jrif;cGm oÀmef0kdif;&Hxm;um w¶kwf/ tENd,EkdifiH}uD;rsm;ESifh e,fedrdwfcsif;qufpyfa=umif;/ Armjynfronf vrf;yef;qufo, G af &;aumif;rGe+f yD; awmifwef;a'oonf wkid ;f jynfvðHk cHa&;twGuf ta&;yga=umif;/ tjyeftvSef tusKd;ðyrnfjzpfa=umif;yg&Sd+yD;/ ar;cGef; (7) ESifhywfoufI ¹cif;csefxm;aome,fajrrsm; rygbJ ArmhvGwfvyfa&;&Ekdifonf[k zqyvu,lqaeonf? Toabmxm;onf zqyvrljzpf onf? ¹cif;csex f m;aome,fajrrsm;ta&;ukd zqyvonf uk, d t hf a&;[k oabmrxm;bJ ol@ta&; oabmxm;onf[k a0zefvkduf+yD; &Srf;vli,ftzGJ@.cH,lcsufoabmxm;jzpfaom wkdif;&if;om; vlenf;pkrygbJ ppfrSefckdif+rJaomArmhvGwfvyfa&;ukd b,fenf;ESifhr#r&Ekdif? r&Ekdifojzifh Armvnf; emrnf? vlenf;pkvnf; emrnf? &Srf;ukdoem;vkd@r[kwf jrefrmwrsKd;om;vkH;ta&;yifjzpf&rnf[k yg&Sdonf? aemifwiG f zqyvtzG@J csKyfonf ¹cif;csex f m;aom awmifwef;om;e,fajra'orsm; ryg0if aomvGwfvyfa&;onf t"dy`g,fr&Sda=umif; wGifus,fpGm pmtkyfpmapmiftrsm;tjym;wGif ajymqdk oHk;E_ef;vmonfudk awG@&Sd&ayonf? (i) &Srf;jynfvli,frsm;u (21/ 1/ 46) ae hpGJjzifh zqyvtzGJ hcsKyfokd hay;pm æ rS§ &Srf;jynfvli,frsm;ukd,fpm;vS,f (acwW) &efukef? æ ok@d § taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; (zqyvtzGJ@csKyf) &efukefòrŒ? ae@pGJ ? ? 1946 ck/ Zefe0g&Dv (21) &uf? udpP ? ? &Srf;jynfaemifa&;? av;jrwfpGm tpD&ifcHygonfcifAsm; æ (zqyv) jrefrmEkid if v H ;Hk qkid &f mnDvmcHobif}uD;ok@d wufa&mufem;axmif=u&ef &Sr;f jynf rS usaemfwkd@vli,fukd,fpm;vS,frsm; qif;vm=uygonf? okd@aomf usaemfwkd@onf w&m;0ifaom ukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf wufa&mufEkdifjcif;r&Sdyg? omref{nfhonftjzpfESifhom wufa&mufem;axmif yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

cGifh&ygonf? ukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf rwufa&mufEdkifjcif;rSm usaemfwkd@wGif (zqyv) paom toif; tyif;rsm;r&Sdaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? toif;tyif;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;r&Sjd cif;rSmvnf; usaemfw@dk wiG f toif;tyif;wnfaxmifEidk af om vGwv f yfpmG ajyma[mcGi/hf a&;om;cGi/hf pk¶;Hk pnf;a0;cGihf paom jynfo@l tcGit hf a&;r&Sad oma=umifo h m jzpfyg onf? yk'rf (10) e,fjcm;Oya' paom zufqpfqefqef jyif;xefaomcsKycf s,zf Ed ydS rf r_ sm; wnf&adS ejcif; a=umifjh zpfygonf? tpGr;f ukeaf jym&v#if pm=unfw h u dk u f av;ukyd if vGwv f yfpmG rwnfaxmifEidk yf g?

rae@ (20/ 1/ 46) nDvmcHwGif tqkdrsm;zwfjy&mY (z,fxkwfxm;aome,frsm; yl;aygif; a&;) tqkdw&yfygvmonfukd awG@&ygonf? usaemfwkd@ 0rf;ajrmuftm;wufjcif;um; twkdif;rod awmh? Armhacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;/ igwkd@wkdif;&if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;ukd *±kðyvm+yD? ta&;,lvm+yD[k auseyf&$ifðyH;=uygonf? vlrsK;d a&; uk, d yf idk jf yXmef;cGi/hf qENtav#muf cGx J u G v f u dk cGx J u G Ef idk cf iG u hf kd rlwnfxm;onf[k od&aomtcg 1946 ck/ ArmrsKd;cspf}uD;rsm; igwkd@wkdif;&if;om; vlenf;pkrsm;tay: oabmxm;}uD;yg ayonf? jrifhjrwfygayonf? tjrifus,f0ef;&Snfvsm;ygayonf[k tifrwefrS tm;&ESpfouf pdwf wufºujcif;jzpf=uygonf? TtqkdrsKd;ukd usaemfwdk@wkdif;&if;om;ukd,fwkdifom wifoGif;vkduf&v#if b,favmuf aumif;rvJ? usaemfw@dk vel nf;pkawGu, dk w f idk f axmufcv H u dk &f v#if b,favmufaumif;rvJ? usaemf wkd@awmifay:om;awGukd,fwkdifom twnfðyvkduf&v#if b,favmufaumif;rvJ? ok@d aomf usaemfw@dk tm; jynfo@l t"dutcGit hf a&;rsm;r&&S=d uI uk, d pf m;vS,rf sm;r[kwf Ekdifaoma=umifh tifrwefoD;cHcsKyfwnf;atmifhtD;ae=u&ygonf? ta&;um; usaemfwkd@.wkduf¶kduf ta&;yifjzpfygonf? TtqkdrsKd;wifoGif;jcif;/ axmufcHjcif;ðy&efukd rqkdxm;ESifh? TnDvmcHobifukd usaemf wkd@wufa&mufa=umif; tm%mykdifrsm;od&SdchJygv#if usaemfwkd@tm; tdrftjyefwGif tb,fukd aESmuf ,Suf csKyfcs,f=uOD;rnfrodyg? xkd@a=umifh usaemfwkd@onf nDvmcH}uD;ukd wdwfwdwfav;wufa&muf I +idrf+idrfav;em;axmif=u&ygonf? usaemfw@dk EiS hf wku d ¶f u dk o f ufqidk af eaom tqkyd gvmIom Tpmtm;jzifh vl}uD;rif;rsm;xH wdwfwdwfav;ay;ykd@ axmufcH&jcif;jzpfygonf? vm&usKd; enf;enf;eyfonf[kvnf; ,lqygonf? okd@aomf usaemfwkd@um; Tr#avmufESifh rwif;wdrfao;yg? usaemfw@dk .b0 atmufusaemufusjzpf&yku H dk vl}uD;rif;rsm;tm; pkpH v Hk ifvif tpD&ifvydk g ao;onf? &Sr;f jynf. vGwv f yfw;dk wuf}uD;yGm;r_vrf;pukd b,fv&dk mS =uH&rnfuv dk nf; vl}uD;rif;rsm; xHrS t=uH^m%ftultnDukd &,lvkdygao;onf? &Sr;f -Arm wu,f&if;ES;D yl;aygi;f a&;twGuf rnfuo hJ @dk a&S@qufaqmif&u G =f u&rnfuv kd nf; odvkdygao;onf? nDvmcHEiS yhf wfoufI vl}uD;rif;rsm; rtm;rvyfatmif tvkyaf wGzpd ;D aea=umif; aumif; pGmod&Sdyg.? okd@aomf xkdrtm;vyfonfh=um;xJu tcsdeftenf;i,f xkwfE_wfI awmifukef;a'orS ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

vma&muf=uaomusaemfw@dk tm; axmufxm;ojzifh wkid ;f jynftwGuf aqmif&u G cf siaf om pdw"f mwf omv#i&f I dS b,fupI bmukad qmif&u G &f rSe;f aocsma&&mpGmrod=uaom usaemfw@dk tm; vrf;jya&S› aqmifr_ðy=uygrnfhta=umif; av;jrwfpGmawmif;yefygonf? av;pm;vSpGmjzifh (p) &Srf;jynfvli,frsm;u (20/ 2/ 46) ae hpGJjzifh (zqyv) tzGJ hcsKyfodk‹ ay;pm æ rS§ &Srf;vli,f ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; (awmif}uD;) æ okd@ § taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; (zqyv) tzG@J csKyf &efukefòr@ 1946-ckazaz:0g&Dv(20)ae@pGJ? udpP? ? 8/ 2/ 46 &ufae@ aqG;aEG;yGJ xifjrifcsuf? av;jrwfpGm tpD&ifcHygonfcifAsm; æ (zqyv) tzG@J csKyf¶;Hk cef;Y usi;f yaom (zqyv) 8/ 2/ 46 tvkyt f r_aqmifrsm;ESihf usaemf wkd@ &Srf;vli,fukd,fpm;vS,frsm;aqG;aEG;yGrJ S &&Sday:aygufvmaom usaemfwkd@. xifjrif,lqcsufrsm; ukd vl}uD;rif;rsm;od&Sdawmfrlyg&ef tpD&ifcHvkdygonf? a&S;OD;pGm usaemfwkd@wifjyxm;aomar;cGef;rsm;teuf æ (1) ESifhywfoufI (zqyv) u &Srf;jynfa&;&m epfemcsuf/ vkdvm;csufukdvnf;aumif;/ aoG;pnf;a&;ukdvnf;aumif;/ tjyifuae+yD; 0g'jzef@ay;rnfqkdojzifhvnf;aumif;? (2) ESifhywfoufI ¹cif;csefxm;aome,frsm;ukdv$wf+yD; 0g'jzef@&ef/ pnf;¶kH;&efóu;pm;yg rnfqkdojzifhvnf;aumif;? (5) ESiyhf wfoufI wkid ;f &if;om;vlenf;pk/ Xmewck ok@d r[kwf yk*K~ v d w f OD;/ xkEd idk if H a&;Xme atmufwiG x f m;ay;&ef óu;pm;rnfqo dk jzifv h nf;aumif;? (6) ESiyhf wfoufI vmrnfEh pS n f v D mcHEiS hf wGv J #ujf zpfap/ ,ckEpS t f wGi;f jzpfap ¹cif;csex f m; aom e,fajrvlxk nDvmcHac:,lusi;f yay;&ef pDpOfóu;yrf;rnfqo dk jzifv h nf;aumif;? (8) ESiyhf wfoufI usaemfw@dk awmifay:om;rsm;uk, d w f idk u f qkid &f me,fEiS hf apmfbmG ;wk@d EiS hf yl;aygif;um ukd,fxlukd,fx tepfem tyifyef; tzrf;tqD; toD;oD;'kucQ +H y;D pGr;f pGr;f wrHóu;pm;tm;xkw&f ef xufjrufp;l &Sxad &mufvaS om t=u^H m%f=o0g'rsm;ukd ay;urf; ojzifv h nf;aumif;/ usaemfwkd@rSmrsm;pGmrSyif 0rf;omtm;& pdwfrefwufºu=uygonf? v_dufv_dufvSv J Sv J nf; aus;Zl;Oyum& wif&Sd=uygonf? usaemfwkd@ tpGrf;ukef ^m%f&Sdor# óu;pm;tm;xkwfygrnf[kvnf; av;eufpGmuwdðy=uygonf? Tok@d 0rf;om+yD;aemuf/ aus;Zl;wif+yD;aemuf/ uwdðy+yD;aemuf tcsK@d tcsK@d aom yk*K~ v d }f uD; rsm;. ajymykHqkdykH/ oabmxm;ykHESifhywfoufI usaemfwkd@rauseyfcsufrsm;/ rESpfoufcsufrsm;/ rvkd vm;csufrsm;ukd xifoavmuf/ jrifoavmuf wdwdvif;vif;yif tpD&ifcHvkdygao;onf? oabm yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

xm;}uD;}uD;xm;I vufcHzwf¶_ avhvmqifjcifawmfrl=u&efvnf; awmif;yefygonf? Tokd@tpD&ifcH&mY usaemfwkd@.ArmjynfESifh aoG;pnf;yl;aygif;+yD; e,fcs›Jpepfukd wkdufzsuf vkdaom t"duapwemukd ,kHrSm;oHo,r&Sdapvkdyg? *syefr0ifrSD *syefvufxufu *syefxGuf+yD; aemuf &Sr;f jynfvil ,frsm;u apwemESiv hf yk if ef;ukd od&adS omyk*K~ v d rf eS o f r# usaemfw@dk . &nf&, G cf suf ukd ,kHrSm;oHo,&Sdvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg? “&Sr;f / Arm wu,fah oG;pnf;yl;aygi;f a&;”rlu"dk rR"Xd mefðyv#uf usaemfw@dk a0zefomG ;yg&ap? usaemf. ar;cGef; (1) ESifh (2) ukd ajzqkd&mY “tjyifty 0g'jzef@ay;ygrnf” “vlv$wf&ef óu;pm;ygrnf[kqkdjcif;onf” tvkyfav#mufxm;oltm; olaX;}uD;u “at; æ ig=unfhOD;rnf”qkd onfESifhwlygonf? ¹cif;csefxm;aome,frsm;.ta&;onf Armjynf. twGif;a&;r[kwf? tjyifty ta&;uJo h @dk t"duta&;r[kw?f omrnta&;uJo h @dk (zqyv) u ,lqa=umif; xif&mS ;aeygonf? xkd@a=umifh ayghayghqqajym+yD; ayghayghqqvkyf=uonfESifhwlygonf? ar;cGe;f (7) ESiyhf wfoufI “¹cif;csex f m;aome,frsm;rygbJ Armhvw G v f yfa&;&Ekid o f nf[k yif (zqyv) u ,lqaeygonf?” Toabmxm;onf (zqyv) “rl” jzpfaeygonf? TuJhokd@ ‘ukd,fhta&;’[koabmrxm;bJ ‘ol@ta&;’[k oabmxm;jcif;a=umifh æ (1) jyifyu0g'jzef@ay;rnf? (ar;cGef;-1) (2) vlv$wf&ef}udK;pm;ygrnf? (ar;cGef;-2) (3) Armvlxk}uD;u vlrsKd;i,frsm;tay:rapmfum;&atmif “u|Ekfyfwkd@ tpkd;&r[kwfvkd@” xdxda&mufa&muf ta&;r,lEkdifbl;? (ar;cGef;-3) [k ayghayghqq ajz=ujcif;? trSerf mS acgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;u wef;wltcGit hf a&;ay;&rnf? aoG;pnf;&rnf[k rnfuo hJ @dk yif atmf[pfa&;om;aeapumrl Armvlxkapmfum;zdESdrfaernfqkdv#if tr_dufup jy\'frD;avmif qkdouJhokd@ wu,fhppfrSefaom aoG;pnf;a&;ukd&Ekdifrnfr[kwfyg? tr_dufukd omreftr_dufjzifh rxm; bJ jym\'g;ukdrD;avmifapwwfonfh tr_duf[koabmxm;+yD;/ acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;u xdxda&muf a&mufav;eufpGm ta&;,loifhygonf? (4) wu,fn h v D mcH}uD;wGif tcsi;f csi;f acgi;f aqmifrsm;ukd zdwaf c:zk@d &ef *¶krpku d jf cif;/ zdwI f vm˜rvmrSm tzdwcf &H aomolw@dk .tvky/f zdwaf c:zk@d &efrmS (zqyv) . wm0efjzpf ygonf? vlenf;pkta&;ukd ukd,fhta&;[k oabmrxm;cJhjcif;a=umifhom rzdwfac: cJhjcif;jzpf&monf? tcsdefr&SdI/ tvkyfrsm;aeI rvmEkdifbl;xifI rzdwfa=umif;ajym v#if a&&maomta=umif;jycsuf rjzpfEkdifyg? usaemfwkd@wawG vma&muf=ujcif;rSm uk, d ahf pwemESihf uk, d v f ma&muf=ujcif;r# jzpfygonf? &Si;f &Si;f ajym&v#if tqkt d rSwf (7) ukd awmif}uD;rS OD;azcifomra&muf&SdchJv#if wifoGif;rS wifoGif;jzpfyghrvm;[k usaemfwkd@u ,ae@wkdif oHo,jzpfae=uygonf? (ar;cGef;-4) (5) wkid ;f &if;om;vlenf;pkXme oD;jcm;xm;&efuydk if aiGuek o f av;/ vlr&So d av;jzifh qifajc ay;aejcif;/ aemufq;Hk rS Ekid if aH &;XmeatmufwiG f xm;rvkv d dk aomifrwifa&rus ajym vkdufjcif;rSm “ukd,fhta&;” [k oabmrxm;a=umif; xif&Sm;ygonf? (ar;cGef;-5) (6) (State People' Conference) ac:ay;&efyif aiGoyd u f ek o f nf[k nnf;wGm;vku d af o;jcif; rSm aiGrukefoifhaomta&;[k ,lqxm;[efwlygonf? (ar;cGef;-6)? okd@aomf óu; ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

pm;I usif;yay;rnfqkdojzifhom aus;Zl;wif&ygonf? (7) &ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;.udpPESifhywfoufI *¶kpkdufoifhoavmuf rpkdufonfukd &ckdif ukd,fpm;vS,fajymjycsuft& =um;od&jcif;/ &ckdifjynf pkHprf;a&;oGm;&ef odyf=uef@=um rnf? odyfyifyef;rnf? ponfjzifh trsKd;rsKd;ta=umif;jyaejcif;/ trSefrSm &ckdifjynfonf usaemfwkd@uhJokd@ cGx J kwfxm;aome,fr[kwf? ArmjynfrSmyif yg0ifaeygv#uf “ukd,fh ta&;”[k v_dufv_dufvv SJ t SJ a&;r,ljcif;onf usaemfwkd@pdwfukd tvGefxdckdufapyg onf? txufygtcsufrsm;ukd axmufxm;v#uf (zqyv) u wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;i,frsm;. ta&;ukd “ighta&;”[k oabmrxm;bJ “ol@ta&;”[k oabmxm;onf[k usaemfwkd@0rf;enf; a=uuGJpGm pGyfpGJygonf? Toabmxm;rSm e,fcsJ@orm;.puULjzLpmwrf;ukd axmufcH&ma&muf ra&muf vl}uD;rif;rsm; pOf;pm;awmfrlEkdifygonf? nDvmcHqkH;jzwfcsuf “y,fxm;aome,frsm; yl; aygif;a&;”tqkdatmufwGif æ “puULjzLpmwrf;t& &Srf;jynf/ ucsifawmif/ csif;awmifponfh e,frsm;pGmukd ArmjynfrS cGx J w k x f m;a=umif;/ xked ,frsm;onf Armjynf}uD;ESiyhf ;l aygi;f vku d xked ,foel ,fom;rsm;.qENtwkid ;f jzpf&rnf[lIvnf; qkdxm;a=umif;” TuJo h @dk awmifwef;e,frsm;ukd oD;oef@cx JG w k x f m;a=umif;ukd TnDvmcH}uD;u uef@uu G f a=umif;qkdxm;aomfvnf; tvkyftr_aqmifoabmxm;onf xkduef@uGufcsufukd uef@uGufae onf[kyif usaemfwkd@ xifjrif,lqygawmhonf? Tae&mwGif oifhavsmfavsmufywfonf[k,lqygojzifh tdENd,jynfapmfbGm;e,frsm;ESifh ywfoufI tdENd,trsKd;om;uGefu&uf.oabmxm;ukd xkwfE_wfaz:jycGifhðyawmfrlapvkdygonf? " The integrity and unity of India was an essential part of the independence we worked for, and the same full measure of political, social and economic freedom was to come to the states as to the rest of India. There could be no compromise on this and the Congress declared afresh in favour of full responsible government and the guaranty of civil liberty in the States. Further it declared to be its right and privilege to work for the attainment of those objectives in the states. There was no question of non-intervention, the congress, as representing the will of the Indial people recognises no bars which limits its freedom of activities in any matter pertaining to India and her people. It is its right and privilege and its duty to intervene any such matter whenever the interests of India demand it. Not do so would be to deny its own function and to betray the cause which it seeks to represent. "The congress know well that the backwardness of the states hindered our nation progress and that there can be no freedom for India unless the States cease to be what they are.

(Unity of

India P.29 from the Presidential Address of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru at the

All India States Peoples Conference, February 1928. Ludhiana.)

yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d i,fta&;ESiyhf wfoufI *syefr0ifraD cwfu ArmhEidk if aH &;ukd *k% d ;f *%wk@d teuf wkd@Arm tpnf;t&kH;ESifh azbD,HygwDuvGI J b,folrS*±krðyvmcJhyg? okd@aomf xkdtpnf;t¶kH; wdk@rSm xkdpOfu wjynfvkH;ukd =oZmay;Ekdifaom tpnf;t¶kH;rjzpfcJhojzifh ta&;rygcJhyg? xkdpOfu Ekid if aH &;orm;wk@d onf e,fcs@J qo dk nft h wkid ;f rwk;d cs@J =uacs? *syefacwfuvnf; b,fEidk if aH &;rS &Sr;f jynf ukd *¶krpkdufacs? yl;aygif;vkdufpOfuvnf; Armtpkd;&.vkyfukdifykHrSm ykdIaoG;uGaJ pcJhygonf? tus,f &Sif;jy&ef vkdtyfrnfrxifyg? ,ck t*Fvdyfjyef0ifvmaomtcgYvnf; puULjzLpmwrf;ucGJxm;w,f? oGm;rwkd;eJ@qkd onft h wkid ;f vku d ef maxmufco H vkjd zpfaeayonf? tajymta[mtm;jzifh wk;d wufvmovk&d adS omf vnf; vufawG@vkyfief;tm;jzifh *syefr0ifrDacwfu xufrwkd;wufao;[k ,lq&ygonf?

vl}uD;rif;rsm;cifAsm; æ ,ck ta&;wumhta&;}uD;qkH;tcsufukd usaemfwkd@ !$efjyyg&ap? (8/ 2/ 46) &ufae@ aqG;aEG;pOfu “&Sr;f jynf[m (Land Locked ) (uke;f acgiaf cgi/f acsmifyw d )f jzpfaeI (AkdvfcsKyf) ArmjynfrESifh ryl;aygif;csifbl;[kacgif;rmaev#if Armjynf (vGwfvyfa&;wkd@/ rqkd xm;ESifh) 'kdrDeD,Havmufyif&onfhtcg pD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;vkyfvkduf&if wcgwnf;aygif;vm&rSmyJ[k vnf; ajymvkdufygonf? bdvyfpm;0kdif;uGefz&ifhwGif apmfbGm;wOD;tm; OD;babu “&Srf;jynfu &xm;vrf;awGðzwfypfr,f? pmwkdufawG/ a=u;eef;wkdifawG jyefodrf;ypfr,f? tmvl;awGr0,fbl; ponfjzifh (Economic Threat) vkyEf idk o f nft h a=umif; ajcmufveS @f vu dk af omtcg ‚apmfbmG ;}uD;u “[m æ 'Dvkdawmhrvkyfyge@J ”[k awmif;yefonfhta=umif;!$ef=um;+yD; &,farmajymqkdvkdufygao; onf? usaemfw@dk &rS ;f rsm;tzk@d rnfr#pw d x f cd u dk o f mG ;onfudk vl}uD;rif;rsm; pOf;pm;rd[efrwlyg? Tok@d pD;yGm;a&;jzifh+cdrf;ajcmufI aygif;apvkdjcif;xuf zufqpfqefaomt&m &SdEkdifygOD;rnfvm;? “[Jhaumifrav;/ eif ighukdóuuf/ róuuf&if a[m'D"g;=unfh”[k +cdrf;ajcmuf+yD; rk'def;usifhonfESifh bmrsm;xl;jcm;ao;ygovJ? odyftcH&cufvSygonf? Armjynfukd Armjynf&Sd wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;toD;oD;wkd@tm;vkH; oabmwl vGwfvyfpGmzG@J pnf;xm;aom wkdif;jynf}uD;xlaxmif&ef Tokd@wnfaxmif&ef yg0ifaomvlrsKd;toD;oD;tm; rdrdwkd@ uH=urRmukd rdrw d @dk bmomzefw;D Ekid af omtcGit hf a&;ay;xm;&ef[k qkx d m;aom (zqyv) . &nf&, G f csufESifh tvsOf;rukdufnDawmhyg? Tok@d usaemfw@dk udk *¶krpku d f &,fumarmum pD;yGm;a&;jzif+h cdr;f ajcmufvu dk jf cif;ukd usaemf wkd@ b,fvkdonf;cH+yD;em;axmif&onfukd ukd,fcsif;pm=unfhawmfrlyg? (zqyv) . wu,fhacgif; aqmif}uD;rsm;u Tvkd zufqpfqefqef oabmxm;aev#if Armhn! D w G af &;um; cJ,Of;ygao;onf? ArmhvGwfvyfa&;um; a0;ygao;onf? ,ck (18/ 2/ 46) &ufae@u anmifa&$apmfbmG ;u tpk;d &0kid ;f xrif;pm;yGw J ckrmS tckArmawG u usKyfwkd@&Srf;jynfukd (Economic Threat ) vkyfw,fvkd@=um;w,f? 'Dvkdomqkd&if usKyfwkd@uvnf; (Racial Threat) vky&f vdrrhf ,f? ,k;d ',m;/ tif'cdk sKid ;f em;/ w¶kww f @dk e@J usKyfw@dk qufo, G &f vdrrhf ,f[k ajyma=umif;=um;od&ygonf? ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

xkdanmifa&$apmfbGm; b,fu=um;onfrodyg? xkdapmfbGm;ESifhvnf; usaemfwkd@ roifhjrwf yg? okd@aomf ¶kwfw&uftm;jzifh olESifhusaemfwdk@ oabmcsif;wkdufqkdifaeygonf? t*Fvdyfwkd@u ArmhvGwfvyfa&;pum;ukdrajymojzifh t*Fvdyfxufqkd;aom*syefukd Armwkd@yl;aygif;cJhonf r[kwfygavm? vlrsKd;wrsKd;wrsKd;rSm rsKd;cspfpdwf&Sd=up+rJyif/ rif;wkd@ukd pD;yGm;a&; ESihf csKyfcs,Ef idk w f ,fu[ G k +cdr;f ajcmufvu dk o f jzifh bmyJjzpfjzpf ArmESirhf aygi;f awmhb;l [laom ykid ;f jzwf csufonf rsKd;cspfpdwf"gwfukd ydwfzkH;oGm;apygonf? ArmESifhyl;aygif;&ef tpOfvkdvm;onfhjyif/ tm; vnf;tm;xkwv f mcJah om usaemfw@dk tzk@d yif Tr#jyif;xefpmG cHpm;&aom e*ku d yif Armqk&d if aq;azmf a=umzufrSrvkyfvkdaom olrsm;tzkd@ ajymp&mr&Sdawmh+yD? wcgr# ratmifjrifbl;ao;aom usaemf tvGeftusK;txl;vkdvm;onfh &Srf;/ ArmaoG;pnf;a&;onf ,ckwcgvnf; (zqyv) . vuf&Sd oabmxm;rsK;d twkid ;f qkv d #if atmifjrifz, G &f mvrf;rjrifaoma=umifh 0rf;enf;pGm xkwaf zmfajymqk&d ygonf? (zqyv) oabmxm;ukd a0zef+yD;aemuf usaemfwkd@.oabmxm;ukd ^m%frSDor# ajym& rnfqkdygv#if æ (1) wkdif;&if;om;vlenf;pkawG ryg0ifbJ ppfrSefckdif+rJaom ArmhvGwfvyfa&;ukd b,fenf;ESifhr# r&&SdEkdif? r&&SdEkdifojzifh Armvnf;epfemrnf? vlenf;pkrsm;vnf; epfemrnf? &Srf;ukd oem; vkd@r[kwf? Armhta&;yifjzpf&rnf? (2) wkid ;f &if;om;vlenf;pkw@dk atmufusaemufusjzpfjcif;onf Armhvw G v f yfa&; wk;d wufa&; ukd zifhaES;av;uefaponf? xkd@a=umifh wkdif;&if;om;vlenf;pk wkd;wufacwfrSDa&; ArmESifh wef;wlvkdufEkdifa&;twGuf óu;pm;&efvdkonf wkdif;&if;om; vlenf;pkrsm;.ta&;ESifh tvkyf vnf;jzpf/ Armwkd@.ta&;ESifh tvkyfvnf;jzpfonf? xkd@a=umifh ArmrsKd;cspfrsm;u awmifay: okd@ twif;0if twif;wufI Ekd;=um;pnf;¶kH;a&;tm;ukd xda&mufpGmaqmif&Gufoifhonf? twGif;rS usaemfwkd@vnf; pGef@pGef@pm;pm;vkyf=u&rnf? (3) xk@d o@dk Armrsm;u vlenf;pkta&;ukd 0ifpu G zf uf&mY xm;oifo h nfo h abmxm;rsK;d ? (u) Armt&m&SdawG rsm;rsm;cef@&efrsKd;r[kwfbJ/ &Srf;jynfukd &Srf;/ ucsifjynfukd ucsif ponfjzifh rlxm;&ef? (c) (Economic Threat) r[kwfbJ (Economic Cooperation) rsKd;jzpf&rnf? ruao;/ wwfEkdifv#if ArmbufutepfemcH+yD; qufqH&rnf? Oyrm &Srf;jynfu aiGrvkH avmuf&if A[kdtpkd;&xkwfokH;ay;&rnf? (*) erRwl/ armfcsD;owˆKwGif;rsm;ESifh &Srf;jynf.tqDtESpfrsm;ukd Armuykdifonfh tajym tqkrd sK;d rajymoif?h ,ck avmavmq,fyif apmfbmG ;rsK;d EG,f ynmwwfvil ,fwcsK@d u ArmawGu &Srf;jynfukd twif;aygif;csifrSmaygh? wu,fhtqDtESpfu wkd@&Srf;jynfrSm om&Sdwmukd? 'gawG t*Fvdyftpm; olwkd@tkyfcsKyfcsifvkd@ aygif;zkd@ajymaewm[k ajymqkd pGyfpGJae=uygonf? (C) vlenf;pkrsm;ukd umuG,fay;&ef? (i) vlenf;pkrsm;u cGx J Gufcsifv#if cGx J GufEkdifcGifh&Sd&ef? yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

(p) acwfaemufusaewJh vlenf;pkrsKd;i,fawGukd acwfrSD,Ofaus;vmatmif/ }uD;yGm;vm atmif aqmif&u G &f ef/ TuJhokd@ wef;wloabm/ ukd,fykdifjyXmef;cGifhoabmukdrlwnf+yD; aqmif&GufpGufzufrSom v#if yl;aygi;f a&;vkyif ef;atmifjrifEidk pf &mta=umif; &Syd gonf? T ok@d r[kwf wk@d ArmawGu omw,f? rif;wkd@u wkd@ArmawGukdc,+yD; aygif;&rnfqkdv#if qef@usifbuftusKd;ukd oufa&mufapygvdrfhrnf? vmrnfhrwfvwGif pwkwˆtywfavmufwGif &Srf;jynfyifvkHòrŒYusif;yrnfjzpfaom &Srf;jynf}uD;yGm;a&;/ pD;yGm;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJokd@ (zqyv) vl}uD;rif;rsm;ukdvnf; zdwfrHwuðy=uvdrfh rnf[k =um;&ygonf? xkdtcg vl}uD;rif;rsm;u rlrSefaomoabmxm;rsKd;ukd &Sif;jyEkdifv#if &Srf;ArmaoG;pnf;a&;ppfyGJatmif+yD[k ,lq&ygvdrfhonf? pD;yGm;a&;+cdrf;ajcmufr_rsKd;ESifha[mv#if pGHvdrfh rnfr[kwaf =umif; twdtvif;yif/ ynm&Sd owdjzpfco J nft h wkid ;f apwemaumif;aumif;ESihf owdyef &ygonf? &Srf;xJwGif usaemfwkd@xuf &Srf;-Armyl;aygif;a&;ukd vkdvm;olr&Sda=umif; &J&}J uD;a=unm ygonf? &Srf;-ArmnD!Gwfa&;rS &Srf;-ArmvGwfvyfrnfukd wxpfcs,kH=unfygonf? &Srf;-ArmnD !GwEf idk af tmif &Sr;f -Armwef;wla&;ukrd w l nfrS &rnfuv dk nf; ,k=H unfygonf? (8/ 2/ 46) &ufae@u (zqyv) oabmxm;rSm wef;wla&;ukdra&S@¶_[k qkdvkdygonf? xkd@a=umifh &Srf;-Arm ppfrSefaom aoG;pnf;a&;&atmif wa=umif;wnf;aom ¶kd;om;aom&nf&G,fcsufjzifh Tpmukday;ykd@ygonf? &Srf; jynfvGwfvyfa&; wkd;wufa&;onf &Srf;vlxkvufxrJ Sm&Sda=umif;ukdvnf; aumif;pGmoabmayguf ygonf? OpPm&ifvdk OpPm&ifc=J u&rnfrmS rSeyf gonf? wkid ;f &if;om;vlenf;pkjy\emukd ajz&Si;f &efrnfr# ta&;}uD;a=umif;ukd vl}uD;rif;rsm;xufykdI rnfolr#em;vnf=urnfr[kwfyg? xkd@a=umifh TuJhokd@ ta&;}uD; aeaomtcsdefwGif (zqyv) onf wkdif;&if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;tay: rSefuefaomoabm xm;w&yfESifh aoG;pnf;yl;aygif;r_ukdt&,l+yD; vGwfvyfa&;yef;wkdifokd@ a&S@aqmifcsDwufoGm;Ekdifygap ownf;? av;pm;vSpGmjzifh

ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

tcef; (4) yifvn kH v D mcH jzpfay:vmyHk tajccHtcsufrsm; (u) &Srf;jynfacgif;aqmifrsm; vGwfvyfa&;twGuf v+yf&Sm;vmjcif; yifvkHtp rkdif;yGefuqkdygv#if tHh=o=uvdrfhrnfxifonf? jzpfykHu 'kwd,urBm ppf}uD;jzpf +yD;p urBmay:&Su d v dk edk ED idk if rH sm;u vGwv f yfa&;óu;yrf;aeonfh tcgor,jzpfonf? 1945 ck atmuf wdb k mvwGif rkid ;f yGeaf pmfbmG ;}uD; p0fpx H eG ;f . r[ma'0Dtokbtcrf;tem;ok@d te,fe,ft&yf&yfrS apmfbGm;}uD;rsm; wufa&mufvm=uonf? xdkpOf apmfbGm;rsm;u urBmhtajctae/ Armhtajctaersm;ukdaqG;aEG;=u&if; rdrdwkd@ &Srf;jynfvnf; tem*wftwGuf rnfokd@aqmif&Guf=urnfukd xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef tcsdefa&mufae+yD jzpfa=umif; oabmayguf=uonf? apmfbGm;}uD;rsm;tm;vkH;u rkdif;yGefapmfbGm;}uD;tm; enf;vrf;&SmazG&ef wm0efay;vkduf onf? rkdif;yGefapmfbGm;}uD;u 1946 ck/ Zefe0g&Dv (31) &ufae@wGif apmfbGm;rsm;aumifpD tpnf; ta0;w&yfudkusif;y&ef rkdif;ukdifòrŒokd@ zdwfac:vkdufonf? ,if;rkdif;ukdifòrŒ apmfbGm;}uD;rsm;tpnf;ta0;yGJu aqG;aEG;=u&mrS vmrnfhrwfvwGif usa&mufr,fh vJcsm;e,f/ yifvkHòrŒbk&m;yGw J Gif “&Srf;jynfe,f vufr_jyyG”J w&yfusif;y&ef qkH;jzwf vkdufonf? ukefusonfrsm;ukd vJcsm;apmfbGm;}uD;u wm0ef,lvkdufonf? “&Srf;jynfe,f vufr_jyyG”J [k trnfwyfxm;aomfvnf; ,if;jyyGo J kd@ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; ESifh zqyvacgif;aqmifrsm;/ ArmjynfrrS tjcm;EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;/ awmifwef;a'orS ucsif/ csi;f / u&ifeaD cgi;f aqmifrsm;ukv d nf; zdw=f um;ojzifh Ekid if aH &;toGiv f uQ%mtjynft h 0aqmifonf? xdk@a=umifh ,if;nDvmcHudk yxryifvkHnDvmcH[kac:wGif=uonf? yxryifvkHnDvmcHukd yifvkHòrŒwGif 1946 ck/ rwfv (1) &ufae@rS (12) &ufae@txd usif;yonf? nDvmcHwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf &cdkifjynfbufc&D;vGefojzifh AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; ukd,fpm; OD;Ek/ OD;b*srf;/ ref;bckdif/ OD;bat;/ oxHkOD;vSaztjyif *VKefOD;apmvnf; wufa&mufchJ=u onf? nDvmcHwGif &Srf;jynfrS OD;xGef;jrifh (vif;ac;) ESifh OD;wifat;wdk@ a[majym=uonf? OD;Eku &Srf;/ Arm cspf=unfa&;orkdif;ukdvnf;aumif;/ *VKefOD;apmu 'kdrDeD,Hta=umif;ukdvnf;aumif; a[m ajym=uonf? OD;Eku Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;rSm óuwifppD Ofxm;aom tjcm;udpw P ck&I dS orkid ;f 0if TnDvmcH ukd rwufa&mufEidk af =umif;/ Tod@k rwufa&mufEidk o f nft h wGuf awmif;yefa=umif;/ rwufa&mufEidk f aomfvnf; atmifjrifr_&ygap[kqENðyonfukd Ttpnf;ta0;okd@wifjy&ef rSm=um;vkdufa=umif; ajym=um;+yD;/ &Sr;f -Armcsp=f unfa&;orkid ;f ukd t"duaqG;aEG;oGm;onf? xk@d jyif zqyvtzG@J csKyf yxr t}udrn f v D mcHwiG f &Sr;f vli,f (10) OD;ESihf awG@qpHk Ofu rajyrvnf&cdS =hJ uonfudk xyfraH wG@qaHk qG;aEG; =u+yD; tawmftwef em;vnfr_&&SdoGm;=uonf? *VKefO;D apmu awmifwef;a'orsm;onf ArmjynfrESiw hf òyifwnf; vGwv f yfa&;&,l=u+yD; yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;ygu cGx J Gufvdkygu cGx J GufcGifh&Sdap&rnf[k aqG;aEG;onfhtjyif 'kdrDeD,HtkyfcsKyfa&; ta=umif;ukyd g aqG;aEG;vmojzifh &Sr;f jynfacgi;f aqmifrsm;u ArmjynfrmS a&mif;rpGw H 'hJ rdk edk , D u H dk &Sr;f jynfvmra&mif;ygeJ@[kajymvkduf&m OD;apm‘vkH;0’ta&;edrfhoGm;onf? &Srf;ESifhucsifacgif;aqmifrsm;onf ArmjynfESifhwòyifwnf; vGwfvyfa&;&,loGm;rnfhenf; vrf;rsm;ukd oD;oef@awG@qkHaqG;aEG;=uonf? u&ifejD ynfu, dk pf m;vS,u f rdrw d @dk u&ifejD ynfrmS oD;jcm;vGwv f yfa&;&&S+d yD;jzpfI avhvm oltjzpfom wufa&mufa=umif;/ tem*wfjynfaxmifpzk @JG pnf;ykt H ay:rlwnf+yD; u&ifejD ynforl sm;. qENoabmxm;&,loGm;rnf[k tvGwfoabmjzifhom aqG;aEG;oGm;onf? yxryifvn Hk v D mcHonf tdr&f iS f zuf'&,f&rS ;f jynfaxmifpak pmfbmG ;}uD;rsm;uk, d w f idk f pDpOf zdwf=um;I 1946 ck/ rwfv (1) &ufae@rS rwfv (12) &ufae@txd usif;yðyvkyfonfhtwGuf &Srf;/ Arm/ ucsif/ csif; ponfh wkdif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; cspf=unf&if;ESD;r_/ tjyeftvSef em;vnfr_ &&Sdaponf? aemufESpfyifvkHwGif xyfrHqkHpnf;=u&efukdvnf; oabmxm;&&SdoGm;=uonf?

yxr yifvn kH v D mcH (1946 ckEpS )f (c) Akv d fcsKyfatmifqef; vGwfvyfa&; ta&;qk&d ef _Adwo d #Ekid fio H kd hoGm;a&mufjcif; tufwvDu Armjynftem*gwfa&;twGuf aqG;aEG;&ef 1946 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmvtwGif; wGif Armukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@ukd vef'efokd@apv$wf&ef zdwfac:onf? AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;. “wESpf twGi;f vk;H 0vGwv f yfa&;&&Sad p&rnf” [laomaºu;a=umforH mS zqyv. w&m;0ifaºu;a=umfojH zpf vmonf? AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;trSL;ðyaom Armjynftpkd;& ukd,fpm;vS,ftzG@J onf ,if;aºu;a=umf oHukdukdifqGv J suf 1947 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv (1) &ufae@wGif vef'efokd@ xGufcGmoGm;onf? AkdvfcsKyf atmifqef;onf vef'efwGif ArmjynfESifhtwl awmifwef;a'oe,fajrrsm;udkyg wòyifwnf; vGwf vyfa&;ay;&efta&;qkd wifoGif;vkdufonf? (*) &Srf;jynfapmfbGm;rsm; _Adwo d #tpk;d &xHokd h a-u;eef;pmay;ykd hjcif; xkdokd@ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ArmjynfESifh awmifwef;a'oe,fajrrsm;twGuf wòyif wnf; vGwv f yfa&;ay;&ef ta&;qkad epOf &Sr;f apmfbmG ;rsm;aumifpu D Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;trSL;ðyaom Armjynftpkd;&ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@onf Armjynfukdomukd,fpm;ðy+yD; &Srf;jynfESifhawmifwef;a'o rsm;.ukd,fpm;vS,fr[kwfa=umif; +Adwdo#tpkd;&xHokd@ a=u;eef;pmay;ykd@onf?

a-u;eef;pmyg tcsufrsm; 1? Armrif;rsm;vufxufuwnf;u &Srf;jynfonf oD;jcm;e,ftjzpfwnf&Sda=umif;? 2? Armjynftm; vGwv f yfa&;ay;&ef qk;H jzwfygu zuf'&,f&rS ;f jynfonfvnf; tvm;wl ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

tcGit hf a&;&oifah =umif;? 3? &Srf;jynfonf ArmjynfrESifhyl;aygif;&ef tcsdefrusa&mufao;a=umif;? 4? apmfbGm;rsm;tm; tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh b¾ma&;rsm;wGif pDrHcef@cGJcGifhukd tyfoifha=umif;? 5? &Sr;f jynfEiS hf e,fcsi;f pyfaeaom wkid ;f jynfrsm;ESihf vGwv f yfpmG qufqcH iG hf ay;oifah =umif;? 6? &Srf;jynfonf tjcm;awmifwef;a'orsm;enf;wl e,fjcm;a'otkyfcsKyfa&;. abmif twGif;Yom aexkdifvkda=umif;? 7? ArmjynfESifhyl;aygif;&rnfqkdygu &Srf;jynftwGuf vkH;0ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;&&Sd&rnf [laomrljzifhom aqG;aEG;vkda=umif;? 8? jynfaxmifpEk idk if t H wGi;f rS cGx J u G v f v dk #if cGx J u G Ef idk cf iG u hf dk aemifa&;qGrJ nfh zG@J pnf;ykt H ajccH Oya'wGif tmrcHcsufay;&rnfjzpfa=umif; [lI yg&Sdonf? (C) &Srf;jynfvGwfvyfa&;tzGJŒ (&yv) _Adwo d #tpk;d &xHokd ha-u;eef;pmay;ykd hjcif; &Srf;jynfapmfbGm;rsm;u AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;OD;aqmifaom Armjynftpkd;&ukd,fpm;vS,f tzG@J onf &Srf;jynftwGuf ukd,fpm;rðya=umif;[lI +Adwdo#tpkd;&xHokd@ a=u;eef;pmay;ykd@a=umif; =um;od&onfhtcg &yvtzGJ@onf awmif}uD;òrŒ aps;ae@wGif jynfolvlxk (2000) ukd pkpnf;I vlxktpnf;ta0;w&yfusif;y+yD; AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ArmjynfESifhawmifwef;a'o e,fajr rsm;twGuf wòyifwnf; vGwv f yfa&;ay;&ef vef'efwiG f ta&;qkad ea=umif;/ xk@d a=umifh ArmjynfEiS hf twl &Srf;jynfukdyg vGwfvyfa&; wòyifwnf;csufcsif;ay;&ef AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; wnDw!Gwf wnf; axmufcHa=umif; tqkdwifoGif;+yD; axmufcHtwnfðy=uonf? a-u;eef;pmygtcsufrsm; 1? AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ukd &Srf;jynfvlxku axmufcHa=umif;? 2? ArmjynfESifhtwl &Srf;jynfukd vGwfvyfa&;wòyifwnf;csufcsif;ay;&ef wnDw!Gwf wnf; awmif;qkda=umif;? 3? &Sr;f jynfvx l o k nf ya'o&mZfpeH pfatmufrS raES;tjref vGwaf jrmufa&;ukd awmif;qkd a=umif;[lIyg &Sdonf? (i) a-u;eef;pmrsm;tay: ok;H oyfcsuf apmfbmG ;rsm;e,f (33) e,f yg0ifppk nf;xm;aom zuf'&,f&rS ;f jynfaxmifp. k tm%mykid f rsm;onf ,if;tcsdefumvu apmfbGm;}uD;rsm;yifjzpfonf? &Srf;jynfESifh awmifwef;a'orsm;onf Armjynftpkd;&ESifh vkH;0ywfoufjcif;r&Sdacs? x@kda=umifh óuwifn‡dE_dif;oabmwlnDr_ r&&SdbJv#uf Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;trSL;ðyaom Armjynftpk;d &uk, d pf m;vS,o f nf &Sr;f jynfudk uk, d pf m;rðyEkid af =umif; qkdonfrSm &Sif;aeayonf? okd@aomf AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ukd,fwkdif Armrsm;onf awmifwef;a'o twGufajymqkdjcif;rSm ArmjynfESifhwef;wl tqifhtwef;tcGifhta&;&apvkdaoma=umifhjzpfa=umif;/ ArmvlrsKd;onf +Adwdo#uíefrjzpfvkda=umif;/ xkd@enf;wl awmif;wef;vlrsKd;rsm; +Adwdo#uíefjzpfonf ukd Armuróuufa=umif;qkd+yD; apwemoef@oef@jzifh Armjynfrtygt0if awmifwef;a'otwGuf yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

wòyifwnf;vGwfvyfa&;ukd awmif;qkdjcif;jzpfa=umif;ukd cH,l&rnfjzpfonf? xkd@a=umifh ArmjynfrESifhyl;aygif;rnfqkdygu vkH;0ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;&&Sd&rnf? xkd@jyif jynfaxmifpk EkdifiHtwGif;rS cGx J Gufvkdv#if cGx J GufEkdifcGifhukd aemifa&;qGrJ nfh zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya'wGif tmrcHcsufay;&rnfjzpfa=umif; a=u;eef;pmwGifazmfjyjcif;onf Armjynftpkd;&ESifh&Srf;jynf/ awmif wef;a'o e,fajrrsm;rS acgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm; awG@qaHk qG;aEG;+yD; oabmwlncD suf &&S&d efvadk =umif;ukd xkwfaz:jyjcif;yifjzpfonf? okd@&mwGif tkyfcsKyfoltqifhqifhazmfjyaom orkdif;pmrsufESmrsm;wGif &Srf; apmfbmG ;rsm;udk ykwcf wfa&;om;azmfjyjcif;onf wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; pnf;vk;H nD!w G af &;ukd xdcu dk f apa=umif; owdcsyf&rnfjzpfonf? &yvtzG@J acgi;f aqmifrsm;jzpf=uaom OD;xGe;f jrif}h uD; (vif;ac;)/ OD;wifat;/ OD;xGe;f jrifah v; (awmif}uD;)/ OD;cGefxD;/ OD;tkef;az/ OD;a&$tkH;/ OD;pHaz ponfhyk*~Kdvfwkd@onf ,if;umvwGif tm%mykdif tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; r[kwf=uay? w&m;0ifEkdifiHa&;ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;wckvnf; rqkdEkdif? &Srf;jynfwGif EkdifiHa&;ygwDtzG@J tpnf; vGwfvyfpGmzG@J pnf;cGifhr&&Sdonfhumvvnf; jzpfonf? ,if;yk*~Kdvfrsm;onf ya'o&mZfpepfukdqef@usif+yD; ArmjynfESifh &Srf;jynfawmifwef;a'oe,fajrrsm; wòyifwnf; vGwfvyfa&;&,lI trsKd;om;jynfe,faygif;pk yg0ifzGJ@pnf;xm;aom wef;wlonfhjynfaxmifpk EkdifiHawmfwnfaxmifa&;ukd ar#mfvifhtm;}uD;pGmjzifh pGrf;pGrf;wrH wufwufºuºuv_yf&Sm;=uonfh vli,fwpkyifjzpfonf? zuf'&,f&Srf;jynfaxmifpkonf &Srf;apmfbGm;rsm; e,f (33) e,f yg0ifpkpnf;xm;onf? xkd@a=umifh awmif}uD;òr@aps;ae@wGif vma&muf=uaom vlxk (2000) ta&twGufonf &Srf;jynf vlxktm; ukd,fpm;ðyonf[k rqkdEkdifacs? AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;. ArmjynfrESifhtwl &Srf;jynfawmifwef;a'o e,fajrrsm;yg wòyif wnf;vGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef ta&;qkdjcif;onfvnf;aumif;/ &Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;ay;ykd@aom a=u;eef;pm onfvnf;aumif;/ &yvtzG@J uay;yk@d onfh a=u;eef;pmonfvnf;aumif;/ tusK;d oufa&mufr_ rnf Irnfr#&Sdonfukd 1947 ck/ Zefe0g&Dv (27) &ufae@wGifcsKyfqkdxm;aom atmifqef;tufwvD pmcsKyfrmS awmifwef;a'oe,fajrrsm;ESiyhf wfoufI yk'rf (8) wGif azmfjyxm;onft h wdik ;f ok;H oyfEikd f ayonf?

(p) yk'fr=8? e,fjcm;a'orsm; e,fjcm;a'orsm;ESifh 0ef}uD;rsm;tkyfcsKyfaom jrefrmEkdifiHawmfukd xkda'orsm;wGif aexkdif =uaomolrsm;. vGwfvyfaomoabmwlcsufjzifh tcsdefraESmif; aygif;pnf;jcif; atmifjrif&efrSm bk&ifrif;jrwftpkd;&ESifh jrefrmukd,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm; ESpfOD;ESpfbuf. oabmwl+yD;aom &nf&G,f csufjzpfonf? TtawmtwGif; e,fjcm;&Sdvlrsm;onf ESpfOD;ESpfbuf&SdaomudpPrsm;ESifhywfoufI ESpOf ;D ESpb f uf vufcEH idk af omenf;jzifh jrefrmEkid if aH wmftpk;d &wk@d EiS hf &if;ES;D pGm aygi;f oif;wGb J uf&mwGif Tonfwkd@ukd ar#mfukd;I oabmwlnD=uonfrSm æ (u) e,fjcm;a'ovlrsm;ESifh 0ef}uD;rsm;tkyfcsKyfaom jrefrmEkdifiHawmfvlrsm;onf twm; tqD;r&SdbJ vGwfvyfpGm ul;vl;qufqHjcif;&Sdap&rnf? ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

(c) 1? e,fjcm;udpPrsm;ay:wGif bk&ifcHrif;}uD;ukd t=uH^m%fay;&efESifh tr_aqmifaumif pDESifh &if;ESD;pGmqufqH&ef/ e,fjcm;ukd,fpm;vS,fcef@xm;jcif;jzifhvnf;aumif; (okd@) 2? e,fjcm;udprP sm;ukt d yk cf sKyfaom tr_aqmif0ef}uD;tjzpfjzifh e,fjcm;a'o uk, d pf m;vS,f wOD;cef@xm;jcif;jzifhvnf;aumif; (okd@) 3? tjcm;enf;jzifv h nf;aumif;/ acwfajymif;acwfvu J$ mvtwGi;f vufcEH idk rf nf[k rdrw d @dk xifjrifaom jrefrmEkdifiHawmftpkd;&ESifh yl;wGaJ ygif;bufykHESifhywfoufI rdrdwkd@xifjrifcsuf rsm;ukdxkwfazmfajymqkdEkdif&ef aemufvqef;wGifusif;yrnfjzpfaom 0ef}uD;uGefz&ifhwGif vnf;aumif; (ok@)d Tudpt P wGuu f si;f yaom uGezf &ifw h iG v f nf;aumif;/ e,fjcm;a'o&Sd vlrsm;.acgif;aqmifrsm;/ ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ukd ar;jref;&rnf? (*) yifvkHtpnf;ta0; (okd@) txl;uGefz&ifhtpnf;ta0;+yD;qkH;onfhtcgwGif bk&if rif;jrwftpkd;&ESifh jrefrmEkdifiHawmftpkd;&wkd@onf e,fjcm;vlrsm; xkwfazmfajymqkdaom xifjrifcsufrsm;ESifh vkdufavsmnDpGm trsm;oabmwl vkdvm;csufrsm;ukd jznfhpGrf;&ef t aumif;qkH;enf;pepfukd oabmwlnDcsuf,l&vdrfhrnfjzpfa=umif;? (C) jrefrmEkdifiHawmftkyfcsKyfa&; Oya'opftwkdif;aqmif&Guf&mY e,fjcm;om;rsm; aygif; pnf;qufqEH idk &f ef taumif;qk;H aomenf;pepf&mS azG&eftwGuf pkpH rf;a&;aumfrwDwckudk csucf si;f wnfaxmif&ef 0ef}uD;rsm;tkycf sKyfaom jrefrmEkid if aH wmf&yfuu G af 'orS tr_aqmif aumifpt D zG@J uwifajr‡mufaom tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESihf e,fjcm;a'oacgi;f aqmifrsm; wkid yf ifE;DS aESm v#uf wifajr‡mufaomtzGJ@0ifrsm; xkdaumfrwDwGif OD;a&tnDtr# yg0ifvdrfhrnfhtjyif oabmwla&G;cs,faom jrefrmEkdifiHawmftjyiftyrS =um;aeyk*~KdvfwOD;ukd OuUÏcef@xm; rnfjzpfa=umif; TaumfrwDu wkdif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmftpnf;ta0;rprD tpD&ifcH pmwifoGif;&ef awmif;qkdrnf? &Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;aumifpDu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;odk@ay;ydk@aom a=u;eef;ygpmonf tvGef ta&;yga=umif;udk yifvkHpmcsKyftydk'f (4) wGif Armjynftpkd;&ESifh +Adodo#tpdk;& (atmifqef; tufwvDpmcsKyf) oabmwlnDcsufrsm;onf &Srf;/ ucsifwdk@ESifhywfoufjcif;r&Sdap&[lI yg&Sdonfudk owdðy&rnfjzpfonf? Ô

yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

tcef; (5) 'kw, d yifvn Hk v D mcHEiS hf yifvpHk mcsKyf

(u) yifvt Hk vm uGwcf idk w f iG f ucsifu, dk pf m;vS,rf sm; tpnf;ta0;ðyvkyjf cif; ucsifukd,fpm;vS,frsm;u yifvkHnDvmcHokd@ wufa&muf&efvm=upOf 1947 ck/ azaz:0g&D v (1) &ufae@ uGwfckdife,ferfhzwfum&GmwGif óuwifn‡dE_dif;aqG;aEG;cJh=u+yD; atmufygvkdvm;csuf rsm;ukd wnDw!Gwfwnf; csrSwfcJhygonf? (1) ucsiftrsKd;om;rsm;[m ArmtrsKd;om;awGESifh wòyifwnf;vGwfvyfa&;&&ef? (2) ucsiftrsKd;om;rsm;&J@qENe@J tnD ucsifoD;jcm;vGwfvyfwhJ EkdifiHxlaxmif&eftwGuf ucsif trsKd;om;jynfe,f zGJ@pnf;&ef? (3) vGwfvyfwhJ ucsifoD;jcm;EkdifiHxrJ Sm Aef;armfe@J jrpf}uD;em;c¶kdifrsm;/ ucsifawmifwef;a'o rsm;eJ@ uomòrŒ&JŒajrmufbuf ajrjyef@a'orsm;yg0ifap&ef? (4) ArmtrsK;d om;rsm;eJ@ ucsit f rsK;d om;rsm;/ ESpOf ;D ESpb f ufvufcEH idk w f ehJ ,ferdwf csucf si;f owf rSwf&ef? (5) e,ferdwfowfrSwf+yD;+yD;jcif; jrefrmjynfbk&ifcHvufwGif&SdwhJ tcGifhtm%mrsm;/ ucsiftrsKd; om;rsm;vufokd@ay;tyf&efeJ@ jrefrmjynf=um;jzwftpkd;&tzGJ@rSm ucsiftrsKd;om;0ef}uD; wOD; cef@tyf&ef? (u) ,if;ucsif0ef}uD;onf oD;jcm;ucsifjynfe,fwGif jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD;wm0ef xrf;&Guf &ef? (c) ucsif0ef}uD;rSm EkdifiHjcm;a&;eJ@b¾ma&;udpPrsm;wGif yg0ifEkdif&ef? (*) umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;ukd t=uHay;&eftwGuf ucsiftrsKd;om;wOD; cef@xm;ay;&ef? (6) ucsifoD;jcm;jynfe,fonf &Srf;oD;jcm;jynfe,fe@J twl jrefrmwEkdifiHvkH; apmvsifpGm vGwf vyfa&;&&Sd&eftwGuf wkdif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmfrSm csufcsif;yg0if=u&ef? (7) txufrSm azmfjywJhtwkdif; jrefrmtrsKd;om;tm;vkH; vGwfvyfa&;&onfhtcg oD;jcm;vGwf vyfonfhucsifEkdifiHtygt0if vGwfvyfonfhjrefrmjynfaxmifpk tpkd;&zGJ@pnf;&ef? ¹cif;csuf? (u) oD;jcm; ucsifEkdifiHu jynfaxmifpktwGif; yg0ifrnf ryg0ifbl;qkdonfhudpPukd oD;jcm; ucsifEkdifiH&J@jynfolvlxkuom qkH;jzwf&rnf? (c) jynfaxmifpk zG@J pnf;+yD;onfhaemufwGif ucsiftrsKd;om;rsm;onf vGwfvyfpGmcGx J Guf cGifh&Sd&rnf? (*) jrefrmEkdifiHA[kdtpkd;&u ucsifjynfe,f jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;ESifh zGH@òz;wkd;wufa&;t wGuf b¾ma&;taxmuftyHhay;&rnf? (8) txufyg wnDw!Gww f nf; qk;H jzwfcsurf sm;ukd e,fjcm;a'ovlrsK;d rsm;tm;vk;H . oabm wlnDr_ukd &,l&ef? ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

vufrSwfa&;xkd;=uolrsm; æ (1) qrm;'l;0g;qif0g;aemif (jrpf}uD;em;) (2) xifiguGef*sm (jrpf}uD;em;) (3) aZmfaemf (jrpf}uD;em;) (4) aZmf&pf (jrpf}uD;em;) (5) u&ifaemf (jrpf}uD;em;) (6) 'def&wef (jrpf}uD;em;) (7) cs&efZGef (jrpf}uD;em;) (8) awmifOD; (jrpf}uD;em;) (9) aZmfv (Aef;armf) (10) 'l;0g;aZmfvGef; (Aef;armf) (11) yH&ef;v (Aef;armf) (12) vbef*a&mif; (Aef;armf) (c) 1947 ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv 6 &ufae h rGef;v$J 2 em&DcGJtcsdefwGif yifvHkòrd hYusif;yaom &Sr;f ESihf ucsifaumfrw D t D pnf;ta0;. qH;k jzwfcsuf tem*wfjynfaxmifpkrzG@J pnf;rD =um;jzwfumvtwGuf ArmjynfrESifh b,fyHkb,fenf; yl;aygif;qufoG,frnfudk 1947 ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv 6 &ufae@ yifvHkwGifusif;yaom &Srf;apmfbGm; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/ &Srf;vlxkudk,fpm;vS,frsm;/ ucsifacgif;aqmifrsm;yg0ifaom tpnf;ta0;u atmufygtwdkif; qHk;jzwf=uonf? 1947 ck/ azaz:0g&Dv 3 &ufae@rS 13 &ufae@xdusif;yaom 'kwd,yifvHknDvmcHwGif e,fpyfa'oacgif;aqmifrsm;onf tem*wfjynfaxmifpkz@GJ pnf;a&;ESifhywfoufI wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wf awmfodk@wufa&muf&ef wnDw!Gwfwnf; oabmwl=uonf? &Sr;f ESiu hf csiaf umfrwDtpnf;ta0;u ArmjynfrESihf yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G jf cif;tm;jzifh &Sr;f ESihf ucsifwkd@onf vGwfvyfa&;ukd ykdrkdvsifjrefpGm&&Sdrnf[k ,kH=unfonfhtavsmuf tul;tajymif; umvwGif Armjynftpkd;&tr_aqmifaumifpDwGif yg0ifaqmif&Guf&ef rdrdwdk@vlrsKd;toD;oD; ukd,fpm; vS,frsm;ukd atmufygtcsuftvufrsm;t& ykd@v$wfrnf? 1? Armwk@d EiS hf tqift h wef;wl/ tcGit hf a&;wl/ &ykid cf iG w hf /l 'Dru dk a&pDusus cHpm;cGi&hf &dS rnf? 2? tr_aqmifaumfrwDwiG f yg0ifaqmif&u G =f uaom &Sr;f uk, d pf m;vS,Ef iS hf ucsiu f , dk pf m; vS,w f @dk onf rdrw d @dk vrl sK;d toD;oD;. jynfwiG ;f a&;&mtm;vk;H twGuf wm0ef,al qmif &Gu=f u&rnf? xk@d tjyif umuG,af &;/ Ekid if jH cm;a&;/ rD;&xm;/ taumufawmftp&Sad om tm;vk;H ESihf oufqidk o f nfu h pd rP sm;twGuf tm;vH;k pkaygi;f wm0ef,l aqmif&u G =f u&rnf? 3? ucsiw f @dk u oD;jcm;ucsijf ynftvd&k adS =umif; awmif;qkcd suu f kd TaumfrwDu axmuf cHonf? 4? Armjynftpk;d &ESihf +Adwo d #tpk;d &wk@d . (atmifqef;tufwvDpmcsKyf) oabmwlncD suf yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

rsm;onf &Srf;/ ucsifwkd@ESifh ywfoufjcif;r&Sdap&? 5? vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;onfhaemuf jrefrm“jynfaxmifpk”rS uíEkfyfwkd@oabm usonfhtcsdef wGif cGx J Gufvkdu cGx J GufcGifh &Sdaprnf? &Sr;f aumfrw D D (yHk) cGefyef;pdef (awmifydkifp0fzvHk) (yHk) pyfa&$odkuf (anmifa&$p0fzvHk) (yHk) p0f[krfz (ajrmufodEMDp0fzvHk) (yHk) p0fEGH (vJcsm;p0fzvHk) (yHk) pyfpHxGef; (rdkif;yGefp0fzvHk) (yHk) p0fxGef;{ (omrcef;p0fzvHk) (ykH) OD;jzL (oxkHp0fzvkHudk,fpm;vS,f) (yHk) cGefzHk; (yk)H OD;wif{ (ykH) OD;xGef;jrifh (yHk) OD;=umyk (yHk) cGefapm (yHk) p0f&pfz (yHk) cGefxD;

ucsifaumfrw D D (yHk) 'l;0g;qif0gaemif (jrpf}uD;em;) (yHk) 'l;0g;aZmf&pf (jrpf}uD;em;) (yHk) 'l;0g;'if&mwef (jrpf}uD;em;) (yHk) 'l;0g;aZmfv (Aef;armf) (yHk) 'l;0g;aZmfvGef; (Aef;armf) (yHk) 'l;0g;vAef;*a&mif; (Aef;armf)

xdq k ;kH csuu f kd aemufwae@ (7/ 2/ 47) wGif xyfraH &muf&v dS maom csi;f ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;yg 0ifonfh e,fpyfa'oudk,fpm;vS,fpHknDtpnf;ta0;rS atmufygtwdkif; xyfrHtwnfðyonf? (*) 1947 ckEpS /f azazmf0g&Dv 7 &ufae h eHeuf (9) em&Dtcsdew f iG f yifvòkH rd Yh usif;yaom csif;/ ucsif/ &Sr;f yl;wGaJ umfrw D . D qH;k jzwfcsuf csi;f ud, k pf m;vS,t f zG@J onf 1947 ckEpS /f azaz:0g&v D 6 &ufnwGif a&muf&v dS m&m ‚wd@k tm; nDvmcHu vd_ufvpSJ Gmóuqdk=uavonf? xkdcsif;udk,fpm;vS,ftzG@J wGif æ (1) OD;v$mr_ef; (atwDtrf)/ (tdkif'Dtufpftrf)/ (bDtD;trf)/ (zvrf;/ csif;awmifwef;) (2) OD;aomifZmcyf/ (atwDtrf)/ (wpf'if/ csif;awmifwef;) (3) OD;uG,fref;/ (atwDtrf)/ ([mum/ csif;awmifwef;) wdk@yg0if=uygonff?

(1) ,efrefae@reG ;f v$J 2 em&Dct JG csed w f iG u f si;f yonfh &Sr;f ESiu hf csiu f , kd pf m;vS,t f zJ@G w@kd . qH;k jzwf csufwdk@udk zwf=um;&Sif;vif;jy&m/ csif;udk,fpm;vS,ftzG@J u atmufygtcsufrsm;udk jznfh pGufIaxmufcH=uojzifh tm;vHk;oabmwlvufcH=uavonf? (u) A[dktcGefawmfaiGESifhpyfvsOf;I &Srf;wdk@cHpm;&aomtcGifhta&;ESifh &ydkifcGifh tm;vHk; ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

wdk@twdkif; csif;ESifhucsifwdk@uvnf; vlOD;a&tvdkuf cHpm;cGifh&Sdap&rnf? (c) csif;wdk@a'owGif b¾ma&;rvHkavmuf&SdchJaomf jrefrmjynftcGefawmfqufaiGrsm;rS jznfhwif;oHk;pGJ&rnf? (*) &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;yg0ifaom awmifwef;om;rsm; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwf a&;tzG@J OD;pD;tr_aqmifaumifpw D &yfukd zG@J pnf;wnfaxmif&rnf? ‚tr_aqmifaumif pDY awmifwef;om;rsm;ESihf jrefrmjynftpd;k &wd@k t=um;wGif ay:ayguo f r#aom ay:vpD qdkif&mudpP&yftm;vHk;ESifhpyfvsOf;I tqHk;tjzwfay;Edkifaom tm%mtjynfhtpHk&Sd& rnf? &Sr;f aumfrwD (yHk) cGefyef;pdef (awmifydkifp0fzvHk) (yHk) p0fa&$odkuf (anmifa&$p0fzvHk) (yHk) p0f[krfz (ajr‡mufodEMDp0fzvHk) (yHk) p0fEGH (vJcsm;p0fzvHk) (yHk) p0fpHxGef; (rdkif;yGefp0fzvHk) (yHk) p0fxGef;{ (omrcef;p0fzvHk) (yHk) OD;jzL (oxHkp0fzvHkudk,fpm;vS,f) (ykH) cGefzHk; (yH)k OD;wif{ (yk)H OD;xGe;f jrifh (yHk) OD;=umyk (yHk) cGefapm (yHk) p0f,dyfz (yHk) cGefxD;?

ucsifaumfrwD (yHk) 'l;0g;qif0g;aemif (jrpf}uD;em;) (yHk) 'l;0g;aZmf&pf (jrpf}uD;em;) (yHk) 'l;0g;'if&mwef (jrpf}uD;em;) (yHk) 'l;0g;aZmfv (Aef;armf) (yHk) 'l;0g;aZmfvGef; (Aef;armf) (yHk) 'l;0g;vAef;*a&mif; (Aef;armf) csif;aumfrwD (yHk) OD;v$mr_ef; (atwDtrf/ tdkif'D)/ tufpt f rf/ bDt;D trf)/ zvrf;? (yHk) OD;aomifZmcyf/ (atwDtrf) wpf'if? (yHk) OD;uG,fref; (atwDtrf) [mum?

txufyg 1947 ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv 6 &ufae@ESifh 7 &ufae@rsm;wGif qHk;jzwf jyXmef;onfh twdik ;f Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;acgi;f aqmifaom Armhacgi;f aqmifrsm;ESiahf qG;aEG;ndE‡ i_d ;f &ef atmufygy*k Kd~ vf rsm;yg0ifaom qyfaumfrwDodk@ wm0efv$Jtyfvdkufonf? (1) OD;=umyk (&Srf;) (2) rdkif;yGefapmfbGm;}uD; (&Srf;) (3) qrm;'l;0g;qif0g;aemif (ucsif) (4) 'l;0g;aZmfvGef; (ucsif) (5) OD;v$mr_ef; (csif;) (6) OD;aomifZmcyf (csif;) yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

&Srf;/ ucsif/ csif; wkdif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf awmifwef;a'orsm; ArmjynfrESifh wòyifwnf; vGwv f yfa&;&,l&ef rdrw d @dk oabmwlncD surf sm;ukd 1947 ck/ azaz:0g&v D (7) &ufae@wiG f t+yD;jyifqifxm;+yD;jzpfI &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif;acgif;aqmifrsm; oabmwlnDcsufonf ordkif;0ifyifvkH pmcsKyf}uD;. a&S›ajy;tajccHtcsufrsm;yifjzpfonf? yifvkHpmcsKyf. yËdnmOftajccHtcsufrsm;vnf; jzpfayonf? txufazmfjyxm;aomqH;k jzwfcsurf sm;onf ordik ;f armfueG ;f 0ifyifvpkH mcsKyf }uD;. a&S@ajy; rsm;yifjzpfonf? 1947 ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv 8 &ufae@wGif yifvHkodk@ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;trSL;ðyaom Armacgi;f aqmifrsm;ESit hf wl +Adwo d #tpd;k &ud, k pf m;vS,f rpPwmabmfwrG v f w D @kd a&muf&v dS m&m Arm jynfrESihf e,fpyfa'o yl;aygi;f a&;jy\emrSm txl;tvnf aqG;aEG;p&mrvdak wmhbJ +yD;pD;oavmuf yifjzpfayonf? e,fpyfa'oudk,fpm;vS,frsm;. qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk tacsmudkifvdkufjcif;jzifh yifvHk pmcsKyf}uD;aygufyGm;vmavonf?

(C) Akv d fcsKyfatmifqef; yifvo kH kd ha&muf&v Sd mjcif;ESifh tóudaqG;aEG;-ujcif; 1947 ckEpS /f azaz:0g&v D (8) &ufae@wiG f Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;trSL;ðyaom Armjynf tpk;d & ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifhtwl +Adwdo#tpkd;&ukd,fpm;vS,f rpPwmabmfwGrfvDwkd@ yifvHkodk@a&muf&Sdvm =uonf? ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

xk@d a=umifh yifvn Hk v D mcH}uD; qufvufusi;f yEkid &f eftwGuf &Sr;f / ucsi/f csi;f acgi;f aqmifrsm; oabmwlq;Hk jzwfcsuf (5) csuEf iS yhf wfoufI y%mrndE‡ id_ ;f =u&mwGif Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u qk;H jzwf csuf tydk'f (1/ 2/ 4) ESifhywfoufI aqG;aEG;p&mr&Sda=umif;/ qkH;jzwfcsuf tydk'f (5) cGx J GufcGifhESifh ywfoufI TnDvmcHu qkH;jzwfEdkifrnfr[kwfa=umif; wkdif;ðyjynfðywGifwifoGif;I qkH;jzwf&rnfh udpPjzpfa=umif; oabmxm;ay;&m tm;vkH;utxl;aqG;aEG;p&mr&Sdyg? odk@aomf qkH;jzwfcsuftydk'f (3) ESifhywfoufI ucsifjynfe,fudk Part one e,fajrjzpf aom ucsi'f ;l 0g;}uD;e,fajrrsm;ESihf Part two e,fajrrsm;aygi;f +yD; wnf axmifay;a&;qko d nft h csuu f kd ucsifacgif;aqmifrsm;u AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; csufcsif;oabmwlvufcHapvdkonf? odk@aomf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf Part two e,fajrrsm;ESifhywfoufI Armjynfre,fajrr[kwfonfhtwGuf rdrdwOD;wnf;oabmjzifh tqHk;tjzwfay;Edkifrnfr[kwfa=umif; trSefwdkif;&Sif;jyonfudk ucsifudk,f pm;vS,frsm;u AdkvfcsKyftay: t,kHt=unfvGef+yD; AdkvfcsKyfqkH;jzwfygu +yD;jywfEdkifrnf[k twif; zdtm;ay;ojzifh tjyeftvSefnd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG;=u&mwGif tcuftcJrsm;pGm ñuHawG@&onf? od@k aomf yifvpHk mcsKyfordik ;f a&;om;xm;aom tcsK@d pma&;q&mrsm;onf cJx G u G cf iG jhf y\em &yfa=umifh Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf &efuek jf yefomG ;&ef av,mOfysrH mS cdik ;f vdu k o f nftxd jy\emjzpf onf[k r[kwrf rSef a&;om;azmfjyxm;a=umif; awG@&&dS onf? usaemf pma&;ðypkou l , kd w f ikd f &Sr;f jynf acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpf=uaom OD;wif{/ OD;cGefxD;/ OD;xGef;jrifh/ OD;jzLwdk@.ajymjycsuft& cJGxGufcGifhESifh vkH;0rywfoufa=umif;/ ucsifjynfudk Part One Z,m; (1) e,fajrESifh Part two Z,m; (2) e,fajr yl;aygi;f +yD; owfrw S jf cif;ESiyhf wfoufaomjy\emjzpfa=umif;/ Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u Part two e,fajr onf rdrw d OD;wnf;oabmjzifh qk;H jzwfIr&a=umif;ajymqdo k nfrmS ¶k;d om;pGmajymqdjk cif;jzpf+yD; ucsif acgif;aqmifrsm;u AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tay: t,kHt=unfvGef+yD; zdtm;ay;jcif;a=umif; jzpfonf[k &Sif;jycJhojzifh od&Sd&ygonf? okd@aomf acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;onf tajr‡mftjrif}uD;rm;pGmjzifh tcsdef,l+yD; n‡dE_dif;wkdifyif aqG;aEG;=u&m oabmwlnDEkdifrnfhtqifhokd@ a&muf&SdoGm;cJhonf? xkd@a=umifh 1947 ck/ azaz:0g&Dv (10) &ufae@wGif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;OD;aqmifaom Armjynftpkd;&ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;/ &Srf;apmfbGm; }uD;rsm;/ &Srf;jynfvlxkukd,fpm;vS,frsm;/ ucsif'l;0g;}uD;rsm;/ ucsifvlxkukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh csif; awmifwef;a'orSacgif;aqmifrsm;onf 'kwd,yifvkHnDvmcH}uD;ukd pwifusif;yEkdifcJhonf? 1947 ck/ azaz:0g&Dv (10) &ufae@ yifvkHnDvmcH}uD; pwifusif;yv#ifusif;yjcif; AkdvfcsKyf atmifqef;u rdef@cGef;ajym=um;&mrSm awmifwef;e,frsm;ukd +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfonfukd Armrsm;u róuufa=umif;/ Armrsm;onf awmifwef;a'otwGufajymqkdjcif;rSm ArmjynfESifhwef;wltqifh twef;tcGifhta&; &apvkdaoma=umifhjzpfa=umif;/ ArmvlrsKd;onf +Adwdo#uíefrjzpfvkda=umif;/ xkd@ enf;wl awmif;wef;vlrsK;d rsm; +Adwo d #uíejf zpfonfudk Armuróuufa=umif;/ xked nf;wl awmifwef; vlrsKd;rsm;onf Armuíeftjzpf rjzpfap&a=umif; a&S;OD;pGmajym=um;oGm;onf? xdk@aemuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif;acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;. oabmwlnD qH;k jzwfcsurf sm; (5) csut f ay: wcsucf si;f tvdu k f atmufygtwkid ;f jyefvnfaqG;aEG;&Si;f vif;wifjy oGm;onf? yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

1? qkH;jzwfcsuf (1) ESifhywfoufI Armwkd@ESifh tqifhtwef;wl/ tcGifhtvrf;wl/ &ykdifcGifhwl/ 'Drkdua&pDusus cHpm;cGifh&Sdap&rnfqkdonfhtcsufESifhywfoufI AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;aemuf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif tqifhtwef; cGjJ cm;jcif;r&Sdap&efESifh tm;vkH;wef; wl&nfwl cHpm;cGi&hf &Sad p&ef tpnf;ta0;}uD;wGif tmrcHcsuaf y;a=umif;ajym=um;&m uk, d f pm;vS,frsm;u wcJeuf=obmay;=uonf? 2? qkH;jzwfcsuf (2) ESifhywfoufI rltm;jzifhvufcH+yD; txl;ajymqkdp&mr&Sda=umif; ajym=um; onf? ukd,fpm;vS,ftm;vkH;uvnf; xyfrHaqG;aEG;=ujcif;r&Sdacs? 3? qkH;jzwfcsuf (3) ESifhywfoufI ucsifawmifwef;a'owGif tusKH;r0ifonfh jrpf}uD;em;/ Aef;armfc¶kdifESifh uomajrjyef@a'orsm;rygbJ ucsifjynf[k jynfe,fwcktjzpf &yfwnfEkdif vdrrhf nf[k rdrrd ,k=H unfa=umif;/ ok@d aomf rdrt d aejzifh vkyyf idk cf iG rhf &Sad omfvnf; ucsiv f rl sK;d rsm; vkdvm;awmifhwvsuf&Sdonfh ucsifjynfe,fjzpfvma&;ukd av;pm;I rltm;jzifh rdrd axmufcHa=umif;/ ,if;udpPukdvnf; &ufowWywftenf;i,ftwGif; &efukefYusif;yrnfh zqyvnDvmcHwiG f rdru d , dk w f idk f tqkw d ifoiG ;f rnfjzpfa=umif; ajym=um;&m uk, d pf m;vS,f rsm;u wcJeuf=obmay;=uonf? 4? qk;H jzwfcsuf (4) ESiyhf wfoufI atmifqef;tufwvDpmcsKyfudk vufcjH cif;rðy[laomudprP mS ,ckaqG;aEG;aeonfhudpPESifh pyfqkdifjcif;r&Sdojzifh a0zefaqG;aEG;&efrvkda=umif; ajym=um; oGm;onf? 5? qkH;jzwfcsuf (5) cGJxGufcGifhESifhywfoufI AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u rltm;jzifhvufcH+yD; T tpnf;ta0;u qkH;jzwfEkdifrnfr[kwfa=umif;/ wkdif;ðyjynfðywGif wifoGif;I qkH;jzwf&rnfh udpjP zpfa=umif;wifjy&m trsm;vufc=H uonf? (aemifwiG f Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;onf cGx J u G f cGio hf nf wkid ;f &if;om;vlenf;pktcGit hf a&;jzpf+yD; rcGx J u G cf siaf tmif ArmvlrsK;d }uD;u vkyjf y& rnf[k ajymqkdvmonftxd cGJxGufcGifhudpPukd trsKd;om;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;twGuf tav;ay;xm;a=umif; awG@&onf?) awmifwef;a'oacgif;aqmifrsm;onf b¾ma&;aiG cGaJ 0okH;pGaJ &;udpPESifhywfoufI aqG; aEG;ar;jref;csufrsm;ukd AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh OD;wifxGËfwkd@u b¾maiG cGaJ 0okH;pGaJ &;ESifhpyfvsOf;I tcsKd;uscGaJ 0okH;pG&J rnfjzpfa=umif;/ +Adwdo#tpkd;&vufatmufwGif &&SdpOfuxuf ykdI&&Sdap&rnf? tmrcHcsufay;onf[k jyefvnf&Sif;vif;oGm;onf? TuJo h @dk Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;trSL;ðyaom Armjynftpk;d &ESihf &Sr;f / ucsi/f csi;f acgi;f aqmifw@dk onf awmifay:ajrjyef@ wòyifwnf; vGwv f yfa&;&,lEidk &f ef &Sr;f / ucsi/f csi;f acgi;f aqmifw@kd . oabm wlcsut f wdik ;f tajrmftjrif}uD;rm;pGmjzifh tjyeftvSeaf qG;aEG;wkid yf iftay;t,l ðyvky=f u+yD; tacsm ukdifvkdufjcif;jzifh orkdif;armfuGef;0ifrSwfwkdif yifvkHpmcsKyf}uD;aygufzGm;vmayonf?

(i) 1947 ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv (12) &ufae hyifvHkpmcsKyf jrefrmjynfbk&ifcH. trlaqmifaumifpDrS tzG@J 0iftcsKd@ESifh p0fzrsm;tm;vHk;wdk@tjyif/ &Srf; ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

jynfe,frsm;/ ucsifawmifwef;a'orsm;ESifh csif;awmifwef;a'owdk@rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;wdk@wuf a&muf=uaom yifvHkòrŒwGifusif;yonfh tpnf;ta0;}uD;w&yfwGif æ =um;jzwfjrefrmtpd;k &ESihf csujf cif;yl;aygi;f jcif;tm;jzifh &Sr;f / ucsiEf iS chf si;f wd@k onf v$wv f yf a&;udk ydrk I kd vsijf refpmG &&Sv d rd rhf nf[k tpnf;ta0;wufa&mufol tzJ@G 0ifw@kd onf uef@uu G o f rl &Sb d J atmufygtwdkif; oabmwlnD=uavonf? 1? awmifwef;om;rsm;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;tzG@J (w-p-n-z) .óu;udkiftzG@J udk,fpm;vS,f rsm;u axmufccH sut f &/ awmifwef;om;rsm;. ud, k pf m;vS,w f OD;udk bk&ifcu H a&G;cs,I f e,fpyfa'orsm;udpPESifhywfoufI aqmif&Guf&eftwGuf bk&ifcH.twdkifyifcHyk*~dKvftjzpf cef@xm;&rnf? 2? TtwdkifyifcHyk*~dKvfudk bk&ifcH.tr_aqmifaumifpDwGif Xmevufudkifr&Sd/ aumifpD0ifwOD; tjzpfcef@xm;I umuG,af &;ESihf jynfyudp&P yfrsm;wGif xH;k enf;Oya't& tr_aqmifaumif pD.tm%mvufatmufo@kd a&muf&o dS nfeh nf;wl e,fpyfa'oudprP sm;udv k nf; tr_aqmif aumifp. D tm%mvufatmufo@kd a&muf&adS p&rnf? Tenf;vrf;rsm;twdik ;f e,fpyfa'o qdkif&m twdkifyifcHyk*~dKvftm; tkyfcsKyfcGifhtm%mudkay;tyf&rnf? 3? tqdkygtwdkifyifcHyk*~dKvfudk ‚ESifhvlrsdK;csif;rwlaom 'kwd,twdkifyifcHyk*~dKvfESpfOD;u ulnD ap&rnf? a&S;OD;pGm 'kwd,twdkifyifcHyk*~dKvfESpfOD;wdk@onf ‚wdk@toD;oD;oufqdkifonfh e,frsm;.udpP&yfrsm;udkaqmif&Guf&efjzpfI/ twdkifyifcHyk*~dKvfrSm tjcm;e,fpyfa'otm; vHk;wdk@.udpP&yfrsm;udk aqmif&Gufap&efjzpfonf? 4? twdkifyifcHyk*~dKvfonf tr_aqmifaumifpDwGif tzG@J 0ifvl}uD;taejzifh e,fpyfa'orsm;. wOD;wnf;aomud, k pf m;vS,t f jzpf yg0if&rnfjzpfaomfvnf;/ 'kw, d twdik yf ifcyH *k Kd~ vfrsm; onf e,fpyfa'orsm;ESifh oufqdkif&mudpP&yfrsm;udk aqG;aEG;=uonfhtcg tr_aqmif aumifpDwGif wufa&mufEdkifcGifh&Sdap&rnf? 5? txufwGif oabmwlnDonfhtwdkif;/ bk&ifcH.tr_aqmifaumifpDudk wdk;cs@J rnfjzpfaomf vnf;/ e,fpyfa'orsm;. e,fwiG ;f tkycf sKyfa&;wGif ,ckcpH m;ae&aom ud, k yf ikd t f yk cf sKyfa&; udk rnfonfhenf;ESifhrqdk wpHkw&m vufv$wfap&ef tqdkygaumifpDu ðyvkyfjcif;r&Sdap&? e,fpyfa'orsm;twGuf e,fwiG ;f tkycf sKyfa&;wGif ud, k yf ikd t f yk cf sKyfa&;&mcdik Ef e_ ;f tjynf&h adS p &rnf[laomrludk oabmwlnD=uonf? 6? yl;aygif;xm;+yD;onfh jrefrmjynftwGif; oD;oef@ucsifjynfe,fwck e,fedrdwfowfrSwfI wnfaxmif&efjy\emrSm wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmfu qHk;jzwf&efjzpfaomfvnf; TuJhodk@ oD;jcm;jynfe,fwckxm;&Sdoifha=umif;udk oabmwlnD=uonf? T&nf&G,fcsuftx ajrmufap&efv@kd imS yXrajcvSr;f taejzifh 1935 ckEpS /f jrefrmEdik if aH wmftpd;k &tufOya't&/ aemufqufwGpJ m&if;yg tydkif; 2 a'orsm;uJhodk@ jrpf}uD;em;ESifhAef;armfc¶dkifwdk@. tkyfcsKyf a&;wGif e,fpyfa'otwdkifyifcHyk*~dKvfESifh 'kwd,twdkifyifcHyk*~dKvfwdk@tm; aqG;aEG;wdkifyif &rnf? 7? e,fpyfa'orsm;. e,foel ,fom;wd@k onf 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if rH sm;wGif tajccHrsm;tjzpf todt yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

rSwðf yxm;+y;D aom tcGit hf a&;rsm;wd@k ukd cHpm;ydik cf iG &hf adS p&rnf? 8? TpmcsKyfwiG f oabmwln=D uonft h pDtpOfrmS ya'o&mZf&rS ;f jynfe,fpw k iG f ,cktyfEiS ;f xm;+yD;aom b¾ma&;ESifhywfoufonfh udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;udk xdcdkufjcif;r&Sdap&ef? 9? TpmcsKyfwGif oabmwlnD=uonfhtpDtpOfwdk@rSm jrefrmjynftcGefawmfaiGrsm;rS ucsif awmifwef;e,frsm;ESifh csif;awmifwef;e,frsm;u &oifh&xdkufaom b¾ma&;tultnD udk xdcdkufjcif;r&Sdap&? jrefrmjynfESifh&Srf;jynfe,fajrpk. b¾ma&;tpDpOfrsm;uJhodk@ ucsif awmifwef;ESifh csif;awmifwef;rsm;wdk@twGuf tvm;wltpDtpOfrsm;udk xm;&SdusifhoHk;&ef jzpfEdkifrnf rjzpfEdkifrnfudk bk&ifcH. tr_aqmifaumifpDu/ e,fpyfa'orsm;. twdkifyifcH yk*~dKvfESifh 'kwd,twdkifyifcHyk*~dKvfwdk@ESifhtwl ppfaq;=unfh¶_&rnf? &Sr;f aumfrwD ucsifaumfrwD jrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;& (yHk) cGefyef;pdef (awmifydkifp0fzvHk) (yHk) qrm;'l;0g;qif0g;aemif (yHk) atmifqef; 12§2§47? (yHk) p0fa&$odkuf (anmifa&$p0fzvHk) (jrpf}uD;em;) (yHk) p0f[kHz (ajrmufodEMDp0fzvHk) (yHk) 'l;0g;aZmf&pf (jrpf}uD;em;) (yHk) p0fEGH (vJcsm;p0fzvHk) (yHk) 'l;0g;'if&wef (jrpf}uD;em;) (yHk) p0fpHxGef; (rdkif;yGefp0fzvHk) (yHk) 'l;0g;aZmfv (jrpf}uD;em;) (yHk) p0fxGef;at; (omrdkif;crf;p0fzvHk) (yHk) 'l;0g;aZmfvGef; (Aef;armf) (yHk) OD;jzL (oxHkp0fzvHk.udk,fpm;vS,f) (yHk) 'l;0g;vAef;*a&mif; (Aef;armf) (yHk) cGefzHk; (ucsifudk,fpm;vS,f) ajrmufodEMD? (yH)k OD;wif{ csif;aumfrwD (yHk) OD;xGef;jrifh (yH)k OD;v$mr_e;f (atwDtrf-tdik af ttuf(pf))/ trfzgvrf;? (yHk) OD;=umyk (yHk) OD;aomifZmcyf (atwDtrf)/ wD'if? (yHk) OD;cGefapm (yHk) OD;uG,fref; (atwDtrf) [mum? (yHk) p0f,dyfz (yHk) cGefxD; yifvpHk mcsKyfEiS yhf ifvpHk w d "f mwfyËdnmOfrsm;onf wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;twGuf ppfreS af om trsK;d om;aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;tiftm;ukd wnfaqmufay;Ekid o f jzifh ArmjynfEiS &hf rS ;f jynf/ ucsijf ynf/ csif;jynfponfh awmifwef;a'oe,fajrrsm; wòyifwnf; vGwfvyfa&;ukdvnf; trdt&qGwfcl;ay; EkdifcJhayonf?

ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

rlvausmufwdkif yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

tcef; (6) yifvpHk mcsKyfEiS hf qufpyfaomyifvpHk w d "f mwf yÉn d mOfrsm; Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf wkid ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;onf &Sr;f / ucsi/f csi;f acgi;f aqmifrsm;. 1947 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv (6-7) &ufae@ oabmwlnDcsufrsm;ukd tjyeftvSefwkdifyifaqG;aEG;I rltm;jzifhvufcH=u+yD; wkdif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmfwGifrS tao;pdwfxyfrHn‡dE_dif;=u&rnfjzpfojzifh yifvkH pmcsKyfwGif xnfhoGif;azmfjyjcif;r&Sday? pmcsKyfwGifazmfjyxm;jcif;rðyaomfvnf; yifvkHpmcsKyf. yxr OD;qkH; tajccHyËdnmOftjzpf tav;teuf vufcH,kH=unfxm;=uonf? xk@d tjyif Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf wkid ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;onf yifvpHk mcsKyftjyif pmcsKyf wGif azmfjyrxm;aomoabmwlncD surf sm;/ pmcsKyfEiS q hf ufpyfaeonfo h abmxm;rsm;/ rde@f ceG ;f rsm;ESihf aqG;aEG;csufrsm;ukdyg yifvkHpmcsKyf yifvHkyËdnmOftjzpf tav;teufcH,lxm;=uonf? yifvkHpmcsKyfcsKyfqkd+yD;onfhaemufykdif;wGif ArmjynfrESifhawmifwef;a'oe,fajrrsm;onf EkdifiHwckwnf;tjzpf yl;aygif;xm;jcif;r&Sdao;ay? odk@aomfvnf; wkdif;ðyjynfðyvkyfief;rsm;ESifh jynf axmifpw k nfaxmifa&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk wkid yf ifaqG;aEG;=u+yD; twlwuGy;l aygi;f aqmif&u G o f mG ;=u rnf jzpfonf? xk@d a=umifh Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;ESiw hf idk ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;onf yifvpHk mcsKyfyËdnmOfrsm;/ yifvpHk mcsKyfEiS q hf ufpyfonfh pmcsKyfwiG af zmfjyrxm;aom oabmwlncD surf sm;/ yifvpHk mcsKyfEiS q hf uf pyfonfo h abmxm;rsm;/ rde@f ceG ;f rsm;/ aqG;aEG;csurf sm;tm;vk;H ukd yifvpHk w d "f mwftjzpf tav;teuf cH,lxm;=uonf? ,if;yifvHkpdwf"mwfuyif wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;tm;vkH; trsKd;om;aoG;pnf; nD!Gwfa&;ukd tckdiftrmwnfaqmufEkdif=u+yD; vGwfvyfa&;ukdvnf; wòyifwnf;qGwfcl;Edkifzdk@ trd t&wGef;ykd@EkdifcJhayonf? yifvpHk mcsKyf/ yËdnmOf/ yifvpHk w d "f mwfEiS hf wqufwpyfwnf;jzpfaom rde@f ceG ;f rsm;/ aqG;aEG; csufrsm; rsm;pGm&Sdonfhteuf tcsKd@ukd atmufygtwkdif;aumufE_wfazmfjyvdkayonf? (u) yifvn kH DvmcHwGif Akv d fcsKyfatmifqef; ¹rGuf-um;onfh rdef hcGef; 1947 ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv (10) &ufae@ yifvkHwGifusif;yðyvkyfonfh awmifwef; a'onD vmcHY AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;rdef@cGef;ajym=um;&mrSm awmifwef;e,frsm;ukd +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfonfukd Armrsm;uróuufa=umif;/ Armrsm;onf awmifwef;a'otwGuaf jymqkjd cif;rSm ArmjynfEiS hf wef;wl tqift h wef;tcGit hf a&; &apvkad oma=umifjh zpfa=umif;/ ArmvlrsK;d onf +Adwo d #uíerf jzpfvadk =umif;/ xkd@enf;wl awmif;wef;vlrsKd;rsm; +Adwdo#uíefjzpfonfukd Armuróuufa=umif;/ xkdenf;wl awmif wef;vlrsKd;rsm;onf Armuíeftjzpf rjzpfap&a=umif; yifvkHpmcsKyfyËdnmOftjzpf yGifhvif;onfh orkdif; 0if uwdu0wfrdef@cGef;rsm; ¹ruf=um;oGm;onf?

(c) wkid f;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmfnDvmcHwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ¹rGuf-um;onfh rdef hcGef; AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf 1947 ck/ arv (19) &uf zqyv. y%mrjyifqif a&;nDvmcH wGif EkdifiHawmftwGufa&;qG&J rnfh zG@J pnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESifhywfoufonfh vrf;!$efcsuf (7) csufcs ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

rSwfonf? 1947 ck/ ZGefv (16) &uf wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmf. yxr}udrfnDvmcHY rdef@cGef;ajym=um; csufrSm awmifwef;a'o wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; pkd;&drfp&mtvsOf;r&SdygESifh? usaemfwkd@awmifwef; a'oESifh oabmwlpmcsKyfcsKyfqkdchJwhJpmcsKyft&jzpfap/ aemuf+yD; awmifwef;a'opkHprf;a&;tzG@J tpD &ifcpH mrS axmufccH sut f &rsm;ukd usaemfw@dk vufcv H monft h wkid ;f jzpfap/ vufcx H m;wJh oabmryg bJ (Not only the letter of agreement) 'Dpmoabmukd usaemfwkd@oabmwlnDvmcJhwmwGif rubJ usaemfwkd@rS (The spirit of agreement) oabmwlnDvmcJhwmukd/ +yD;awmh 'Dtwkdif;bJ 'Dwkdif;ðy jynfðyv$wfawmfrSm vkyfrSmygbJqkdwm awmifwef;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ukd wdwdvif;vif; em;vnf apcsifygw,f? usaemfwkd@ay;xm;aomuwd/ em;vnf+yD;om; oabmwlcsufrsm;ukd e,fcsJ@orm;vkd azmufzsufjcif;rvkyfbl;? 'Dvkday;xm;aom uwd/ em;vnf+yD;om; oabmwlnDcsufrsm;ukd azmuf zsufrnfvm;? oHo,&SdwhJvlawG[m usaemfwkd@&ŒJ Sense of honour, sense of self-respect, sense of pride ukdapmfum;w,fvkd@ usaemfwkd@,lqygw,f? tJ'Dawmh usaemfwkd@ArmvlrsKd;pkjzpfwhJ vlawG [m cifAsm;wk@d oabmrwlbrJ aeEkid w f t hJ ajctaersK;d ukd vufwvk;H jcm;vdrw f ehJ nf;eJ@vnf; usaemfw@dk rvkyfygbl;qkdwm twdtvif;em;vnfapcsifygw,f[k yifvkHpmcsKyfyËdnmOftjzpf uwdu0wfrdef@ cGef;rsm;ukd ¹ruf=um;cJhonf? (*) wdik ;f ðyjynfðyv$waf wmfwiG f anmifa&$apmfbmG ;}uD; p0fa&$ou dk ¹f rGu-f um;onfrh ed ‹f cGe;f anmifa&$apmfbmG ;}uD; p0fa&$ou dk o f nf 1947 ck/ ZGev f (13) &ufae@u usi;f yðyvkyaf om wkdif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmftpnf;ta0;wGif OD;Ektm; v$wfawmfOuUÏtjzpfwifajr‡muf&ef tqkdwif oGif; rdef@cGef;¹ruf=um;cJhonf? ,if;rdef@cGef;¹ruf=um;csufrS tcsKd@udk aumufEkwfwifjyvdkayonf? “u|Ekfyfwkd@ &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif; awmifay:wkdif;&if;om;rsm;[m t*Fvdyfe,fcsŒJ pepfatmufu vGwfajrmufzkd@ ArmjynfrESifhyl;aygif;aoG;pnf;ae=u&ayrnf? [kda&S;&mZ0ifu tjzpft ysufawGukdowd&+yD; ArmawG[m wkd@xufykd+yD; vlvnf;rsm;w,f? ^m%fvnf; omw,f? onfawmh wae@ae@rSm rawmfwqrsm; wkd@ukdvlrsKd;i,fqkd+yD; zdESdyfapmfum;vkyfrsm;aer vm;qkd+yD; "rRwmtwkdif; wxdwfxdwf awG;ylpkd;&drfvsuf&Sd=uygw,f?” ocifjr (om,m0wD aus;vufawmifykdif;) “rjzpf&ygbl;” anmifa&$apmfbmG ;}uD;u “u|Eyfk w f @dk tifrwefjrwfE;dk wJh wef;wltcGit hf a&;/ uk, d yf idk jf yXmef; cGi/hf cGx J u G v f u dk cGx J u G Ef idk cf iG ahf wGurdk sm; xdyg;usK;ausmðf yavrvm;vk@d vnf; wxifx h ifjh zpfr,fqv dk #if "rRwmtwkdif; u|Ekfyfwkd@ rvGefbl;vkd@xifygw,f? rawmfwq 'DvkdrzG,fr&m/ rw&m;r_awGrsm; jzpf ay:vmvk@d &&dS if tm;enf;wJb h ufutpOfaevmwJh ocifE[ k m w&m;vrf;rSet f wkid ;f u|Eyfk w f @dk bufu &Gyf&Gyfc|Hc|H umuG,fay;Ekdifvdrfhr,fvkd@ ar#mfvifhtm;xm;ygw,f? (=obmoHrsm;) u|Ekfyfwkd@oabm uawmh ¶k;d ¶k;d eJ@cyf&iS ;f &Si;f bJ? avmavmq,f t*Fvyd u f |eb f 0uvGwcf siw f ,f? onfvdk vGwv f yfa&; &zk@d Armjynfe@J y;l aygi;f aqmif&u G rf jS zpfr,fq+dk yD; ,k=H unfv@dk ,ck'v D w $ af wmfrmS a&mufvm=uygw,f? (=obmoHrsm;) 'gayr,fh t*Fvdyfu|efb0uvGwf+yD; ykckH;ajymif;tjzpf ArmawG&J@u|efjzpfoGm;rSm ukdvnf; rvkdcsifygbl;? (&,foHESifh=obmoHrsm;) ESpfOD;ESpfbufpvkH; vGwfvyf}uD;yGm;a&;twGuf wef;wl&nfwl tcGit hf a&;awGEiS hf yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G o f mG ;=ubk@d q&dk if tpOfojzifh tqifoih&f w dS ,fqdk yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

wmvnf; &Sif;&Sif;bGif;bGif;bJ uwday;ygw,f? (=obmoHrsm;)” ,if;uJhokd@ anmifa&$apmfbGm;}uD;p0fa&$okdufu rdef@cGef;¹ruf=um;jcif;onf wef;wla&;ukd b,favmufjrwfEkd;a=umif;/ wnfwHhckdif+rJI +idrf;csrf;om,m0aysmaom jynfaxmifpkEkdifiHawmf}uD; wnfaxmifa&;twGuf rnfr#wefb;dk xm;a=umif;wd@k uakd zmfjyonfh yifvpHk w d "f mwfudk azmfxw k o f mG ; jcif;yifjzpfonf? xkdrdef@cGef;ESifhywfoufI &yvtzGJ@acgif;aqmifrsm;onfyifvSsif xkdpOfu apmfbGm;}uD; p0fa&$ou dk t f ay: tjrifrmS usO;f ajrmif;aom vlrsK;d a&;pdw"f mwf&o dS nf? ArmawGtay: pk;d &drrf v _ eG u f J vGef;onf? t,kHt=unfuif;rJhvGef;onf? &Srf;-ArmaoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;ukd xdckdufapEkdifonf[k owfrSwfEkdifayonf? ,cktcg ESpfaygif; (50) ausmfch+J yD? xkdpOfu apmfbGm;}uD;p0fa&$okduf.rdef@cGef;ESifh ywfoufI b,fvkdxifjrifygovJ[k ,ae@ar;vmv#if apmfbGm;}uD;uyif usOf;ajrmif;vGef;onf vm;/ wef;wl&nfwljynfaxmifpkukd jrwfEkd;wefbkd;xm;onfvm; okd@r[kwf &yvvli,ftykdif;ubJ zqyvudk ,kH=unfr_vGefuJonfvm;qkdonfukd orkdif;uajzqkdaeay+yD? (C) AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; vGKd ifaumfòrd Œ"rRm±kw H Gif ajym-um;onfhuwdred f hcGef; 1946-ck/ 'DZifbmv (23) &uf/ vGdKifaumfòrŒ"rRm¶kHwGif u&ifESpfopful;yGaJ wmfusif;y&m Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ºua&mufvm+yD; ajym=um;csurf mS t*Fvyd af y;xm;aom u&ifejD ynfvw G v f yfa&; onf jynfh0aomvGwfvyfa&;[k rqdkEdkifa=umif;/ jrefrmjynf&&SdrnfhvGwfvyfa&;onf tjynfht0 vGwv f yfa&;&&Srd nfjzpfa=umif;/ u&ifejD ynftaejzifh zG@J pnf;rnfh jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if w H iG f jynfe,f wcktjzpfyg0ifygu u&ifeDjynfonf udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;tjynfht0&Sdap&rnfjzpf+yD; u&ifeDjynf twGif;a&;udk Armu vHk;00ifa&mufpGufzufrnfr[kwfa=umif;/ u&ifeDjynfta&;udk u&ifeDjynfol jynfom;rsm;uom wdu k ¶f u kd u f , kd yf ikd jf yXmef;cGi/hf ud, k yf ikd t f yk cf sKyfciG hf tjynft h 0&Sad p&rnfjzpfa=umif; ajym=um;oGm;onf? u&ifeDjynfacgif;aqmifrsm;onf jrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;&atmif óu;pm;yg/ EdkifiHawmfzG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'a&;qG+J yD;ygu u&ifejD ynftaejzifh jynfaxmifpw k iG f yg0ifoifrh oifh aemuf rS jynfol@qENoabmxm;&,lrnfjzpfa=umif; ajym=um;oGm;onf? Tonfvnf; yifvHkpdwf"mwf yËdnmOfESifhqufpyfonf[k qdkEdkifayrnf?

(i) ucsiftrsdK;om;nDvmcHoabmxm;tay: AdkvfcsKyfajym-um;onfh uwdred f hcGef; 1946 ck/ Edk0ifbmv (18) &ufae@ jrpf}uD;em;òrŒwGif 'l;0g;}uD;rsm;OD;aqmif+yD; jynfolvlxk (5000) ausmf yg0ifwufa&mufaom ucsit f rsK;d om;nDvmcH raemyGaJ wmf}uD;udk usi;f yðyvkyo f nf? ,if;nDvmcH}uD;rS ucsit f rsK;d om;onf ArmjynfrESihf wòyifwnf;vGwv f yfa&;&,l+yD; vGwv f yfaom ucsio f rRwEdik if x H al xmif&ef qk;H jzwf=uonf? ,if;qk;H jzwfcsut f wkid ;f Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESin hf E‡d id_ ;f &ef 'l;0g;}uD; qrm;'l;0g;qif0g;aemiftm; wm0efay;vkdufonf? ucsiftrsKd;om;rsm; vGwfvyfa&; wufºuaepOf 1946 ckEpS /f Ek0d ifbmv (28) &ufae@wiG f Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef; jrpf}uD;em;òrŒok@d a&muf&dS vmonf? 'l;0g;}uD;onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESihf ucsifaoewfudkif wyf&if; (2) oD;oef@&dyfomwGif ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

t*Fvdyfrodatmifv#KdŒ0SufawG@qkH+yD; ucsiftrsKd;om;nDvmcHrS qkH;jzwfxm;onfhtwdkif; AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;udw k ifjy&m Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u ucsijf ynfonf ArmjynfrESihf wòyifwnf;vGwv f yfa&; &,lvkdjcif;onf tifrwefrS 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om*k%f,la=umif;/ okd@&mwGif oD;jcm;ucsiforRwEdkifiH rxlaxmifbJ ArmjynfESifhwef;wl&nfwl jynfaxmifpkwnfaxmifoGm;ygu ESpfOD;ESpfzuf tusKd;ydk&Sd aprnfjzpfa=umif; jyefvnf&Sif;jyonf? 'l;0g;}uD;rS ucsiftrsKd;om;rsm;onf vlenf;pkjzpfojzifh Arm trsKd;om; trsm;pktEkdifusifhcH&rnfukd txl;pkd;&drfa=umif;/ AdkvfcsKyfu zqyvtzG@J csKyfudk wm0ef ,lEkdifrvm;[k yGifhvif;pGmar;&m/ AdkvfcsKyfrS vkH;0wm0ef,lrnfjzpfa=umif; tu,fI zqyvtzG@J csKyf ukd rajymEkid yf gu rdru d , kd w f ikd f zqyvtzG@J csKyfOuUÏrS E_wx f u G +f yD; oD;oef@ucsio f rRwEkid if H xlaxmif a&;wGif udk,fwkdifukd,fus wufºupGmyg0ifoGm;rnfjzpfa=umif; jywfom;pGmjyefvnf&Sif;jy&m ucsif 'l;0g;}uD;rsm;u AdkvfcsKyftay: rsm;pGmav;pm;+yD; ,kH=unfr_&&SdoGm;onf? Ô

yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

tcef; (7) yifvpHk mcsKyfEiS q hf ufpyfaomjyifqifa&;vkyif ef;rsm;

(u) &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif;wdk‹. jyifqifa&;vkyfief;rsm; yifvpHk mcsKyft& rdik ;f yGeaf pmfbmG ;}uD;tm; Armjynfb&k ifc. H e,fpyfa'oqdik &f m twdik yf ifcH 0ef}uD;tjzpf a&G;cs,cf o hJ nf? ucsiaf wmifwef;ESihf csi;f awmifwef;a'orsm;twGuf 'kw, d twdik yf ifcH 0ef}uD;rsm;tjzpf qrm;'l;0g;qif0g;aemifESifh OD;0rfudka[mwdk@tm; toD;oD;a&G;cs,fcJh=uonf? Todk@v#if ArmjynfrESifhyl;wGJI vGwfvyfa&;,l&ef[laom e,fpyfa'o ArmjynfrESifh e,fpyfa'orsm; ,m,Dyl;aygif;jcif;omjzpfonf? ArmjynfrESifhe,fpyfa'orsm; xm0pOfyl;aygif;jcif; (0g) tem*wfjynfaxmifpkEdkifiHwnf aqmufjcif;ESifhywfoufI 1947 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv (6-7) &ufae@wGif jyXmef;aomqHk;jzwfcsufY azmfjycJhaomfvnf;/ TudpPrsm;rSm wdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmfrS tao;pdyfxyfrHnd‡Ed_if;&efjzpfojzifh yifvHk pmcsKyfwGif azmfjyjcif;rðybJ csefvSyfchJ=uonf? rdkif;yGefapmbGm;ESifh OD;=umyktrSL;ðyaom awmifwef;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@csKyf. aqG;aEG;n‡dEd_if;a&;aumfrwDESifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;trSL;ðyaom Armudk,fpm;vS,frsm; yifvHkòrŒwGif 1947 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv 10 &ufae@u awG@qHknd‡Ed_if;=u&m/ e,fpyfa'orsm;.twGif;a&;wGif 0if a&mufpGufzufjcif; rðya&;/ oD;jcm; ucsifjynfe,fxlaxmifa&;/ A[kdXme/ qdyfurf;taumufawmf cGeXf me ponfw@kd ukd xm;&Sad &;[laom e,fpyfa'oud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;.wifjycsuu f kd Adv k cf sKyfatmif qef; u (rl)tm;jzifh vufcHchJonf? qH;k jzwfcsut f rSwf (5) jzpfaom vGwv f yfa&;&&S+d yD;jzpfonfah emuf jynfaxmifprk S tcsed rf a&G;cGx J u G cf iG u hf rkd l Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u wdik ;f jynfðyv$waf wmfa&mufrS qH;k jzwf=u&ef yef=um;cJo h nf? atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyf tykd'f 8 (C) t&/ e,fpyfa'orS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf tajccHOya'topfrsm;a&;qG&J mwGif b,fyHkb,fenf; yg0ifaqmif&Gufoifhonfudk pHkprf;&ef avbm ygwDtrwf ume,f&D;pf0DvsHacgif;aqmifaom e,fpyfpHkprf;a&;aumfrwDw&yf zGJ@pnf;cJhayonf? xdkpHkprf;a&;aumfrwDonf 1947 ckESpf/ {+yDvwGif vkyfief;p+yD; ZGefv wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wf awmfrwdik rf D tpD&ifcpH ma&;oGi;f &rnfjzpf&m/ e,fpyfa'oacgi;f aqmifrsm;onf ArmjynfrESiyhf ;l aygi;f a&; (rl) udk pHkprf;a&;aumfrwDwGiftppfcH&ef a&S›wef;odk@xkwfI tylwjyif;aqG;aEG;=uavonf? e,fpyfa'orsm;wGif a&G;aumufyGrJ q J ENay;yGrJ sm;udk +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;vufatmufwGif w}udrfwcgr# usif;yjcif;r&SdchJ&m/ Armjynfwdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmfodk@ e,fpyfa'orsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,f apv$wfa&;ESifhywfoufI e,fpyfa'oacgif;aqmifrsm; tcsif;csif;nd‡Ed_if;=uonf? ArmjynfrtwGuf atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyf tydk'f (1) t&/ 1935 ckESpf tufOya' toHk;ðyI udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk jynfol@rq J ENjzifh a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf&rnfjzpfayonf? e,fpyf a'orsm;rSm a&G;aumufyt JG awG@tñuH w}udrw f cgr#r&Scd ahJ v&m wdak wmif;aomumvtwGi;f rJqEN jzifh a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf&ef rjzpfEdkifacs? xdk@a=umifh e,fpyfa'oacgif;aqmifrsm;onf a'otajc taetvdkuf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udka&G;cs,fcef@xm;=uef&ef oabmwl=uonf? ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

&Srf;jynftwGif; ppfrjzpfrDu wnf&SdcJhaomapmfbGm;rsm;omyg0ifonfh &Srf;ya'o&mZf aumifpDudk jyefvnfzG@J pnf;&ef Armjynfbk&ifcHu &Srf;jynfapmfbGm;rsm;tm; qifhac:cJhonfudk yifvHk nDvmcHtwGif; apmfbGm;rsm;ESifhvlxkacgif;aqmifrsm;yl;aygif;I atmifjrifpGmwdkufzsufcJhonf? apmfbmG ;rsm;aumifpaD [mif;w0uf/ vlxu k , kd pf m;vS,w f 0ufyg0ifaom &Sr;f jynfaumifpD udk zG@J pnf;&efawmif;qdck o hJ nf? xd&k rS ;f jynfaumifpu D kd atmufygtwdik ;f zJ@G pnf;wnfaxmif&ef apmfbmG ; rsm;aumifpDu qHk;jzwfcho J nf? &Sr;f jynfaumifpD 1? xdkaumifpDudk &Srf;jynfaumifpD[kac:wGifap&rnf? 2? aumifpDwGif apmfbGm;rsm;.udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh vlxkudk,fpm;vS,frsm; nDwlnDr# yg0ifap&rnf? (apmfbGm; 33 OD;ESifh vlxkuwifajr‡mufonfh udk,fpm;vS,f 33 OD;) 3? ,ckavmavmq,fta&;rsm;twGuf vlxkudk,fpm;vS,frsm; t&nftcsif;vdkufI wifajr‡muf&ef? od@k aomf a&G;aumufyðJG yvkyo f nft h cgwiG f t"dutcsurf mS vlO;D a&tvdu k f a&G;cs,f&efjzpfonf? 4? aumifpw D iG f wufa&muf&ef vlxu k , kd pf m;vS,rf sm;wifajr‡mufa&;udk ,ckvuf&v dS x l k udk,fpm;vS,frsm;odk@v$t J yfI vuf&Sdudk,fpm;vS,frsm;u &Srf;jynf.tusdK;ppfppfukd pdwf 0,fxm;aom yk*Kd~ vfrsm;tm;ac:,lI t=uHt^m%f tultnDawmif;,lEikd af om tm%m rsm; xm;&Sdap&rnf? 5? TaumifpDudk atmufygtm%mrsm;ESifh tyfESif;xm;&rnf? (u) Oya'ðytm%m/ (c) tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mESifh (*) b¾ma&;tm%m? 6? aumifp0D ifrsm;xJrS tr_aqmif 8 OD; (apmfbmG ; 4-OD;/ vlxu k , kd pf m;vS,f 4 OD;) a&G;cs,I f &Srf;jynftpdk;& tkyfcsKyfa&;Xmersm;tm;vHk;udk ‚tr_aqmiftzGJ@rS OD;pD;wm0ef,l&ef? 7? tydk'f 3 ESifh 4 t&/ &nf&G,fxm;onfhaumifpDESifh tr_aqmiftzGJ@ray:aygufvmrD tcsdeftwGif; vuf&Sd &Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;aumifpD tr_aqmiftzG@J ESifh vlxkudk,fpm;vS,f 2 a,mufwdk@ yl;aygif;aqmif&GufoGm;&ef? 8? &Srf;jynfapmfbGm;rsm; b¾mawmf&HyHkaiGudk jyefvnfxm;&SdI tr_aqmiftzG@J . b¾m a&;tm%mtwGif; &Sdap&rnf? (yHk) cGefyef;pdef (OuUÏ) &Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;aumifpD awmif}uD;òrŒ/ 1947 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv 13 &uf? txufyg 5 . tquf/ (C) w&m;pD&ifa&;/ &Srf;jynfe,ftwGuf &Srf;jynfe,ftwGif; oD;jcm;w&m;v$wfawmf&Sdap&rnf? yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

txufyg 6 .tquf/ tzG@J 0if (8) a,mufrSm rsm;onf[k,lqv#if ta&;}uD;aomXme 4-5 Xmer#ESifh pwifaqmif&GufoGm;&ef? (yHk) cGefyef;pdef (OuUÏ) &Srf;jynfe,frsm;aumifpD Armjynfwdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmfodk@ &Srf;jynfrSudk,fpm;vS,frsm;apv$wf&efudpPwGuf apmf bGm; (33) OD;/ vlxu k , kd pf m;vS,f (33) OD;yg0ifaom xd&k rS ;f jynfaumifprD S a&G;cs,cf ef@xm;&ef oabm wln=D u+yD;/ e,fpyfa'opHpk rf;a&;aumfrwDwiG f wdik ;f jynfðyv$waf wmfY yg0ifyekH nf;vrf;ESihf &Sr;f jynf. vdkvm;csufrsm;udk atmufygtwdkif;wifjy&ef qHk;jzwf=uonf? oufqikd &f mtpd;k &rsm;od@k e,fpyfa'opkpH rf;a&;aumfr&Siu f tpD&ifcpH mwifoiG ;f onft h cg atmufygwdusrSefuefaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk pOf;pm;&ef &Srf;jynfe,frsm;uvdkvm;ygonf? (1) &Srf;jynfonf vmrnfhwdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmftpnf;ta0;wGif yg0ifqifE$rJ nfh udk,fpm; vS,frsm;udk &Srf;jynfe,faumifpDu vlOD;a&tvdkufwifajr‡muf&rnf? (2) wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmftwGif;wGif &Srf;jynfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;. oHk;yHkESpfyHkaom rJtrsm; pkukd twdtusr&&Sb d /J &Sr;f jynfEiS o hf ufqikd af om udp&P yfrsm;tay:wGif qH;k jzwfcsucf sjcif;/ od@k r[kwf aemiftem*wfumvwGif jyXmef;rnfh jynfaxmifpEk ikd if . H zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajc cHOya'wGif &Sr;f jynftm; xdcu kd af prnfh jyifqifjcif;/ ajymif;vJjcif;/ jznfph u G jf cif;rsm;udrk ðy&? (3) jrefrmjynfrESifh qufqH&mwGif jynfaxmifpkrlt&jzpfapI/ (u) wef;wlnDr#aom tcGifhta&;ESifhtqifhtwef;? (c) &Srf;jynftwGuf &mcdkifE_ef;jynfhudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;? (*) vGwfvyfa&;&+kyD;onfhaemuf tcsdefra&G; jynfaxmifpkrS cGx J GufEdkifcGifh&Sdap&rnf? (4) &Sr;f jynfwjynfwnf;ESihf aqmuf&u G jf cif;rðyEdik o f nfh trsm;ESio hf ufqikd o f nfu h pd &P yfrsm;udk tm;vHk;u yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&ef? Oyrm æ (u) umuG,fa&;? (c) EdkifiHjcm;ESifh jynfya&;&mudpPrsm;? (*) rD;&xm;/ pmwdkufESifha=u;eef;? (C) '*Fg;oGef;cyfa&;ESifh aiGpuULxkwfvkyfa&;? (i) taumufawmf tp&Sdonfhwdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmfu jynfe,ftm;vHk;ESifh oufqdkif onfh udpP&yfrsm;[k vufcHowfrSwfonfhudpP&yfrsm;?

(5) zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'udk t"dyg` ,yf ikd ;f jcm;azmfjy&rnfh w&m;v$waf wmfcsKyf w&m;0ef }uD;rsm;udk a&G;cs,fcef@xm;jcif;wdk@onf jynfaxmifpktpdk;&tzGJ@0if e,fpyfa'o0ef}uD; trsm;pk. oabmwlnDr_udk&,lonfh tpOftvmw&yf xm;&Sdap&rnf? ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

(c) awmifwef;om;rsm; nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ‹/ anmifa&$a[mfwGif tpnf;ta0;ðyvkyfjcif; &Sr;f jynf. erlemtwdik ;f ucsiu f , kd pf m;vS,rf sm;uvnf; aqmif&u G &f ef oabmwlno D nhf tav#muf 1947 ckESpf/ rwfv 18 &ufae@rS 27 &ufae@txd anmifa&$òrŒ anmifa&$apmfbGm;}uD; .a[mfwGifusif;yaom awmifwef;om; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;OD;pD;tzG@J csKyf.nDvmcHrS atmufygt wdkif; qHk;jzwftwnfðy=uonf? (1) awmifwef;a'orS wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmfodk@ apv$wfonfhudk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk vlrsKd; bmomra&G;bJ ynmt&nftcsif;udkomt"duxm;I jynfe,faumifpDrsm;u tcsKd;us a&G;cs,fapvGwf&ef? (2) jrefrmjynfwdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmfwGif vlOD;a&tvdkuf udk,fpm;vS,fapv$wfI yg0if aqmif&u G &f ef? od@k aomf oD;jcm;a'owckcEk iS yhf wfoufaomudprP sm;wGif xdak 'orSu, kd pf m; vS,frsm;teuf oHk;yHkESpfyHk rJtrsm;pkr&&SdbJ rnfonfhqHk;jzwfcsufrS csrSwfjcif;rðy&? (u) tm;vHk;twGuf wef;wlnDr#tcGifhta&;? (c) awmifwef;a'oudk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm;vHk;twGuf jynfh0aom jynfwGif;udk,fydkiftkyf csKyfa&;? (*) vGwfvyfa&;&&Sd+yD;aomtcg tcsdefra&G; ArmjynfrScGx J GufEdkifonfh tcGifhta&;? (3) EdkifiHjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;ESifh pmcsKyfjcif;/ EdkifiHjcm;odk@ydk@aom oHwrefrsm;cef@xm;jcif; ponf wdk@udk awmifwef;jynfe,frsm;tm; a&S;OD;pGmwdkifyif+yD;rS ðyvkyf&rnf[k vmrnfhjrefrm zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'wGif a&;om;xnfhoGif;jyXmef;&ef qHk;jzwfonf? (4) umuG,fa&;ponfhjynfe,ftm;vHk;ESifh oufqdkifaomudpP&yfrsm;wGif jrefrm rJ b,fr#yif rsm;apumrl udk,fpm;vS,frsm;.rJrsm;pku axmufcHcsufr&bJ qHk;jzwfcsrSwfjcif;rðy&? (5) awmifwef;a'o. tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk wdu k ¶f u kd jf zpfap/ oG,0f u kd af omenf;tm;jzifjh zpfap/ xdcdkuf av#mhyg;aprnfh tajccHOya'ðyjyifajymif;vJjcif;wdk@udk xdka'orsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,f rsm;. oHk;yHkESpfyHkaomrJrsm;/ trsm;pkudkr&&SdbJ ðyjyifajymif;vJjcif;rðy&[k jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'wGif xnfhoGif;jyXmef;&rnf? (6) tajccHOya'udk t"dyg` ,af zmfxw k jf cif;Y uGv J rJG &_ ySd gu xku d pd u P q kd ;kH jzwfay;&ef/ &efuek òf rŒ&Sd w&m;v$waf wmfo@kd wifjyI w&m;0ef}uD;csKyfEiS hf tjcm;w&m;0ef}uD; ESpOf ;D yg0ifaom w&m; cGifu qHk;jzwfay;&rnf? (7) jynfaxmifpk0ef}uD;tzGJ@wGif jrefrmjynfr0ef}uD;rsm;onf awmifwef;a'o0ef}uD;rsm;. ta&twGufxuf rydkap&? · bmompum;ESifh"avhxHk;pHuGJv$Jjcif;/ vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;cufcJjcif;rsm;udk awG@ñuH &aom csif;trsKd;om;rsm;twGuf txl;tcGifhta&;? · w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyf? w&m;v$waf wmfcsKyfw&m;0ef}uD;rsm;udk cef@xm;jcif; od@k wnf;r[kwf a&G;cs,&f mwGif jynf axmifpktpdk;&tzG@J 0if e,fpyfa'o0ef}uD;rsm;. oabmwlnDr_udk &,lonfhtpOftvm w&yfxm;&Sd&rnf? e,fpyfa'opHkprf;a&;aumfr&Sifonf aròr@Y ppfaq;onfhtcg/ &Srf; yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

jynfrS udk,fpm;vS,f tzG@J (10) zG@J / Aef;armfESifhjrpf}uD;em;'dp}wdwfrsm;rS ucsifudk,fpm; vS,ftzGJ@ (8) zJG@ESifh csif;awmifwef;udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@ (10) zGJ@teuf trsm;pkwdk@onf txufazmfjyyg anmifa&Ga[mfwiG u f si;f ycJah om awmifwef;om;pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &; OD;pD; tzJG@csKyf. qHk;jzwfcsufoabmxm;twdkif; tppfcHcJh=uonf? xd@k a=umifh pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&;aumfr&Sit f pD&ifcpH m tydik ;f (3) wGif atmufygtwdik ;f azmfjy xm;onf? 1? e,fpyfa'orsm;. tem*wfta&; ? ? &Srf;jynfESifhucsifawmifwef;rS oufaorsm; onf &Srf;jynfe,fESifh ucsifjynfe,ftjzpf zG@J pnf;yg0ifaom ArmjynfaxmifpkzG@J pnf;&ef tjyif;txefvdkvm;a=umif;? jynfaxmifpktwGif;&Sd rdrdwdk@jynfe,frsm;twGuf udk,fydkif tkycf sKyfa&;&&SEd ikd o f r# &&S&d efqEN&=dS ua=umif;/ od@k aomfvnf; trsm;ESihf oufqikd af omXme tcsKdŒudk jynfaxmifpkodk@v$Jtyf&ef oabmwlnD=ua=umif;? wdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmfodk@ &Srf;jynfrSudk,fpm;vS,f (25) OD; apv$wf&rnfjzpf&m udk,fpm; vS,fOD;a&udk atmufygtwdkif; cGJa0owfrSwfygonf? 1? apmfbGm; (11) OD;? 2? vlxkudk,fpm;vS,f (11) OD;? 3? udk;uef@e,fudk,fpm;vS,f (1) OD;? 4? &Srf;jynfajr‡mufydkif;&Sd ucsiftrsdK;om;udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD;? pkpkaygif; (25) OD;? (*) awmifwef;a'orsm; txl;pkpH rf;ppfa&;aumfrwD. pkpH rf;ppfaq;awG‹&w dS ifjycsuf awmifwef;a'oe,fajrrsm;&Sd vlxk.oabmxm;&,l&ef awmifwef;a'orsm; txl;pkH prf;ppfaq;a&;aumfrwD. pkHprf;ppfaq;a&;vkyfief;udk 1947 ck/ rwfv (18) &ufae@rS 1947 ck/ {+yD v (21) &ufae@txd tcsdef,lawG@qHkar;jref;+yD;aemuf 1947 ck/ {+yDv (24) &ufae@wGif tpD&ifcHpm wifoGif;EdkifcJhayonf?

awmifwef;a'opkpH rf;a&;tzGJ h zGJ‹pnf;jcif; jrefrmEkdifiHawmf tkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'opftwkdif; aqmif&Guf&mY e,fjcm;om;rsm; aygif;pnf; qufqHEkdif&ef taumif;qkH;aomenf;pepf&SmazG&eftwGuf pkHprf;a&;aumfrwDwckukd csufjcif;wnf axmif&ef 0ef}uD;rsm;tkyfcsKyfaom jrefrmEkdifiHawmf&yfuGufa'orS tr_aqmifaumifpDtzG@J u wif ajr‡mufaomtzG@J 0ifrsm;ESihf e,fjcm;a'oacgi;f aqmifrsm; wkid yf ifE;DS aESmv#uf wifajr‡mufaomtzG@J 0if rsm;/ xkad umfrwDwiG f OD;a&tnDtr# yg0ifvrd rhf nfjh yif/ oabmwla&G;cs,af om jrefrmEkid if aH wmftjyif tyrS =um;aeyk*~KdvfwOD;ukd OuUÏcef@xm;rnfjzpfa=umif; TaumfrwDu wkdif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmf tpnf;ta0;rprD tpD&ifcHpmwifoGif;&ef awmif;qkdrnf[k atmifqef;tufwvDpmcsKyf tykd'f 8/ tykd'fcGJ (C) wGif azmfjycJhonf? yifvkHnDvmcHwGif&&SdchJaom oabmwlnDcsufrsm;ukd awG@jrif&aom tcg +Adwdo#tpkd;&onf awmifwef;a'o jynfolvlxk.oabmxm;ukd Armacgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

awmifwef;a'oacgif;aqmifrsm; awG@qkHaqG;aEG;jcif;tm;jzifhvnf; &&SdEkdifrnf[k xifjrifvmonf? Armacgi;f aqmifw@dk uvnf; yifvn Hk v D mcH}uD;ukd atmifjrifpmG usi;f yEkid o f jzifh awmifwef;a'o pkpH rf; a&;tzG@J zG@J pnf;&efrvkt d yfawmh[k ,lqvmcJo h nf? ok@d aomf bk&ifcH qm[l;Awf&ef@ (pf) ESihf abmfwrG f avwkd@u awmifwef;a'opkHprf;a&tzG@J ukd zG@J pnf;&efvkdtyfa=umif; t=uHay;aoma=umifhom xkd tzG@J uzdk @JG pnf;I awmifwef;a'o.oabmxm;ukd pkpH rf;&efvufc+H yD;vkyif ef;rsm;ukd qufvufaqmif &GufcJh=uavonf? awmifwef;a'opkHprf;a&;tzG@J . OuUÏtjzpfaqmif&Guf&ef +Adwdo#tpkd;&u t=uHðyaom &D; (pf) 0Dvst H m; 1947 ckEpS /f azazmf0g&v D (19) &ufae@wiG u f si;f yaom bk&ifc. H tr_aqmif (0ef}uD;) tzG@J tpnf;ta0;u oabmwlvufcHchJonf? awmifwef;a'opkHprf;a&;tzG@J wGif yg0if=urnfhyk*~Kdvf tcsKd@ukdvnf; azaz:0g&DvtwGif;uyif bk&ifcH.tr_aqmif (0ef}uD;) tzG@J u vsmxm;owfrSwfchJ onfukdawG@&.? jrefrmEkdifiHrS vef'efokd@jyefvnfa&muf&SdvmcJhaom abmfwGrfavu jrefrmhEkdifiH a&;tajctaerSm vsijf refpmG ajymif;vJaeaoma=umifh awmifwef;a'o pkpH rf;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;ukd tcsed f qGI J raeoifha=umif; &D; (pf) 0DvsHtm; t=uHðycJhonf? tzG@J OuUÏ &D; (pf) 0DvsHonf 1947 ckESpf/ rwfv (2) &ufae@wGif &efukefòrŒokd@ a&mufvm onf? &D; (pf) 0DvsHa&muf&Sd+yD;aemuf r=umrDwGifyif tzG@J 0ifrsm;tjzpf jrefrmjynfrbufrS 0ef}uD; OD;wifxGËf/ zqyv 'kwd,OuUÏ ocifEk/ zqyvtzG@J 0if Akdvfcifarmifuav;ESifh 0ef}uD;OD;ausmf+idrf;/ awmifwef;a'obufrS rkid ;f yGeaf pmfbmG ;p0fpx H eG ;f / qrm;'l;0g;qif0g;aemif/ OD;0rfuadk [m/ apmpHauwk@d yg0ifaomawmifwef;a'o pkHprf;a&;tzG@J ukd zG@J pnf;cJhonf? xkdtzG@J . twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf vuf'0pf uaqmif&GufI wGb J uftwGif;a&;tjzpf OD;xGef;azuaqmif&Gufonf? vufaxmuftwGif;a&;rSL; tjzpf Akv d rf LS ;&Sr;f vku H aqmif&u G o f nf? OD;ausm+f idr;f rSm &efuek òf rŒwGif awmifwef; a'opkpH rf;a&;tzG@J ¶kH;xkdifI =um;empkHprf;csdeftxdom tzG@J 0iftjzpf aqmif&GufchJonf? aròrŒokd@ ajymif;a±G@¶kH;xkdifaom tcg rdrw d iG f wm0efrsm;jym;onf[k ta=umif;jyum tzG@J rES w k x f u G cf o hJ nf? OD;ausm+f idr;f .ae&mwGif u&ifvli,frsm;tpnf;t¶kH;0if apmjrifhodef;u tpm;0ifa&mufxrf;aqmifonf? &D; (pf) 0DvsHurl OD;ausm+f idr;f Ekwx f u G jf cif;rSm wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;jym;aoma=umifrh [kwEf idk b f J apmjrifo h ed ;f tm; aumfr wD0iftjzpf xnfhoGif;vkdaoma=umifh jzpfwef&monf[kqkdonf? aròrŒwGif pkHprf;a&;tzGJ@&kH;xkdifI awmifwef;a'oukd,fpm;vS,frsm;. xGufqkdcsufrsm;ukd =um;emaepOf OD;ausmf+idrf;onf avhvmol tjzpf wufa&mufem;axmifonfu rsm;.? xkd@a=umifhvnf; &D; (pf) 0DvsHu ,if;okd@,lqjcif;jzpf ayonf? awmifwef;a'opkHprf;a&;tzG@J 0ifrsm;rSm t=uHay;yk*~KdvfwOD;pD xm;ykdifcGifh&=uonf? okd@ aomf tzG@J 0ifwkdif;wGif t=uHay;yk*~KdvfwOD;pD &Sdonfr[kwfay? tzG@J 0ifwOD;jzpfaom OD;0rfukda[m .wifjycsuft& pkHprf;a&;tzGJ@.tpnf;a0;rsm;okd@ t}uHay;yk*~Kdvfrsm; wufa&mufcGifh&=uonf? okd@aomf yg0ifaqG;aEG;cGifh r&=uay? pkHprf;a&;tzGJ@tpnf;ta0;rsm;okd@ wufa&mufcJh=uaom t=uHay;yk*K~ v d w f @dk rmS (1) rkid ;f yGeaf pmfbmG ;p0fpx H eG ;f . t=uHay;yk*K~ v d f p0fbeG 0f yf/ (2) qrm; 'l;0g;qif0g; aemif. t}uHay;yk*~Kdvf OD;vbef*a&mif/ (3) OD;0rfukda[m. t=uHay;yk*~Kdvf OD;axmifusifhxefwkd@ jzpf=uayonf? awmifwef;a'opkHprf;a&;tzGJ@onf toGm;tvm tqifajyvG,fulr_ukda&S@±_I yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

&ckid af wmifwef;a'oESihf oHvsicf ¶kid w f @dk rS uk, d pf m;vS,rf sm;.xGuq f cdk surf sm;ukd &efuek òf rŒwGif =um; em&efESifh tjcm;awmifwef;a'owkd@rS ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;. xGufqkdcsufrsm;ukd aròrŒwGif =um;em&ef pDpOfcJhonf? awmifwef;a'oc&D; tzGJ@OuUÏ &D; (pf) 0DvsHonf awmifwef;a'orSukd,fpm;vS,fwkd@ukd awG@qkHar;jref;jcif; rðyrD awmifwef;a'oacgi;f aqmift}uD;tuJrsm;ESihf awG@qaHk qG;aEG;&ef qEN&cdS o hJ nf? xk@d a=umifh rkid ;f yGeaf pmfbmG ;}uD; p0fpx H eG ;f / OD;wifxÉG /f Akv d cf ifarmifuav;wk@d EiS t hf wl 1947 ckEpS /f rwfv (7) &ufae@rS (17) &ufae@txd ucsif/ &Srf;ESifh u&ifeDe,frsm;okd@ c&D;xGufcJhonf? ‚wkd@tzGJ@onf &efukefrS jrpf}uD;em;okd@ av,mOfjzifhxGufcGm+yD; jrpf}uD;em;rS Aef;armf/ vm¶_d;/ vGdKifvif/ awmif}uD;/ vGdKifaumf/ armfcsD;/ awmifilokd@ um;jzifhoGm;um rwfv (17) &ufae@wGif awmifilrS&efukefokd@ um;jzifhjyefvmcJh =uonf? OD;wifxËG Ef iS hf Akv d cf ifarmifuav;wk@d rmS c&D;pOftptqk;H vku d yf gjcif;r&Sb d J vm;¶_;d txdom vkdufygcJh+yD; rEWav;ESifhrdwˆDvmrSwqifh &efukefòrŒokd@jyefcJh=uonf?

vkyif ef;pOf awmifwef;a'opkHprf;a&;tzG@J . yxrtpnf;ta0;ukd 1947 ckESpf/ rwfv (18) &ufae@ wGiu f si;f yonf? xkt d pnf;ta0;wGif pkpH rf;a&;tzG@J xo H @dk vma&mufxu G q f =dk urnfh yk*K~ v d rf sm;ESit hf zG@J tpnf;rsm;tm; ar;jref;rnfhar;cGef;rsm;ukd a&G;cs,fpdppftwnfðy=uonf? tajccHar;cGef;aygif; (18) ck&onf? ,if;wkd@teuf ta&;ygaomar;cGef;wkd@rSm æ wkid ;f jynfðyv$waf wmf. vkyif ef;rsm;wGif yg0ify;l aygi;f aqmif&u G &f ef uk, d pf m;vS,af pv$wf rnfvm;? apv$wfrnfqkdv#if ukd,fpm;vS,fOD;a& rnfr#v$wfvkdI ukd,fpm;vS,fwkd@ukd rnfokd@a&G; cs,frnfenf;? wkdif;jynfðyv$wfawmfwGif yg0ifaqmif&Gufjcif;onf oifwkd@.a'otm; pnf;vkH;nD !Gwfaom jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif; yg0ifjcif;jzpfonf[k qkdEkdifygovm;? jrefrmEkdifiHESifh aygif;pnf;I aevkd oavm? okd@wnf;r[kwf jynfaxmifpktzG@J 0iftjzpfjzifh aevkdoavm? wkdif;jynfðyv$wfawmfonf awmifwef;a'orsm;. jynfe,fwiG ;f a&;&mudprP sm;ESiphf yfvsO;f I rnfo@dk pDpOfaqmif&u G o f ifo h enf;? A[kdtpkd;&ESifh jynfe,ftpkd;&wkd@ ukdifwG,faqmif&Guf&rnfhta&;udpPwkd@ukd vsmxm;owfrSwfay;&ef aumfrwDw&yf zG@J pnf;oifyh govm;? rnfonfw@dk onf jynfaxmifpt k pk;d &u ukid w f , G &f rnfh wEkid if H vkH;ESifhqkdifaomta&;udpPrsm; jzpfoifhoenf;? oifwkd@.a'oukd e,ferdwfowfrSwf&ef avhvm pl;prf;vsmxm;+yD;+yDvm;? jrefrmEkdifiHtaejzifh "eo[m,tzGJ@0ifjzpfjcif;/ rjzpfjcif;onf oifwkd@ twGuf xl;jcm;r_&Sdygovm;? oabmwlnDcsufrsm;twkdif; jrefrmEkdifiHA[kdtpkd;&u vkdufemaqmif &Guaf p&ef rnfo@dk aom tumtuG,rf sm; ,lvo dk enf;[lIjzpfonf? ar;cGe;f rsm;ukd pkpH rf; a&;tzG@J xH ok@d vma&mufxu G q f =dk urnfh uk, d pf m;vS,w f @dk xo H @dk tenf;qk;H (24) em&D óuwifI a0iSxm;cJo h nf? awmifwef;a'o pkHprf;a&;tzG@J onf 1947-ckESpf rwfv (19) &ufae@rS (26) &ufae@txd &efuek òf rŒwGif ¶k;H xkid I f oHviG cf ¶kid f a&$usief ,f/ &ckid af wmifwef;a'oESihf u&ifvil ,frsm; tpnf;t¶k;H wkd@rS ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;.xGufqkdcsufrsm;ukd =um;emonf? xkdaemuf aròrŒokd@ajymif;a&G@I ±kH;xkdif ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

onf? OuUÏ &D; (pf) 0DvsHonf aròr@okd@ a&mufv#ifa&mufcsif; pkHprf;a&;tzG@J .vkyfief;rsm;ukd aqmif &Gujf cif;rðyEkid cf ahJ y? 1947 ckEpS /f rwfv (21) &ufae@wiG u f si;f yaom awmifwef;a'opkpH rf;a&;tzG@J . tpnf;ta0;qk;H jzwfcsut f & a&G;aumufy+JG yD;csed t f xd apmifq h idk ;f cJ&h onf? {+yDv (10) &ufae@wiG rf S awmifwef;a'o pkHprf;a&;tzG@J tpnf;ta0;ukd usif;yEkdifchJonf? xkdae@wGifyif ocifEka&muf&Sdvm ojzifh {+yDv (11) &ufae@wGif pDpOfxm;onfhtwkdif; pkHprf;a&;tzGJ@. =um;ema&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd jyefvnfpwifEidk cf ahJ yonf? pkpH rf;a&; tzG@J onf o}uFe&f uftwGi;f wGiyf if vkyif ef;&yfem;jcif;rðycJah y? {+yDv (11) &ufae@rS (21) &ufae@twGif; &Srf;jynfjynfol@vGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@csKyf/ u&iftrsKd;om; tzG@J csKyf (autJe, f )l / awmifwef;om;rsm;pnf;vk;H nD!w G af &;OD;pD;tzG@J / uavm/ awmif}uD;/ vm;¶_;d / vGdKifvif/ ‘0’e,f/ ukd;uef@e,f/ odED<e,f/ awmifykdife,f/ u&ifeDe,f/ rkd;rdwfESifh usKdif;wkHe,f/ zmyGef (oHviG cf ¶kid )f / jrpf}uD;em;/ Aef;armf/ cEW;D vk/H ucsi/f zvrf;/ [m;cg;/ wD;wde/f uefyufvuf/ qGr&R ma'o/ aomifoGwf/ [krRvif;/ qif;uvdefcEWD;/ Aef;armfrS Armukd,fpm;vS,frsm;. xGufqkdcsufrsm;ukd =um; emcJh=uonf? awmifwef;om;rsm; pnf;vk;n H D!Gwfa&;OD;pD;tzGJ‹. xGufqckd suf awmif;wef;a'o pkpH rf;a&;tzG@J xo H @dk vma&mufxu G q f =kd uaom uk, d pf m;vS,rf sm;ESihf tzG@J tpnf;rsm;teuf tcdkiftrmqHk;ESifh pepftusqHk;xGufqkdEkdifaomtzGJ@tpnf;rSm awmifwef;om; rsm; pnf;vk;H nD!w G af &;OD;pD;tzG@J yif jzpfonf? xdt k zG@J .uk, d pf m;vS,w f @kd rmS anmifa&$apmfbmG ; pyfa&$ odkuf/ ajrmufodEMDapmfbGm; pyf[kHz/ OD;xGef;jrifh/ 'l0g;aZmfvGef;/ 'l0g;aZmf&pf/ OD;ykrfZmref;/ OD;AefuD;,dk;/ OD;qefqrfw@kd jzpf=uonf? anmifa&GapmfbmG ;pyfa&$ou kd u f wm0efcx H u G q f I kd OD;qefqrfu pum;jyef tjzpf aqmif&Gufonf? awmif;wef;om;rsm;pnf;vk;H nD!w G af &;OD;pD;tzG@J . OuUÏvnf;jzpfaom anmifa&$apmfbmG ; pyfa&$ou dk u f jynfe,ftyk cf sKyfa&;wGif uk, d yf idk jf yXmef;cGihf tjynft h 0&v#if jrefrmEkid if EH iS yhf ;l aygi;f rnf? tar&duefjynfaxmifpkESifho¾mefwlaom jynfaxmifpktpkd;&ykHpHrsKd;ukd tvkd&Sdonf? umuG,fa&;/ jynfya&;&m/ aiGa=u;ESifh'*Fg;oGef;vkyfa&;/ taumuftcGef/ ,pfrsKd;/ rD;&xm;Xmewkd@ukd jynfaxmifpk wckv;Hk ESio hf ufqidk af om ta&;udprP sm;tjzpf owfrw S rf nf? jynfaxmifpt k pk;d &wGif Arm/ &Sr;f / ucsi/f csif;/ u&ifwkd@.ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;yg0ifrnf? &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif;wkd@u rdrdwkd@.ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ukd awmifwef;om;rsm;pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfa&;OD;pnf;tzG@J okd@ apv$wfI xkdtzG@J rS wzef ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; a&G;cs,f+yD; jynfaxmifpkaumifpDokd@ apv$wfrnf? wkdif;jynfðyv$wfawmf wufrnfhukd,fpm;vS,f rsm;ukdrl xkdtzG@J rS apv$wfrnfr[kwfb/J &Srf;/ ucsifESifhcsif;a'owkd@rS a&G;cs,fI wkduf¶kdufapv$wf rnf[k ajym=um;cJhonf? xkd@tjyif jrefrmjynfruJhokd@yif wkdif;jynfðyv$wfawmf ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; ukd vlO;D a&tcsK;d tpm;tvku d f a&G;cs,&f rnfrh u l dk awmifwef;om;rsm; pnf;vk;H nD!w G af &;OD;pD;tzG@J u oabmwla=umif;/ Trlt&qkdv#if csif;awmifwef;a'otaejzifh ukd,fpm;vS,f (3) OD; okd@r[kwf (4) OD;om a&G;cs,f&rnfjzpfa=umif;/ csif;trsKd;om;wkd@u ukd,fpm;vS,f (14) OD; a&G;cs,fcGifhðy&ef awmif;qkdaomvnf; awmifwef;om;rsm;pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfa&;OD;pD;tzGJ@taejzpfrl trSef&oifhonfh csif;ukd,fpm;vS,f (3) OD;/ okd@r[kwf (4) OD;xuf (1) OD; okd@r[kwf (2) OD;omwkd;I a&G;cs,f&ef yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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aròrdŒo‹adk &mufvmaom Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef; csif;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;.qENoabmxm;ukd ar;jref;onfh {+yDv (19) &ufae@wGifyif Akdvf csKyfatmifqef;onf aròrŒok@d a&muf&v dS monf? pkpH rf;a&;tzG@J . vkyif ef;wk;d wufrt _ ajctaersm;ukd od&v dS adk oma=umifh a&muf&v dS mjcif;jzpfrnf[k &D; (pf) 0Dvsu H rSwx f ifco hJ nf? pifppf aròrŒok@d a&muf&dS ae=uaom awmifwef;a'oukd,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; wkdif;&if;om;tcsif;csif; aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&; twGuf &Si;f vif;n‡Ed id_ ;f pnf;¶k;H &ef a&muf&v dS mcJjh cif;jzpfonf? aròrŒwGif awmifwef;om;rsm; pnf;vk;H ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

nD!w G af &;OD;pD;tzG@J u wnfcif;{nfch o H nfh npmpm;yGYJ Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;u awmifwef;a'o uk, d f pm;vS,rf sm;tm; yifvw Hk iG af y;cJah omuwdtwkid ;f qufvufaqmif&u G rf nfudk ,k=H unfapvkad =umif;/ (10) ESpf tcsdefay;apvkda=umif; xkd (10) ESpftwGif; awmifwef;om;rsm; auseyfr_&Sdvmatmif aqmif&u G jf yrnfjzpfa=umif;/ vGwv f yfa&;&v#if &Sr;f acgi;f aqmiftm; orRwwifajr‡mufI u&iftrsK;d om;tm; ppfaoemywdcef@xm;rnfjzpfa=umif; awmifwef;a'oacgif;aqmifrsm;tm; 0ef}uD;rsm; tjzpfvnf; wifajr‡mufrnfjzpfa=umif;/ cGx J GufcGifhESifh jynfe,fawmif;qkda&;udpPukd wkdif;jynfðy v$wf awmfwGifom n‡dE_dif;aqmif&Gufapvkda=umif;/ &Srf;jynfu jrefrmESifhryl;aygif;[kqkdv#if (10) ESpf =um onfhtcg wkdufckdufodrf;oGif;rnfjzpfa=umif; ¹ruf=um;cJhonf? Tokd@ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u acsmhI wrsKd;/ ajcmufIwzkH ¹ruf=um;cJhjcif;a=umifhvnf; wdkif;&if;om;rsm; ydkIpnf;vkH;rd=uonf[kqdkonf? csif;ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;. qH;k jzwfcsuftopf zvrf;/ [m;cg;/ wD;wde/f uefyufvufw@dk rS csi;f uk, d pf m;vS,rf sm;onf pkpH rf;a&;tzG@J xw H iG f rdrw d @dk . qENoabmxm;rsm;ukd xGuq f =dk u+yD;onfh aemufwae@ 1947 ckEpS /f {+yDv (20) &ufae@wiG f aròrŒY tpnf;ta0;w&yfusif;y+yD; ‚wkd@xGufqkdcJhor#ukd jyifqifI qkH;jzwfcsuftopfrsm; cscJh onf? xkq d ;Hk jzwfcsurf sm;ukd csi;f wk@d . qENoabmxm;opftjzpf pkpH rf;a&;tzG@J xH wifoiG ;f cJjh yefonf? qENoabmxm;opfwGif csif;wkd@onf c¶kdife,fwe,ftjzpfjzifh jrefrmjynfrESifh yl;aygif;vkd aom &nf&G,fcsufr&SdchJbl;a=umif;/ csif;jynfe,fonf awmifwef;om;rsm; pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfa&;OD;pD; tzG@J 0iftjzpfjzifhom aernfjzpfa=umif;/ awmifwef;om;rsm; pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfa&;OD;pD;tzG@J ESifh jrefrm tpk;d &wk@d csKyfqcdk ahJ om yifvpHk mcsKyfygru l dk pGpJ +JG rJ+rJvufuidk x f m;a=umif;/ uk, d pf m;vS,w f @dk onf wjynf axmiftpk;d &ESihf jynfaxmifpt k pk;d &[laom tok;H tE_e;f wk@d udk rodem;rvnfojzifh rSm;,Gi;f pGmxGuf qkdcJhjcif;jzpfa=umif;/ jynfaxmifpk[laom tajccHoabmxm;tjzpf jrefrmEkdifiHESifhyl;aygif;&ef &nf &G,fa=umif;/ pkHprf;a&;tzGJ@xHokd@ wifoGif;cJhonfhpmwrf;wGifyg&SdcJhaom A[kdtpkd;&[lonfrSm jynf axmifpktpkd;&ukd qkdvkda=umif;/ jrefrmEkdifiHESifhyl;aygif;rnfh tao;pdwfenf;vrf;rsm;ukd awmifwef; om;rsm; pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfa&;OD;pD;tzGJ@u jyXmef;rnfjzpfa=umif;azmfjy+yD; wD;wdef/ zvrf;/ [m;cg;/ uefyufvufe,fwkd@rS ukd,fpm;vS,f (19) OD;wkd@u vufrSwfa&;xkd;I wifoGif;cJh=uonf? tjcm; csif;uk, d pf m;vS,t f zG‹J {+yDv (21) &ufae@wGif tjcm;wD;wdefESifh uefyufvuf csif;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;jzpf=uaom uy`wdef ref;wkef;Ekef;/ OD;0rf;olarmif/ OD;xefZmckdif/ OD;axmif[ef;/ OD;xefudkcdkif/ OD;vsefudkref;/ OD;tGef udrk ef;/ OD;vufqmG ;wd@k onf pkpH rf;a&;tzG@J xo H @kd a&mufvm=u+yD; ‚wd@k .oabmxm;udk xGuq f =kd u onf? wD;wdecf si;f ud, k pf m;vS,w f @kd u toif, h al qmifvmaom qENoabmxm;pmwrf;udk OD;pGmwif oGif;onf? xdkpmwrf;wGif æ (u) 1947 ckEpS /f azaz:0g&v D twGi;f u awmifwef;a'oud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;ESihf jrefrmtpd;k & wdk@csKyfqdkcJhaom yifvkHpmcsKyfudk twnfðyonf? (c) 1947 ckESpf/ rwfvtwGif; anmifa&$wGifusif;yaom awmifwef;a'orsm;rS udk,fpm; yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

vS,ftm;vkH;wdk@wufa&mufonfh tpnf;ta0;qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk axmufcHItwnfðy onf? (*) r=umrDusi;f yrnfh wkid ;f jynfðyv$waf wmfwiG f yg0ifrnf? csi;f trsK;d om;wd@k wiG f rsK;d EG,pf k (4) pk &Sad ejcif;/ w&GmESiw hf &Gm qufo, G o f mG ;vm&ef cufcjJ cif;/ pum;ajymqdyk Hk uGjJ ym;jcif;/ wa'oESifhwa'o tvSrf;uGma0;jcif;wdk@a=umifh wdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmfok@d udk,fpm;vS,f (12) OD;v$wfvdkonf? xdkudk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk 'Drdkua&pDrl0g'twdkif; qENrjJ zifh a&G;cs,fvdk onf? (C) atmufyg tajctaeESpf&yf&v#if jrefrmEdkifiHESifhyl;aygif;rnf? 1? jynfaxmifpktoGifjzifh yl;aygif;jcif;jzpf&rnf? 2? tcsdefra&G; cGx J GufEdkifcGifh&Sd&rnf? (i) csi;f awmifwef;a'owGif em*awmifwef;a'oESihf &cdik af wmifwef;c±dik /f yvuf0òrŒe,f wdk@ yg0if&rnf? azmfjyyga'owdk@wGif aexdkifolwdk@rSm csif;trsKd;om;rsm;jzpfI a'owckESifh wckvnf; yx0Doabmt& qufpyfae=uonf? (p) 1? tpdk;&u bdk;bGm;ydkifajrudk t&mawmfajrtjzpf ajymif;vJchJonf? 2? tpdk;&u t&mawmfajrtjzpf ajymif;vJchJaom (bdk;bGm;rsm;vufxufu 0,fxm; cJhonfh) ajrrsm;udk &ydkifcGifh&Sdaom ydkif&Sifrsm;xH jyefvnfay;tyfapvdkonf[lI azmfjy xm;onf? xdpk mwrf;udk wifoiG ;f jyD;aemuf wD;wdecf si;f ud, k pf m;vS,f uy`wed f ref;wke;f Ekef;u wdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmfodk@ udk,fpm;vS,fa&G;cs,fapvGwfvdka=umif;/ t}uD;tuJ tkyfcsKyfonfhpepfudkrvdkvm;bJ 'Drdkua&pDr_0g'ESifhavsmfnDaom tkyfcsKyfa&;udk vdkvm; a=umif;/ jynfaxmifpk0if jynfe,fjzpfvdka=umif;wdk@udk ajym=um;oGm;cJhonf?

uefyufvufcsif;udk,fpm;vS,f OD;0rf;olarmifu 1927-1928 ckESpfrwdkifrDu usifhokH;cJh aomtkyfcsKyfa&;rsKd;udk vdkvm;a=umif;/ jynfaxmifpk0ifjynfe,fjzpfvdkaomfvnf; b¾ma&;/ vrf; yef;qufoG,fa&; ponfwdk@wGif tcuftcJrsm;&Sdojzifh 0ef}uD;rsm;tkyfcsKyfaom jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; wGifomaeoifha=umif;/ rdrdonf vlxkudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfjzifh pkHprf;a&;tzG@J xH vma&mufjcif;jzpfI OD;bl;uD;yg0ifaomudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@rSm tkyfcsKyfolt}uD;tuJwdk@uapv$wfaomtzGJ@omjzpf a=umif;/ wdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmfwufrnfh udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk tkyfcsKyfolt}uD;tuJu a&G;cs,fjcif; rðyapbJ a&G;aumufyGu J sif;yI a&G;cs,foifha=umif;wdk@ukd ajym=um;I rdrdwdk@vdkvm;onfh tem*wf tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&m oabmxm;pmwrf;udkvnf; wifoGif;onf? xdkpmwrf;wGif æ 1? yifvkHpmcsKyfudk av;pm;I twnfðyonf? 2? r=umrDusi;f yrnfh wdik ;f jynfðyv$waf wmfwiG f yg0ifrnf? csi;f awmifwef;a'owGif vrf; yef;qufoG,fa&;cufcaJ oma=umifh e,fydkif0efaxmufwOD;tkyfcsKyfonfh e,f (1) e,fpDrS udk,fpm;vS,fwOD;pDudk 'Drdkua&pDrltwdkif; vlxkqENjzifha&G;cs,fI wdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmf odk@ apv$wfrnf? 3? a'otvdkuf csif;wdk@ajymqdkaompum;/ toGiftjyifESifh"avhxkH;pHrsm; uGjJ ym;ojzifh ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

a'owckpDtwGuf a'oEW&tpdk;&zG@J pnf;I jzpfay:vmaomta=umif;w&m;tvdkuf t ajymif;tvJðyvkyfrnf? 4? csi;f awmifwef;a'o c¶kid cf w JG ckae vlxu k jzpfap/ csi;f awmifwef;a'owckv;Hk ujzpfap ,ck0ifa&mufvo dk nfh jynfaxmifpt k pk;d &rS cGx J u G v f adk omfvnf;aumif;/ 0ef}uD;rsm;tkycf sKyf aom jrefrmEkdifiHESifhyl;aygif;vkdaomfvnf;aumif;/ t[ef@twm;r&Sdap&? 5? yufvuf0a'oESiahf ygi;f I trsK;d om;tpk;d &zG@J pnf;+yD; jrefrmEkid if AH [kt d pk;d &ESihf wku d ¶f u dk f qufoG,frnf? 6? vuf&Sd (zqyv) tpkd;&onf a=unmxm;onfhtwkdif; csif;awmifwef;a'otwGuf ynma&;/ usef;rma&;/ vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;qkdif&mpDrHudef;rsm;ukd aqmif&Gufay;apvkd onf? 7? ,cktcg jrefrmtpkd;&. axmufyHhaiGrsm;onf EkdifiHjcm;wkdif;jynfrsm;okd@ a&mufv#uf&Sd onf? xkdaiGrsm;ukd wkdif;&if;om;wkd@twGufom tokH;ðyoifhonf? oHvGifc¶kdifrS u&ifukd,fpm;vS,fESpfzG@J awmifwef;a'opkHprf;a&;tzG@J xHokd@ oHvGifc¶kdifrS uk, d pf m;vS,t f zG@J ESpzf @JG a&muf&v dS mcJo h nf? xkt d zG@J EpS zf @JG onf qENoabmxm; wrsK;d pDxu G q f o dk jzifh oHvGifc¶kdif. EkdifiHa&;jy\emrSm ¶_yfaxG;cJh&onf? autJef,ltzG@J csKyfESifhqufEG,faeaom oHvGif u&iftrsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&;tzG@J csKyfonf 1947 ckESpf/ rwfv (6) &ufae@wGif zmyGefY vlxktpnf; ta0;w&yfusif;y+yD; “oHvGifc¶kdiftwGif; aexkdif=uukefaom u&iftrsKd;om;wkd@onf jrefrmjynf rrS oD;jcm;uif;vGwfI +Adwdo#tpkd;&u wdkuf¶kdufuGwfuaJ om tkyfcsKyfa&;atmufwGifae&jcif;ukd ykdI tvkd&Sd=uonf”[laomqkH;jzwfcsufukd cschJ=uonf? xkd@aemuf oHvGifu&iftrsKd;om;pnf;vkH; nD!Gwfa&;tzG@J csKyf. twGif;a&;rSL;jzpfol apmwDzdk;ul;ESihf apm'gvifwefwkd@tm; pkHprf;a&;tzG@J xHokd@ apv$w&f ef a&G;cs,v f u dk =f uonf? ta&G;cs,cf &H aom apmwDz;kd ul;ESiahf pm'gvifwefw@kd onf 'dp}wdwf aumifpD0ifrsm;jzpf=uaom apmcspfwD;/ apmyef;OD;/ apmb[ef/ apmxGef;vif;/ apmvSabmf/ apmpHzdk;/ apmomusif/ apmpD;/ apmxGef;ausmfwdk@ESifhtwl &efukefwGif ±kH;xdkifvsuf&Sd=uaom awmifwef;a'o pkHprf;a&;tzG@J xHok@d a&mufvm=uonf? xdkudk,fpm;vS,ftzG@J onf pkHprf;a&;tzG@J ESifhrawG@qkHrD 1947 ckESpf/ rwfv (1&) &ufae@wGif tif;pdefY a&$usifu&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t±kH;OuUÏ apmrm&S,f&$if acgif;aqmifonfh awmifil¹cif;csefa'o u&ifudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@ESifhyl;aygif;um tpnf;ta0;w&yf usif;ycJhonf? tpnf;ta0;wGif oHvGifc±dkifESifh awmifil¹cif;csefa'owdk@rS u&ifudk,fpm;vS,frsm; pka0;usi;f yonfh Ttpnf;ta0;u awmifwef;a'o jynfov l x l ak &;&mwd@k uo kd m pkpH rf;&efjzpfaom &D; (pf) 0Dv#H aumfr&SifwGif ArmtzGJ@0ifrsm;yg0ifjcif;udk uef@uGufa=umif;/ Armrsm;. =oZmv$rf;rkd;r_ r&dSbJ awmifwef;a'o jynfolvlxk.qENoabmxm;udk vGwfvyfpGmpkHprf;Edkifapvdkaoma=umifh ,if;od@k uef@uu G jf cif;jzpfa=umif; qk;H jzwfco hJ nf? TqH;k jzwfcsuu f kd awmifwef;a'opkpH rf;a&;tzG@J xH okd@vnf; ay;ydk@chJonf? awmifwef;a'opkHprf;a&;tzG@J u TqHk;jzwfcsufrSm atmifqef;-tufwvD pmcsKyfygoabmwlnDcsufudk em;vnfr_vGJrSm;aoma=umifh ay:aygufcJhjcif;jzpfonf[k ,lqonf? xdk@a=umifh qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfolwdk@xH pkHprf;a&;tzG@J twGif;a&;rSL;u &Sif;vif;csufay;ydk@oifhonf[k yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

1947 ckESpf/ rwfv (22) &ufae@wGifusif;yaom awmifwef;a'opkHprf;a&;tzGJ@ tpnf;ta0;Y tzGJ@0ifrsm;u oabmwlqHk;jzwf=uonf? rwfv (19) &ufae@wiG f oHviG cf ±dik u f &ifu, kd pf m;vS,t f zG@J ukd apmwDz;kd ul;u ud, k pf m;ðy I pkHprf;a&;tzGJ@xHxGufqdk&mwGif rdrdwdk@onf zmyGefY vlxktpnf;ta0;w&yfusif;yI qHk;jzwf csucf scahJ =umif;/ tpnf;ta0;qH;k jzwfcsut f & oHviG cf ±dik t f wGi;f aexdik =f uaom u&iftrsK;d om;wd@k onf awmifwef;a'owGifom qufvufaexdkif=uI jrefrmjynfrESifhryl;aygif;ao;a=umif;/ jrefrm jynfrESifh woD;wjcm;jzpfI +Adwdo#tpdk;&u wdkuf±dkufuGyfuaJ om tkyfcsKyfa&;atmufwGifom ae xdkifvdka=umif; ajym=um;onf? pkHprf;a&;tzG@J 0ifwOD;jzpfaom ocifEku jrefrmEdkifiHESifh wcsdefwnf; vGwfvyfa&;&ap&ef jrefrmEdkifiHESifhryl;aygif;vdkbl;vm;[kar;aomtcg apmwD;zdk;ul;u rdrdwdk@ vGwf vyfa&;&vdkonfhwdkifatmif jrefrmEdkifiH.jyifywGifaevdkonf[k ajz=um;onf? apmwDzdk;ul;u ajym =um;&mwGif 1935 ckESpf/ jrefrmEdkifiH (pD&iftkyfcsKyfr_) Oya'tusKd;oufa&mufcsdefrSpI oHvGifc±dkifudk OD;cifaztrnf&Sdaom Armykvdyft&m&SdwOD;u tkyfcsKyfchJa=umif;/ xdkt&m&SdvufxufwGif oHvGif c±dkifrSm wdk;wufr_wpkHw&mr&Sdonfhtjyif &mZ0wfr_yGm;rsm;vmcJha=umif;/ 'kwd,urBmppfrD;}uD;ul; pufvmaomtcg zmyGefodk@a&muf&Sdvmaomppfwyfu u&ifacgif;aqmifrsm;udkowfjzwfI OpPm ypPn;f wd@k ukd vk,ufzsupf ;D cJah =umif;/ xd@k a=umifh Armtkycf sKyfa&;ukd t,kt H =unfr&Scd jhJ cif;jzpfa=umif;/ 0ef}uD;rsm;tkyfcsKyfaom jrefrmEdkifiHae u&iftrsKd;om;wkd@u +Adwdo#tpkd;&xH oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom jynfe,f awmif;qkcd ahJ =umif;/ oHviG cf ¶kid rf mS xkjd ynfe,f. wpdww f ykid ;f tjzpfyg0ifvadk =umif;/ wEkid if H vkH;ESifhoufqkdifaom umuG,fa&;/ EkdifiHjcm;a&;/ aiGa&;a=u;a&;uJhokd@aom udpPtenf;i,frSwyg; jynfe,fwGif; ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh tjynfht0&rnf[k tmrcHcsuf&Sdv#if jrefrmjynfaxmifpkwGif yg0if a&;ukd rltm;jzihfvufcHEkdifa=umif;/ okd@aomf vufawG@wGif tmrcHcsufr&Sda=umif; ajym=um;onf? ukd,fpm;vS,fwOD;jzpfaom apmcspfwD;u zG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHOya'ESifhpyfvsOf;aom jy\em wk@d udk em;rvnfa=umif;/ Armwusy&f v#if u&ifwusy&f vko d jzifh u&ifrsm;tm; Armrsm;ESihf wef;wl nDr# cHpm;cGifhay;&rnfjzpfa=umif;/ oHvGifc¶kdifrS u&iftrsKd;om; (4) OD;wkd@onf yifvkHnDvmcHokd@ wufa&mufcJh=uaomfvnf; ukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf wufa&mufcJhjcif;r[kwfbJ avhvmolrsm;tjzpf wufa&mufchJjcif;jzpfa=umif; xGufqkdoGm;cJhonf? Tudk,fpm;vS,ftzG@J zmyGefodk@ jyefvnfa&muf &dSaomtcg tajctaeonf wrk[kwfcsif; ajymif;vJoGm;cJhonf? 1947 ckESpf/ {+yDv (5) &ufae@wGif vlxktpnf;ta0;w&yfudk ausmufawmif&GmY 'kwd,t}udrfusif;yum rwfv (6) &ufae@u usif; yonfh tpnf;ta0;qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;udk twnfrðya=umif;/ oHviG cf ±dik af ejynfov l x l . k tcGit hf a&; rsm;udk&&Sd&ef vmrnfhwdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmfodk@ udk,fpm;vS,fapv$wfrnfjzpfa=umif; qHk;jzwfonf? xdk tpnf;ta0;uyif jynfe,ftwGif; udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh&&ef/ jynfe,ftcsif;csif; qufqHa&;udpP rsm;udk wkdif;jynfðyv$wfawmfwGif tjcm;u&iftrsKd;om;rsm;ESifh n‡dEd_if;aqmif&Guf&efESifh pkHprf;a&; tzG@J odk@ udk,fpm;vS,ftzG@J topfwzG@J a&G;cs,fzG@J pnf;I xyfrHapv$wf&efwdk@udkvnf; qHk;jzwfonf? oHvGifc±dkifrS xyfrHapv$wfchaJ om 'kwd,udk,fpm;vS,ftzG@J onf oHvGifu&iftrsKd;om; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;tzG@J csKyfOuUÏ apmcspfwD;ESifh twGif;a&;rSL; apmwDzkd;ul;wkd@ vufrSwfa&;xkd;xm; aom axmufcpH mESit hf wl aròrŒwGi¶f ;Hk xkid af om pkpH rf;a&;tzG@J xo H @dk {+yDv (14) &ufae@wiG f a&muf&dS ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

vmonf? 'kwd,ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@wGifyg0ifolwkd@rSm apmvl;vl/ e,lwefyef;}uD;/ apmarmif+idrf;/ apmjrwfa&$/ apma&mbwf'D;/ apmaiGtkd;/ apmatmif&Sifwkd@ jzpf=uonf? ukd,fpm;vS,ftzG@J ukd ukd,f pm;ðyIxGufqkdaom apmvl;vlu pkHprf;a&;tzG@J tm; {+yDv (5) &ufae@uusif;yaom tpnf;ta0; qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ta=umif;&Sif;jyI wkdif;jynfðyv$wfawmfokd@ ukd,fpm;vS,f (4) OD;apv$wfvkda=umif;/ rdrw d @kd onf awmifwef;a'opnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;OD;pD;tzG@J EiS hf ryl;aygi;f vdak =umif;/ tjrifjcif;rwlaom u&ifeDe,frsm;ESifhvnf; ryl;aygif;vdka=umif;/ ukd,fykdifjyXmef;cGifh&vkda=umif;/ c¶kdife,fwcktjzpfjzifh jrefrmEkid if EH iS hf yl;aygi;f vkad =umif;/ "eo[m,tzG@J rS jrefrmEkid if EH w k x f u G v f #iv f nf; oHviG ef ,fy;l aygi;f a&;udpPukd rxdckdufa=umif; xGufqkdcho J nf? oHvGifc¶kdifukdukd,fpm;ðyI pkHprf;a&;tzGJ@wGif tzGJ@0ifwOD;tjzpfyg0ifaom apmpHauu yxr ukd,fpm;vS,ftzG@J ESifhE_dif;,SOfv#if T'kwd, ukd,fpm;vS,ftzG@J onf oHvGifc¶kdifjynfolvlxk twGuf ykdIckdifrmpGm ajymqkdEkdifpGrf;&Sdonf[kyif twnfðycJhonf? wyfzG@J trSwf 136 wGif tr_xrf; cJzh ;l aom u&ifppfom;a[mif;}uD; (4) OD;u awmifwef;a'opkpH rf;a&;tzG@J xo H @dk a&;onfph mESihf apmrm &S,f&$ifu +Adwdo#eef;&if;0efxH a&;onfhpmwkd@wGifrl apmvl;vlyg0ifaomtzGJ@onf vlxkukd,fpm; vS,f tppftrSefr[kwfa=umif;/ apmvl;vlESifhtzG@J . rSm;,Gif;aomxGufqkdcsufukd &D; (pf) 0DvsHu rpl;rprf;twnfðyv#if &D; (pf) 0DvsH. qkH;jzwfcsufukd t,kHt=unf&Sdrnfr[kwfa=umif;/ oHvGifc¶kdif tm; 0ef}uD;rsm;tkycf sKyfaomjrefrmEkid if EH iS yhf ;l aygi;f rnfqjkd cif;ukd uef@uu G af =umif;/ uef@uu G o f l 1441 OD;.vufrSwfrsm;ukd yl;wGJwifjytyfyga=umif; azmfjyxm;onf? u&ifvil ,frsm;tpnf;t±k;H . oabmxm; u&ifvli,frsm;tpnf;t¶kH;ESifh u&iftrsKd;om;tzG@J csKyf (autJef,l) wkd@uvnf; oHvGif c¶kid . f tem*wfta&;ESiyhf wfoufaom ‚wk@d .oabmxm;rsm;ukd pkpH rf;a&;tzG@J xo H @dk vma&muf xGufqkd=uonf? u&ifvli,frsm;tpnf;t¶kH;uapv$wfchJaom ukd,fpm;vS,fwkd@rSm apmpHzkd;oifESihf apmaemfwifbGm;wkd@jzpf=uonf? apmpHzkd;oifu oHvGifc¶kdifrSm jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;&Sd tjcm;jynfe,frsm;uJhokd@yif ukd,fykdif vGwfvyfcGifh &&Sdoifha=umif;/ jynfe,ftwGif; vGwfvyfpGmtkyfcsKyfcGifh&aom jynfe,ftjzpf jrefrm jynfaxmifpkESifhyl;aygif;cGifh&v#if auseyfa=umif;/ ,cifu u&iftrsKd;om;wkd@ awmif;qkdcJh=uonfh ,kd;',m;e,fajrtygt0if u&ifjynfe,f}uD; xlaxmifvkdpdwfr&Sda=umif;/ “wtdrfvkH;vGwfvyfcGifh& v#if rD;zkdaqmiftwGufawmif;zkd@”vkdawmhrnfr[kwfa=umif;/ oHvGifc¶kdifukd u&ifeDe,fESifhqufpyf ay;Ekid v f #iv f nf; aumif;rGeaf =umif;/ jrefrmEkid if u H dk tar&duefjynfaxmifpyk pHk rH sK;d zG@J pnf;oihaf =umif;/ wkdif;jynfðyv$wfawmfokd@ oHvGifc¶kdifrSukd,fpm;vS,frsm; wufa&mufcGifh&apvkda=umif;/ oHvGifc¶kdif tm; awmifwef;a'otkycf sKyfa&;atmufwiG rf xm;vkb d J rlvtwkid ;f jrefrmEkid if EH iS o hf m yl;aygi;f xm; apvk+d yD; tultnDvt dk yfor#udk jrefrmtpd;k &u ay;tyfapvdak =umif; oHviG cf ¶kid rf mS acwfaemufus aeao;+yD; c¶kid t f wGi;f aeu&ifw@dk rmS u&ifpum;uko d m wwfu|r;f em;vnfojzifh jynfrrS u&iftrsK;d om;t&m¶Sdrsm;udkomapvGwfI tkyfcsKyfoifha=umif; zG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'wGif oHvGifa'o tm; ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifhay;xm;+yD; xkdtkyfcsKyfcGifhukd ygvDreftufOya'jzifhvnf; tmrcHcsuf yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

ay;xm;v#if vkaH vmuf+yDjzpfa=umif;/ ArmESiu hf &ifw@dk rmS wavSwnf;pD;/ wc&D;wnf; oGm;=uolrsm; jzpfI at;twlyltr# aexkdif=u&rnfjzpfa=umif;/ ,ckvma&mufxGufqkd=uaom u&ifvli,frsm; tpnf;t±kH;0ifwkd@rSm oHvGifc¶kdifrSa&mufvm=uolwkd@r[kwfaomfvnf; oHvGifc¶kdifae u&iftrsKd; om;wkd@. aoG;csif;om;csif;rsm;jzpfI xkdolwkd@.tusKd;ukd apmihfa&Smuf=u&rnfholrsm;jzpfa=umif; xGufqkdoGm;=uonf? autJe, f t l zGŒJ csKyf. oabmxm; u&iftrsKd;om;tzG@J csKyf (autJef,l) ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;jzpf=uaom o&momxkd/ ref;*sdrf; xGe;f atmif/ apmarmifa'gu/f ref;bZHw@dk .xGuq f cdk surf sm;wGif oHviG cf ¶kid af e u&iftrsK;d om;wk@d tm; tpkd;&u tajymomr[kwf tvkyfjzifhvufawG@ulnDaqmif&Gufay;Ekdifv#if u&iftrsm;tjym;onf auseyfESpfouf=uvdrfhrnfjzpfa=umif;/ vlrsKd;pki,fwkd@.&ykdifcGifhrsm;ukd zG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya' wGif tjynfht0xnfhoGif;ay;Ekdifv#if u&iftrsKd;om;wkd@auseyfr_&&Sd+yD; ajyvnfpGmqufqHEkdifaom tqifo h @dk a&mufvmrnfjzpfa=umif;/ pkpH rf;a&;tzG@J xo H @dk a&muf&v dS m=uaom/ oHviG cf ¶kid rf S uk, d pf m; vS,ftzG@J ESpfzG@J teuf yxrtzG@J rSm pepfwusa&G;cs,f zG@J pnf;xm;aomtzG@J jzpfa=umif;/ 'kwd,tzG@J rSm tvsiftjrefzG@J pnf;&onfhtzG@J jzpfojzifh vlxkua&G;cs,faomtzG@J jzpfrnfrxifa=umif;/ tzG@J 0if wkd@rSmvnf; i,f&G,folrsm;jzpfojzifh OD;aqmifr_ay;Ekdifolrsm;r[kwfa=umif;/ oHvGifu&iftrsKd;om; wk@d onf a&S;OD;pGm awmifwef;om;rsm; pnf;vk;H nD!w G af &;OD;pD;tzG@J o@dk 0ifoifah =umif;/ u&ife/D zmyGeEf iS hf u&ifrsm;aexkid o f nfh Z,m;0ife,fw@dk uadk ygi;f I uk, d yf idk jf yXmef;cGi&hf adS om u&ifjynfe,f xlaxmifoihf a=umif;/ awmifwef;om;rsm; pnf;vk;H nD!w G af &;OD;pD;tzG@J o@dk 0if+yD;onfah emufwiG rf S jrefrmjynfrESihf jynfaxmifpk0iftjzpf yl;aygif;oihfa=umif;/ "eo[m,tzG@J rS jrefrmEkdifiHEkwfxGufv#if u&ifwkd@tzkd@ "eo[m,tzG@J twGif;aejcif;u ykdIvkHðcHr_&Sda=umif;/ oHvGifc¶kdifrSm EkdifiHa&;oabmobm0ukd em; rvnfao;ojzifh OD;pGmEkdifiHa&;ESifh tu|rf;w0if&Sdatmif óu;yrf;oifha=umif;/ EkdifiHa&;ta=umif;ukd em;vnfvmaomtcgwGifrS jrefrmEkdifiHESifhyl;aygif;I jrefrmEkdifiHpnfyifwkd;wufatmif aqmif&Guf oifah =umif;/ u&iftrsK;d om;wk@d rmS ppftwGi;f ujzpfymG ;cJah om ajrmif;jrta&;tcif;rsK;d aemufw}udrf xyfIjzpfyGm;rnfukd pkd;&drfa=umif;wkd@ukd xGufqkdoGm;=uonf?

apmrm&S,&f i$ . f xGuq f cdk suf a&$usifu&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t¶kH;OuUÏ apmrm&S,f&$ifu pkHprf;a&;tzG@J xH vma&mufI xGuq f &dk mwGif a&$usicf ¶kid cf o JG nf tykid f ;(2) a'otwGi;f yg0ifaoma=umifh tykid ;f (1) a'ojzpfaom oHviG cf ¶kid Ef iS hf qufpyfvsu&f adS =umif;/ a&$usicf ¶kid cf JG ESihf awmificl ¶kid t f wGi;f &Sd u&iftrsK;d om;wk@d onf oHvGifc&kdif&Sd u&iftrsKd;om;wkd@ESifh yl;aygif;aexkdifvkda=umif;/ autJef,ltzG@J csKyfu u&ifjynfe,f xlaxmifay;a&;twGuf awmif;qkdxm;a=umif;/ xkdjynfe,fwGif weoFm&Dwkdif; yg0ifapvkda=umif;/ u&ifjynfe,fukd &Srf;/ csif;/ ucsifwkd@uhJokd@aom tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;rsm;ESifhaygif;pnf;I jynfaxmifpk zG@J pnf;vkda=umif;/ xkdjynfaxmifpkrSm 0ef}uD;rsm;tkyfcsKyfaom jrefrmEkdifiHESifhroufqkdifbJ bk&ifcH. wkduf¶kdufuGyfuJr_atmufwGifom &Sdoifha=umif;/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpkESifh tvm;wlonfh jynf ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

axmifpzk @JG pnf;v#irf l 0ef}uD;rsm;tkycf sKyfaom jrefrmEkid if yH g0ifonfh jynfaxmifpt k wGi;f ok@d 0ifa&muf rnfjzpfa=umif;/ jrefrmwEkid if v H ;Hk pnf;vk;H nD!w G o f nfw h idk af tmif Ekid if &H yfjcm;usL;ausmrf _ tEW&,fudk vkðH cHpmG umuG,Ef idk pf rG ;f r&Sad o;a=umif;/ +Adwo d #"eo[m,tzG@J rS cGx J u G v f #if +Adwo d #tpk;d &. tul tnDudk r&Ekid af wmhojzifh cGrJ xGuaf pvkjd cif;jzpfa=umif;/ cGrJ xGurf o S m jrefrmEkid if EH iS yhf ;l aygi;f vkad =umif;/ +Adwdo#wkd@. xdef;odrf;uGyfuJr_atmufwGifaexkdifrSom u&iftrsKd;om;wkd@rSm zdESdyfcH&r_tEW&,frS vGwfuif;rnfjzpfa=umif; ajym=um;onf? u&ifeeD ,f u&ifeDe,frsm;rSm Z,m;0ife,frsm;twGif;ryg0ifojzifh awmifwef;a'opkHprf;a&;tzGJ@ onf xkde,frsm;.oabmxm;ukd ar;jref;&efrvkday? xkd@a=umifhvnf; pkHprf;a&;tzG@J twGif; u&ifeD e,fukd,fpm;vS,f ryg0ifchJjcif;jzpfonf? okd@&mwGif u&ifeDe,frsm;onf Z,m;0ife,frsm;ESifhvnf; aumif;/ jrefrmjynfrESifhvnf;aumif;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESifhvlrsKd;a&;t& eD;pyfpGmqufEG,faeaoma=umifh ‚wkd@.qENoabmxm;ukd od&SdEkdifap&ef pkHprf;a&;tzG@J u zdwf=um;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? 1947 ckESpf/ {+yD v (14) &ufae@wGif pkHprf;a&;tzG@J xHokd@ tzG@J 0if (10) OD;yg0ifaom u&ifeDukd,fpm;vS,ftzG@J a&muf vm cJhonf? u&ifeu D , dk pf m;vS,t f zG@J 0ifw@dk rmS apma*;bwfu&mpl;/ OD;bDw;l &,f/ OD;pde/f OD;at;jrav;/ OD;apma&$/ OD;okdif;b[ef/ OD;baomif;/ p0fv0D/ p0fa&$av;/ apmay:av;wkd@ jzpf=uonf? tzGJ@ukd ukd,fpm;ðyIxGufqkdaom apma*;bwfu&mpl;u pkHprf;a&;tzG@J xHokd@ rvma&mufrD vGKdifaumfwGif vlxktpnf;ta0;w&yf usif;ycJhykH/ xkdtpnf;ta0;u pkHprf;a&;tzGJ@ESifhawG@qkH&ef ukd,fpm;vS,f a&G;cs,fchJykH ,ckukd,fpm;vS,ftzG@J wGif u&ifeDe,f (3) e,fESifh rkd;+AJe,fwkd@rSukd,fpm;vS,frsm;yg0ifykH u&ifeDe,fwkd@rSm vGwfvyfaome,frsm;jzpfonf[kqkdaomfvnf; awmifwef;a'otkyfcsKyfa&; tzG@J .=oZmukd emcH&ykw H @dk uadk jym=um;I toih, f al qmifvmcJah om oabmxm;pmwrf;ukd pkpH rf;a&;tzG@J xHwifoGif;onf? xkdpmwrf;wGif æ (1) vGwfvyfaom u&ifeDe,f.tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd rxdckdufapv#if awmifwef;a'o tkyf csKyfa&;ESifh yl;aygif;rnf? (2) awmifwef;a'otkyfcsKyfa&;ESifhyl;aygif;rdchJv#if u&ifeDukd,fpm;vS,fwOD;tm; awmif wef;om;rsm; pnf;vk;H nD!w G af &;OD;pD;tzG@J wiG f twkid yf ifcaH umifp0D iftjzpf cef@xm;&rnf? (3) u&ifeDe,frsm;tm; vkH;0ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifhay;&rnf? (4) awmifwef;a'otkycf sKyfa&;ESihf yl;aygi;f aomfvnf; u&ifeeD ,fjynfov l x l u k xkt d zG@J rS cGx J Gufvkdv#if cGx J GufEkdifcGifh &Sd&rnf? (5) EkdifiHjcm;a&;/ pmykd@wkdufESifh a=u;eef;/ vrf;yrf;qufoG,fa&;/ b¾ma&;/ umuG,fa&; ponfw@dk uo hJ @dk wEkid if v H ;Hk ESio fh ufqidk af omta&;udprP sm;ukd awmifwef;om;rsm; pnf;vk;H nD!w G af &;OD;pD;tzG@J wiG yf g0ifaom u&ifet D wkid yf ifcaH umifp0D ifEiS hf n‡Ed id_ ;f aqmif&u G &f rnf? (6) u&ifeDaus;vufzGH@òz;a&;twGuf vkdtyfaomtultnDukd u&ifeDe,f. tiftm; yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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qGrR&m/ aomifoGwf/ qif;uvdefcEWD;/ [krRvif;wk‹drS uk, d fpm;vS,frsm; em*awmifwef;c&kid . f oabmxm;ukd od&EdS idk &f eftwGuf pkpH rf;a&;tzG@J onf qrR&ma'o/ aomifoGwfe,f/ qif;uvdefcEWD;e,fESifh/ [krRvif;c¶kdifcGw J kd@rS a&muf&Sdvmaom ukd,fpm;vS,fwkd@. xGufqkdcsufrsm;ukd =um;emonf csif;wkd@aexkdifaom qrR&ma'orSukd,fpm;vS,fwkd@u 1947 ckESpf/ rwfv (25) &ufae@ESifh (26) &ufae@rsm;wGif rdrdwkd@. t}uD;tuJrsm;ESifhaus;&Gmvl}uD;rsm; pka0; usif;yonfh tpnf;ta0;qkH;jzwfcsufukd pkHprf;a&;tzGJ@xHay;tyfonf? qkH;jzwfcsufwGif æ +Adwdo#tpkd;&tkyfpkd;aeor# tjcm;rnfonfh tkyfpkd;r_ukdrS cH,lvkdpdwfr&Sdyg? +Adwdo#tpkd;& ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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enf;vrf;ukd &&SEd idk &f ef) pkpH rf;tpD&ifcaH &;yifjzpfonf? ok@d aomf &D; (pf) 0Dvso H nf tqkyd gowfrw S cf suf abmifuadk usmI f zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'=urf; oGe;f avmif;ay;Ekid &f eftxd óu;yrf;cJo h nf? xko d @dk aqmif&u G af y;jcif;rðyEkid v f #if zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'a&;qG&J mwGif awmifwef;a'o jynfov l x l k yl;aygi;f yg0ifEidk rf nfh taumif;qk;H aomenf;vrf;ukd !$ejf y&ma&mufrnf r[kw[ f v k nf;aumif;/ zG@J pnf; tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'wGif awmifwef;a'oaejynfov l x l . k &ykid cf iG u hf dk azmfjyEkid rf nf r[kw[ f v k nf; aumif; &D; (pf) 0DvsHu cH,lonf? xkd@tjyif awmifwef;a'opkHprf;a&;vkyfief;ukd jrefjrefqefqef aqmif&Guf&ef[laom abmfwGrfav.t}uHðycsufonf &D; (pf) 0DvsH.pdwfwGif udef;atmif;vsuf &Sdaeaoma=umifhvnf; pkHprf;a&;vkyfief;rSm t&Sdeft[kefysufonf[lI r&SdchJay? &efukefrS aròrŒokd@ ajymif;a&G@¶kH;xkdif&efpDpOfonfh =um;umvtwGif;wGifyif tzGJ@OuUÏ &D; (pf) 0DvsHESifh twGif;a&;rSL; vuf'0pfwkd@onf awmifwef;a'orsm;. orkdif;aemufcHtusOf;csKyfESifh +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;toGif tjyifukd azmfjyxm;aom tpD&ifcHpmrl=urf;yxrykdif;ukd a&;om;+yD;pD;cJhonf? ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;. xGufqkdcsufrsm;ukd =um;emaeonfhae@&ufrsm;twGif;ESifh =um;emr_+yD;v#if+yD;csif;vnf; OuUÏ &D; (pf) 0DvsHonf tpD&ifcHpmrl=urf;ukd tcsdefrvyfa&;om;cJhonf? xkd@a=umifh =um;emr_+yD;pD;onfh {+yDv (21) &ufae@naewGif tpD&ifcHpmrl=urf;ukd a&;om;+yD;pD;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? tzG@J 0ifwdk@u a&;om;+yD;pD; aom tpD&ifcpH mrl=urf;udk qef;ppfa0zefEikd af p&ef &D; (pf) 0Dvso H nf pmul;pufjzifv h n S I hf a0iSco hJ nf? tzG@J 0if OD;wifxÉG u f vnf; vkyif ef;udk qkid ;f iHjcif;rðycJah y? tpD&ifcpH m rl=urf;ESiyhf wfoufaomtzG@J 0if wkd@. oabmxm;udk tv#iftjref,lI xkdae@nae apmfbGm;rsm;ESifh &D; (pf) 0DvsHwdk@ npmpm;aecsdef wGifyif jyefvnfay;tyfEdkifchJonf? tpD&if cHpmrl=urf;udk pwifzwf&csdefwGif tcsKd@azmfjycsufrsm;ESifh ywfoufI ArmtzG@J 0ifrsm;ESihf awmifwef;a'otzG@J 0ifrsm;onf oabmxm;tenf;i,f uGjJ ym;cJ=h u onf? xd@k a=umifh tzG@J 0ifrsm;aqG;aEG;ndE‡ i_d ;f I ðyjyifc=hJ u&onf? ðyjyifcsurf sm;udk OD;wifxËG u f tacsm a&om;onf? xdðk yjyifa&;om;csurf sm;ukv d nf; &D; (pf) 0Dvsu H oabmwlvufccH o hJ nf? ok@jd zifh tpD&if cHpmtay: wnDw!Gww f nf;aom oabmwlncD suu f kd &&Scd o hJ nf? xdo k @kd oabmwlncD su&f &Sad om ae@rSm 1947 ckESpf/ {+yDv (23) &ufae@ jzpfonf? {+yDv (24) &ufae@wGif tzG@J 0iftm;vkH;wdk@onf tpD&ifcHpmudk oabmwlvufrSwfa&;xkd;cJh=uonf? jrefrmEdik if t H pd;k &ESihf +Adwo d #tpd;k &wd@k xH awmifwef;a'opkpH rf;a&;tzG@J u wifoiG ;f cJo h nfh tpD&ifcHpm. ta&;ygqHk;aomtydkif;rSm tydkif; (1)/ tcef; (3) jzpfonf? xdktcef;udkvnf; ESpfu¾ cGjJ cm;Edik cf jhJ yefonf? yxru¾wGif wdik ;f jynfðyv$waf wmfo@kd awmifwef;a'orsm;ESiu hf &ifeeD ,frsm;rS ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;apv$wrf nfeh nf;vrf;udk axmufcaH zmfjyxm;onf? 'kw, d u¾wGif zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyf ykt H ajccHOya'opfa&;qGaJ omtcg xnfo h iG ;f azmfjyoifo h nft h csurf sm;udk pl;prf;avhvm+yD; rSwcf suðf y I azmfjyxm;onf? axmufcHazmfjycsufwGif wdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmfodk@ ukd,fpm;vS,fapv$wf&rnfh t&nftwGu/f ud, k pf m;vS,af &G;cs,ef nf;/ wdik ;f jynfðyv$waf wmfwiG f vkyif ef;aqmif&u G yf Hk aqmif&u G f enf;wkd@ESifhpyfvsOf;I azmfjyxm;onf? awmifwef;a'orsm;ESihf u&ifeeD ,fw@kd rS wdik ;f jynfðyv$waf wmfo@kd ud, k pf m;vS,af pv$w&f rnfhta&twGufESifhpyfvsOf;I pkHprf;a&;tzGJ@u atmufygtwdkif; axmufcHcsufay;onf? ya'o&mZf&Srf;jynf (udk;uef@ESifh rkd;jAJe,ftygt0if) - 2 6 OD; ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

ucsifawmifwef;a'o csif;awmifwef;a'o (&cdkifawmifwef;a'otygt0if) u&ifeD oHvGifc±dkif qGrR&ma'o [krRvif;c±dkifcGJ pkpkaygif;

- 7 OD; - 6 OD; - 2 OD; - 2 OD; - 1 OD; - 1 OD; 45 OD;

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EdkifiHawmfzGJ‹ pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'a&;qGJ&mwGif awmifwef;om;rsm; yl;aygif;yg0ifEdkifonfh taumif; qHk;enf;udk&SmazG&ef zGJ‹pnf;xm;aom awmifwef;a'opHkprf;a&;tzGJ‹?

ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

tcef; (8) 1947 ckESpf Ekid fiaH wmfzGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'a&;qGJ&ef jyifqifjcif; (u) zqyv y%mr jyifqifr+ nDvmcHobifY wifoGif;aomtqkd (14) csuf &efukefòr@/ *sLbvDcef;r}uD;Y (1947 c/ arv 23) &ufae@wGifusif;yaom (zqyv) y%mrjyifqifr_ nDvmcHobifY tqdk (14) csufudk wifoGif;cJhygonf? 1? jrefrmEkid if aH wmfudk vGwv f yfaom tcsKyftjcmtm%mykid f orRwEkid if t H jzpfjzifh a=unm &ef Ty%mrjyifqifr_nDvmcHobifu av;eufckdifrmpGm jyXmef;vkdufonf? 2? wkdif;jynfðyv$wfawmfu a&;qGJtyfaom EkdifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'wGif tqkdygvGwfvyfaom tcsKyftjcmtm%mykdif orRwEkdifiHawmfonf æ (u) ,cktxd +Adwdo#jrefrmjynftwGif;wGif yg0ifaeaom æ 1? jrefrmjynf0ef}uD;tzGJ@u tkyfcsKyfaomjrefrmjynfr/ 2? [krRvif;c¶kdifcG/J 3? qifuvkdifcrf;wD;/ 4? aomif'Gwf/ 5? aqmr&e,fy,f/ 6? em*awmifwef;rsm;/ 7? oHvGifc¶kdif/ 8? uHyufvufc¶kdifcGJ 9? &ckdifawmifwef;e,fy,frsm;[lI ac:a0:aoma'orsm; (c) ukd;crf;ESifh armif;ykdifwkd@ tygt0ifjzpfaom- &Srf;jynfaxmifpk (*) u&ifeDjynfe,frsm; (C) ucsifawmifwef;rsm; (i) uHyufvufc¶kdifcGJrygaom csif;awmifwef;c¶kdifwkd@yg0ifaom jynfaxmifpkEkdifiH awmfjzpf&rnf? 3? (1) atmufyg *k%ft*Fgtm;vkH;ESifhaomfvnf;aumif; tcsKd@ESifhaomfvnf;aumif;? jynfph I Hk (c) (*) (C) (i) wk@d Y azmfjyxm;aom a'orsm;onf Twkid ;f jynfðyv$wf awmfu qk;H jzwfjyXmef;I aemiftcg Ekid if zH @JG pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'ESihf “jynfaxmifpjk ynfe,f” tqifhtwef;ukdjzpfap/ ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyf&jynfe,f tqifhtwef;ukdjzpfap“vlrsKd;pkjynf e,f”tqift h wef;ukjd zpfap &&S&d rnf? xkad 'orsm;onf rdrw d @dk tm; tyfEiS ;f Iaomfvnf; aumif; v$aJ jymif;Iaomfvnf;aumif; &&Sad omtm%mESihf wm0efrsm;ukd ok;H pGaJ qmif&u G f &rnf? yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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*k%ft*Fgrsm;um; 1? yx0Dtaetxm;t& e,ferdwftxift&Sm;&Sdjcif;/ 2? jrefrmpum;ESifhrwlaom bmomwrsKd;wnf;&Sdjcif;/ 3? ,Ofaus;r_wrsKd;wnf;&Sdjcif;/ 4? &mZ0iftpOfvm wrsKd;wnf;&Sdaom vlpk&Sdjcif;/ 5? pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&mtusKd;aus;Zl;ESifh pD;yGg;a&;vkHavmufr_ wkd@&Sdaomvlpk&Sdjcif;? 6? vlOD;a&tawmftwef&Sdjcif;? 7? jynfaxmifpktzG@J 0ifoD;jcm;a'owcktjzpfjzifh rdrd.ukd,fykdifxif&Sm;csuftwkdif; aexkdif aomqEN&Sdjcif;wkd@ jzpfavonf? (2) xkt d m%mrsm;ESiw hf m0efrsm;onf y%mrjyifqifrn _ v D mcHobifu cef@aom aumfrwD tzGJ@. aphpyfcsufjzifh ESpfOD;ESpfbufoabmwlnDcsufukd&+yD;rS pOf;pm;qkH;jzwf&rnfh tm%mESiw hf m0efrsm;jzpfonf? qkcd +hJ yD;aom aumfrwDtzG@J . aphpyfcsujf zif&h &Sad om wlnD csufonf (zqyv) tr_aqmiftzGJ@. twnfðycsufukd&&Sd&rnf? 4? (Tae&mrSpI vmrnft h yk'd rf sm;wGif “jynfaxmifpOk ya'ðytzG@J ” [k ac:qkt d yfaom) A[kdOya'ðytzGJ@. tm%mykdifeufonf jynfaxmifpkEkdifiHw0Srf;vkH;jzpf&rnf? “jynf axmifpjk ynfe,f”ok@d r[kw“f uk, d yf idk t f yk cf sKyf&jynfe,f” ok@d r[kwf “vlrsK;d pkjynfe,f”wk@d . Oya'ðytzG@J rsm;ok@d o;D jcm;v$aJ jymif;ay;onfu h pd t P rsK;d tpm;xJwiG f ryg0ifaom udpcP yf odrf;wkd@ESifhpyfvsOf;I EkdifiHzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'Y rnfokd@yifqkdxm;onfjzpfap/ jynfaxmifpkOya'ðytzGJ@onf atmufYpDpOfazmfjyxm;aomudpPtrsKd;tpm;wGif yg0if onfhudpPtm;vkH;wdk@tay:Y Oya'ðytm%m&Sd&rnf? 1? jynfaxmifpktpkd;&Xmersm;/ 2? jynfe,fcsif;csif;udpPrsm;/ 3? (xkdvkyfief; 2 rsKd;rSty) usefudpPrsm;/ 4? jynfaxmifpkwckvkH;ESifh oufqkdifaompD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_udpPrsm;/ 5? “jynfaxmifpke,f”“ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;jynfe,f” “vlrsKd;pkjynfe,f”wkd@rSvGJI usefa'orsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;aomudpPrsm;/ rSwfcsuf? ? (txufygtykd'f}uD;-4? tykd'fcGJ (5) wGif qkdxm;aomusefa'orsm;twGuf Oya'ðy tzGJ@rsm; owfowfxm;&Sdrnfr[kwfacs)?

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5? TvGwfvyfaomtcsKyftjcmtm%mykdiforRwjrefrmEkdifiHonfvnf;aumif;/ xkdEkdifiH tzG@J 0ifjynfe,f a'orsm;onfvnf;aumif;/ xkdEkdifiH. tpkd;&Xmersm;onfvnf;aumif;/ toD;oD;wkd@onf rdrdwkd@. wefckd;awaZmESifh tm%mtm;vkH;wkd@udk wkdif;oljynfom;wkd@ xHrS xkwf,lokH;pGJ&rnf? 6? vlrq _ ufqaH &; w&m;r#wr_/ pD;yGm;a&;w&m;r#wr_/ Ekid if aH &;w&m;r#wr_/ tqift h wef; ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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wlnrD /_ tcGit hf vrf;wlnrD /_ w&m;Oya't&wlnrD w _ @dk tjyif w&m;Oya'ESiv hf nf;aumif;/ avmu0wW&m;wk@d EiS v hf nf;aumif;/ oifjh rwfavsmu f efap&rnfjzpfaom vGwv f yfpmG awG; =uHEkdifr_/ vGwfvyfpGmzGifh[a&;om; azmfjyEkdifr_/ vGwfvyfpGm,kH=unfEkdifr_/ vGwfvyfpGmukd; uG,Ef idk rf /_ vGwv f yfpmG bk&m;ausmif;uefomG ;cGiðhf yEkid rf /_ vGwv f yfpmG y&da,oe&SmrS;D Ekid rf /_ vGwv f yfpmG pnf;&k;H Ekid rf /_ vGwv f yfpmG aqmif&u G Ef idk rf w _ @dk udk jynfojl ynfom;tm;vk;H wk@d &&Sd cHpm;Ekdifatmif 0efcHcsuf&Sd&rnf? 7? (1) “wkdif;&if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;”. tcGifhta&;rsm;jzpfaom(1) vlwkd@. tcGifhta&;? (2) vlrsKd;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_tcGifhta&;? (3) ,Ofaus;r_wGif rdrdwkd@p¶kduft& jyXmef;EkdifcGifhESifhwuG vGwfvyfpGm aygif;oif; qufqHEkdifaom tcGifhta&;? (4) Oya'ðytzG@J wGif xkdufoifhaomukd,fpm;vS,fOD;a&yg0ifEkdifa&;? xkdtcGifhta&;wkd@ukd vlrsm;pkESifh vlrsKd;tm;jzifhvnfaumif;/ bmompum;tm;jzifhvnf; aumif;/ ,Ofaus;r_tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ &mZ0iftpOftvmtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ uGJjym;aomol rsm;vnf;jzpfI oufqkdif&mtzG@J 0ifa'owGif vlOD;a& (10) ykH (1) ykHxufrenf;&Sdonfholrsm;vnf; jzpfaom jynfolwpkonf cHpm;Ekdifygonf[k cH0efcsuf&Sd&rnf? (2) u&iftrsKd;om;wkd@ESifhoufqkdifaomudpPrsm;wGif jynfaxmifpktpkd;&tm; ulnDt=uH ay;&ef “u&ifa&;&mtzGJ@”wpkukd zGJ@pnf;&rnf? 8? “jynfaxmifpkjynfe,f”ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;jynfe,f/ “vlrsKd;pkjynfe,f”wkd@tm; ykdif; jcm;owfrSwf tyfESif;v$Jajymif;ay;xm;aom tm%mrsm;rSwyg; vGwfvyfaom tcsKyf tjcmtm%mykid f orRwjrefrmEkid af wmf. Oya'ðytm%m/ tkycf sKyfrt _ m%m/ w&m;pD&ifr_ tm%mwk@d onf jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if YH &SI d xkt d m%mwk@d ukd Ekid if zH @JG pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccH Oya'u wnfaxmifxm;aom jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmf tpk;d &Xmersm;u aomfvnf; aumif; xkdXmersm;. trdef@t&aomfvnf;aumif; okH;pGEJ kdif&rnf? 9? jynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmftwGi;f &Sd jynfot l m;vk;H wk@d . txGwt f jrwfjzpfxu dk af om Ekid if H awmf.t}uD; trSL;jzpfonfh orRwESifhwuG jynfol@v$wfawmfvlrsKd;pkv$wfawmfESpf&yfyg 0ifaom jynfaxmifpk/ r[mv$wfawmfwkd@wGif jynfaxmifpkOya'ðytm%mukd tyfESif; xm;&Sad p&rnf? orRwtm; jynfaxmifprk [mv$waf wmfu a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf&rnf? jynfol@v$wfawmftrwfrsm;ukd v#Kd@0Sufaom rJqENay;pepft&/ t&G,fa&mufolwkdif;u a&G;aumufwif ajr‡muf&rnf? vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmfwGif “jynfaxmifpkjynfe,frS” vnf; aumif;/ “uk, d yf idk t f yk cf sKyfa&;jynfe,f”rSvnf;aumif;/ “vlrsK;d pkjynfe,f”rSvnf;aumif;/ “wkdif;&if;om;vlenf;pk”rS vnf;aumif;/ tzGJ@a'owcktjzpfjzifh pk¶kH;zGJ@pnf;tyfaom usefa'rsm;rSvnf;aumif; ukd,fpm;vS,ftrwfrsm;yg0if&rnf? 10? w&m;Oya'ESifh TEkdifiHzG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'wkd@ujyXmef;rnfh pnf;urf;csuf yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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rsm;udkaxmufI jynfolwkd@wGif rdrdwkd@a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufvkdufaom ukd,fpm;vS,f trwfukd Ekwfy,fac:,lEkdifaom tcGifhta&;&Sdap&rnf? 11? jynfaxmifpt k pk;d &[lI ac:qkt d yfonfh jynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmf. tcsKyftjcmtkycf sKyfr_ tm%mwnf&Sd&mjzpfaom tpkd;&tzG@J onf jynfol@v$wfawmftm; wm0efcH&rnf? 12? Ekid if zH @JG pnf;tkyyf Hk tajccHOya'uaomfvnf;aumif;/ w&m;Oya'uaomfvnf;aumif;/ wnfaxmifxm; aom w&m;¶k;H awmfrsm;onf w&m;pD&ifjcif;ukðd y&rnf? xkw d &m;¶k;H rsm;u r[mw&m;&kH;awmfESifhwuG xkdw&m;¶kH;awmf. vufatmufcHw&m;¶kH;rsm;jzpfonf? w&m;ol}uD;rsm;onf Ekid if zH @JG pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'ESihf w&m;Oya'wk@d uo dk m axmuf I vGwv f yfpmG w&m;pD&if&rnf? r[mw&m;¶k;H awmf. w&m;0ef}uD;rsm;ukd “jynfaxmifpk r[mv$wfawmf”u a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf&rnf? 13? vGwv f yfaom tcsKyftjcmtm%mykid f orRwjrefrmEkid if . H e,fajrwk@d waygi;f wpnf; wnf;wnf&adS eonf[al om *k%o f u d mQ onfvnf;aumif; Ekid if aH wmf. =unf;/ a&/ avwk@d ukd tcsKyftjcmpkd;rkd;tkyfcsKyfEkdifaom tcGifhta&;rsm;onfvnf;aumif;/ xkd*k%foduQm xkt d cGit hf a&;rsm;onf w&m;r#wr_EiS v hf nf;aumif;/ wkid ;f }uD;jynf}uD;wk@d .Oya'ESiv hf nf; aumif;/ av#mfnDpGm wnfwhHckdif+rJae&rnf? 14? u|Ekfyfwkd@cspfjrwfEkd;aomEkdifiHawmfonf urBmay:wGif w&m;ojzifh &oifh&xkdufonf vnf; jzpfI *k%u f suo f a&ESiv fh nf; jynfph aHk omtqift h wef;uk&d &SI d vlowW0gcwford ;f wkd@.tusKd;pD;yGm;ukd wkd;wufap&ef rdrdY wm0ef&Sdonfhtav#muf tpGrf;ukeftm;xkwf aqmif&u G +f yD;v#if jynfaxmifpt k csi;f csi;f w&m;r#wr_EiS hf avmu0wW&m;wk@d udk axmufc/H tEkdifEkdifiHwkd@ESifh cspf=unf+idrf;csrf;pGm yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufrnf[k ckdif+rJaomt"dXmefukd ðy xm;avonf?

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rSwfcsuf (1)? txufazmfjyyg zqyv y%mrjyifqifr_ nDvmcHobifY wifoGif;&ef tqdk (14) csuo f nf zqyvy%mrjyifqifrn _ v D mcHwiG f wifoiG ;f Edik &f ef jyifqifxm;aom tqdk r#omjzpfonf? rSwfcsuf (2)? txufazmfjyyg zqyv y%mrjyifqifr_nDvmcHobifY wifoGif;aomtqdkESifh ywfoufI tcsuf 2// tydk'f (u) wGif jrefrmjynf 0ef}uD;tzG@J utkyfcsKyfaom jrefrm jynfrtjyif Part One e,fajrrsm;/ Part Two e,fajrrsm;tygt0if e,fajraygif; (9) ck/ pkpnf;azmfjyxm;a=umif; awG@&&dS onf? ,if;e,fajrrsm;twGi;f (&cdik /f u&if/ rGef) uJhodk@aomf trsKd;om;jynfe,fopfrsm; azmfxkwfay;&ef&Sda=umif; oHk;oyf&onff? rSwfcsuf (3) // tydk'f (1)wGif tydk'f (u) e,fajrESifhywfoufI tydk'f (c/ */ C/ i) e,fajrrsm; uJhodk@trsKd;om; jynfe,ftwGuf owfrSwfazmfjyxm;jcif; r&Sda=umif;awG@&onf// od@k &mwGif yifvpHk w d "f mfwf yËdnmOft& Armjynfronf &Sr;f jynfEiS t hf qift h wef; wlnD onf[k ,lq&ayonf// ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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(c) vGwv f yfaom tcsKyftjcm tm%mydik f orRwjrefrmEdik if t H wGuf Edik if zH ŒGJpnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya' &efuek òf rŒ *sLbvDcef;r}uD;Y 1947 ck/ arv 23 &ufaeŒwGiu f si;f yaom (zqyv) y%mr nDvcHobifY tqdk (14) csuf wifoGif;onfhtay: jrefrmEkdifiHzqyv. y%mrnDvmcHu vufcH onf? tcef; (1) Ekid fizH GJŒpnf;ykH 1? jrefrmEkid if aH wmfudk v$waf wmfvyfaom tcsKyftjcmtm%mykid o f rRwEkid if [ H I l a=unm &rnf? 2? qkdchJ+yD;aom/ vGwfvyf+yD;aom tcsKyftjcmtm%mykdif orRwjrefrmEkdifiHawmfwGif æ (u) 1? jrefrmjynf0ef}uD;tzGJ@utkyfcsKyfaom jrefrmjynfr? 2? [krRvif;c¶kdifcGJ 3? qifuvkdifcEWD; 4? aomifoGyf 5? aqmr&e,fy,f 6? em*awmifwef;rsm; 7? oHvGifc¶kdif 8? uHyufvufc¶kdifcGJ 9? &ckdifawmifwef;a'o[lI ac:a0:aoma'orsm; (c) ukd;cef;ESifh armif;ykdifwkd@ tygt0ifjzpfaom &Srf;jynfaxmifpk (*) u&ifeDjynfe,frsm; (C) ucsifawmifwef;rsm; (i) uHyufvufc¶kdifcGJrygaom csif;awmifwef;c¶kdifwkd@yg0if&rnf? 3? qkdchJ+yD;aom vGwfvyfaom tcsKyftjcmtm%mykdif orRwjrefrmEkdifiHawmfonf jynf axmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmf[k ac:wGif&rnf? (1) atmufyg*k%ft*Fgrsm;&Sdaom jynfoljynfom;rsm;tm; jynfaxmifpkjynfe,ftqifh twef;ukd ay;tyf&rnf? 1? yx0Dtaetxm;t& e,ferdwftxift&Sm;&Sdjcif;? 2? jrefrmpum;ESifhrwlaom bmompum;wrsKd;wnf;&Sdjcif;? 3? ,Ofaus;r_wrsKd;wnf;&Sdjcif;? 4? &mZ0iftpOftvmwrsKd;wnf;&Sdaom vlpk&Sdjcif;? 5? pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&mtusKd;aus;Zl;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;vkHavmufr_wdk@&Sdaom vlpk&Sdjcif;? yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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6? vlOD;a& tawmftwef&Sdjcif;? 7? oD;jcm;jynfaxmifpka'owcktjzpfjzifh rdrd.ukd,fykdifxif&Sm;csuftwkdif; aevkd aom qEN&Sdjcif;? (2) ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyf&rnfhe,frsm;ukd tqifhtwef;ukd txufyg*k%ft*Fgrsm; eJrsm;rqkd &Sdygaomfvnf; pD;yGm;a&;vkHavmufr_csKd@ihJaeaom jynfoljynfom;rsm;tm; ay;tyf&rnf? (3) vlrsKd;pkjynfe,ftqifhtwef;ukd eJrsm;rqkd oD;jcm;bmompum;&Sdjcif;/ xkdbmom pum;ukd tawmftoifhtm;jzifh wpkwaygif;wnf;ajymqkdaom a'o&Sdjcif;/ rdrd.ukd,fykdif xif&Sm;csuftwkdif;aevkdaom qEN&Sdjcif;wkd@rSwyg; txufyg tm;vkH;aom*k%ft*Fgrsm;Y csKd@iJhaeaom jynfoljynfom;rsm;tm;ay;tyf&rnf? (4) wkdif;&if;om;vlenf;pk tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd æ 1? vlrsKd;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ bmompum;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ ,Ofaus;r_ tm;jzifv h nf;aumif; &mZ0iftpOftvmtm;jzifv h nf;aumif; vlrsm;pkEiS hf uGjJ ym;jcm; em;I/ 2? jrefrmwjynfvkH;Yjzpfap/ tzGJ@0ifa'owckckYjzpfap &SdaomvlOD;a&tm;vkH;wGif tenf;qkH; (10) ykH (1) r# vlOD;a&&Sdaom vlwpktm;&&SdEkdifap&ef 0efcHcsufðy&rnf? rSwfcsuf ? ? Armjynf0ef}uD;tzJG@utkyfcsKyfaom Armjynfrtjyif udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& Part One Z,m; (1) e,fajrrsm;ESifh t*Fvdyfbk&ifcHu oD;jcm;tkyfcsKyfa&;xm;&Sdaom Part Two Z,m; (2) e,fajrrsm;jzpfaom æ 1? [krRvif;c¶kdifcGJ 2? qifuvkdifcEWD; 3? aomifoGyf 4? aqmr&e,fy,f 5? em*awmifwef;rsm; 6? oHvGifc¶kdif 7? uHyufvufc¶kdifcGJ 8? &ckdifawmifwef;a'o[lI ac:a0:aoma'orsm;udkyg pkpnf;xnfhoGif;xm;a=umif; awG@&Sd&onf? 1947 ckEpS /f zJ@G pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'wGif &cdik af wmifwef;a'oudk csi;f jynfwiG v f nf;aumif;/ 1952 ckESpfwGif oHvGifc¶kdifukd u&ifjynfe,fwGifvnf;aumif;xnfhoGif;xm;+yD; usef&Sdonfh e,fajr (6) ckudk ArmjynfrwGif qufvufxnfhoGif;xm;onf? zqyv.nDvmcHu vufcHxm;onfh tcef; 1/ yk'fr 3/ tydk'f (1) yg tcsuf 7 csufESifh yk'fr 2/ 3/ 4 azmfjyxm;&mY Armpum;ESifhrwlaomyg&Sdojzifh jcif;onf &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif;trsKd;om; jynfe,ftwGuf azmfjyjcif;r[kwfa=umif;ESifh &ckdif/ rGef/ u&ifvlrsKd;uJhokd@aomvlrsKd;rsm;twGuf jynfe,frsm;ukd azmfjyay;&rnf[lonfrSm &Sif;vif;ayonf? Armjynfre,fajrwGifyg0if+yD; trsKd;om;jynfe,ftqifhtwef; *k%ft*Fgrsm;ESifhjynfpkH ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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aom &cdkif/ rGef/ u&iftrsKd;om;jynfe,frsm;udk azmfaqmifay;&rnfhtjyif usefe,fajrrsm; (6) ckudk vnf; wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pkrsm; tcGifhta&;twGuf azmfaqmifay;&rnf[k &Sif;vif;pGmazmfjyjcif; jzpfonf? 1952 ckEpS w f iG f oHviG cf ¶kid t f ygt0if u&ifjynfe,fazmfaqmifay;+yD;/ 1974 ckEpS /f zJ@G pnf;ykH tajccHOya'wGif Armjynfre,fajrxJrS &cdkifESifhrGefjynfe,frsm;udk azmfaqmifay;onf? usef&Sdonfh e,fajrrsm;onf ppfudkif;wdkif;ajrmufydkif;ESifh rauG;wkdif;taemufbufwGif qufvufxnfhoGif;yg0if onf? tcef; (2) rlvtcGit hf a&;rsm; jynfoljynfom;[k ac:aomoabm æ 1? jynfaxmifpkEkdifiHawmfw0ef;vkH;&Sd vlrsKd;tm;vkH;twGuf EkdifiHawmfom;[lIaomf vnf;aumif;/ jynfojl ynfom;[lIaomfvnf;aumif;/ oabmwrsK;d wnf;om jzpf&rnf? 2? jynfaxmifpkEkdifiHawmf. w&m;Oya'ukdaxmufI æ (u) jynfaxmifpkEkdifiHawmfY jzpfap/ e,ferdwfowfrSwfcsuft& tzG@J 0ifjynfe,f vnf;jzpfaom a'owckckYjzpfap/ arG;zGm;olrSefor#aomfvnf;aumif;/ (c) xkad 'owckc. k wkid ;f &if;om;tjzpfudk cH,o l rl eS o f r#aomfvnf;aumif;/ jzpfv#if xkdolonf jynfaxmifpkEkdifiHawmf. jynfoljynfom;tjzpfukd &&Sd&rnf? jynfaxmifpkEkdifiHawmf. jynfoljynfom;tjzpfukd cH,lEkdifjcif;/ tqkH;cH&jcif;wkd@ ESifhpyfvsOf;aom aemufxyfjyXmef;csufrsm;ukd w&m;Oya'jzifhjyXmef;Ekdifonf? 3? wkdif;wyg;EkdifiH. aus;awmfrsKd;/ u|efawmfrsKd; (okd@) jynfolwOD;onf wcsdefwcgwnf; wGif TjynfaxmifpkEkdifiHawmf. jynfol@tjzpfukd r&&Sdxkdufap&? wef;wltcGifhta&;rsm; 4? Zmwdtm;jzpftm;jzpfvnf;aumif;/ vlwef;pm;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ ukd;uG,faom bmomtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ vlrsKd;tm;jzpfvnf;aumif;/ usm;r˜r[l jynfoltaygif;wkd@ onf? Ekdifawmfw&m;Oya'.rsufarSmufY twlwlomv#ifjzpfonf? qkdvkd&if;rSm jynfol wOD;ESiw hf OD; (ok@d ) jynfov l w l ef;pm; wpm;ESiw hf pm; xifovkcd jJG cm;jcif; wpkw H &mr&Sad p&? 5? jynfolvltrsm;ESifh oufqkdifaom vkyfief;&yfwkd@Yvnf;aumif; vkyfa&;ukdifa&;/ ukef oG,fa&;/ twwfynmwkd@jzifh toufarG;a&;wkd@Yvnf;aumif; jynfolcwfodrf;wkd@0,f tcGit hf vrf;wef;wl &S&d rnf? Ekid if t H csi;f csi;f / vlrsK;d tcsi;f csi;f / bmomtcsi;f csi;f / wOD;ESihf wOD;/ wbufESifhwbuf/ rkef;wD;r_/ &efrlr_/ pdwf0rf;uGrJ _wkd@ay:aygufvm&ef ta=umif;&Sd aom (ok@d ) &nf&, G af om tðytrlwpkw H &monf TEkid if zH @JG pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'ESihf qef@usifojzifh xkdtðytrltwGuf w&m;Oya't& tjypf'%fay;jcif;ukdcH&rnf? 6? (1) jynfolvltrsm;wkd@ESifhqkdifaom vkyfief;wkd@Yvnf;aumif;/ pD;yGg;a&;/ vlr_quf yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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qHa&;ESifh EkdifiHa&;t&yf&yfYvnf;aumif;/ rdef;rwkd@onf tcGifhta&;wef;wl&&Sd&rnf? (2) wlaomtvkyftwGuf a,musFm;wdk@&aom vcpm;rsKd;ukdyif &Ekdif&ef rdef;rwkd@Y tcGifh ta&;&S&d rnf? xk@d tjyif tvkyo f rm;vcpm;tjzpfjzifv h nf; umuG,af pmifah &Smufjcif;ukd &&Sd&rnf? (3) Ekid if aH wmfonf rD;zGm;a&;ESihf uav;apmifah &Smufa&;tzG@J rsm;/ uav;a*[mrsm;/ uav; xdef;Xmersm;wkd@ukd zGifhvSpfjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ rD;rzGm;rDSESifh rD;zGm;+yD;aomumvrsm; twGuf vpmtjynfhESifh em;cGifh&&eftcGifhta&;ukd rdcifwkd@tm;ay;jcif;tm;jzifhvnf; aumif;/ rdcifESifhuav;wkd@.tusKd;ukdapmifha&Smuf&ef txl;aqmif&GufpDrHay;&rnf? vGwfvyfr_tcGifhta&;rsm; æ 7? EkdifiHawmf. w&m;Oya't&r[kwfbJ rnfonfhjynfolwOD;wa,mufr# rdrd.ukd,fykdif vGwfvyfr_ukd rqkH;¶_H;ap&? rdrd.ykdifeuftwGif;okd@ t0ifcH&jcif;/ ypPnf;todrf;cH&jcif;wkd@ r&Sdap&? 8? w&m;Oya'ukdvnf;aumif;/ jynfolvlxktrsm;vkdufem&ef trdef@ukdvnf;aumif;/ avmu0wW&m;ukdvnf;aumif; axmufI atmufygtcGifhta&;rsm;ukd okH;pGJykdifcGifh&Sdap &rnf? (1) jynfoljynfom;rsm;onf rdrdwdk@.,kH=unfcsuf/ xifjrifcsufwkd@ukd vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfajymqkdEkdifaom tcGifhta&;/ (2) jynfoljynfom;rsm;onf vufeufpGJukdifjcif;rðybJ at;csrf;pGmpka0;Ekdifaom tcGit hf a&;/ (3) jynfoljynfom;rsm;onf tpnf;t&kH;rsm;/ or*~rsm;ukdzGJ@pnf;Ekdifaom tcGifh ta&;wkd@jzpfonf? EkdifiHzG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'ukd zsuf&ef&nf&G,faom (okd@) &nf&G,f&efta=umif;&Sdaom (okd@) zsuf&eftm;xkwfaom (okd@) tm;xkwf&eft a=umif;&Sdaom tpnf;t¶kH;rsKd;ukdvnf;aumif;/ 'Drkdua&pD0g't& r[kwfaom &nf &G,fcsufrsm;ESifh zGJ@pnf;aomtpnf;t±kH;rsm;ukdaomfvnf;aumif; wm;jrpfonf? (4) jynfojl ynfom;rsm;onf jynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmftwGi;f wGif rnfonfah 'oYrqkd aexkdiftajcpkduf&ef ypPnf;&SmrSD;&ef/ tvkyfvkyfukdif&ef/ ukefoG,f&ef/ a&mif;0,f azmufum;&ef/ twwfynmjzift h oufarG;&eftcGit hf a&;rsm;ukd &&S&d rnf? vlenf;pk rsm;ESifh wkdif;&if;om;pkrsm;.tusKd;twGuf umuG,fapmifha&Smufjcif;vnf;ygaom trsm;jynfolwkd@.tusKd;ukdaxmufxm;I EkdifiHawmf.w&m;Oya'onf avsmfuef oifhjrwfaom uef@owfcsuf/ pnf;urf;rsm;ukd vkdtyfoavmufjyXmef;Ekdifonf?

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9? jynfaxmifpkEkdifiHw&m;Oya'. enf;vrf;Oya'ukdaxmufI jynfaxmifpkEkdifiH twGif; wGif jynfolwkd@uvnf;aumif;/ jynfoltcsif;csif;vnf;aumif;/ ðy=uaom ukefoG,fjcif;/ a&mif;0,fjcif;/ tquftoG,fðyjcif;wkd@onf vGwfvyf&rnf? okd@&mwGif jynfaxmifpk ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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tzGJ@0ifwckonf jynfe,fa'o+idrf0yfr_twGufaomfvnf;aumif;/ avmu0wW&m;ESifh tnD/ aqmif&Gufa&;twGufaomfvnf;aumif;/ usef;rma&;twGufaomfvnf;aumif;/ rdrdjynfe,fa'oY ta&;w}uD; ñuHóuufaomtcgYaomfvnf;aumif;/ w&m;Oya'ESifh avsmfuefoifhjrwfaom uef@owfcsufpnf;urf;rsm;ukd jyXmef;Ekdifonf? 10? (1) vlukdta&mif;t0,fðyjcif;? (2) w&m;twkdif; w&m;¶kH;. tjypf'%fay;jcif;ukdcH&ojzifh xkdtjypf'%fa=umifh t vkyfvkyfay;&onf rSwyg;/ pdwfryg u|eftapcHvkyf&jcif;/ EkdifhxufpD;eif;ðyjcif;a=umifh tvkyfvkyfay;&jcif;wkd@ukd wm;jrpf&rnf? &Si;f vif;csuf ? ? txufygtyk'd cf &JG pdS um;a=umifh vlrsK;d tvku d af omfvnf;aumif;/ uk;d uG,f aom bmomtvkdufaomfvnf;aumif;/ twef;tpm;tvkdufaomfvnf;aumif;/ cGjJ crf; jcif;r&Sdb/J trsm;jynfolwkd@tusKd;iSm rvkyfrae&vkyf=uap&ef EkdifiHawmfuwm0efay;Ekdif jcif; r&Sdap&? 11? "mwftm;ukdtokH;ðyaom tvkyf¶kHrsm;Yvnf;aumif;/ owˆKwGif;rsm;Yvnf;aumif;/ touf (14) ESpfatmufcav;rsm;ukd rcdkif;ap&? 12? w&m;Oya'ukv d nf;aumif;/ trsm;vku d ef m&ef trde@f uv dk nf;aumif;/ avmu0wW&m; ukv d nf;aumif; axmufI jynfot l m;vk;H ESihf tvkyo f rm;twef;tpm;tm;vk;H wk@d Y vGwf vyfpGm tpnf;t¶kH;zGJ@pnf;EkdifcGifh &&Sdap&rnf? ukd;uG,faom bmomESifh oufqkdifaomtcGifhta&;rsm; æ 13? (1) trsm;vkdufem&ef/ trdef@ukdvkdufem&ef trdef@ukdvnf;aumif;/ avmu0wW&m; ukv d nf;aumif;/ jynfot l rsm; use;f rma&;ukv d nf;aumif;/ Ttcef;&Sd tjcm;jyXmef;csuf wkd@ukdvnf;aumif;/ axmufI jynfolvlcwfodrf;wkd@onf vGwfvyfpGm awG;awm=uHq ,kH=unf EkdifaomtcGifhta&;ESifhvGwfvyfpGmukd;uG,f vkdufemusifhaqmifEkdifaom tcGifh ta&;wkd@ukd wef;wlcGifh&&Sdonf? &Sif;vif;csuf? (1) uk;d uG,o f nfb h momt& usio hf ;Hk wnfaqmufa&;ESihf wG, J OS af eaom pD;yGm;a&;/ b¾m a&;/ EkdifiHa&;ESifh tjcm;avmuDa&;/ aqmif&Gufr_wkd@ukdvnf;aumif;/ txuf tqkdygtcGifh ta&;wGif ryg0ifap&/ (2) Ttykd'fwGif ukd;uG,fonfhbmomw&m;t& vGwfvyfpGmusifhokH;aqmufwnfEkdif aomtcGifhta&; ay;xm;aomfvnf;/ xkday;xm;r_a=umifh EkdifiHonf jynfol@tusKd;pD;yGm; udpP/ ðyjyifa&;udpPwkd@twGuf w&m;Oya'wkd@udk rðyEkdifr&Sdap&? 14? (1) Ekid if aH &;udpt P vk@d imS uk;d uG,af ombmomESiw hf uG bmomESio hf ufqidk af om tzG@J pnf;wkd@ukd ravsmfaomoabmjzifh okH;pGjJ cif;rðy&? (2) ukd;uG,faom bmoma&;udpPrsm;wGif EkdifiHawmfonf =um;aetjzpfjzifh ðyrl&rnf? okd@&mwGif ukd;uG,faom bmoma&;qkdif&mtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm; ypPnf;jzifhaomfvnf; yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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aumif;/ tjcm;enf;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ tultnD taxmuftyHhay;Ekdifonf? (3) Ekid if zH @JG pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajcOya'ESirhf qef@usiaf om 0g'&So d nfh bmoma&;tpktzG@J *k% d ;f *%wk@d onf bmomt& usio hf ;Hk aqmufwnf&mYvnf;aumif;/ bmoma&;qkid &f mtcrf; tem;yGo J bifrsm;ukd usi;f yðyvky&f mYvnf;aumif;/ vGwv f yfciG &hf o dS nft h jyif &Si&f [ef;rsm;/ w&m;ynmwwfajrmufa&;twGuf ausmif;wnfaqmufziG v hf pS af y;&mYvnf; vGwv f yfciG hf &&Sdonf? okd@&mwGif xkdausmif;wkd@onf EkdifiHawmf. }uD;=uyfppfaq;jcif;ukdcH&rnf? ,Ofaus;r_ESifh ynma&;qkdif&mtcGifhta&;rsm; æ 15? EkdifiHawmfpmoifausmif;rsm;okd@ 0ifcGifhay;&efudpPESifhpyfvsOf;I ukd;uG,faombmom tm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ vlrsKd;tm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ bmompum;tm;jzifhaomf vnf;aumif;/ xkdtcsufwkd@udkta=umif;ðyI rnfonfhvlenf;pkudkr# cGjJ cm;jcif;rðy&? rnf onfb h moma&;oifcef;pmukrd #vnf; xkv d el nf;pktm; twif;t=uyfvu dk ef moif,al p&ef ynwfjcif; rðy&? pD;yGm;a&;qkid &f mtcGit hf a&;rsm; æ 16? (1) pD;yGm;a&;bufwiG f uk, d yf idk yf pPn;f &if;ES;D tok;H csrE_ iS hf uk, d yf idk v f yk u f idk w f x D iG rf t _ cGihf ta&;wkd@&Sd&rnf[k cH0efcsufxm;&rnf? (2) wkid ;f oljynfom;tm;vk;H wk@d epfematmif rnforl # rdru d , dk yf idk f pD;yGm;&SmrS;D Ekid af om tcGifhta&;wkd@ukd tokH;rðy&? (3) aps;E_e;f rsm;ukd csKyfuidk x f m;&eftvk@d imS vnf;aumif;/ a&mif;a&;0,fwmwk@d udk vuf 0g;}uD;tkyf&eftvkd@iSmvnf;aumif;/ EkdifiHwGif;pDrHr_.tusKd;ukd ysufpD;ap&eftvkd@iSm vnf;aumif;/ zG@J pnf;wnf&SdaomumuG,fa&;tzG@J rsm;/ qif'DudwftzG@J rsm; (b¾m xde;f tzG@J rsm;)/ xk@d tjyif tvm;wltzG@J rsm;jzpfaom uk, d yf idk v f uf0g;}uD;tkyt f zG@J rsm; r&Sdap&? (4) vltrsm;.tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf vkdtyfv#if EkdifiHawmfonf ukd,fykdifypPnf;ukd uef@owfEkdifonf? okd@r[kwf odrf;ykdufEkdifonf? okd@&mwGif ykdif&Siftm; rnfonfh udpPwGif rnfr#av#mfa=u;ay;&rnf[k jyXmef;ay;aom w&m;Oya'ESifhtnDomv#if uef@owf&ef okd@r[kwf odrf;ykduf&efjzpfonf? (5) txufyg tvm;wlpnf;urf;csufrsm;twkdif; vltrsm;.tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf vkdtyfv#if EkdifiHtwGif;pDrHr_wGif tcuftvufozG,fjzpfaomvkyfief;rsm;ukd aomf vnf;aumif;/ wOD;wnf;ykdifvkyfief;rsm;ukdaomfvnf;aumif;/ EkdifiHykdiftjzpfjzifh EkdifiH awmfu odrf;ykdufaqmif&GufEkdifonf?

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jynfo@l tcGit hf a&; æ 17? jypfcsufwcktjzpfjzifh pGcJ sufwifavmufaom w&m;Oya'w&yfukd azmufzsufygu ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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xkdazmufzsufaomjypfr_twGufomv#if w&m;Oya't& tjypf&Sdonf[k pGyfpGjJ cif; cH&ap rnf? tjcm;jypfr_rsm;jzifh rnfolr#pGyfpGjJ cif; rcHap&? xkd@tjyif jypfr_ukd usL;vGefonfhumv wGif ay;&rnfjzpfaomtjypf'%fxuf ykdI}uD;av;aom tjypf'%fukdvnf; rcHap&? 18? jypfcsufwrsKd;twGuf w}udrfxufykdI w&m;pD&ifjcif;ukd rnfolr#rcHap&? xkd@jyif &mZ0wfjypfr_rsKd;wGifvnf; rdrdESifhqef@usifI rdrdukd,fukdyif rdrdoufaowifap&ef twif; t=uyfðyjcif;rcHap&? 19? jynfaxmifpEk idk if w H 0Sr;f vk;H wGif jynfaxmifpEk iS w hf uG jynfaxmifp0k iftzG@J w@dk . w&m; Oya'ukv d nf;aumif;/ trsm;ESiq hf idk af om Oya'rsm;ukv d nf;aumif;/ rSww f rf;rsm;ukv d nf; aumif;/ w&m;ppfaq;pD&ifcsurf sm;ukv d nf;aumif;/ vk;H 0,k=H unfI tuk;d tum;rSww f rf; rsm; ðyvky&f rnf/ tqkyd g trsm;ESio hf ufqidk af omtufOya'rsm;ESihf w&m;ppfaq; pD&ifcsuf rsm;ukd,kH=unfI tukd;tum;ðyp&mjzpfatmifenf;emESifh pnf;urf;csufrsm;ukdvnf; aumif;/ txufygtrsm;ESifhoufqkdifaom tufOya'rSwfwrf;rsm;ESifh w&m;pD&ifcsuf rsm;. tusKd;tmedoifukdvnf;aumif;/ jynfaxmifpkw&m;Oya'u jyXmef;&rnf? 20? jynfaxmifp. k w&m;Oya'ujyXmef;Ekid af om pnf;urf;csuw f @dk uadk xmufI rnfonfh jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0iftwGif;Yrqkd t+yD;tykdiftrdef@csaom w&m;ra=umif; pD&ifcsufwkd@ onf jynfaxmifpkEkdifiHw0Srf;vkH;wGif tm%mwnf&rnf? 21? jynfow l idk ;f onf Ekid if jH cm;rsm;ESiphf yfvsO;f I qufq&H mwGif jynfaxmifpEk idk if . H tjyifY aomfvnf;aumif;/ twGif;Yaomfvnf;aumif;/ jynfaxmifpkEkdifiHawmf. umuG,fapmifh a&Smufjcif;ukd &&Sdap&rnf? 22? w&m;Oya'ESifhtnDr[kwfv#if rnfonfhjynfolukdrqkd EkdifiHjcm;tpkd;&.vufokd@ w&m;pGq J kdjcif;/ tjypfay;jcif;cHap&ef v$t J yfjcif;rðy&? Ekid if aH wmfz@JG pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'ESiphf yfvsO;f aom csK@d i@JS csuw f @dk ukd jyifqifEidk o f nfh tcGihf ta&;rsm; æ 23? (1) Ttcef;u tyfESif;aomtcGifhta&;wckckukd um,uHajrmufðyEkdifap&ef r[m w&m;&kH;awmftm; oifhavsmfav#mufywfpGmav#mufxm;I wkdufwGef;E_d;aqmfykdifcGifh &Sda=umif;ukd EkdifiHawmftpkd;&u qef@usifbufðyxm;onf? (2) TudpEP iS phf yfvsO;f I tjcm;w&m;¶k;H rsm;Y tyfEiS ;f xm;aomtm%mwk@d udk rqef@ usifapbJ r[mw&m;¶kH;awmfY (HABEAS CORPUS) a[Asmaumfygac: a&S@awmf oGif;pmc|efawmftrdef@ (MADAMUS) ra'rmac: epfemcsufjyif pmc|efawmftrdef@ (PROHIBITION) zavmfa[ab;&Si;f ac: tm%mr&Spd pfaq;jcif;ukd wm;jrpfEidk af om wm;jrpfr_ pmc|efawmftrdef@ (QUOWARRANTO) ukd&efwkdac: trdef@tm%mt& ðyykdifcGifh&Sd˜r&Sd ajzqkdckdif;aomtm%mykdif ar;pmc|efawmftrdef@ (CERTIORARI) quf¶, _ ,f±idk ;f ac: atmuf¶;Hk rStr_rsm;ukd ac:,lawmif;qkEd idk af om atmuf±;Hk tr_ac: pmc|efawmftrdef@/ xkdpmc|efawmftrdef@oabmrsKd;ygaom !$ef=um;csuftrdef@rsm;ukd yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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xkwf&ef tm%m&Sd&rnf? (3) olyek x f ºuaeaomtcgYaomfvnf;aumif;/ wkid ;f wyg;u 0ifa&mufwu dk cf u dk v f m aom tcgaomfvnf;aumif;/ ta&;w}uD;jzpfaeaomtcgYaomfvnf;aumif;/ jynfot l rsm;twGuf vkðH cHru _ dk rvko d r#umvywfv;Hk txufyg csK@d i@JS csuf jyifqifEidk f cGifhwkd@ukd qkdif;iHhxm;jcif;r&Sdap&? 24? vufeufukdifwyfzGJ@0ifrsm; (okd@) wkdif;jynf+idrf0yfydjym;a&;twGuf wm0ef,laqmif &Gufaeaom wyfzG@J 0ifrsm;wkd@onf rdrdwkd@.0wW&m;rsm;ukd aus¹yefpGmaqmif&GufEkdifap&ef ESifh pnf;urf;apmifhpnf;Ekdifap&eftvkd@iSm Ttcef;wGif ay;xm;aomtcGifhta&;rsm;ukd rnfIrnfr# uef@owfxm;&rnf[I l aomfvnf;aumif;/ rnfIrnfr# zsuo f rd ;f &rnf[I l aomfvnf;aumif;/ jynfaxmifpk Oya'ðytzG@J u w&m;Oya' ðyjcif;jzifh qkH;jzwfEkdifonf? 25? Oya'ðy&efvkdtyfaom Ttcef;&Sd jyXmef;csufsrsm;ukd t&ma&mufEkdifap&efvnf; aumif;/ Ttcef;wGif usL;vGef&ma&mufonf[k azmfjyxm;aomfvnf; tjypfay;ykdifcGifh r&SdcJhao;aom tðytrlrsm;twGuf tjypf'%frsm;ukd owfrSwfjyXmef;&efvnf;aumif; jynfaxmifpkOya'tzGJ@onf w&m;Oya'rsm;ukd ðy&rnf?

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tcef;(3) Ekid if aH wmf0g'. &nf&, G cf sufoabmw&m;rsm; (1) Ttcef;wGif azmfjyxm;aom &nf&G,fcsufoabmw&m;rsm;onf EkdifiHawmf. vrf; !$ev f ufpyJG if jzpfonf? Ekid if aH wmfonf xko d abmw&m;rsm;ukd Oya'ðy&mYvnf;aumif;/ tkyfcsKyf&mYvnf;aumif; okH;pGJ&ef av;eufpGm*¶kðy&rnf? (2) jynfolwkdif;Y atmufygtcGifhta&;rsm;&&SdEkdifap&ef EkdifiHawmfonf rdrd.0g'ukd !$ef =um;&rnf? (u) tvkyfvkyfykdifcGifh? (c) tkdrif;rpGrf;jzpfaomtcgYvnf;aumif;/ emzsm;rusef;jzpfaomtcgYvnf; aumif;/ tvkyfvkyfukdifjcif;iSm rpGrf;aomtcgYvnf;aumif;/ taxmuftyHh&Ekdif aom tcGifhta&;? (*) tem;,lEkdifcGifh tm;vyfcGifh,lEkdifaom tcGifhta&;? (C) ynmoif=um;Ekdifaom tcGifhta&;? txl;tm;jzifh Ekid if aH wmfonf tcvGwf roifrae& rlvwef;ynmoif=um;a&; ukd jyXmef;ay;&rnf? 3? Ekid if aH wmfonf i,f&, G o f rl sm;ukd txl;*¶kðyI xko d w l @dk . ynmoif=um;a&;ukd tm;ay; &rnf? 4? EkdifiHawmftpkd;&pmoifausmif;rsm;rSwyg; tjcm;pmoifausmif;rsm;r&Sdap&? ukd,fykdif pmoifausmif;rsm;xm;vkdaomf w&m;Oya't&cGifhðyEkdifonf? okd@&mwGif xkduhJokd@pmoif ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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ausmif;rsm;ukd EkdifiHawmfu }uD;=uyfpkd;rkd;xm;&rnf? 5? EkdifiHawmfonf tiftm;enf;I atmufusaemufusjzpfaeaom olwkd@. ynma&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;wk@d udk txl;*¶kðyI tm;ay;&rnf? xk@d tjyif vlrq _ ufqaH &;Y xko d w l @dk udk rw&m; ojzifh rðyEkdif=uap&efvnf;aumif;/ olwyg;. tkyfpkd;/ acgif;ykHjzwfjcif; trsKd;rsKd;ukd rcH&ap &ef EkdifiHawmfu umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;&rnf? 6? jynfolwkd@. tqifhtwef;wkd;jrifha&;ESifh jynfolwkd@. usef;rmr_ aumif;rGefwkd;wufa&; wkd@onf EkdifiHawmf. t"duwm0efwckjzpf&rnf? 7? EkdifiHawmfonf tvkyform; a,musfm;rdef;rwkd@. um,AvESihf usef;rma&;wkd@ukd xdcu dk jf cif;rjzpfap&efvnf;aumif;/ cav;oli,fw@dk . Eke,faomt&G,u f dk xdcu dk jf cif;rjzpf ap&efvnf;aumif;/ xkd@tjyif xkdolwkd@onf pD;yGm;a&;csKd@iS@J r_wkd@a=umifh rdrdwkd@ usm;rZmwd toufum,Avwkd@ESifhrav#mfaom toufarG;r_wkd@wGif 0ifa&mufvkyfukdif&jcif; r&Sdap &efvnf;aumif;/ umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;&rnf? 8? Ekid if aH wmfonf use;f rma&;qkid &f m0efxrf;rsm;/ aq;¶krH sm;/ aq;ay;¶krH sm;/ vlrrmcef;rsm;/ om;zGm;¶kHrsm;/ evHxvlrrm¶kHrsm;ESifh tjcm;usef;rma&; tpnf;t¶kH;rsm;ukd zGifhvSpfpDrH tkycf sKyfay;jcif;tm;jzifh jynfow l @dk .use;f rma&;ukd aumif;onfxuf aumif;atmif aqmif &Guf&rnf? 9? Ekid if aH wmfonf a,sb, k stm;jzifh jynforl sm;twGuv f nf;aumif;/ txl;ojzifh vli,f rsm;twGuv f nf;aumif;/ um,Avynmoif=um;a&;ukd txl;*¶kðyI aqmif&u G &f rnf? xkdokd@aqmif&Gufjcif;onf jynfolvltrsm;. usef;rma&;ESifhwuG tvkyfvkyfukdifEkdifaom vky&f nfprG ;f tm;ukd wk;d yGm;apvkad oma=umifv h nf;aumif;/ Ekid if aH wmfudk umuG,Ef idk af om umuG,fa&;pGrf;tm;ukd jznfhwif;vdkaoma=umifhvnf;aumif; jzpfonf? 10? jynfaxmifpkEkdifiHawmf. pD;yGm;a&;ukd EkdifiHawmfpD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;jzifh qkH;jzwfI xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufxm;onf? xkdokd@xm;&jcif;.&nf&G,fcsufrSm EkdifiHawmf. "epD;yGm; a&;ukd wkd;wufap&efvnf;aumif;/ jynfolvltrsm;. ypPnf;OpPmtajctaeukd wpwp aumif;oxufaumif;atmif aqmif&GufEkdifap&efvnf; aumif;/ jynfol vltrsm;. pdwf csrf;oma&;jzpfaom ,Ofaus;r_tqifhtwef;ukd jrifhwufvmap&efvnf;aumif;/ jynf axmifpkEkdifiH.vGwfvyfa&;ukd wnf+rJckdifcef@ap&efvnf;aumif;/ EkdifiHawmfumuG,fa&; pGrf;tm;ukd }uD;rm;vmap&ef vnf;aumif;jzpfonf? 11? (1) EkdifiHawmfwGif ajr,mykdifcGifhrsm;ukd enf;vrf;wusjzpfap&efaomfvnf;aumif;/ ajymif;&efaomfvnf;aumif;/ zsufodrf;&efaomfvnf;aumif;/ tcGifhta&;&Sd&rnf? okd@r[kwf rnfonfhajr,mukd jyefvnfodrf;,l+yD;v#if xkdajr,mukd pkaygif;v,fxGef vkyu f idk af &;twGujf zpfap/ or0g,r v,fxeG v f yk u f idk af &;twGujf zpfap/ a0iSay;&ef aomfvnf;aumif;/ v,fo;D pm;orm;tm; a0iSay;&efaomfvnf;aumif; tcGit hf a&; &Sd&rnf? (2) rnfonfhtajccHpepfESifhr# ajr,mtajrmuftjrm;ukd ykdifqkdifEkdifcGifhr&Sdap&? wOD; yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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wnf;ykid jf zpfaom ajr,m. trsm;qk;H ajr{uta&twGuu f dk w&m;Oya'u qk;H jzwf ay;vdrfhrnf? 12? pD;yGm;a&;/ tkyfpkd;/ acgif;ykHjzwfr_ab;rS uif;vkdojzifh tumtuG,fxm;&efwkd@rSm tvkyo f rm;wk@d onf rdrw d @dk tcsi;f csi;f aygi;f oif;zG@J pnf;=u&mwGif Ekid if aH wmfonf xkt d vkyf orm;rsm;tm; pD;yGm;a&;aqmif&Gufcsufjzifhvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;aqmif&Gufcsufjzifhvnf; aumif;ulnDEkdifonf? EkdifiHawmfonf tvkyform;rsm;tm; pnf;¶kH;ykdifcGifhay;jcif;tm;jzifh vnf;aumif;/ tvkyfvkyf&ufukd uef@owfay;jcif;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ ESpfpOf tm;vyf &ufrsm;&ydik cf iG u hf dk tmrcHxm;jcif;tm;jzifv h nf;aumif;/ vky&f ukid &f aom tajctaewk@d udk }uD;=uyftyk cf sKyfay;jcif;tm;jzifv h nf;aumif;/ aea&;xkid af &;wk@d udk *¶kðyaqmif&u G af y;jcif; tm;jzifv h nf;aumif;/ axmufyrhH p_ epf xm;&Sjd cif;tm;jzifv h nf;aumif;/ tvkyo f rm;rsm;ukd umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&rnf? 13? tjrwftpGef;twGufr[kwfbJ tvkyfvkyfukdifaeaom EkdifiHawmfpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; tzG@J rsm;tm; ypPnf;/ aiGa=u; taxmuftyHhay;&ef EkdifiHawmfonf rdrd.0g'ukd !$ef=um; &rnf? or0g,rtpnf;t¶k;H rsm;ESihf tvm;wl pD;yGm;a&;tpnf;t¶k;H rsm;tm; txl;ta&; ay;vdrfhrnf? 14? tokH;0ifaom twwfynm/ ody`Hynmtoif;rsm;/ okawoetoif;rsm;/ ,Ofaus; r_toif;rsm;wkd@onf EkdifiH. apmifha&SmufumuG,faxmufyHhjcif;wkd@ukd cHpm;Ekdif&rnf? 15? (1) jynfaxmifpkEkdifiHtwGif;wGif ukefypPnf;jzpfxGef;atmif ðyvkyfzefwD;aomt&m rsm;onf jynfolvlcyfodrf;wdk@.ykdifypPnf;aomfvnf;aumif;/ jynfol@or0g,r t pnf;t¶kH;rsm;.ykdifypPnf;aomfvnf;aumif;/ xkdokd@r[kwfv#ifvnf; ukd,fykdifypPnf; aomfvnf;aumif;/ w&m;Oya'.tcGifhukd&aom olwkd@.tykdifypPnf;aomfvnf; aumif; jzpfonf? (2) opfawm[lor#onfvnf;aumif;/ ajrwGif;ajratmuf&Sd owˆK&wem OpPm[l or#onfvnf;aumif;/ owˆKtESpfa& aq;buf0ifa&wkd@yg0ifaom a&wkd@ onf vnf;aumif;/ obm0"mwftm;wk@d . rlvtajctjrpfw@dk onfvnf;aumif;/ oHvrf; jzifh o,f,lykd@aqmifaom ,mOfrsm;onfvnf;aumif;/ pmwkdufXmeonfvnf; aumif;/ a=u;eef;Xmeonfvnf;aumif;/ pum;ajym a=ueef;Xmeonfvnf;aumif;/ toHv$ifhXmeonfvnf;aumif;/ xkdt&mwkd@onf EkdifiHawmfykdifypPnf;jzpfonf? (3) ukd,fykdifypPnf;jzpfaom ukefypPnf;ðyvkyfzefwnf;Ekdifonfht&mrsm;ukd EkdifiHawmf onf w&m;Oya'ESifhtnD odrf;,lEkdifonf?

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16? Ekid if aH wmftusK;d pD;yGm;ukd wk;d wufxeG ;f um;atmifðy&mwGif jynfov l x l ck yford ;f wk@d . ypPn;f onf t"dutaxmuftyHjh zpfonf? jynfov l x l ck yford ;f wk@d .ypPn;f ukd Ekid if aH wmfu txl;*¶kðyI apmifha&SmufumuG,fonf? jynfolvlxkcyfodrf;wkd@.ypPnf;ESifhpyfvsOf;I ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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pDrHcef@cGJtkyfcsKyfjcif;/ xkcGjJ cif;wkd@ukd w&m;Oya'u qkH;jzwfjyXmef;onf? 17? Ekid if aH wmfonf Ekid if aH wmf.pD;yGm;a&;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;wk;d wufrw _ @dk udk taxGaxGp;D yGm;a&; pDrHudef;ESifhtnD !$ef=um;onf? xkdokd@!$ef=um;jcif;onf jynfolwkd@. tcsuftjcmjzpf aom tusKd;aus;Zl;wkd@ukd umuG,fay;vkdaoma=umifhvnf;aumif;/ jynfolwkd@ 0ajym om,mr_ukd wkd;wufapvkdaoma=umifhvnf;aumif;/ a&S@tvm;tvm =oZmADZ&Sdaom pD;yGm;a&;rsK;d aphrsm;ESihf wk;d wufapvkad oma=umifv h nf;aumif;/ a&St › vm;tvm =oZmADZ &Sdaom pD;yGm;a&;rsKd;aphrsm;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;.tiftm;rsm;ukd tusKd;&Sdatmif tokH;ðywwf =uapvkad oma=umifv h nf;aumif; jzpfonf? wzef xko d @dk !e$ =f um;&mwGif wzufY uk, d yf idk f pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd pkd;rkd;tkyfcsKyfI wjcm;wbufwGif EkdifiHawmftpkd;&ESifh or0g,r pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wkd@ukd rSDckdtm;xm;v#uf !$ef=um;jcif;jzpfonf? tcef;(4) jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if H Ekid if aH wmforRw 1? ‘Ekid if aH wmforRw’[kac:a0:tyfaom jynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmf. orRwwOD;&S&d rnf? xkd orRwukd jynfaxmifprk [mv$waf wmf. v$waf wmfEpS &f yf wGb J ufnv D mcHwiG f v$waf wmf ESpf&yfu a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf&rnf? 2? EkdifiHawmforRwonf r[mv$wfawmf&Sd v$wfawmfESpf&yfvkH;. trwfrjzpfap&/ okd@r [kwf jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0ifwckck&Sd Oya'ðytzGJ@. trwfrjzpfap&? 3? EkdifiHawmforRwonf tpkd;&&mxl;wckckukdjzpfap/ vpmp&dwf&aom &mxl;wckckukd jzpfap/ &Sdxm;olrjzpfap&? 4? EkdifiHawmforRwonf rdrd.&mxl;udk cH,lonfhae@rSpI xkd&mxl;udk cH,lxm;onfh umvtwGif;wGif/ tedpPa&mufv#ifaomfvnf;aumif;/ EkwfxGufv#ifaomfvnf;aumif;/ &mxl;rS E_wfy,fjcif;cH&v#ifaomfvnf;aumif;/ xm0&tm;jzifh ukd,fpdwf rpGrf;jzpfv#if aomfvnfaumif;/ xkdta=umif;wkd@a=umifhr[kwfv#if av;ESpfwkdifwdkif &mxl;cH,lxm;& rnf? xm0&tm;jzifh uk, d pf w d rf pGr;f jzpfv#i[ f &l mY xko d @kd jzpfa=umif; xif&mS ;onf[k w&m; 0ef}uD; (3) OD;xufrenf;yg0ifaom r[mw&m;±Hk;awmfu auseyf+yD;jzpf&rnf? 5? rnfolrqkd EkdifiHawmforRw&mxl;ukd wqufwnf; (*) ESpfxufausmfvGefI cH,ljcif; rðyap&? 6? jynfaxmifpEk ikd if aH wmfYjzpfap/ tzG@J 0ifjynfe,fa'o wckcYk jzpfap/ Zmwdtm;jzifh jynfol r[kwfv#ifvnf;aumif;/ xkdolwkd@onf EkdifiHawmforRwa&G;aumufyrGJ wkdifrD xkdjynf e,f a'oY (14) ESpfaexdkifchJaomol r[kwfv#ifvnf;aumif;/ xdkolonf EkdifiHawmforRw&m xl;twGuf a&G;aumufyG0J ifcGifhr&Sdap&? 7? zGi[ hf xkwaf zmfjcif;cH&aom uk, d Ef w _ Ef v S ;kH / odumQ ysujf ym;jcif;&Sv d #if Ekid if aH wmf orRw tm; pGyfpGJjypfwifjcif;ðyEdkifonf? 8? (1) Ekid if aH wmforRwonf jynfo@l vw $ af wmfu a&G;cs,Ef iS ;f tyfaomyk*Kd~ vftm; 0ef}uD; yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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csKyftjzpfjzifh cef@&rnf? 0ef}uD;csKyfonf tpkd;&tzG@J . OD;pD;t}uD;trSL;jzpfavonf? (2) EkdifiHawmforRwonf 0ef}uD;csKyfu jynfol@v$wfawmf.twnfðycsufukd a&S;OD; pGm,l+yD;rS a&$;cs,ftyfESif;aomyk*~dKvfwkd@tm; tpkd;&tzGJ@. tjcm;tzGJ@0ifrsm;tjzpf jzifh cef@&rnf? (3) EkdifiHawmforRwonf “vlrsKd;pk 0ef}uD;”[kac:tyfaom tpkd;&tzG@J . tzG@J 0if wOD;ukdcef@&rnf? xkdtpkd;&tzG@J onf 0ef}uD;csKyfu jynfaxmifpkjynfe,fu/ ukd,fydkif tkyfcsKyf&jynfe,f/ vlrsKd;pkjynfe,fESifh wkdif;&if;om;vlenf;pkwdk@. ukd,fpm;vS,f v$wfawmfjzpfaom vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmftrwfrsm;xJrS a&G;cs,ftyfESif;vdkufaom yk*~dKvfjzpfap&rnf? 9? (1) EkdifiHawmforRwonf 0ef}uD;csKyf.t=uHay;csuft& jynfaxmifpkr[mv$wf awmfukd qifhac:&rnf? (2) EdkifiHawmforRwonf jynfol@v$wfawmfwGif trwftrsm;pk. axmufcHcsufukd r&Ekid af wmh+yDjzpfaom 0ef}uD;csKyf. r[mv$waf wmfzsuo f rd ;f a&;t=uH^m%fudk rdr. d ar#mfjrif,lqcsuftwkdif; y,fEkdifonf? (3) EkdifiHawmforRwonf r[mv$wfawmf. v$wfawmfw&yf&yfukdjzpfap/ ESpf&yf pvkH;ukdjzpfap/ tpnf;ta0;usif;y&ef rnfonfhtcgYrqkd qifhac:Ekdifonf? 10? EkdifiHawmforRwonf jynfaxmifpkr[mv$wfawmfu twnfðyvkdufaom Oya' t=urf;twkdif;ukd vufrSwfa&;xkd;I xkwfjyefa=unm&rnf? 11? (1) EkdifiHawmforRwonf vufeufukdifwyfzG@J rsm;ukd OD;pD;ItkyfcsKyfEkdifaom OD;pD;tkyf csKyfr_tm%mukd tyfESif;xm;&rnf? okd@&mwGif 0ef}uD;csKyf. axmufcHcsufjzifh EkdifiH awmforRwucef@xm;aom r[maoeywdrw S qifrh [kwv f #if Ekid if aH wmforRwonf xkdOD;pD;tkyfcsKyfr_tm%mukd tokH;rðy&? (2) TjyXmef;csurf sm;ukd axmufI vufeufuidk w f yfz@JG rsm; OD;pD;tkycf sKyfr_ tm%mukd w&m;Oya'jzihf enf;vrf;wusjzpfatmif owfrSwfxm;&rnf? (3) vufeufuidk w f yfz@JG rsm;. a&;&mykid t f &m&St d m;vk;H onf rdrw d @dk . a&;&mykid t f cGihf ta&;rsm;ukd EkdifiHawmforRwxHrS cH,l&rnf? 12? oem;n‡mwmcGifhay;Ekdifaom tcGifhta&;ESifhwuG tjypf'%fwkd@ukd ajymif;Ekdifaom (okd@) yvyfEkdifaomtm%mwkd@ukd EkdifiHawmforRwwGif ESif;tyfxm;&rnf? okd@&mwGif ao '%fxu dk af omr_rsm;rSwyg; tjcm;r_jypfrsm;twGuf xkt d m%mukd tjcm;tm%mykid w f @dk wiG f w&m;Oya't& ESif;tyfEkdifonf? 13? (1) EkdifiHawmforRwonf rdrd. ar#mfjrif,lqcsuftwkdif; wkdif;EkdifiHawmfta&;ESifh jzpfap/ jynfolvltrsm;ta&;ESifhjzpfap/ pyfvsOf;I arwWmtrSmv$mjzifhaomfvnf; aumif;/ rdef@cGef;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ jynfaxmifpkr[mv$wfawmfESihf tquft oG,fðyEkdifonf? (2) Ekid if aH wmforRwonf rnfonfu h pd EP iS yhf ifjzpfap/ rnfonft h csed t f cgYrqkd wEkid if H ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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vkH;okd@vnf; rSm=um;rdef@¹rufEkdifonf? (3) TuJo h @dk aomf arwWmtrSmv$mwkid ;f rde@f ceG ;f wkid ;f onf tpk;d &. twnfðy csuu f dk &+yD;jzpf&rnf? 14? (1) EkdifiHawmforRw.tm%mrsm;ESifh wm0efrsm;ukd okH;pGjJ cif;/ aqmif&Gufjcif;wkd@ t wGufjzpfap/ xkdtm%mrsm;ESifh wm0efrsm;ukdokH;pGJ&mwGif ðyrlcJhaom (odk@) ðyrl&ef =uH&G,faom tðytrlwkd@twGufjzpfap EkdifiHawmforRwonf jynfaxmifpkr[m v$wfawmf. v$wfawmfESpf&yfpvkH;ukdaomfvnf;aumif;/ w&m;¶kH;rsm;ukdaomfvnf; aumif;/ ajz&Sif;jyef=um;&ef rvkdacs? (2) ok@d &mwGif jypfwifpw G pf &JG eftvk@d imS Ekid if aH wmforRw. uk, d Ef w _ Ef v S ;Hk / trlt,m oduQmwkd@ukdyg jynfaxmifpkr[mv$wfawmf. v$wfawmfESpf&yfwGif ESpf&yfvkH;u ppf a=umar;jref;jcif;ðyEkdifonf? 15? TEkdifiHzG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajcOya'wGif rdrd.ar#mfjrifcsuftwkdif; ðyrl&rnf[k jyXmef; xm;aomjyXmef;csuft& r[kwfv#if EkdifiHawmforRwonf rdrd. ESif;tyfxm;aom tm %mrsm;ESifhwm0efrsm;ukd tpkd;&. t=uHay;csuftwkdif;om okH;pGJ aqmif&Guf&rnf? 16? TEkid if H zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'ukad xmufI Ekid if aH wmforRwtm;/ tykt d m%m ESifhwm0efrsm;ukd xyfavmif;Iay;tyfEkdifonf? 17? (1) EkdifiHawmforRwtvkyfcGifY r&Sdaomtcg (okd@) acwWc% ukd,fpdwfrpGrf;I r aqmif&u G Ef idk af omtcg (ok@d ) xm0& uk, d pf w d rf pGr;f I raqmif&u G Ef idk af omtcg (ok@d ) tedpPa&mufaomtcg/ EkwfxGufaomtcg/ Ekwfy,fjcif;cH&aomtcg (okd@) tm%m ESiw hf m0efrsm;ukd ok;H pGaJ qmif&u G &f efysuu f u G af omtcg (ok@d ) Ekid if aH wmforRw &mxl; ae&mvpfvyfaomtcg/ xkdtcg wckckwGif EkdifiHzG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'u EkdifiH orRwtm; ay;tyfxm;aom tm%mESiw hf m0efrsm;ukd atmufygjyXmef;csut f wkid ;f zGJ@pnf;aom jynf}uD;OD;ao#miftzGJ@u okH;pGJaqmif&Guf&rnf? (2) Tjynf}uD;OD;ao#miftzG@J wGif w&m;0efcsKyf jynfol@v$wfawmfOuUÏESifh vlrsKd;pk v$wfawmf obmywdwkd@yg0if&rnf? tcef; (5) jynfaxmifpk Oya'ðytzGŒJ 1? (1) jynfaxmifpkEkdifiH. Oya'ðytm%mukd jynfaxmifpkr[mv$wfawmfwGif tyfESif; xm;&rnf? xkjd ynfaxmifpk r[mv$waf wmfwiG f Ekid if aH wmforRw/ jynfo@l vw $ af wmf w&yfESifh vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmfw&yfwkd@yg0if&rnf? (2) Ekid if zH @JG pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'wGif vmrnft h yk'd rf sm;Y azmfjyxm;aom jyXmef; csurf sm;ukd axmufI jynfaxmifpEk idk if t H wGi;f wGif tºuif;rJh Oya'ðytm%mukd jynf axmifpkr[mv$wfawmfY tyfESif;xm;onf? (3) a'otvku d u f , dk yf idk t f yk cf sKyfciG &hf o dS nf[al om oabmukt d ajccHI jynfaxmifpk yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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jynfe,f tm;vnf;aumif;/ ‘uk, d yf idk t f yk cf sKyf& jynfe,f’tm;vnf;aumif;/ ‘vlrsK;d pk jynfe,f’ tm;vnf;aumif;/ Oya'ðytm%mrsm;ukd (okd@) pDrHcef@cGJ tkyfcsKyfa&;/ ,Of aus;r_/ pD;yGm;a&;udpPrsm;twGuf tm%mrsm;ukd ukd,fpm;vS,fvGJay;&ef jyXmef;Ekdif onf? xkjd yXmef;csuo f nf tcGit hf a&;rsm; tm%mrsm;/ 0wW&m;rsm;ukv d nf;aumif;/ jynfe,frsm;ESifh jynfaxmifpkr[mv$wfawmfwkd@. qufoG,fa&;ukdvnf;aumif;/ jynfe,frsm;ESihf jynfaxmifpt k pk;d &wk@d qufo, G af &;ukv d nf;aumif;/ qk;H jzwf&rnf? (4) ‘jynfaxmifpkjynfe,f’ okd@ ‘ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyf&jynfe,f’ okd@r[kwf‘vlrsKd;pk jynf e,f’ wkd@. Oya'ðytzG@J rsm;ukd oD;jcm;v$aJ jymif;ay;onfhudpPtrsKd;tpm;xJwGif ryg 0ifaomudpPcwfodrf;wkd@ESifhpyfvsOf;I Ttykd'fwGif a&S@uazmfjycJhaom jyXmef;csuf wk@d EiS hf a,bk,soabmukd uef@owfjcif;rðyvkad omfvnf; aocsmonfxuf aocsm atmif TEkdifiHzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'Y rnfokd@yif qkdxm;onfjzpfap jynf axmifpk r[mv$waf wmf. tºuif;rJjh zpfaom Oya'ðywefc;dk tm%monf atmufY pDpOfaz:jyxm;aomudpP trsKd;tpm;wGif yg0ifonfhudpPtm;vkH;wkd@tay:wGif wnf& rnf? 1? jynfolwkd@u qyf&rnfhtaºu;ESifh jynfol@ypPnf;? 2? a&mif;a&;0,fa&;wkd@ukd enf;vrf;wusjzpfatmifðyaom a&mif;0,fr_enf;vrf;? 3? tcGefaumufcHaomenf;pepfjzifh aiGudk&atmifjyjcif;? 4? jynfolwkd@xHrS aiGacs;,ljcif;? 5? pmwkdufXme/ a=u;eef;Xme/ pum;ajyma=u;eef;Xme/ toHv$ifhXme? 6? oef;acgifpm&if;aumufjcif;ESifh pm&if;tif;,ljcif;/ 7? òrŒapmihfjynfapmifhwyf/ ukef;wyf/ a&wyf/ avwyfrsm;ESifwuG xkdwyfrsm;ESifhqkdifaom tvkyfrsm; umuG,fa&;ESifhwuG umuG,fa&;qkdif&mtvkyfrsm;? 8? jynfaxmifpktpkd;&wGiftr_xrf;aom òrŒjyqkdif&mt&m&SdESifh tjcm;t&m&Sdrsm;. vpm ESifhp&dwfrsm; owfrSwfa&;ESifhxm;&Sda&;udpP? 9? txdr;f trSwrf ;D rsm;/ a&a=umif;rSoabFmrsm;/ rD;jywku d rf sm;ESit hf vm;wl pDrx H m;csurf sm;? 10? a&a=umif;ESifh avSoabFm0ifxGufoGm;vma&;udpPrsm;? 11? ul;pufwwfaoma&m*grsm;ukd jynfwiG ;f ok@d r0ifatmifwm;qD;&aom a&m*gu;l pufwm; qD;a&;udp/P 12? aiGpuULESifh'*Fg;rl;yJ paomaiGudpP/ aiGa=u;pepf0g'? 13? b%fvkyfief;/ ukr`%DESifh b%fwkdufzG@J pnf;jcif;/ aiGpuULxkwfjcif;? 14? aiGpkb%f? 15? tav;csdefESifh twkdif;twm? 16? aiGv$JvufrSwf/ tpkd;&tmrcHpmcsKyfrsm;/ tjcm;aiGv$JpmcsKyfrsm;? 17? twkd;/ w&m;0ifcGifhðyjcif;? 18? ukef¶_H;aºu;wifjzpfjcif;/ vlyGpJ m;cHjcif;? ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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rlykdifrsm;/ ukefwHqdyfrsm;/ topfxGif topfawG@wkd@ukd rSwfykHwifjcif;? wkdif;&if;om;tjzpfcH,ljcif;/ wkdif;wyg;om;rsm;? &mZ0wfw&m;Oya'ESifh &mZ0wfusifhxkH;? jynfaxmifpk. tusifhjyuftusOf;axmifrsm; wnfaxmifxdrf;odrf; pDrHcef@cGaJ &;? “jynfaxmifpkjynfe,f” okd@r[kwf“ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyf&jynfe,f” (okd@) “vlrsKd;pkjynf e,f”wkd@. Oya'ðytzG@J rsm;tm; EkdifiHzG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'u oD;jcm;v$aJ jymif; pDpOfa&wGufay;xm;aomudpPtrsKd;tpm;rsm;xJwGif xkwfazmfI qkdrxm;onfhudpP trsKd;tpm;rsm;? Ttykd'fcGw J Gif pDpOfa&wGufxm;aom udpPtrsKd;tpm;rsm;wGif yg0ifaeonfh udpP[lor# onf “jynfaxmifpjk ynfe,f” ok@d r[kwf “uk, d yf idk t f yk cf sKyf&jynfe,f” ok@d r[kwf “vlrsK;d pkjynfe,f” wkd@. Oya'ðytzG@J rsm;tm;EkdifiHzG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccH Oya'uoD;jcm;a&;wGuf v$aJ jymif;ay;xm;I a'oEW&oabm (ok@d r[kw)f jynfe,fa&;&moabm/ ouf0ifaeaomudpt P rsK;d tpm;rsm;xJwiG f ryg 0ifap&? 2? (1) uke;f wyf/ a&wyf/ avwyfw@dk udk zG@J pnf;xdr;f odr;f &aomtcGit hf a&;tm; jynfaxmif pkr[mv$wfawmfwGif tºuif;rJhtyfESif;xm;&rnf? (2) jynfaxmifpkr[mv$wfawmfu zG@J pnf;xdrf;odrf;xm;aom ukef;wyf/ a&wyf/ av wyfrsm;rSwyg;/ rnfonfh ukef;wyf/ a&wyf/ avwyfukdr# okd@r[kwf rnfonfhppfwyf tpnf;t&kH;ukdr#aomfvnf;aumif;/ ppfwyfoabm tcsKd@t0ufygaom rnfonfh tpnf;t¶kH;ukdr#aomfvnf;aumif;/ rnfonfhta=umif;udpPESifhr# rzG@J pnf; rxdrf;odrf; &? 3? (1) jynfaxmifpk r[mv$wfawmfonf ESpfpOftenf;qkH; omrefnDvmcHw&yfukd usif; y&rnf? (2) jynfol@v$wfawmfonf rdrd.trwfrsm;xJrS yk*~Kdvf (2) OD;tm; a&G;aumufwif ajr‡muf&rnf? yxrwOD;rSm v$wfawmfOuUÏtjzpfjzifh 'kwd,wOD;rSm 'kOuUÏtjzpfjzifh aqmif&Guf=u&ef jzpfonf? vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmfonf rdrd.trwfrsm;xJrS yk*~Kdvf (2) OD;tm; a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf&rnf? yxrwOD;rSm v$waf wmfobmywdtjzpfjzifh 'kwd ,wOD;rSm v$wfawmf'kwd,obmywdtjzpf aqmif&Guf=u&efjzpfonf? 4? EkdifiHzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'u wjcm;wenf;jzifh jyXmef;xm;jcif;r&Sdv#if v$wf awmftoD;oD;. tpnf;ta0;wkid ;f Yaomfvnf;aumif;/ v$waf wmfEpS &f yf. wGb J uft pnf;ta0;wkdif;Yaomfvnf;aumif;/ jy\emtm;vkH;wkd@ukd tpnf;ta0;Y&SdI rJay; aomtrwfrsm;. rJrsm;&mjzifh qkH;jzwf&rnf? jynfoŒlvw $ af wmf 5? (1) Ekid if H zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya't&vnf;aumif; w&m;Oya't&vnf;aumif;/ yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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t&nftcsi;f csK@d iahJ eaom olr[kwv f #if touf (21) ESpt f &G,o f @dk a&mufaom jynfol wkdif;onf jynfol@v$wfawmftrwftjzpfjzifh ta&G;cHEkdif&rnf? (2) tjcm;wenf;enf;jzifh t&nftcsi;f csK@d iahJ eaomolr[kwv f #if touf (18) ESpjf ynfh aom jynfolwkdif;onf jynfol@v$wfawmftrwfa&G;aumufyw GJ Gif rJqENay;ykdifcGifh &&Sd ap&rnf? (3) jynfol@v$wfawmftrwftjzpfjzifh ta&G;cH&ef usm;rZmwdukdaomfvnf;aumif;/ vlrsK;d ukad omfvnf;aumif;/ uk;d uG,af ombmomukv d nf;aumif;/ ta=umif;ðyum jynf olwOD;OD;tm; t&nftcsif;rJhapI ukd,fpdwfcsKd@iJhapI ta&G;rcHEkdifatmif rnfonfh w&m;Oya'ukdr# rðy&? okd@r[kwf xkdtcsufrsm;ukdyifta=umif;ðyI jynfol@v$wfawmf trwfa&G;aumufyGJtwGuf rJqENay;&ef jynfolwOD;OD;tm; t&nftcsif;r&Sdatmif/ rnfonfhw&m;Oya'ukdr# rðy&? ok@d &mwGif uk;d uG,af om bmoma&;qkid &f m &[ef;oHCmwk@d tm; jynfaxmifpk r[mv$wfawmf&Sd v$wfawmfw&yf&yftwGuf trwfa&G;aumufyGJtwGuf rJqENay; jcif;ukd ay;cGifhr&Sdap&ef okd@r[kwf xkdv$wfawmfw&yf&yftwGuf trwftjzpfjzifh a&G;cH jcif;r&Sdap&ef w&m;Oya'jzifh jyXmef;Ekdifonf? 6? (1) jynfol@v$wfawmfwGif w&m;Oya'uqkH;jzwfjyXmef;xm;aom rJqENe,frsm;rS a&G; aumufwifajr‡mufvkdufonfh ukd,fpm;vS,ftrwfrsm; yg0if&rnf? (2) trwfOD;a&ukd umvtm;av#mfpGm w&m;Oya'uowfrSwf&rnf? okd@&mwGif jynf ol@v$wfawmftrwfOD;a& pkpkaygif;ukd vlOD;a& (75˜000)v#if trwfwOD;usESifh wGuf ojzifh &&Sad omtrwfO;D a&xufav#mI h jzpfap vlO;D a& (30˜000) v#if trwfwOD;usEiS hf wGufojzifh &&SdaomtrwfOD;a&xufykdIjzpfap rowfrSwf&? (3) rJqENe,ftoD;oD;twGuf rnfonft h cgYrqkd a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf&aom trwf OD;a&xm;&SdykHESifh aemufqkH;t}udrf oef;aumifpm&if;aumuf,lcsuft& trSeftuef jzpfaom xkdrJqENe,ftoD;oD;. vlOD;a&xm;&SdykHwkd@. tcsKd;tpm;ukd jynfaxmifpk w0Srf;vkH;wGif jzpfajrmufEkdifor# jzpfajrmufatmif tultnDjzpfap&rnf? (4) EkdifiHawmftwGif;&Sd jynfolvlxktaygif;wkd@onf tESH@tjym; ajymif;a&G@aexkdifwwf =u&m xko d @dk ajymif;a&GŒaexkid w f wfjcif;ukd owdrt l yfonfjzpfaoma=umifh jynfaxmifpk r[mv$wfawmfonf tenf;qkH; (10) ESpfv#ifw}udrfus rJqENe,fajrukd jyefvSefppf aq;&rnf? ok@d &mwGif xko d @dk jyefveS pf pfaq;ojzifh rJqENe,frsm;wGif tajymif;tvGw J @dk udk ðy&efvkdtyfonfqkdapumrl vuf&Sdjynfol@v$wfawmf. oufwrf;umvtwGif; xkd ajymif;v$cJ sufrsm;twkdif; raqmif&Gufap&/ 7? (1) TEkid if zH @JG pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'u jyXmef;xm;onft h wkid ;f jynfo@l vw $ af wmf ukd qifhac:&rnf? xkdtwkdif;yif zsufodrf;&rnf? (2) aemufxyfzG@J pnf;&rnfh jynfhol@v$wfawmftopftwGuf trwfa&G;aumufyGrJ sm; ukd v$wfawmfa[mif;tm; zsufodrf;+yD;aemuf &ufaygif; (30) xuf aemufrusapbJ ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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usif;y&rnf? (3) rJrsm;a&wGuf+yD;pD;onfhae@rSpI &ufaygif; (30) twGif;wGif jynfol@v$wfawmf tpnf;ta0;ukd usif;y&rnf? 8? (1) w}udrfa&G;aumufwifajr‡mufxm;aom jynfol@v$wfawmfonf yxrtpnf; ta0;ukd usif;yonfhae@rSpI (4) ESpfxufausmfI qufvufumrwnfap&? (2) jynfo@l vw $ af wmfOuUXjzpfaom v$waf wmftrwftm; v$waf wmfudk rzsuo f rd ;f cif yif topfusi;f yrnft h rwfa&G;aumufyYJG ,SOòf yifa&G;aumufjcif; rcH&apbJ/ v$waf wmf opf.trwfjzpfonf[k ,lqEkdifatmif w&m;Oya'ujyXmef;xm;&rnf? 9? (1) rnfonfhb¾mawmfESpftwGufukdrqkd jynfaxmifpkEkdifiH. &aiG/ okH;aiGcef@rSef; ajcpm&if;ukd jynfol@v$wfawmfokd@ wifoGif;+yD;aomtcg v$wfawmfu xkdcef@rSef;ajc pm&if;ukd pOf;pm;&rnf? udpt P oD;oD;twGuf oD;jcm;Oya'ðycsujf zifh rjyXmef;xm; or# umvywfv;Hk ESihf toD;oD;. b¾mawmfenf;Oya'ðyr_udk xkEd pS t f wGi;f Yyif aqmif&u G f &rnf? (2) tpkd;&xHrS 0ef}uD;csKyfvufrSwfxkd;xm;aom trSmv$mwapmifjzifh aiGokH;pG&J rnfh &nf&G,fcsufrsm;ukd axmufcHjcif;rðy+yD;or#umvywfvkH; tcGefawmfukdjzpfap jynfol@ aiGukdjzpfap okH;pG&J ef jynfol@v$wfawmfonf rJqENay;jcif;ukd okd@r[kwf qkH;jzwfjyXmef; jcif;ukd rðy&? xkd@jyif w&m;Oya'ukdvnf; rðy&? vlrsKd;pkvw $ af wmf 10? vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmfwGif trwfaygif; (160) yg0if&rnf? xkdtrwfrsm;ukd EkdifiHzG@J pnf; tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'. yxrZ,m;wGif xkdudpPtwGufyg&Sdaom jyXmef;csufrsm;ESifhtnD a&G;cs,f&rnf? 11? vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmftwGuf trwfa&G;aumufyGJrsm;ukd jynfaxmifpkr[mv$wfawmf tm; zsuo f rd ;f +yD;aemuf &ufaygi;f (60) xuf aemufrusapbJ usi;f y&rnf? a&G;aumufyJG rsm;+yD;onfhaemuf vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmf. yxrtpnf;ta0;ukd 0ef}uD;csKyf.t=uHay;csuf t& EkdifiHawmforRwu owfrSwfaomae@&ufwGif usif;y&rnf? Oya'ðyjcif;/ 12? (1) aiGOya'=urf;rSwyg; Oya'=urf;wkid ;f ukd v$waf wmfw&yf&yfY pwifoiG ;f Ekid o f nf? v$wfawmfESpf&yf. qkH;jzwfcsufukd zDvmqef@usifjzpfaeaomf v$wfawmfESpf&yf. wGJ buftpnf;ta0;wGif xkdOya'=urf;ukd qkH;jzwf&rnf? (2) “wkdif;&if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;”. tcGifhta&;ukdavsmhyg;aponfh Oya'=urf;tm;/ oufqidk &f m wkid ;f &if;om;vlenf;pk. uk, d pf m;vS,t f rwfrsm;wk@d tpnf;ta0;ok@d wuf a&mufcg v$wfawmfESpf&yfpvkH;wGif xkdOya'=urf;ukd axmufcHrrJ ay;bJ aeor#umv ywfvkH; twnfðyonf[k r,lq&? yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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13? (1) aiGOya'=urf;rsm;ukd jynfol@v$wfawmfYomv#if pwifpDrH&rnf? (2) jynfol@v$wfawmfu twnfðyvkdufaom aiGOya'=urf;wkdif;ukd vlrsKd;pkv$wf awmfokd@ xkdv$wfawmf.axmufcHcsuftwGuf wifykd@&rnf? (3) xkdokd@vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmfokd@wifykd@aom Oya'=urf;wkdif;ukd xkdv$wfawmfokd@wifykd@ +yD;I &ufaygif; (21) &ufxuf aemufrusaomumv ukefqkH;aomtcg jynfol@ v$wfawmfokd@ jyefykd@&rnf? jynfol@v$wfawmfonf vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmf. axmufcH csufrsm;tm;vkH;ukdaomfvnf;aumif;/ tcsKd@ukdaomfvnf;aumif;/ vufcHEkdifonf okd@r[kwf y,fEkdifonf? (4) xkduho J kd@aom aiGOya'=urf;ukd vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmfu jynfol@v$wfawmfokd@ (21) &uftwGif;wGif jyefrykd@aomf okd@r[kwf jynfol@v$wfuvufrcHaomf axmufcHcsuf rsm;jzifh (21) &uftwGif;wGif jyefykd@aomf xkdaiGOya'=urf;onf (21) &ufumv ukefqkH;aomtcgwGif v$wfawmfESpf&yfpvkH;. twnfðyjcif;ukdcH&+yD[k ,lq&rnf? (5) jynfol@v$wfawmf. OuUÏonf rdrd.xifjrifcsufwGifaiGOya'=urf;[k,lqaom rnfo!fhOya'=urf;udkrqdk [kwfrSefa=umif; axmufcHa&;om;&rnf? Ttydk'fwGif aemufxyfazmfjyonfh jyXmef;csufrsm;ukdaxmufI xdkaxmufcHa&;om;csuftm; t+yD;tjywftwnf,l&rnf? (6) vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmfonf trwf (75) OD;xufrenf; wufaomtpnf;ta0; wck. qH;k jzwfjyXmef;csujf zifh aiGOya'=urf;wcktm; aiGOya' [kwrf [kwu f kd aiGya' =urf;aumfrwDok@d wifoGif;pOf;pm;ap&ef EdkifiHawmforRwtm; yef=um;Ekdifonf? (7) EkdifiHawmforRwonf rdrd. vkH;0oabmtwkdif;/ xkdyef=um;csufukd vufcH&ef qkH;jzwfv#if aiGOya'=urf;aumfrwDwckukd cef@&rnf? xkdaumfrwDwGif jynfol@v$wf awmfEiS hf vlrsK;d pkvw $ af wmfrS trwfO;D a&tnDtr# yg0if&rnf? xk@d jyif obmywdwOD; ukv d nf;cef@&rnf? xko d bmywdonf r[mw&m;¶k;H awmfu w&m;0efwOD;jzpf&rnf? (8) EkdifiHawmforRwonf xkdokd@cef@xm;aom aiGOya'=urf;aumfrwD.oabmukd axmufvSrf;&rnf? xkdaumfrwDonf Oya'=urf;ukd v$wfawmfokd@wifykd@+yD;onfh aemufwae@rpS I (21) &uftwGi;f wGif xkOd ya'=urf;ESiphf yfvsO;f aom qk;H jzwfcsuu f dk EkdifiHawmforRwxHokd@ tpD&ifcH&rnf? xkdaumfrwD.qkH;jzwfcsufukd t+yD;tjywf twnf,l&rnf?

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rSwfcsuf (1) jynfaxmifpktzG@J 0ifa'owckESifh omoufqkdifonfh Oya'ðyr_udpPukd pOf;pm;aomt cgwkdif; xkdtzG@J 0ifa'ou ukd,fpm;vS,fr[kwfaom olwkd@onf rdrdwkd@.rJqENukd rokH; bJae=urnf[laom oabmwlcsuf tpOftvmw&yfukd ðyxm;Ekdifonf? (2) (zqyv) r%mrnDvmcHobifu cef@vkdufaom aphpyfa&;aumfrwDu wbufouf qkdif&mjynfaxmifpktzG@J 0if jynfe,frsm;rS a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufvkdufaom wkdif;jynf ðyv$wfawmftrwfrsm;uwbuf xkdESpfbufwkd@. oabmwlcsufudk (zqyv) tr_ ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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aqmif tzGJ@utwnfðy+yD;aomtcg jynfaxmifpkjynfe,fokd@vnf;aumif;/ ukd,fykdif tkyfcsKyf& jynfe,fokd@vnf;aumif;/ vlrsKd;pkjynfe,fokd@vnf;aumif; pDpOfv$aJ jymif;ay; xm;aom udpP&yfrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;I TEkdifiHzG@J pnf; tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'Y azmfjyxm; aom jyXmef;csufrsm;ukd jyifqifoifhu jyifqifEkdifcGifh&Sdonf? vufrw S x f ;dk jcif;ESihf xkwjf yefa-unmjcif; 14? (1) jynfaxmifprk [mv$waf wmf. v$waf wmfEpS &f yfpvk;H u twnfðyvku d af om Oya' =urf;wkdif;ukd Ttykd'f. jyXmef;csufrsm;ESifhavsmfnDpGm EkdifiHawmforRwu vufrSwf a&;xkd;&efESifh tufOya'w&yfjzpfa=umif;/ xkwfjyefa=unm&ef EkdifiHawmforRwxHokd@ wifoGif;&rnf? (2) qef@usifaom &nf&G,fcsufray:cJhaomf EkdifiHawmforRwvufrSwfxkd;aom Oya' =urf;onf xkdOya'=urf;ukd vufrSwfxkd;aomae@Yvnf;aumif;/ xkdae@rSpIvnf; aumif; tufOya'w&yfjzpfvm&rnf? (3) EkdifiHawmforRwvufrSwfxkd;aom Oya'=urf;wkdif;ukd tpkd;&jyefwrf;wGif jzef@csdjcif; tm;jzifh EkdifiHawmforRwu xkwfjyefa=unm&rnf? (4) EkdifiHawmforRwu vufrSwfxkd;+yD;I xkwfjyefa=unm+yD;jzpfaom Oya'=urf;. pmrlukd r[mw&m;¶kH;awmf armfuGef;xdef; 0efaxmuf.¶kH;wGif armfuGef;wifap&rnf? (5) t*Fvdyfbmomjzihf a&;om;xm;&Sdaom tufOya'twkdif;ukd tpkd;&u jrefrmbm omjyefqkdI xkwf&rnf? 15? jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHw&m;Oya'rsm;. wefckd;tm%mESifh tusKd;tmedoifwkd@onf jynfaxmifpkEkdifiHw0ef;twGuf twlwljzpfap&rnf? 16? jynfaxmifpktzG@J 0ifjynfe,fwck. w&m;Oya'w&yfESifh jynfaxmifpk. w&m;Oya' w&yfw@dk oabmjcif;rnDjzpfaecJah omf jynfaxmifp. k w&m;Oya'oabmtwkid ;f vku d ef m aqmif&Guf&rnf? 17? rnfonfhjynfaxmifpktzGJ@0ifjynfe,frqkd rdrd. a'oe,fy,frsm;ukdaomfvnf; aumif;/ wefckd;tm%mrsm;ukdaomfvnf;aumif;/ tvkyf0wW&m;rsm;aomfvnf;aumif;/ tcGifhta&;rsm;ukdaomfvnf;aumif;/ jynfaxmifpkokd@csrSwfEkdifonf? 18? jynfaxmifpk oabmrwlbJ rnfonfhjynfaxmifpktzGJ@0ifr# =unf;/ a&/ avwyf rsm;ukd rzGJ@pnf;& okd@r[kwf rxdef;odrf;&? trwftjzpfrS jyefxu G af p tcGit hf a&; 19? rJqEN&Sifrsm;onf jyefxGufaptcGifhta&;ukd tokH;ðyEkdifonf? w&m;Oya'u jyXmef; &ef&Sdaom rJqEN&SifOD;a& rnfIrnfr#u (rJqEN&Siftm;vkH;. xuf0ufxufrenf;aom OD;a&onf ESpo f ufz, G jf zpfonf?) jynfaxmifprk [mv$waf wmfo@dk a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf vkdufaom trwfwOD;tm; trwftjzpfrSjyefxGufap&ef EkdifiHawmforRwxHokd@ yef=um; yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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v$ma&;om;wifoGif;aomtcg EkdifiHawmforRwonf vlxkckHw&yfukdzGifhvSpf&ef trdef@cs rSw&f rnf? xkv d x l ck w Hk iG f rJqENay;olrsm;.OD;a& ok;H ykEH pS yf u Hk rxGuaf pvkv d #if oufqidk &f m trwftm; trwftjzpfrS rxGufap&? jynfe,fopfrsm; 20? jynfaxmifpkr[mv$wfawmfonf tzGJ@0ifjynfe,fopfwckukd jynfaxmifpkEkdifiH twGif;okd@ 0ifcGifhðyEkdifonf okd@r[kwf wnfaxmifEkdifonf? xkdokd@0ifcGifhðyaomtcg okd@r [kwf wnfaxmifaomtcg jynfaxmifpkr[mv$wfawmfokd@ trwfOD;a& rnfIrnfr# a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufEidk o f nf[al omtcsuv f nf;yg0ifaom pnf;urf;rsm;ukd ðyEkid o f nf? okd@r[kwf ay;Ekdifonf? 21? jynfaxmifpkr[mv$wfawmfonf tzG@J 0ifwck. oabmwlcsufjzifh xkdtzG@J 0if.ajr e,ferd w d w f @dk udk wk;d Ekid af vsmEh idk f ok@d r[kwf wenf;enf;jzifah jymif;Ekid o f nf? xk@d tjyif ajre,f edrdwfwkd;jcif;a=umifh okd@r[kwf avsmhjcif;a=umifh okd@r[kwf ajymif;jcif;a=umifh xdckdufonfh tzG@J 0ifjynfe,frsm;. tvm;wloabmwlcsufrsKd;jzifhomv#if xkdokd@wkd;jcif;ukd okd@r[kwf avsmhjcif;ukd okd@r[kwf ajymif;jcif;ukd jzpfajrmufapaomjyXmef;csufukd ðyEkdifonf? 22? tzG@J 0ifopfwcku&dk +dS yD; tzG@J 0ifwckc. k e,fajrrS cGx J w k I f zG@J pnf;Ekid o f nf? jynfaxmifpk r[mv$wfawmfonf jynfe,fopfwckukdvnf;&Sd+yD; tzGJ@0ifESpfckjzifhjzpfap/ ESpfckxufykd aom tzG@J 0ifrsm;jzifjh zpfap/ ok@d r[kwf tzG@J 0ifrsm;. wpdww f a'owk@d jzifjh zpfap/ zG@J pnf;Ekid f onf? ok@d z@JG pnf;&mwGif jynfaxmifprk [mv$waf wmfEiS hf oufqidk &f mtzG@J 0ifrsm;. oabm wlnDcsufukd&rSomv#if jzpfEkdifonf?

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tcef; (6) jynfaxmifpt k yk cf sKyfa&;tzGŒJ 1? EkdifiHzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'. jyXmef;csufrsm;ESifhtnD EkdifiHawmforRwonf jynfaxmifpktpkd;&ukd cef@&rnf? jynfaxmifpkEkdifiH. tkyfcsKyfr_tm%mukd tpkd;&uvnf; aumif;/ tpkd;&.trdef@t&vnf;aumif; tokH;ðy&rnf? 2? jynfaxmifpkr[mv$wfawmf. oabmwlcsufudkr&bJ ppfra=unm&onfhtjyif jynf axmifpk EkdifiHonfvnf; ppfxYJ ryg0if&? 3? tpkd;&onf jynfol@v$wfawmftm; wm0efcH&rnf? 4? tpkd;&tzGJ@onf tpnf;ta0;aqG;aEG;I tzGJ@.tm%mjzpfatmif aqmif&Guf&rnf? 5? jynfxjJ ynfyudpPrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;I xm;&Sdaom0g'ukd 0ef}uD;csKyfonf EkdifiHawmforRw tm; today;xm;ap&rnf?

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tcef; (7) jynfaxmifpw k &m;Oya'tzGŒJ 1? jynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfw0Sr;f vk;H wGif w&m;pD&ifru _ dk tpk;d &w&m;&k;H rsm;Y ðyvky&f rnf? xkw d &m;&k;H rsm;ukd Ekid if zH @JG pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'jzifah omfvnf;aumif;/ w&m;Oya'jzifh aomfvnf;aumif;/ wnfaxmif&rnf? xkdw&m;¶kH;rsm;wGif r[mw&m;¶kH;awmfw&yfESifh xkdw&m;¶kH;awmf.vufatmufcH tjcm;w&m;¶kH;rsm; yg0if&rnf? 2? r[mw&m;¶kH;awmf. w&m;a&;0efrsm;ukd jynfaxmifpkr[mv$wfawmf. v$wfawmf ESpf&yfu wGJbufpkHnDtpnf;ta0;wGif a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf&rnf? 3? r[mw&m;&kH;awmf. w&m;a&;0efwOD;onf &mxl;rS rEkwfxGufor#umvywfvkH; ukd,fpdwfrpGrf; rjzpfor#um vywfvkH; (10)ESpfumv oufwrf;twGuf &mxl;ukd cH,l&rnf? tcef; (8) jynfaxmifpjk ynfe,f 1? jynfaxmifpkjynfe,fwGif jynfaxmifpkEkdifiH. EkdifiHzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'ESifh oifhjrwfaom jynfaxmifpkjynfe,f zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'rsKd;&Sd&rnf? xkdtajc cHOya'wGif xl;jcm;aom*k%ft*Fgrsm;ESifh xl;jcm;aomtoGifjyifrsm;vnf; &Sd&rnf? 2? jynfaxmifpkjynfe,f. t}uD;trSL;tm; xkdjynfe,f&Sd Oya'ðytzGJ@u a&G;aumuf wifajr‡mufaom jynfpkd;rif;}uD;[kac:a0:&ef t}uHay;onf? 3? jynfaxmifpkjynfe,fwGif Oya'tzGJ@onf atmufY pDpOfa&wGufjyxm;aomudpP trsKd;tpm;rsm;wGifyg0ifaom udpPrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;I tºuGif;rJhOya'ðyEkdifonf? (1) zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'qkid &f mudprP sm; 1? jynfaxmifpEk idk if . H Ekid if zH @JG pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'ukad xmufI jynfe,f. zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'ukd umvtm;avsmfpGm jyifqifjcif;? 2? jynfaxmpkjynfe,f. Oya'ðytzG@J ESihf tjcm;a'oEW&tzG@J rsm;twGuf a&G;aumufyGu J sif;y ay;jcif;? 3? jynfaxmifpkjynfe,f tpkd;&t&m&Sdrsm;ukd zG@J pnf;xm;&Sdjcif;ESifh xkdt&m&Sdwkd@. tcGifhta&; tvkyf0wW&m;oufwrf; tp&SdaomudpPwkd@tjyif xkdt&m&Sdwkd@ukd cef@jcif;/ vpmay;jcif;? (2) b¾ma&; æ 1? jynfaxmifpjk ynfe,ftwGuf tcGe&f &S&d ef jynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmf. taumuftcGerf sK;d rSwyg; jynfaxmifpkjynfe,ftwGif;wGif wkduf¶kduftcGefaumufjcif;? 2? ajrcGefawmf? 3? &Srf;jynfvufpGJ tcef; (8) Y azmfjyxm;aom tao;tzGJ wGif;xGufowˆKrsm;? yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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4? EkdifiHjcm;okd@wifykd@aom opfr[kwfaomopf? 5? pnf;pdrfcHypPnf;rsm;ESifh aysmfyG&J $ifyGrJ sm;tay:wGif aumufcHaomtcGef? 6? ta&mif;t0,f tcGef? 7? twwfynmjzifh toufarG;aomtvkyf/ a&mif;0,fr_/ ukd,fykdiftvkyf/ vcpm; tvkyfwkd@ tay:wGif aumufcHaomtcGef? 8? aoa&ao&ufESifh bdef;uif; tp&Sdaom rl;,pfapwwfaom aq;trsKd;rsm;tay:wGif aumufcHaom ,pfrsKd;cGef? 9? jynfe,ftwGufaomfvnf;aumif;/ a'oEW&tzG@J twGufaomfvnf;aumif;/ jrLeDpy,ft wGuaf omfvnf;aumif; tcGeb f ¾m&&S&d ef aps;qkid /f ZmwfcHk paom w¶k/H taqmufttkH tdycf ef;/ pm;cef;/ avvHESifhtjcm;vkdifpifrsm; tay:wGif aumufcHaomtcGef? (3) pD;yGm;a&;udpPrsm; 1? pkdufysKd;a&;ESifhwd&dp>mefukoapmifha&Smufa&;? 2? jynfe,ftwGif;&Sdtif;rsm;? 3? ajriSm;pepfukd enf;vrf;wusjzpfatmifaqmif&Gufjcif;? 4? jynfe,ftwGif; ta&mif;t0,f? 5? a&ay;jcif;ESifh qnfajrmif;wl;azmufjcif;? 6? tvkyfvufrhJESifh qif;&Jom;wkd@tm; axmufcHjcif;? (4) vkðH cHa&;udpP 1? &mZ0wftr_xrf;tzGJ@ pDrHcef@cGJtkyfcsKyfjcif;? 2? txufw&m;&kH;awmf. vufatmufcHjzpfaomw&m;&kH;rsm;. w&m;pD&ifa&;ukd pDrHcef@cGJ tkyfcsKyfjcif;? 3? Ttykd'fwGif a&wGufaz:jyxm;aomudpPtrsKd;tpm;rsm;wGif yg0ifaomudpPrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf; I jyXmef;xm;aomjynfaxmifpk jynfe,fw&m; Oya'ukd tm%mwnfap&ef aiG'%fwyfjcif;/ tjypf'%fay;jcif;/ okd@r[kwf axmifoGif;tusOf;csjcif;? (5) vrf;yef;qufo, G af &;udpP rnfonfhtvkyfrqkd EkdifiHawmfykdifjzpfonf[k a=unmEkdifaom/ xkd@jyif aqmufvkyfa&;t wGuf ay;axmufEkdifaom jynfaxmifpkr[mv$wfawmf. tm%mukdaxmufI jynfe,fOya'ðy tzG@J EiS ahf omfvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;wenf;enf;ESiahf omfvnf;aumif; pDpOfaphpyf+yD;v#if rD;&xm;rSwyg; jynfe,ftwGif;&Sd a'oEW&qkdif&mtvkyfrsm;ESifh pDrHcsufrsm;ukdvkyfaqmifjcif;?

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(6) ynma&;udpP 1? txufwef;ynmoif=um;a&; r[kwfaom ynmoif=um;a&;? ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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2? pmoifausmif;tm;vkH;ukd pDrHcef@cGt J kyfcsKyfjcif;? 3? jynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmf pm=unfw h u dk /f jywku d Ef iS hf jynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmf. tjcm;tzG@J tpnf; Xme/ wkduf/ ¶kH;wkd@r[kwfaom pm=unfhwkduf/ jywkdufESifh tjcm; tjcm;tzG@J tpnf;/ Xme/ wkduf/ ¶kH;rsm;/ 4? Zmwf¶kH/ ZmwfyGJ/ uyGJckHyGJESifh ¶kyf&Sifrsm;? (7) usef;rma&;udpP 1? jynfolvlxktrsm; usef;rma&;ESifhoef@&Sif;a&;? 2? aq;¶kHrsm;/ 'kuQdw¶kHrsm;/ aq;ay;¶kHrsm;zGifhvSpfxdef;odrf;pDrHcef@cGJjcif;? (*) a'oEW&tkycf sKyfa&;udpP 1? jrLeDpyg,fESifh tjcm;a'oEW&tzGJ@rsm;? 2? ukokdvfjzpfay;urf;vSL'gef;jcif;ESifh ukokdvfjzpftzGJ@toif;rsm;? tcef; (9) uk, d yf idk t f yk cf sKyf&jynfe,f 1? ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyf& jynfe,fwGif jynfe,faumifpDtzG@J u a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufaom e,ftkyfrif;}uD;&Sd&rnf? jynfe,fudpPt&yf&yfukd e,ftkyfrif;}uD;tjzpfjzifh tkyfcsKyfaqmif &Guf&rnf? 2? xkde,ftkyfrif;}uD;onf (4) ESpfxufrykdaomumvtwGuf &mxl;ukdcH,lI pGwfpGjJ ypf wifjcif;cH&v#ifaomfvnf;aumif;/ ukd,fpdwfrpGrf;v#ifaomfvnf;aumif;/ E_wfy,fjcif;cH &rnf? 3? jynfe,faumifpt D zG@J wzG@J &&dS rnf? tzG@J 0ifO;D a&ESiw hf uG tzG@J 0ifa&G;ykaH &G;enf; ok@d r[kwf cef@ykHcef@enf;wkd@ukd w&m;Oya'u enf;vrf;wusjzpfatmifðy&rnf? 4? TEkdifiHzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'. jyXmef;csufrsm;ESihfwuG aemiftcg az:jy rnfjzpfaom Ekid if aH wmforRw. oabmwlncD suw f @dk uadk xmufv#uf atmufygupd P trsK;d tpm;rsm;wGif yg0ifaomudpPrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;I jynfe,faumifpDtzGJ@onf wcsufv$wf awmfOya'rsm;ukdðyEkdifonf? jynfe,f. t}uD;trm; 1? jynfe,ftwGuf tcGefawmf&&Sd&ef jynfe,ftwGif;wGif wkduf¶kduftcGefaumufcHjcif;? 2? Ekid if aH wmforRw. oabmwlncD sujf zifv h nf;aumif;/ jynfaxmifprk [mv$waf wmfu a&;qGJ &ef&o dS nfh enf;vrf;Oya'rsm;ESit hf nDvnf;aumif;/ jynfe,f. tusK;d oufouftwGuf aiGacs; ,ljcif;? 3? txufwef;ynmoif=um;a&;r[kwfaom ynmoif=um;a&;? yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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4? jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmfu owfrSwfazmfjy&ef&Sdaom pnf;urf;csufrsm;ukdaxmufIvnf; aumif;/ xkv d w $ af wmfuyif owfrw S af zmfjy&ef&adS om twkid ;f t&Snt f xdvnf;aumif;/ pku d yf sK;d a&;ukd aqmif&u G jf cif;/ 5? aq;¶kHrsm;ESifh ukokdvfjzpftzG@J toif;rsm; zGifhvSpfxdef;odrf; pDrHcef@cGjJ cif;? 6? rnfonfhae&mwGifrqkd xkdae&m. a'oEW&tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifhpyfvsOf;onfh tcGeftm%mESifh wm0efrsm;&Sad om ok@d r[kwf xkad e&m. use;f rmr_xed ;f odr;f a&;ESiphf yfvsO;f onfh tcGit hf m%mESihf wm0efrsm;&Sdaom jrLeDpDy,ftzGJ@rsm;/ c¶kdifaumifpDtzGJ@rsm;ESifhwuG tjcm;a'oEW&tzGJ@rsm;? 7? rnfonfh tvkyu f rdk qkd Ekid if aH wmfyidk jf zpfonf[k a=unmEkid af om xk@d tjyif aqmufvyk af &; twGuf ay;axmufEkdifaom jynfaxmifpkr[mv$wfawmf. tm%mudkaxmufI jynfe,f aumifpt D zG@J EiS ahf omfvnf;aumif;/ wjcm; wenf;enf;jzifah omfvnf;aumif;/ pDpOfaphpyf+yD;v#if rD;&xm;rSwyg; jynfe,ftwGif;&Sd a'oEW&qkdif&m tvkyfrsm;ESifhpDrHcsufrsm;ukd vkyfaqmifjcif;? 8? Ttyk'd w f iG f a&wGuaf zmfjyxm;aom udpt P rsK;d tpm;rsm;wGif yg0ifaomudprP sm;ESiphf yfvsO;f I jyXmef;aom w&m;Oya'ukv d nf;aumif;/ jynfe,f. wcsuv f w $ Of ya'ukad omfvnf;aumif;/ tm%mwnfap&ef aiG'%fwyfjcif;/ tjypf'%fay;jcif; okd@r[kwf axmifoGif;tusif;csjcif;/ 9? a,bk,stm;jzifh jynfe,ftwGif;wGif a'oEW&oabmr#om[lIaomfvnf;aumif;/ jynf e,fa&;&moabmr#om [lIvnf;aumif;/ Ekid if aH wmforRwu xifjrif,q l aom udprP sm;tm; vkH;? 5? jynfaxmifpkr[mv$wfawmf. tufOya'wckckESifh rqef@usifor#umvywfvkH; okd@r[kwf rqef@usifrSom jynfe,faumifpDtzG@J uðyaom wcsufv$wfOya'onf jynfe,ftwGuf jynf e,ftwGif;wGif tm%mwnf&rnf? 6? wcsufv$wfOya'rsm;ukdðy&ef jynfe,faumifpDtzG@J wGif tm%mr&SdonfhudpPrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf; aom w&m;Oya'wckckukd twnfðyap&ef jynfe,faumifpDtzG@J onf jynfaxmifpkr[mtm; axmufcHEkdifonf? 7? jynfe,ftcGefawmf&HykHaiG[lI xm;&Sd&rnf? xkd&HykHaiGxo J kd@ jynfe,fuaumufcHaom tcGef awmftm;vk;H ukad omfvnf;aumif;/ jynfe,faumifpt D zG@J o@dk ay;p&m&Sad om aiGtm;vk;H ukad omf vnf;aumif; ay;oGif;xm;&rnf? EkdifiHawmforRwu jynfe,faumifpDtzG@J okd@ tyfESif;aom aiGtm;vkH;ukdvnf; ay;oGif;xm;&rnf? a,bk,stm;jzifh jynfe,faumifpDtzG@J onf jynfe,f pDrcH ef@cJG tkycf sKyfa&;twGuf xk&d yH aHk iGudk wcsuv f w $ Of ya'rsm;ðycg ok;H pG&J rnf? ok@d r[kwf oD;jcm; azmfjyaomudprP sm;twGuo f ;Hk pG&J ef Ekid if aH wmforRwu tyfEiS ;f aomaiGrsm;tzk@d rmS xko d ;D jcm;az: jyaomudpPrsm;twGuf okH;pGJ&rnf?

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jynfe,ftpk;d &tzGŒJ 8? (1) jynfe,faumifpDtzGJ@onf yxrtpnf;ta0;wGif tzGJ@0iftrwfrsm;xJrSaomfvnf; aumif;/ wjcm;wenf;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ (4) OD;ukd a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf&rnf? tzG@J wGif obmywdtjzpfjzifh aqmif&u G rf nfjzpfaom e,ftyk rf if;}uD;ESiw hf uG xkt d zG@J 0iftrwf (4) OD;wk@d ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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onf atmufy'dk rf sm;wGif “tpk;d &tzG@J ”[k &nf!e$ ;f ac:a0:tyfaom uk, d yf idk t f yk cf sKyf&jynfe,f .tpk;d &tzG@J udk zG@J pnf;&efjzpfonf? e,ftyk rf if;}uD;rSwyg; tpk;d &tzG@J 0iftrwfrsm;onf qufcH &rnfhtrwfrsm;ukd Tenf;twkdif;a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonfhwkdifatmif &mxl;rsm;ukd cH,l &rnf? (2) e,ftkyfrif;}uD;Yaomfvnf;aumif;/ jynfe,faumifpDtzGJ@0if trwfr[kwfaom tpkd;& tzG@J 0ifwOD;OD;Y aomfvnf;aumif;/ aumifpDtzG@J pnf;a0; aqG;aEG;qkH;jzwf&mwGif yg0ifpnf;a0; aqG;aEG;qkH;jzwf&mwGif qkH;jzwf&eftcGifhta&;&Sd&rnf? okd@&mwGif rJay;&eftcGifhta&;r&Sdacs? 9? tpkd;&tzG@J onf jynfe,faumifpDtzG@J . ukd,fpm;jynfe,fudpPt&yf&yf pDrHcef@cGt J kyfcsKyfa&; wkd@ukd aqmif&Guf&rnf? tpkd;&tzG@J wGif 0ifa&mufxrf;&Gufap&ef tzG@J 0iftrwfrsm;ukd yxr t}udrf a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf+yD;onfhwkdifatmif e,ftkyfrif;}uD;onf pDrHcef@cGt J kyfcsKyfa&;ukd aqmif&Gufay;&rnf? 10? tpk;d &tzG@J wiG f ay:ayguv f mor#aom jy\emtm;vk;H ukd tpnf;ta0;wufaom tzG@J 0if rsm;. rJtrsm;qkH;jzifh qkH;jzwf&rnf? ESpfOD;ESpfbuf rJta&twGufjcif;wlnDcJhaom e,ftkyf rif;}uD;onf rdrdESpfouf&mwbuftm; rJay;Ekdif&rnf? EkdifiHawmforRw. oabmwlcsufukd axmufI tpkd;&tzG@J onf tzG@J .aqG;aEG;qkH;jzwfykH enf;emrsm;twGuf enf;Oya'rsm;ukd ðyEkdif onf? 11? jynfaxmifpkr[mv$wfawmfu &mxrf;r_xrf; cef@xm;a&;udpP/ &mxrf; r_xrf;wkd@. ouf wrf;udpP/ xkH;pHtwkdif; yifpif,laomudpP/ tkdrif;vGef;ojzifh t+idrf;pm;ay;I tvkyfrSxGufap aomudp/P xku d pd rP sm;twGuf pnf;urf;rsm;ukd enf;vrf;wusðyum xkv d w $ af wmfuyif twnf ðyvkdufaom w&m;Oya'.jyXmef;csufrsm;ukdaxmufI tpkd;&tzG@J wGif TEkdifiHz@GJ pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya't& EkdifiHawmforRwucef@I jynfe,fokd@apv$wfaom t&m&Sdrsm;tjzpf rdrdwkd@ tzG@J rS vkdtyfonf[kxifaom t&m&Sdrsm;ukdvnf; cef@&eftm%m&Sd&rnf? xkdt&m&Sdrsm;onf rdrdtm;v$Jtyfxm;aom tr_udpPrsm;ukd aqmif&Guf&efjzpfonf? xkd@tjyif tpkd;&tzGJ@wGif t&m&Sdrsm;tm; pDrHzGJ@pnf;xm;a&;ESifh pnf;urf;ao0yfatmif ðya&;wkd@twGuf enf;vrf;Oya' rsm;ukdðy&ef okd@r[kwf xkdenf;vrf;Oya'rsm;twkdif; aqmif&Gufap&ef tm%mvnf;&Sd&rnf? 12? jynfe,faumifpDtzG@J okd@ tm%moD;jcm;ay;rxm;aom okd@r[kwf ukd,fpm;vS,f v$rJ xm; aomudprP sm;twGuf e,ftyk rf if;}uD;onf vkt d yfaomtcgY Ekid if aH wmforRw. uk, d pf m;aqmif &Guf&rnf? xkdudpPrsm;twGuf e,ftkyfrif;}uD;onf tpkd;&tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;wkdifyifjcif; rðybJ aqmif&Guf&rnf? tcef; (10) vlrsKd;pkjynfe,f tkycf sKyfa&;t&m&Sd 1? vlrsKd;pkjynfe,ftoD;oD;wGif EkdifiHawmforRwucef@aom tkyfcsKyfa&;t}uD;tuJwOD; &Sd&rnf? xkdt}uD;tuJtm; tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sd[k ac:&rnf? jynfe,fqkdif&m udpPt&yf &yfukd tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sdtjzpfjzifh tkyfcsKyfaqmif&Guf&rnf? yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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2? jynfe,fwckck. tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sdukdcef@&mwGif EkdifiHawmforRwonf xkdjynfe,f .vkyfief;ukd jzpfajrmufatmif aqmif&GufEkdif raqmif&GufEkdifpaom t&nftcsif;ukd axmufxm;Ekdifor# axmufxm;um xkdjynfe,fYaeaomyk*~Kdvftm; txl;ta&;ay;& rnf? 3? xkdtkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sdonf (3) ESpfxuf ykdI=umjrifhatmif &mxl;ukdrcH,l&? EkdifiHawmf orRwu !$ef=um;jyaom ta=umif;r&Sdaom xkd&mxl;cH,lxm;aomumv rukefqkH;cif tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sdtm; &mxl;rSE_wfy,fjcif;rcHap&? 4? tkycf sKyfa&;t&m&Sd tvkycf iG Yf r&Sad omtcgwiG af omfvnf;aumif; emzsm;ruse;f jzpfae aom tcgwiG v f nf;aumif;/ uk, d pf w d rf pGr;f aomtcgwiG v f nf;aumif;/ xkt d cgrsK;d wGif Ekid if H awmforRwonf 'kwd,tkyfcsKyfa&; t&m&SdwOD;tm; tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sd. &mxl;,lI wm0efrsm;ukd aqmif&u G af p&ef umvtm;avsmpf mG cef@Eidk o f nf? xk@d tjyif taxGaxGupd P rsm;Y tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sdukd ulnDap&efvnf; umvtm;avsmfpGmcef@Ekdifonf? 5? jynfe,ftoD;oD;wGif tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sdukd ulnD&efESifht=uHay;&ef t=uH^m%fay; tzG@J wck&&dS rnf? tzG@J 0ifO;D a&ESiw hf uG tzG@J 0ifa&G;cs,ef nf; a&G;cs,yf Hk (ok@d ) cef@yHk cef@enf;ukd w&m;Oya'jzifh jyXmef;Ekdifonf ) t-uH^m%fay;tzGJŒ. tm%mrsm; 6? xkdtzGJ@wGif atmufygtm%mrsm;ESifh wm0efrsm;&Sd&rnf? (1) jrefrmjynf&Sd a'oEW&ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@rsm;. tm%mESifhwm0eftm;vkH;? (2) EkdifiHawmforRwu a'oEW&oabm okd@r[kwf jynfe,fa&;&moabm ouf0if aeonf[I l vnf;aumif;/ oufqidk &f m t=uH^m%fay;tzG@J o@dk vv J$ u dk v f #if omI oifh avsmfrnf[lIvnf;aumif; xifjrif,lqaomudpPrsm;tm;vkH;? 7? jynfaxmifpkr[mv$wfawmfonf vkdtyfonf[lIvnf;aumif;/ tvkd&Sdxkdufonf [lIvnf;aumif;/ ,lqaom tjcm;tm%mrsm;ukd w&m;Oya'ESifh ukd,fpm;vS,fv$EJ kdif onf?

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tcef; (11) wkid ;f &if;om;vlenf;pkrsm; 1?“wkid ;f &if;om;vlenf;pk”[laom t"dyg` ,w f iG f tñuH;0ifaomvlpo k nf? atmufyg tcGihf ta&;rsm;ukd &&Sdap&ef cH0efcsufxm;&Sd&rnf? (1) vlwkd@. tcGifhta&;rsm;? (2) vlrsK;d . p¶ku d x f ;Hk pH"avh ponfw@dk EiS q hf idk af om ok@d r[kwf ,Ofaus;r_EiS q hf idk af om tcGifhta&;rsm;? (3) ukd,fykdif,Ofaus;r_ jyXmef;EkdifcGifhukd rxdckdufapbJ vGwfvyfpGmaygif;oif; qufqH Ekdifaom tcGifhta&;? ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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(4) Oya'ðytzG@J wGif xkdufoifhaomfukd,fpm;vS,fOD;a&yg0ifEkdifa&;/ 1? vlw@dk .tcGit hf a&;rsm;wGif umvt"Ge@f &n S =f umpGmuyif av;pm;jcif;cHc&hJ aom atmuf ygwkd@. tajccH xkH;wrf;pOfvm tcGifhta&;rsm;yg0ifonf? - jynfoljzpfcGifh&Sdjcif;? - toufESifhukd,fykdifvGwfvyfa&;twGuf umuG,fcGifh&&Sdjcif;? - w&m;Oya'rsufarSmufwGif wlnDcGifh&Sdjcif;? - jynfol@tcGifhta&;ESifh EkdifiHr_qkdif&mtcGifhta&;rsm;? - bmomukd;uG,fr_tcGifhta&;? - cGjJ cm;jcif;rcH&[laom tcGifhta&; (xkdtcGifhta&;wGif pD;yGm;a&;tcGifhtvrf; wlnDr_ vnf; yg0ifonf?) rSwfcsuf ? ? Ttcsufwkd@ukd rlvtcGifhta&;ta=umif;ESifh vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmfta=umif;wkd@ygaom tcef;rsm;wGif xnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;+yD;jzpfonf? Ttcef;Y xyfIazmfjy&jcif;rSm wkdif;&if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;pktwGuf umuG,fcsufrsm;ay;xm;ykH tpkHtvifodjrifapcsif aoma=umifhjzpfonf? 2? vlrsK;d . p¶ku d x f ;Hk pH"avh ponfw@dk EiS q hf idk af om ok@d r[kwf ,Ofaus;r_EiS q hf idk af om tcGihf ta&;rsm;/ bmompum;rwl/ ynmoif=um;a&;rwlrw _ @dk a=umifh cGjJ cm;jcif;r&Sad p&ef txl; umuG,fcsufrsm;ukdjyXmef;oifhonf? 3? uk, d yf idk , f Ofaus;r_jyXmef;Ekid cf iG u hf dk rxdcu dk af pbJ vGwv f yfpmG aygi;f oif;qufqEH idk af om tcGit hf a&;? TtcGifhta&;onf vlenf;pktm; cGjJ cm;jcif;ukd umqD;Ekdif&ef/ rdrdwkd@bmomtavsmuf wnfEkdif/ wkd;wufEkdifaomtajcukd ay;xm;onfhtcGifhta&;jzpfonf? jynfaxmifpkEkdifiHonf ynm oif=um;r_/ ,Ofaus;r_wkd@wGif ukd,fykdifpDrHcef@caGJ &;wkd@ukd vlenf;pkwkd@tm; ,kH=unfvt $J yfoifhonf? wenf;tm;jzifhqkdaomf vlenf;pkrsm;txJrSmyif 'Drkdua&pD0g'twkdif;/ a&G;cs,fzG@J pnf;tyfaom tzG@J wzG@J &Sd&efjzpfonf? xkdtzG@J onf vlenf;pkwpkwpk. ynmoif=um;r_ESifh ,Ofaus;r_qkdif&m ausmif; toif; ponfwkd@. pDrHcef@cGaJ &;twGuf jynfaxmifpkEkdifiH. tcsuftjcm vkyfief;Xmejzpfvdrfhrnf? Ekid if aH wmftpk;d &wGif Ekid if w H iG ;f &Sd jynfot l m;vk;H twGurf /l pHcsed rf sm;ukd ðy&ef tm%m&S&d rnf? xk@d tjyif EkdifiHawmftpkd;&onf ppfaq;}uD;=uyfaom vkyfief;ukd aqmif&Gufoifhonf? okd@&mwGif xkdvlenf;pk wkd@. ausmif;toif;/ ponfwkd@twGuf !$ef=um;jcif;/ pDrHcef@cGjJ cif;wkd@ukdum; xkdvlenf;pkwkd@. vuf wGifxm;oifhonf? vlenf;pkwcku aqmif&u G af om ynmoifrE_ iS , hf Ofaus;r_w@dk twGuf Ekid if aH wmftpk;d &onf aiGtaxmuftyHah y;&ef wm0efrsm;rsm;,loifah yonf? taxmuftyHh awmif;qk=d u&mwGif “&xku d f aoma0pk”ukd ay;oifhonf? okd@r[kwf “wlnDaom a0pk”ukday;oifhonf? ponfjzifh tjiif;ryGm; yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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=uap&ef vlenf;pk&Sd vlOD;a&tcsKd;ustwkdif; taxmuftyHhukd owfrSwfap&ef jyXmef;csufðyoifh onf? ok@d &mwGif vlenf;pkwpkonf Ekid if aH wmftpk;d & tm%mykid t f &m&Srd sm;. ppfaq;}uD;=uyfjcif;ukd tpOfojzifhcH,lum EkdifiHawmftpkd;&uay;aom taxmuftyHh&HykHaiGukd rdrdwkd@ vlenf;pk0ifrsm;xHrS tcGefaumuf,ljcif;tm;jzifh xyfavmif;aygif;jznfhEkdif&ef tm%m&oifhonf? (4) Oya'ðytzG@J wiG f xku d o f ifah om uk, d pf m;vS,Of ;D a&yg0ifEidk af &;/ jynfo@l vw $ af wmfwiG f vlenf;pkrsm;. vlOD;a&tcsKd;ustwkdif; trwfae&mrsm;ukd xkdvlenf;pkrsm;twGuf xm; &rnf? jynfol@v$wfawmfwGif vlOD;a&tcsKd;usoabmtwkdif; trwfae&mxm;&Sdonf xuf ykdIxm;Ekdifonf? tcef; (12) cGx J u G Ef idk af omtcGit hf a&; 1? atmufwGifðyxm;aom jyXmef;csufrsm;ukdaxmufI cGx J GufaomEkdifaom tcGifhta&; ukd jynfaxmifpkjynfe,frsm;ESifh ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyf&jynfe,frsm;tm; ay;xm;&rnf? 2? oufqidk &f mjynfe,fonf jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if t H wGi;f ok@d 0ifvmonfah e@rpS I (10) ESpftwGif;wGif cGx J GufEkdifaomtcGifhta&;ukd tokH;rðy&? 3? (1) cGx J Guf&ef jyXmef;csuftqkdudk oufqkdif&mjynfe,f. Oya'ðytzG@J 0if trwfOD;a& (3) ykH (2) ykHu twnfðy+yD; jzpf&rnf? (2) xkd@aemuf jynfaxmifpkr[mv$wfawmfonf vlxkckHYwifI qkH;jzwfap&ef trdef@ cs&rnf? vlxkckHYwifI oufqkdifjynfe,f&Sd jynfolcwfodrf;.qENtrSefukd od&efjzpf avonf? 4? jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHrS vnf;aumif;/ oufqkdif&mjynfe,frSvnf;aumif;/ ukd,fpm; vS,ftrwftnDtr#yg0ifaom vlxkckHtzGJ@wckukd zGJ@pnf;&rnf? xkdokd@ zGJ@tpnf;rSom v#if vlxkckHwifykHukd r#r#wwESifh vGwfvyfpGmaqmif&Gufonf/ raqmif&Gufonf }uD;=uyf =unfh¶_@Ekdifrnfjzpfonf/?

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tcef; (13) Ekid if zH ŒJG pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'ukjd yifqifjcif; 1? EkdifiHzG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'&Sd jyXmef;csufrsm;ukd ajymif;vkdufjcif;tm;jzifhaomf vnf;aumif;/ jznfph u G jf cif;tm;jzifah omfvnf;aumif;/ zsuo f rd ;f jcif;tm;jzifah omfvnf; aumif;/ atmufYazmfjyxm;aomenf;twkdif; jyifqifEkdifonf? 2? (1) EkdifiHzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'ukdjyifqif&ef wifoGif;xm;aomtqkdwkdif; ukd “EkdifiHzG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'jyifqif&ef tufOya'”[lI azmfjy&rnf? (2) TEkdifiHz@GJ pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'ukdjyifqif&ef wifoGif;onfhtqkdwckygaom okd@r[kwf tqkdrsm;ygaom Oya'=urf;wGif jyifqifa&;ESifhrqkdifaom tjcm;tqkdrsm; ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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rygap&? 3? (1) EkdifiHzG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'ukd jyifqif&efjzpfaom Oya'=urf;ukdjynfaxmif pkr[mv$wfawmf. v$wfawmft&yf&yfwGif pwifpDrHEkdifonf? (2) pwifpDrH&mjzpfaomv$wfawmfu xkdOya't=urf;ukd twnfðy+yD;aemuf xkdOya' =urf;ukd v$wfawmfESpf&yf. wGb J uftpnf;ta0;wGif pOf;pm;&rnf? (3) tpnf;ta0;&Sd trwfOD;a& (3) ykH (2) ykHu axmufcHraJ y;=urSomv#if xkdOya' =urf;ukd twnfðy+yD;jzpfonf[k ,lq&rnf? (4) jynfaxmifpt k zG@J 0ifjynfe,fwckco k @dk oD;jcm;v$aJ jymif;tyfEiS ;f xm;aomudprP sm;ESihf pyfvsOf;onfh jyXmef;csufrsm;ukd jyifqifvkdaom xkdokd@jyifqifvkdaom Oya'=urf;tm; tpnf;ta0;Y&Sdaom oufqkdif&mjynfe,f. ukd,fpm;vS,ftrwfrsm;u axmufcHrJ ray;or#umvywfvkH; twnfðy+yD;jzpfonf[k r,lq&? tcef; (14) pyfu;l rwfu;l umvESihf oufqidk af omjyXmef;csufrsm; 1? “w&m;Oya'ESit hf nD zG@J pnf;aomjynfaxmifpk r[mv$waf wmf”[k atmufY azmfjyv wHah om Ekid if zH @JG pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya't& zG@J pnf;onfh jynfaxmifprk [mv$waf wmf. yxrtpnf;ta0;ukd usif;yonfhwkdifatmif Twkdif;jynfðyv$wfawmftm; EkdifiHzGJ@pnf; tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'a&;qkid &f mudprP sm; tvk@d imS jynfaxmifprk [mv$waf wmf[I l ,lq &rnf? 2? w&m;Oya'ESifhtnDzGJ@pnf;aom jynfaxmifpkr[mv$wfawmfu rdrd.OuUÏukd a&G; aumufwifajr‡mufonfw h idk af tmif (atmufwiG , f m,DOuUÏ[k ac:qkt d yfaom) wkid ;f jynf ðyv$wfawmfu ,m,DOuUXtjzpfjzifh a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf+yD;jzpfaomyk*~Kdvftm; T Ekid if zH @JG pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'a&;&mudprP sm;tvk@d imS a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufxm;aom OuUÏ[lI ,lq&rnf? 3? w&m;Oya'ESit hf nD Ekid if aH wmforRwu wjcm;yk*K~ v d rf sm;ukcd ef@onfw h idk af tmif Twkid ;f jynfvw $ af wmfu ,m,Dtpk;d &tzG@J 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpfjzifv h nf;aumif;/ 0ef}uD;rsm;tjzpfjzifh vnf;aumif;/ a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufxm;aom yk*K~ v d rf sm;tm; ,m,Dtpk;d &tzG@J . 0ef}uD; csKyf[lIvnf;aumif;/ 0ef}uD;rsm;[lIvnf;aumif; ,lq&rnf? 4? EkdifiHzG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'twnfjzpfonfh ae@rSpI (18) vtwGif;wGif yxr t}udrfa&G;aumufyGJrsm;ukd usif;y&rnf? 5? TEkdifiHzG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'onf ,m,DOuUÏu xkwfjyefa=unmonfhae@ &ufwGif twnfjzpfap&rnf? xkd@ae@&ufonf 1948 ckESpf/ ZGefv yxrae@xuf aemufr usap&aom ae@&ufjzpf&rnf?

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wifoGif;aom tqkrd sm; yxrZ,m; vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmfzGJŒpnf;ykEH Sifh xkv d $wfawmfoŒkd trwfrsm; a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonfhenf;rsm; 1? vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmfwGif trwfOD;a& (160) &Sdonfhteuf æ (u) &Srf;jynfaxmifpktwGuf ukd,fpm;vS,ftrwfae&m (32) (c) ucsifjynfe,ftwGuf ukd,fpm;vS,ftrwfae&m (13) (*) u&ifeDjynfaxmifpktwGuf ukd,fpm;vS,ftrwfae&m (4) (C) csif;awmifjynfe,ftwGuf ukd,fpm;vS,ftrwfae&m (9) (i) u&ifrsm;twGuf ukd,fpm;vS,ftrwfae&m (32) (p) jrefrmjynfr˜yg0ifaomusefa'orsm;twGuf (70) rSwfcsuf ? ? txufyg zGJ@pnf;xm;ykHonf t=uHay;csufr#omjzpfonf? jynfaxmifpkjynfe,f twGufvnf;aumif;/ ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyf&jynfe,ftwGufvnf;aumif;/ vlrsKd;pk jynfe,ftwGufvnf;aumif;/ wkdif;&if;om;vlenf;pktwGufvnf;aumif;/ ukd,fpm; vS,f trwfOD;a& rnfIrnfr#&Sdoifhonf rnfokd@zGJ@pnf;oifhonf[laom tcsuf rsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;I oabmwlnDcsuf&&Sd&rnf? xkdokd@oabmwlnDcsuf&&Sd+yD;rSom qkH; jzwfEkdifonf? 2? jrefrmjynfr˜twGuf ukd,fpm;vS,ftrwfrsm;ukd wkdif;aumifpDtzG@J rsm;u a&G;aumuf wifajr‡muf&rnf? 3? u&ifrsm;twGuf ukd,fpm;vS,ftrwfrsm;ukd u&ifa&;&maumifpDtzG@J u a&G;aumuf wifajr‡muf&rnf? rSwfcsuf ? ? txufyg pmwrf;onf (zqyv) y%mrjyifqifr_nDvmcHobifY EdkifiHawmfzG@J pnf; tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya' rl=urf;a&;qGJ&mwGif tajccHxm;&Sd&rnfh tcsufrsm;tjzpf vufcHxm;aom tajccHrljzpf+yD; wkdif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmfwGif wifjy&rnfjzpfonf?

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(c) AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;csay;aom tajccHrl (4) csuf AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh wkdif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; yifvkHpmcsKyfcsKyfqkd=u+yD; 'Drkdua&pD jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHxlaxmif&ef &nfrSef;csuftjzpfxm;&Sd=uonf? AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf 1947 ckESpf/ ZGefv (16) &ufae@ wkdif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmf yxr nDvmcHwGif zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'a&;qGJ&mrSm xm;&Sd&rnfh tajccH (4) csufukd tqkdwif oGif;a=umif;awG@&onf? 1? vGwfvyfwhJ EkdifiHjzpf&rnf? (Independence) 2? tcsKyftjcmtm%m ykdif&rnf? (Sovereignty) 3? 'Drkdua&pDorRwEkdifiH jzpf&rnf? (Republic) 4? jynfaxmifpkEkdifiH jzpf&rnf? (Union State) [k&Sif;vif; tqkdwif+yD;/ ‚tqkdtay: wnDw!Gwfwnf; =obmay;+yD; axmufcH=u ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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a=umif; awG@&Sd&onf? xdk@tjyif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'ESifhywfoufI tajccHvrf;!Gefcsuf (7) csufudkvnf; csrSwfxm;onf? (*) AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. vrf;!Gefcsuf (7) csuf vGwv f yfonfh tcsKyftjcmtm%mydik f jrefrmEdik if aH wmftwGuf a&;qG&J rnfzh @JG pnf;tkycf sKyf yHktajccHOya'ESifhywfoufonfh vrf;!Gefcsuf (&) csufudk wifoGif;cJhygonf? awmifwef;a'orsm;ESihf u&ifeeD ,frsm;tygt0ifjzpfaom jrefrmEdik if aH wmf ol§ Edik if aH wmf om;wdk@. udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf wdkif;oljynfom;wdk@. tmoDoqENESifhav#mfnDpGm EdkifiHawmfzGJ@ pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk pDpOfa&;qG&J ef tvdk@iSm/ pHknDpka0;=uvsuf atmufygjyÏmef;csufrsm;udk csrSwf=ua=umif;? 1? EdkifiHawmfz@GJ pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'onf jrefrmjynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmf[k ac:wGifap aom vGwfvyfonfh tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif orRwEdkifiH. zG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya' jzpfap&rnf? xdk@jyif æ 2? jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfwGif zG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'u owfrSwfazmfjyonfh woD; yk*~vjynfe,frsm;onf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'wGif owfrSwfazmfjyxm;onfESifh tr# udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;tm%m&&Sdap&rnf? xdk@jyif æ 3? tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifvGwfvyfaom orRwjrefrmEdkifiHawmfESifhwuG/ tyg0ifjzpfonfh jynfe,frsm;ESihf tpd;k &tzG@J tpnf;tm;vH;k wd@k . tcGit hf m%m[lor#w@kd onf wdik ;f oljynf om;wdk@xHrS oufqif;ap&rnf? xdk@jyif æ 4? jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf. wdkif;oljynfom;rSefor#onf vlr_a&;&mYvnf;aumif;/ pD;yGm;a&;&mYvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHa&;&mYvnf;aumif;/ w&m;r#wr_ &Sdapv#uf/ tqifht wef;tcGifhta&;ESifh Oya'oufaocHrlwdk@wGif qlñuHedrfhjrifhr&Sd? yuwd wlnDap&rnfhjyif/ w&m;Oya'ESifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ trsm;jynfolwdk@apmifhpnf;tyfaom tusifhoduQmESifh aomfvnf;aumif;/ rqef@usifor# vGwfvyfpGm=uHpnfydkifcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGmazmfxkwfajym qdyk ikd cf iG /hf ,H=k unfyikd cf iG /hf bmomw&m; ud;k uG,yf ikd cf iG /hf 0wfðyydik cf iG /hf y&da,oe&SmrS;D ydik cf iG /hf pnf;¶k;H ydik cf iG /hf ðyrlaqmif&u $ yf ikd cf iG w hf @kd &&Sw d nfjrJap&eftwGuf zG@J pnf;tkycf sLyfyt kH ajccH Oya' wGif tcdkiftvHk owfrSwfxm;&Sdap&rnf? xdk@jyif æ 5? TzG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'wGif vlenf;pkrsm;tzdk@ vHkavmufaom umuG,fcsufrsm; xnfhoGif;jyÏmef;xm;&Sdap&rnf? xdk@jyif æ 6? vGwfvyfaom tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif orRwjrefrmEdkifiH.e,fajrudk waygif;wpnf; wnf; wnfwHhcdkif+rJa&;udkvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHawmf. =unf;/ a&/ avwdk@udktcsKyftjcm pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfydkifcGifhudkvnf;aumif;/ w&m;"rRESifhwuG jynfaxmifcsif;csif; Oya't& xdef; apmifhxm;&Sdap&rnf? xdk@jyif æ 7? &mZ0ifxif&Sm;cJhaom TjrefrmEdkifiHawmfonf urBmwGif rdrd.*k%fusufoa&ESifh avsmf yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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nDpmG &oif&h xdu k af omtqift h wef;od@k a&muf&adS p&rnft h jyif/ vlowW0gw@kd . wd;k wuf a&;ESifh aumif;usKd;csrf;omjynfh0a&;wdk@udk wm0eftavsmuf apwemjzifh tpGrf;ukefjznfh pGufxrf;&Gufum/ jynfaxmifcsif;csif; qdkif&mw&m; "rRESifhusifh0wfoduQmudk tajccHðyI/ urBm+h idr;f csr;f a&; a&S@¶v _ su/f Edik if w H umwd@k EiS hf rdw0f wfrysub f /J wGb J ufy;l aygi;f aqmif&u G f r_udk cdkifjrJaomt"dÏmefjzifh apmifhxdrf;awmhtHh?

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(C) Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u vrf;nGecf suf (7) csufEiS yhf wfoufI &Si;f vif;csufrsm; onftqdu k kd usaemfwifoiG ;f &wJt h a=umif;uawmhum/ usaemfw@kd te,fe,ft&yf&yfu vlrsKd;aygif;pHkudk,fpm;vS,fwdk@ tp&Sdonftm;jzifh vma&mufpka0;+yD;awmh/ wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmf qdk+yD; usaemfwdk@zGJ@pnf;+yD;wJhaemuf/ Armjynf&J@ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk a&;qJGzdk@qdk+yD; 'D v$wfawmfrSmwm0efusvmygw,f? ,ckvm+yD;aqG;aEG;=uwJt h cgrmS b,fvt kd ajccHOya'ESihf usaemfw@kd Eikd if &H ŒJ zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'udk b,fvakd &;qG&J rnfvq J w kd mudk yxrOD;pGm odxm;zd@k vykd gvrd rhf nf? 'Dvkd tajccHtcsuf tvufawGrodbEJ Sifh usaemfwdk@ a&S›qufvuf+yD; Armjynf&@J zG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk a&;qGJ r,fqdkvdk@&Sd&if wa,mufwaygufqdkwhJ oabmrsKd;jzpf+yD; bmr#tajccHr&Sdbl;? vrf;pOfvnf;r&Sdbl;/ vrf;pOf !Gefjyxm;jcif;r&Sd jzpf+yD;awmhum vkdcsif&mudk tjref&rSmr[kwfbl;? ,ck usaemfwifoGif; wJhtqdk[m Directive Resolution aemuf 'Dtpnf;ta0;rSmyJ cef@&rnfh EdkifiHawmfzG@J pnf;yHktajccH Oya'a&;qGw J t hJ zG@J toD;oD;udk vrf;!$et f rSmozG,jf zpfwt hJ qdo k m jzpfygw,f? tJ'D aumfrwDtoD; oD;awGu qufvuf+yD; ArmjynfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'xJrSm bmawGxnfhoGif;w,fqdkwm tao;pdyt f m;jzifah omfvnf;aumif;/ rltm;jzifah omfvnf;aumif;/ aoaocsmcsmaqG;aEG;Edik w f t hJ cg tajccHtm;jzifh b,ftay:rSmrlxm;+yD; aqG;aEG;&rnfqdkwm odxm;rSjzpfEdkifygvdrfhrnf? wOD;ESifhwOD; od&x dS m;wmcsi;f rwlv@kd &v dS #i/f usaemfw@kd aumfrwDawG vkyrf nfv h yk if ef;awG[m tifrwef tcuftcJ awGuakd wG@p&m&Syd gvrd rhf ,f? tJ'aD wmh tajccHoabmtm;jzifh vrf;jywJh vrf;!Gew f hJ qH;k jzwfcsuw f ck udk wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmfuyif yXrOD;pGm qHk;jzwf&efvdkygvdrfhrnf? tJonfvdk vrf;!GefwhJ qHk;jzwf csuf&+yD;rS aumfrwDu “orRw”pHepft&oabmrsKd;ESifh aqG;aEG;oGm;csifoGm;rnf? wcsKd@uvnf; “&Sib f &k if”pHepft& aqG;aEG;csiaf qG;aEG;rnf? aemuf+yD;awmh “jynfaxmif pkEikd if ”H oabmudk vufcH wJv h al wGuvufc/H vufrcHwv hJ al wGuvnf; olw@kd oabmtwdik ;f vkyf qdo k vdjk zpfv#if tzG@J trsK;d rsK;d u wdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmfrS jyef+yD;tpD&ifcHwJhtcgrSm qufpyfvdk@r&EdkifwJh tpD&ifcHpmtrsdK;rsdK;udk usaemfwdk@ b,fvdkrSvkyf+yD; qHk;jzwfwwfrSm r[kwfbl;? 'ga=umifh 'DtajccHrludk jyXmef;xm;+yD;rSom v#if a&S›qufvuf+yD; EdkifiHawmfzG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk pDrHzefwD;vdk@&Edkifygvdrfhrnf? 'Dawmh usaemfwdk@ 'DvdktajccHvdkwht J wGuf 'Dv$wfawmfwGif 'Dtqdkudk wifoGif;&jcif;jzpfygw,f? 'Dtqdkudk usaemfyJ pOf;pOf;pm;pm;ESifh a&;qG+J yD; wifoGif;xm;ygw,f? rlvyÏrwkef;u usaemfwifoGif;&rnfh tqdk[m zqyvy%mrnDvmcHwkef;u qHk;jzwfcJhwJhtqdkyJjzpfygw,f? odk@aomfvnf; tJ'hDtqdkudkzwf=unfhwht J cg jyifp&mvdkaewJh tcsKd@tcsuftvufawGudk awG@&ygw,f? zqyvnDvmcHwkef;u qHk;jzwfcJhwJhtqdkawGeJ@ywfoufvdk@ wdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmf ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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uae+yD;awmh ¶kduf+yD;ay;xm;wJh pmtkyf&Sdygw,f? tJ'DxrJ Sm =unfhr,fqdkvdk@&Sdv#if awG@&ygvdrfhrnf? tJ'DqHk;jzwfcsufrludk usaemfjyifqifxm;w,f? jyifxm;wmuawmh ed'gef;pum;csD;rSm awmifwef; a'orsm;ESifh u&ifeDe,frsm;tygt0ifjzpfaom jrefrmEdkifiHawmfol§EdkifiHawmfom;wdk@. udk,fpm; vS,frsm;onf wdkif;oljynfom;wdk@.tmoDoqENESifhavsmfnDpGm EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccH Oya'udk pDpOfa&;qG&J eftvdk@iSm pHknDpka0;=u¶kHavmufuvG+J yD; tjcm;oabmryg0ifatmif jyifqif xm;ygw,f? ,ck (State) qdkwhJEdkifiHawmf}uD;udk usaemfrSm b,fe,fawG b,fe,fawG ygrnfqdkwm usaemfwdk@ ususeeowfrSwf+yD;om; rjzpfEdkifao;ygbl;? ,ck usaemfwdk@aqG;aEG;&eftcsuf[m “EdkifiH zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'onf jrefrmjynfaxmifpEk ikd if [ H ak c:wGiaf paom tcsKyftjcmtm%mydik f orRwEdkifiHzG@J pnf; tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccH Oya'jzpfap&rnf” qdkwhJtcsufudkom aqG;aEG;&efjzpfygw,f? jrefrmjynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfqdkwmudk usaemftxl;&Sif;jyaep&m rvdkygbl;? 'DEdkifiHawmf udk jynfaxmifpak wGpx k m;rnfqw dk hJ oabmavmufygb?J jynfaxmifpEk ikd if aH wmfqu kd vnf;u usaemf wd@k tck zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'[m (Unitary Constitution) vlwrsK;d wnf;qdw k hJ Edik if rH [kwb f EJ iS hf vlrsdK;aygif;pkH jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHqdkwJh t"dy`g,fa&mufoGm;ygw,f? tJonfawmh usaemfuae+yD;/ jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmftjzpfESifh zG@J pnf;tyfw,fvdk@ tqdkwifoGif;wJhudpPrSm ,ckºua&mufvm=uwJh trwfrif;rsm;u ArmEdkifiHawmfudk onfvdkjynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmf}uD;tjzpfESifh zGJ@pnf;tyfw,fvdk@ qdkwhJtajccHr_[m oifh˜ roifhudk 'Dv$wfawmf}uD;u pOf;pm;zdk@ygb?J usaemfwdk@tckjzpfaewJh Armjynf&@J tajctaeawGudkaxmufvkd@=unfhv#if usaemfwdk@EdkifiH udk jynfaxmifpEk ikd if t H jzpfEiS hf zG@J pnf;wnfaxmifro S mv#if oifah vsmaf vsmufywfygvrd rhf nfv@kd ,lq wJhtwdkif;/ 'DtajccHoabmudk onftqdkxrJ SmxnfhoGif;+yD; 'Dv$wfawmf}uD;rSm wifoGif;jcif;jzpfyg w,f? jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfqdkonfrSm wifjyxm;jcif;tm;jzifh ,ck 'Dwdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmfrSm ºua&mufvm=uwJh awmifwef;a'orsm;u udk,fpm;vS,ftrwfrif;rsm;[monf jynfaxmifpkEdkifiH awmfwGif olwdk@oufqdkif&me,frsm;u yg0if+yD;om;jzpfoGm;rnfqdk+yD; oHo,&Sdaew,fvdk@ usaemf od&ygw,f? tJonfawmh 'DudpPESifhywfoufvdk@ usaemf wnfhwnfhvif;vif; &Sif;csifwmuawmh Arm jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHvdk@ ac:wGifzdk@qdk+yD;awmh 'DtqdkxJrSmwifjyxm;ayr,fh 'DjynfaxmifpkEdkifiHxJrSm b,fe,fawGygvdk@ b,fe,fawGyg&rnfvdk@ owfrSwfxm;jcif;r&Sdao;ygbl;? 'Dawmh awmifwef;a'o uae+yD;awmh wufa&mufvm=uwJhudk,fpm;vS,fawG[m bmrSonfudpPESifhywfouf+yD; pkd;&drfp&m tvsOf;r&Sdygbl;? 'DjynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfxJrSm udk,fygcsifrS ukd,fhe,fqdkif&mrSmae+yD;awmh ygcsifrS ygEdkifwmbJ? onfwdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmf rzGJ@pnf;rDtcgrSm wdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmfzJG@pnf;&eftvdk@iSm usaemfwdk@oabmwlnDcsufawG pmcsKyftrsKd;rsKd;csKyfwJhtcgwkef;u awmifwef;a'ou udk,fpm; vS,frsm;ESifh usaemfwdk@csKyfqdkwhJ pmcsKyft&qdkvdk@&Sdv#ifjzifhjzpfap/ aemuf+yD;awmh awmifwef;a'o qdkif&mpkHprf;a&;tzGJ@ tpD&ifcHpmrS axmufcHcsufrsm;udk usaemfwkd@vufcHvmcJhonfhtwdkif;jzpfap/ tJ'DvkdvufcHxm;wJh 'DpmoabmwifrubJ (Not only the letter of agreement) 'Dpmoabmudk usaemfwdk@ oabmwlnDvmcJhonfwifrubJ usaemfwdk@tzdk@qdkvdk@&Sd&if (The sprit of agreement) yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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oabmwlnv D mcJw h hJ wu,ft h &if;cH oabmw&m;udv k ufc+H yD;awmh/ 'Dtwdik ;f bJ 'Dwikd ;f jynfðyv$wf awmfrSmvkyfrSmygbJqdkwm awmifwef;e,fqdkif&mudk,fpm;vS,frsm; wnfhwnfhvif;vif; em;vnf apcsifygw,f?/ usaemfwdk@ ay;+yD;om;uwd/ em;vnf+yD;om; oabmwlnDcsufawGudk e,fcs›Jorm;vdk usaemfwdk@ azmufzsufjcif; rvkyfygbl;? tJonfvkd ay;+yD;om;uwdESifh em;vnf+yD;om; oabmwlnD csuaf wGukd azmufzsurf nfvm;vd@k oHo,&Sw d v hJ al wG[m OuUÏrif; cGiðhf ycsut f &ajym&v#if usaemf wdk@&@J (Sense of honor, Sense of self-respect, Sense of pride) wdk@udk apmfum;w,fvdk@ usaemf,lqyg w,f? tJonfawmh usaemfw@kd ay;+yD;om;uwd/ em;vnf+yD;om; oabmwlncD suw f @kd ukd awmifwef; e,fu udk,fpm;vS,fawG[m wkdif;jynfðyv$wfawmfxaJ &mufvmwJhtcg/ aoaocsmcsm em;vnf apcsifwmu b,fenf;ESifhr# usaemfwdk@ ArmvlrsKd;pkjzpfwJhvlawG[m cifAsm;wkd@udk twif;tm;jzifh usaemfwdk@jynfaxmifpkxrJ Sm roGif;ygbl;? oabmrwlbJ raeEdkifwhJtajctaersKd;udk vufwvkH;jcm; vdrfwJhenf;eJ@vnf; usaemfwdk@ rvkyfygbl;qdkwm twdtvif;em;vnfapcsifygw,f? 'Dae&mrSm usaemfxyf&iS ;f csiw f mu wae@wek ;f u usaemfw@kd qu D kd pmwapmifa&muf vmyg w,f? trSefpifppfu usaemfwdk@ awmifwef;e,fqdkif&mXme!Gef=um;a&;0efu ol@zmomtaeom csnf;? jrif;urv_yf/ ckHuv_yfwmvm;? 'gawmh usaemfrajymwwfbl;? odk@aomfvnf; wqifhuae+yD; awmh awmifwef;a'oqdkif&mudpPawGESifhywfouf+yD; wdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmfrSmaqG;aEG;wJhtcgrSm tifrwef pkd;&drfa=umifhusaewJhta=umif; pmwapmif&ygw,f? 'Dwdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmf±kH;uvnf; &ovm;rajymwwfbl;? tJ'pD mxJrmS bmygvq J &kd if usaemfrw S o f o d avmufajym&&if awmifwef;e,fqikd &f m udpP t&yf&yfudk 'Dwdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmfuae+yD;qkH;jzwfwht J cgrSm qdkif&mqdkif&me,f&@J udk,fpm;vS,frsm; pk&kH;oabmwlnDcsufr&bJESifh wdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmfuae+yD; rqkH;jzwfEdkifbl;qdkwm usaemfwdk@ awmifwef;e,fpkHprf;a&;tzG@J zG@J wkef;u axmufcHcsufay;cJhygw,f? tJ'gvnf; trSefpifppf usaemfwdk@ t=uHay;wJhtwdkif; xnfhchJjcif;jzpfygw,f? tJonfrSmqdk&if udk,fpm;vS,fawGtcsif;csif;bJ vlrsm;pk vlenf;pkrjzpfbEJ Sifh oabmuGv J GaJ ewJhae&mrSm nDwlr#wl oabmuGv J GaJ e=uv#if/ b,fvkdenf;ESifh wkdif;jynfðyv$wfawmfuae+yD; qkH;jzwfrSmvJqdkwhJ 'Dar;cGef;udk awmifwef;e,fqdkif&mudk,fpm;vS,f awG[m 'Duakd wmh vmrar;=ubl;? od@k aomfvnf; rqdik w f ahJ wmifwef;e,fqikd &f m Ïme!Ge=f um;a&;0ef uae+yD; Ed_;aqmfcsuft& bk&ifcHrif;}uD;uae+yD; pdwfyl+yD;ar;w,f? usaemfhoabmrSm 'g[m enf; vrf;pnf;urf;rrSeb f ;l vd@k ,lqw,f? bmjzpfv@kd vq J &kd if ,ckajymqdak ejcif;[mvnf; awmifwef;e,f qdkif&mudk,fpm;vS,frsm;uae+yD;awmh t*FvdyfoGm;uyfw,fvdk@ usaemfrqdkvdkygbl;? odk@aomfvnf; 'Dwdkif;jynfðy v$wfawmfuqkH;jzwfwJhudpPrSm t*Fvdyf&JŒtumtuG,fudk igwdk@awmhjzifh,lrS csrf; om&m&r,fvdk@ xifv#if/ usaemf&Sif;&Sif;bJajymcsifygw,f? t*Fvdyf[m trSefpifppf taES;ESifhtjref ol@vufatmufcH wdkif;EdkifiHawGu xGufoGm;&awmhrSmbJ? b,fvdkbjJ zpfjzpf onfvdkjzpfae+yD; urBmh tvm;tvm}uD;xJrSm 'Dvdkpdwfxm;&SdwJhvlawG[m udk;uG,f&mb,fenf;ESifhr# &SdEdkifrnfr[kwfbl; qdkwmudk usaemfowday;vdkygw,f? tJ'Dawmh usaemfwdk@ wkdif;jynfðyv$wfawmfta=umif;ajym&&if b,ft*Fvdyf&@J tultnD ESifhr#onf wkdif;jynfðyv$wfawmfudkvm+yD;awmh =oZmray;Edkifbl;qdkwm odapcsifygw,f? 'Dwdkif; ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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jynfðyv$wfawmfrSm awmifwef;qdkif&mudpP awGudk pOf;pm;aqG;aEG;wJhtcgrSm/ cifAsm;wkd@ oufqdkif&m awmifwef;e,fudk,fpm;vS,ftcsif;csif; b,fol@b,folrS rJrombJe@J wlae=uw,fqdk&if 'Dv$wf awmfxJrSm zqyvtrwfrsm;qkH;jzwfwJhtwdkif; trsm;qkH;tzGJ@&JŒacgif;aqmiftjzpfESifh usaemfwdk@ wnfw h nfv h if;vif; owday;vdw k mu cifAsm;wd@k tcsi;f csi;f tJ'v D kd b,fo@l rS rJrombJEiS hf rJòyifae=u wJt h cgrmS / usaemfw@kd 'Dwikd ;f jynfðyv$waf wmfuae+yD;awmh twif;zd+yD;awmh rqk;H jzwfapygb;l qdw k m udk usaemf uwday;ay;ygw,f? tJ'aD wmh awmifwef;e,fqikd &f m udpEP iS yhf wfouf+yD;awmh usaemfw@kd &ŒJ apwem[m tifr wef&Sif;&Sif;xm;ygw,f? usaemfwdk@wifoGif;wJhtqdk+yD;wJhaemuf qufvuf+yD;awmhum jynfaxmifpk zG@J pnf;wJah e&mrSm/ jynfaxmifpx k yJ gcsiw f jhJ ynfe,fawG[m b,fvt kd csut f vufawG/ b,fvt kd cGihf ta&;awG/ b,fvt kd ajccHawG/ tJ'v D kd tcsut f vufawGt& pkaygi;f oifw h ,fqw kd u hJ pd aP wG/ aqG;aEG; wJhtcgrSm usaemfwdk@wifoGif;wJhtqdkawG/ usaemfwdk@wifoGif;wJh t=uH^m%fawG/ 'gawGudk oabm rusv@kd &&dS if oabmruswt hJ wdik ;f awmifwef;e,fbufqikd &f mud, k pf m;vS,af wG[m oabm&Sd Arm jynfESifh raygif;bJaecsifaeEdkifw,f? 'g usaemf ,ae@ 'Dwdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmfxrJ Sm 'Dpum;udkajym jcif;yJ? usaemfwdk@pdwfapwemudk b,favmufxdatmif &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; jywfjywfom;om;xm; w,fqdkwmudk odapcsifvdk@ ajymqkdjcif;jzpfygw,f? aemuf+yD;awmhwcsuf 'Dvdk cifAsm;wdk@ oabm rwlv@kd &v dS #if rygcsiaf evd@k ajymwJah e&mrSmvnf; e,fcsŒJ orm;awGukd wbufuae+yD;awmhum rygcsif aeygumG qd+k yD;awmh/ rygb;l vd@k xifwt hJ cgusawmh wbufu0if+yD;awmhr¶_yb f ;l ? od@k aomf usaemfw@kd tjrifawmh&Sdw,f? b,fEdkifiH b,fe,frSmjzpfjzpf ,ckacwfrSm 'Dwdkif;EdkifiHrSm urBm}uD;rSm jzpfaewJh 0g'eJ@ urBm}uD;rSm 'Drdkua&pDoabmxm;rxm;EdkifwhJe,f[m taES;ESifhtjref tJh'De,frSm&SdwhJvlawG Edk;=um;xºuvm+yD; 'DvdkurBm}uD;&Jh oabmw&m;awGESifh jzpfysufaewJhacwfoabmw&m;awGESifh qef@usifbufoabmw&m;awGudk wGef;vSefypf=urSmyJqdkwm usaemfedrdwfzwfxm;csifw,f? tJ'D awmh 'Dvu kd saemfw@kd onf em;vnfxm;wJt h wdik ;f usaemfw@kd EiS t hf wlwyl g+yD; rvkyrf vkycf sib f ;l qdv k #if usaemfwdk@ twif;rwdkufwGef;ygbl;? tJonfvdk ryg˜ygatmifqdk+yD;awmh u&ifpum;bJvdk@xifw,f? twif;eom;yg;,m;vkyfwhJenf;rsKd;vnf; usaemfwdk@rvkyfygbl;? tJ'gudk wnfhwnfhvif;vif; awmif wef;e,fbufu usaemfawmh rdwfaqGrsm;udk usaemfem;vnfapcsifygw,f? bmjzpfv@kd vq J v kd #if usaemfw@kd tifrwef&iS ;f &Si;f vif;vif; oabmxm;aewJt h xJuae+yD; awmh ¶_wfatmifvkyfae=uwJhvlawGu ,ckwavmrSm awmfawmfrsm;aeawmh 'gudk&Sif;onfxuf &Sif;atmif xyf+yD;ajym&jcif;jzpfygw,f? usaemhfrdwfaqGwa,mufu usaemfhudk ajymovdkbcJ ifAsmh? tJonfvdk &Sif;&Sif;ajymwmudkyJ olwdk@pdwfxrJ Sm ¶_wfaew,fqkdawmh tJ'gawmhrwwfEdkifbl;? tJ'Dawmh jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfrSm b,fe,fawGyg&rnfqdkwm usaemfwdk@ 'DxrJ Smxnfh xm;wmvnf; r&Sdao;ygbl;? ygcsifwJhvlawGrSyg=u? t"dy`g,fu e,fudkowfrSwfrxm;bJESifh jynf axmifpEk ikd if aH wmfv@kd omrnxnfx h m;jcif;jzpfygw,f? aemuf+yD; tcsKyftjcmtm%mydik f orRwEdik if H awmfv@dk q&kd jcif;[m vGwv f yfw,fqw kd t hJ "dyg` ,u f kd usaemfoyd +f yD;awmh &Si;f jyaep&mrvdyk gb;l xifay r,fh bmðyvdk@ tcsKyftjcmtm%m (Sovereign Power) tcsKyftjcmtm%m&Sd&r,fvdk@ xyf+yD; yg&ovJqdk&if tcsKyftjcmtm%mqdkwm oabmw&m;trsKd;rsKd;&Sdygw,f? trSefuawmh (State) yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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EdkifiHawmfqdkuwnf;u tcsKyftjcmtm%m[m tñuH;0if+yD;om;bJ? 'Doabmw&m;ESifh &SdwhJ[m vnf; &Syd gw,f? od@k aomf 'DEikd if aH wmfqakd yrnfh tm;r& rauseyfao;bJEiS hf tcsKyftjcmtm%mydik w f hJ EdkifiHqdkrSomv#if jynfhpkHavmufwJhoabmw&m;rsKd;vnf; &Sdygw,f? yXroabmw&m;uawmhum (Theory) pmoabmavmufom jzpfygw,f? 'kwd, o abmuawmh vufawG@jzpfwo hJ abmw&m;ygb?J b,fvv dk ufawG@jzpfwhJ oabmw&m;rsK;d awG bmvJ qd&k if 'Dvw G v f yfwEhJ ikd if aH wmfq+kd yD;awmh zG@J pnf;wnfaxmifvu kd =f uwJh Edik if aH wmftoD;oD;wd@k &S=d uay rnf? tcsKyftjcmtm%mESifhjynfhpkHwJhEdkifiHawmf (Sovereign state) tcsKd@EdkifiHawGuawmh tJ'Dvdk r[kwb f EJ iS hf jynfaxmiftcsi;f csi;f qufo, G w f hJ Edik if aH &;pum;rSmqdv k #if (Vassal state) vk@d qckd &H ygw,f? (Vassal) qdkvdk@&Sdwmu wynfhu|efEdkifiHawGoabmrsKd;bJ? u|efayr,fhvdk@ (Colony) vnf;r[kwf bl;? ol@bmomol ol@rif;ESifhol@csif;ESifh/ ol@tpdk;&ESifhbJ/ tjyifyef;tm;jzifhawmh vGwfvyfw,f? od@k aomfvnf; Edik if }H uD;wEdik if &H ŒJ =oZmv$r;f rd;k r_/ csKyfjc,fru _ kd txl;wvnfcaH ewJh Edik if jH zpfv@kd (Vassal state) vkd@ac:w,f? aemuf+yD;awmh usaemfwkd@ EdkifiH}uD;ESpfEdkifiHt=um;rSm e,fedrdwfjcm;ay;¶kH avmufjzpfwhJ (Buffer state) rsKd;vdk e,fjcm;EdkifiHuav;rsKd;vnf;rjzpfcsifbl;? aemuf+yD;awmh EdkifiH}uD; wEdkifiH&ŒJ =oZmv$rf;rdk;r_ txl;wvnfcH&wJh (Vassal state) rsKd;vnf; rjzpfcsifbl;? usaemfwdk@ jzpfcsif wmuawmh/ qefr&Sd aqmufpm;}uD;bJac:ac: usaemfwdk@jzpfcsifwhJEdkifiHuawmh vGwfvyf+yD; tcsKyf tjcmtm%mydkifwhJ EdkifiHawmfjzpfcsifw,f? tJonfEdkifiHjzpfwhJtcgrSmvnf; usaemfwdk@EdkifiHawmfrSm orRwpepftm;jzifh zG@J pnf;&rnf? wjcm;pepft&zGJ@pnf;wmudk usaemfwdk@rvdkvm;bl;? orRwpepfqdkwm[m usaemfwdk@ 'Dacwf 'D tcgusrSomv#if usaemfwkd@ArmpmrSmay:vmwJhpum;yg? bmjzpfvkd@vJqdkv#if wwdkif;jynfvkH;udk wEdkifiHvkH;udk rif;vkyftkyfcsKyf&rnfh yk*~dKvfudk (4) ESpf w}udrfjzpfap/ (5)ESpf w}udrfjzpfap/ (10) ESpf w}udrfjzpfap ponftm;jzifh tJ'Dvkda&G;aumufwifajr‡mufw,fqdkwhJ xkH;pH[m ,ckonfbuf acwf awGusrSay:vmwJhpepfrsKd; jzpfygw,f? tJonfawmh usaemfwdk@tzdk@rSmawmh (rif;) qdkvkd@&Sdv#if/ wdkif;oljynfom;vkyfwhJvlawGu t&rf;vGwfxm;tyfwhJvlawGr[kwfbl;? tcsKyftjcm &Sdwefoavmuf&Sdoifhw,f? trSefpifppf EkdifiH awmfrSm&SdwhJ tcsKyftjcmtm%mudkydkifwhJvlawG[m b,folawGjzpf&rvJ qdkvdk@&Sd&if/ usaemfwkd@ ,kH =unf,q l csuu f awmh Edik if aH wmfol Edik if aH wmfom;wd@k [m tJonfvkd ydik q f ikd w f v hJ al wGuae+yD; v$aJ y; vdk@om (rif;) tpdk;&wdk@qkdwm ay:vm&jcif;jzpfygw,f? tJonfvdkv$aJ y;wJhtwdkif; (rif;) wdk@/ tpdk;&wdk@tay:vmwJhtcgrSm tJ'D (rif;) wkd@ tpdk;& wd@k [m tcsKyftjcmtm%mudyk ikd x f m;wJh Edik if o H El ikd if o H m;awGu rvdck siw f t hJ cgrmS rvdw k t hJ avsmuf wm;qD;Edik w f hJ tajctaersK;d &S&d r,f? tJonfawmh usaemft h zd@k rmS qdv k @kd &v dS #if ArmEdik if t H wGuf vkv d m; tyfwJhpepf[m tcsdeftcgtavsmuf a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufwJh orRwpepfudkomv#if usaemfwdk@ vdv k m;wJt h wdik ;f 'Dwikd ;f jynfðyvGwaf wmfrmS tqdo k iG ;f wJt h cgrmS orRwEdik if q H w kd phJ mvk;H udk oGi;f xm; jcif;jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dawmh yXrtydk'fqdkv#if “EdkifiHawmf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'onf jrefrmjynf axmifpkEdkifiH[kac:wGifaom vGwfvyfonfhtcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif orRwEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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tajccHjzpfap&rnf”? 'Dt"dy`g,fuawmh usaemfwdk@wdkif;jynfudk vGwfvyfwJhtcsKyftjcmtm%m ydkifwJhEdkifiHtjzpf a=ujimrnf? tJonfEdkifiH[mvnf; orRwEdkifiHjzpf&rnf? orRwpepft&zG@J pnf;xm;wJh EdkifiHawmfjzpf& r,fqdkwJhrlawGudk xnfhxm;ygw,f? 'DEdkifiHawmf[mvnf; jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfjzpf&rnf? 'kwd,tydk'ftjzpfwhJ “jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfwGif zG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'u owf rSwfazmfjyonfh woD;yk*~vjynfe,frsm;yg0ifapvsuf” tJ'gu usaemfwdk@onf jynfaxmifpkxrJ Sm b,fe,f b,fe,fawGygrvJqdkwmudk owfrSwf&rnf? zG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'awGa&;qGw J hJ tcgrmS b,fe,fb,fe,fawG ygr,fqw kd mudk owfrw S &f rnf? tck rowfrw S &f ao;bl;? ygcsiw f ehJ ,f awGom owfrSwf&rnf? tck rowfrSwf&ao;bl;? ygcsifwJhe,frS yg=uygqdkwm&Sif;ygw,f? “odk@ owfrSwfazmfjyxm;onfh woD;yk*~vjynfe,frsm;onf zG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'wGif owfrSwf azmfjyxm;onfESifhtr# udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mrsm;&Sdap&rnf?” xdkzG@J pnftkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'rSm aemufusaemfwkd@tcsif;csif; aqG;aEG;wkdifyif nd‡E_dif;qkH; jzwf+yD;wJhaemuf owfrSwfazmfjyxm;wJh udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mrsm;vnf; &Sdvdrfhr,f? tJonf awmh 'DudpPrSm &Sif;&Sif;em;vnfcsifwmu 'DvdkjynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfxrJ Sm woD;yk*~vjynfe,frsm; [m b,fjynfe,fawGvq J dkwm 'DtxJrSm rygao;bl;? b,fe,fawGu ygcsifvkd@/ b,fe,fawGu rygcsifbl;qdkwm EdkifiHzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'wGif owfrSwfazmfjyxm;onfh jynfe,frsm;[m udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mrsm;&Sdap&r,fqdkwhJtwdkif; tJh'Dudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mawGudk owf rSwfzdk@vdkao;w,f? txl;ojzifh awmifwef;e,fy,f udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh wdkifyifaqG;aEG;+yD; vkyf& rnfhudpPjzpfygw,f? tJonfvv kd yk +f yD;rS oabmwlonfjzpfap/ aemufq;Hk qk;H jzwfcsucf sonfjzpfap/ tJonfvdk qkH;jzwf=uwJhtcgrSm owfrSwfaz:jyxm;wJh udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mrsm;udk oabmwlauseyfvdk@ 0ifvmwJh jynfe,frsm;omygvdrfhr,f? jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHqdk+yD; tJonfvkdoabmavmufom xnfh xm;w,f? b,fe,fudkrS usaemfwdk@ b,fe,fudkrS twif;xnfhwmr[kwfygbl;? “tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif vGwfvyfaomorRwjrefrmEdkifiHawmfESifhwuG tygt0ifjzpf onfh jynfe,frsm;ESifhtpdk;& tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm;vkH;wdk@. tcGifhtm%m[lor#wkd@onf wdkif;ol jynfom;wkd@xHrS oufqif;ap&rnf” 'guawmh usaemf,ckwGifu ajymcJhwJhtwkdif; vGwfvyfwJh tcsKyftjcmtm%mydik Ef ikd if aH wmfv@dk zG@J pnf;vdu k w f t hJ cgrmS tJ'ED ikd if aH wmfyikd w f /hJ tJ'ED ikd if aH wmfvufxJ rSm&SdwhJ tcsKyftjcmtm%m[m b,folawG&@J vufxrJ Sm b,folawGuomv#if ydkifqdkifoifhw,f qdkwhjJ y\emoabmw&m;udk usaemfwdk@ajz&r,fqdkvdk@&Sd&if/ wdkif;oljynfom;awGuomv#if/ rlv a,bk,stm;jzifh EdkifiHawmf&ŒJ tcsKyftjcmtm%mudkydkifwhJvlawG jzpfw,fvkd@ usaemfwdk@,lqw,f? ,kH=unfw,f? &mZ0ifa=umif;vkduf=unfh? Arm&mZ0ifa=umif;udk =unfhrvm;/ urBmh&mZ0ifa=umif;udkyJ =unfh=unfh/ b,fvdkb=J unfh=unfh EdkifiHawmf&@J tcsKyftjcmtm%mawGqdkwm rlvblwvdkuf=unfh r,fqdkv#if wdkif;oljynfom;awGvufxrJ Sm &Sdw,fqdkwmudk awG@&ygvdrfhrnf? usaemfwdk@ t,ltq rSmqdkv#if urBmtp orRwrif;uqdkwhJtwdkif; orRwrif;udk vlawGuwifajr‡mufchJwmbJ? tJ'Dt yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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wdkif; a&S@a&Smuf+yD;jzpf&rSmyJ? tJ'Dtwdkif; usaemfwdk@[m tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif vGwfvyfaom orRwjrefrmEdkifiHawmfESifhwuG/ tygt0ifjzpfonfh jynfe,frsm;ESifhtpdk;&tzGJ@tpnf;tm;vkH;wdk@. tcGifhtm%m[lor#wdk@onf wdkif;oljynfom;wdk@xHrS oufqif;ap&rnf qkdvdkjcif;jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dawmh 'Doabmudk usaemfwkd@csxm;vdkufwhJtcg jrefrmEdkifiHawmf&@J zG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'udka&;qGw J ht J cgrSm wdkif;oljynfom;awGqDu tcGifhtm%m&w,fqdkwhJ tcsuftvuf awGqdkvdk@&Sd&if rygbl;qdkwJht"dy`g,fbJ? b,ftcsuf[mjzifh 'DrlESifhqef@usifaernf? rqef@usifbl; qdkwmtao;pdwfusrSbJ aqG;aEG;=unfhEdkifr,f? trSwf (3) tcsKyftjcmtm%m[m wdkif;oljynfom;awGvufxrJ Sm&Sdw,fqdkwhJ oabm w&m;ukd tajccHxm;jcif;jzpfygw,f? (4) jynfaxmifpEk ikd if aH wmf. wdik ;f oljynfom;rSeo f r#onf vlra_ &;&mYvnf;aumif;/ pD;yGm; a&;Yvnf;aumif;/ Edik if aH &;Yvnf;aumif;/ w&m;r#wr_&adS pv#uo f nf usaemfw@dk zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'a&;qGzJ @kd pDpOfwt hJ cgrmS / vlra_ &;&mYvnf;aumif;/ pD;yGm;a&;&mYvnf;aumif;/ Edik if aH &;&mY vnf;aumif; w&m;r#wr_&adS tmifzef;wD;xm;&w,f? t"dyg` ,u f vlra_ &;&mY w&m;r#wr_&adS p&r,f qdkwJht"dy`g,fu usaemfwdk@tvkyform;ESifh tvkyf&SifudpPawG/ v,form;ESifhv,f&Sif qufqHwJh udprP sK;d awG tp&So d nftm;jzifh vltcsi;f csi;f aygi;f oif;qufqw H u hJ pd rP sK;d awG wa,mufEiS w hf a,muf wef;wltcGifhta&;&atmif pDrHzefwD;xm;bdk@vkdw,fqdkwhJ oabmygb?J pD;yGm;a&;Yqdkvdk@&Sd&if wbufpD;eif;tm;jzifh vkyfEdkifwhJtajctaeawGudk z,f&Sif;+yD;awmh pD;yGm;a&;Y tvkyfwlv#if tJ'Dtwdkif; tcGifhta&;twlwl jzpfEdkifor#jzpfatmifqdkwhJoabmudk pDrH zefwD;ay;xm;&efjzpfygw,f? EdkifiHa&;rSmvnf; w&m;r#wzdk@vkdw,f? EdkifiHa&;rSmqdkvkd@&Sd&if b,fol uawmhjzifh rJr&xdkufbl;/ b,foluawmhjzifh rJ&xdkufw,f ponfjzifh EdkifiHa&;n‡if;qJr_awG csKyfjc,f r_awG r&Sdap&bl;? aemuf+yD;awmh b,fol[m b,f&mxl;rsKd;udk r&ap&bl;/ b,folomv#if &&r,f qdkwhJ tJonfvdk csKyfjc,fr_awG[m EdkifiHa&;w&m;r#wr_udkxdcdkufw,f? tJonfawmh EdkifiHa&;rSm EdkifiHolEdkifiHom;jzpfwhJolwdkif; rdrdwdk@t&nftcsif;a=umifh tcGifh ta&;& oGm;Edkifzdk@ygbJ? tm;vkH;&&ifvJ tm;vkH;&zdk@/ 'DoabmrsKd;ESifh w&m;r#wr_&Sd&r,f? aemuf tqifhtwef; (Equality of status) tqifhtwef;rSmvnf; wlnD&r,f? tqifhtwef;rSmwlnD& r,fqdkwhJoabmuawmh olaX;&,f/ qif;&Jom;&,f/ bm&,f tp&Sdonfjzifh 'DvdkuGjJ cm;xm;wm r&Sb d eJ @J olaX;&,f/ qif;&Jom;&,fqw kd mu ypPn;f tajctaetavsmuf &Sad ewke;f &Sad yrnf? tqift h wef;rSmqdv k @kd &&dS if wlnaD p&r,f? tqift h wef;rSm wlnaD p&r,fqw kd o hJ abm[m usaemfw@kd ae&mrSm bJjzpfjzpf/ olaX;qd&k ifawmh b,fvydk +kd yD;awmh tcGit hf a&;&r,f/ qif;&Jom;qd&k ifawmh b,fvrdk &bl; ponfjzifh onfvrkd &Sad p&bJEiS hf tqift h wef;wGif tm;vk;H qlñuHerd jhf rifrh &S/d yuwdwn l aD p&r,fqw kd h J tcsufjzpfygw,f? aemuftcGifhta&; (Equality of opprotunity) tcGifhta&;rSmvnf; wef;wl&r,fqdkwhJt "dy`g,fu ynmoif=um;=uwJhae&mrSm Oyrmqdk&if/ Om%ft&nftcsif; twlwljzpfvdk@&Sdv#if ^m%f&Sd oavmuf ol@ynmtvdkuf&vdk@ tcGifhta&;[mvnf; &Sdoifhw,fqkdwhJ oabmrsKd;bJ? qif;&JwhJol awmh qif;&Jw,fqv kd @kd tcGit hf a&;r&bl;/ csr;f omwJv h o l mv#if tcGit hf a&;&r,fqw kd hJ 'Dvo dk abm ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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rsKd;r[kwfbJESifh tm;vkH;tcGifhta&;rSm (Opportunity) tcGifhta&;ay;wJhae&mrSm r,lwwfv#if/ ,lwwfwv hJ rl eS o f r# tcsKyftjc,fr&Sb d EJ iS hf ,lEikd w f t hJ cGit hf a&;&S&d rnfqw kd hJ oabmw&m;om jzpfyg w,f? aemufOya'oufa&mufr_ (Before the law)/ Oya'oufa&mufr_rSm wlnD&r,fqdkwJh oabmuawmh Oya'a&S@arSmufYb,forl qdk orRwbJjzpfjzpf/ awmom;bJjzpfjzpf Oya'pnf;urf;udk azmufzsuv f @kd &&dS if azmufzsuw f t hJ avsmuf tjypf'%fc&H vdrrhf nf? aumif;wmvkyv f @kd &&dS ifvJ aumif; wJhtavsmuf Oya'&JŒcsD;jr‡ifhjcif;udkcH&r,f? onfvkd Oya'a&S@arSmufrSmqdkv#if b,folrqdk (rif;) jzpfjzpf/ qif;&Jom;jzpfjzpf/ olaX;om;jzpfjzpf tm;vkH;[m wef;wljzpf&r,fqdkwJhoabmbJ? tJ'Dvdk vlr_a&;&mYvnf;aumif;/ pD;yGm;a&;&mYvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHa&;&mYvnf;aumif; w&m;r#wr_&Sdapvsuf tcGifhta&;Oya'oufa&mufr_wdk@wGif qlñuHedrfhjrifhr&Sd yuwd wlnDap&rnfh tjyif w&m;Oya'ESiahf omfvnf;aumif;/ trsm;jynfow l @kd apmifph nf;tyfaom tusio hf u d mQ ESiahf omf vnf;aumif;/ rqef@usio f r# vGwv f yfpmG =uHpnfyikd cf iG /hf xkwaf zmfajymqdyk ikd cf iG /hf ,k=H unfyikd cf iG /hf bmom w&m; udk;uG,fydkifcGifh/ 0wfðyydkifcGifh/ y&da,oe &SmrSD;ydkifcGifh/ pnf;¶kH;ydkifcGifh/ ðyr_aqmif&GufydkifcGifhwdk@&&Sd wnfjrJap&eftwGuf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'wGif tckdiftvkHowfrSwfxm;&Sdap&rnf? 'guawmh usaemfwdk@ jynfol@vGwfvyfa&;yg&rnfqdkwJht"dy`g,fygyJ? 'DtxJrSm tusOf; ¶kH;+yD; vGwfvyfpGm=uHpnfydkifcGifh/ xkwfazmfajymqkdydkifcGifh/ ,kH=unfydkifcGifh/ bmomw&m;udk;uG,fydkifcGifh/ 0wfðyydkifcGifh/ y&da,oe&SmrSD;ydkifcGifh/ pnf;¶kH;ydkifcGifh/ ðyr_aqmif&GufydkifcGifhvdk@ qdkxm;ygw,f? aemuf usaemfw@dk zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'a&;qGw J t hJ cgusv#if onfx h ufy+kd yD;awmh ususeeESihf &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; usaemfwkd@a&;&ygvdrfhr,f? 'DawmhrS tusOf;r#ESifh b,fvkdtcGifhta&;rsdK;awGESifh vlwdkif; vlwdkif;&SdxdkufwJhtcGifhta&;rsKd;awGvnf; ay;xm;&r,fqdk+yD;awmh !Gef=um;jcif;r#jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dvdk !Gef=um;wJhae&mrSm 'DvkdvGwfvyfr_awGudk ay;wJhae&mrSm (Subject to law & Public morality) w&m;Oya'ESifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ trsm;jynfolwdk@. apmifhpnf;tyfaomtusifh oduQmESifhaomfvnf;aumif; rqef@usifor#/ usaemfwdk@ aemufusvdk@&Sd&if wdkif;jynfuvlawGu wif ajr‡mufvu kd w f hJ v$waf wmfw@kd / tJ'h v D w $ af wmfuvkyx f m;wJh Oya'/ aemuf+yD;awmh Oya'rvkyaf yrnfh usaemfwdk@vl@xkH;pHrSm rvkyftyfwhJoabmw&m;awG &Sdao;w,f? trsm;jynfolwdk@ apmifhpnf;tyf aom tusio hf u d mQ ESiahf omfvnf;aumif;/ rqef@usio f r#/ Oyrmqdv k @kd &&dS if vGwv f yfa&;&+yDq+kd yD;awmh vGwfvyfpGmðyr_aqmif&GufydkifcGifh&Sdw,fqdk+yD;awmh vlwa,mufuae+yD; udk,fwkH;vkH;ESifh vrf;rrSm ola&Smuf+yD;awmh ajy;csifwkdif;ajy;vkd@ rjzpfEdkifbl;qdkwm[m trsm;jynfolwdk@ apmifhpnf;tyfaom tusifhoduQmESifhqef@usifaew,f? trSeu f awmh 'Dvo dk wfrw S x f m;wmr&Sb d ;l qd&k if/ ðyr_aqmif&u G yf ikd cf iG t hf wdik ;f qdv k #if usaemf wkd@ =unfhae&r,f? bmjzpfvkd@vq J dkv#if/ b,folrSvnf; oGm;rxdcdkufbl;/ ol@[mol vGwfvGwfvyf vyfESifh ðyr_aqmif&GufydkifcGifhtwkdif; vkyfwmjzpfaew,f? 'Dvdk[mrsKd;rSm tJ'Dvkdw&m;vGefvmwJh udpP rsK;d awGusawmh trsm;jynfow l @kd apmifph nf;tyfaom tusio hf u d mQ ESiq hf ef@usiv f #if usaemfw@dk pOf;pm; =unfh&r,f? tJ'gqef@usifw,fvkd@&Sd&if 'Dvkdae&mrsKd;rSm vGwfvyfr_qdkwkdif; wu,fvGwfvyfr_ rac: yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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Ekdifbl;? vGwfvyfr_[m trSefpifppfpnf;urf;&SdrS vGwfvyfr_jzpfEdkifw,fvdk@ usaemf,lqw,f? tJ'Dvdk pnf;urf;owfrSwf+yD;awmh vlwdkif;vlwdkif;vGwfvyfr_awGudk owfrSwfay;ygqdk+yD; awmh 'Dtqdrk mS !Ge=f um;xm;jcif;jzpfygw,f? tJ'v D +dk yD;wJah emuf trSwf (5) zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccH Oya'rSm vlenf;pktzd@k vkaH vmufaomumuG,jf cif;rsm; xnfo h iG ;f jyXmef;xm;&Sad p&r,f? tJonfrmS vnf; usaemfwkd@ vlrsKd;a&;twGuf vlenf;pkqdkwm&Sdygao;w,f? 'Dawmh olwkd@wawGtwGufvnf; vkHavmufwhu J muG,fcsufrsm; xnfhoGif;jyXmef;xm;zdk@ vdkygw,f? b,fvdk xnfh&ifawmh vkHavmuf r,f/ b,fvx dk nf&h ifawmh rvkaH vmufb;l qkw d u hJ pd t P &yf&yfukd usaemfw@kd aemufaumfrwDawGz@JG pnf; +yD; aqG;aEG;wJhtcgusawmh tao;pdwfaqG;aEG;zdk@jzpfygw,f? 'DrSmawmh rltm;jzifh usaemfwkd@vlenf; pktwGufvnf;pOf;pm;+yD;awmh vlenf;pkumuG,fzdk@tcsufawGvnf; xnhf+yD;pOf;pm;chJygvdk@ rSmcJhwJh oabmygb?J trSefuawmh 'Dtqdk[m aemufzGJ@pnf;r,fhaumfrwDawGudk rSmcJhwhJpum;om jzpfyg w,f? bmawG bmawG vkyfvmcJhygqdkwhJoabmawGygb?J eHygwf (6) uawmh “vGwfvyfaomtcsKyftjcmt%mydkif orRwjrefrmEdkifiHawmf. e,fajrwdk@ waygif;wpnf;wnf; wnfwHhcdkifjrJa&;udkvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHawmf. =unf;/ a&/ avwkd@udk tcsKyftjcmpdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfydkifcGifhudkvnf;aumif;/ w&m;"rRESifhwuG jynfaxmifcsif;csif;Oya't& xdef; apmifh xm;&Sdap&rnf?” xdk@jyif 'guawmh vdkawmhvkdw,f? odk@aomfvnf; usaemf yk*~dKvfoabm ajym&rnfqdkv#if wrsKd;uawmh }uD;}uD;us,fus,f a&;wmwrsKd;ygb?J trSefuawmh Oya'wwfwhJ OD;csefxGef;wdk@vdk yk*~dKvfawGu }uD;us,fonfxuf }uD;us,fatmif/ crf;em;onfxuf crf;em;atmif xnfhxm;wmyg? 'gawGuawmh odyf&Sif;aep&mrvdkygbl;? =unf;/ a&/ avonf txJrSmygwhJ tcGifh ta&;awG ydkifqdkif&r,f? aemuf+yD;awmh (Acccording to justice international law) jynfaxmif tcsif;csif;Oya't& w&m;"rRESifhwuG xdef;apmifhxm;&Sd&r,f? usaemfwdk@ wkdif;jynfwnfae=uwm udk cef@cef@nm;nm; wkdif;jynfwnfaxmif&rSmudk;? tJ'Dawmh usaemfwdk@[m =unf;/ a&/ avwkd@udk tcsKyftjcm pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfydkifcGifhudkvnf;aumif;/ w&m;"rRESifhwuG jynfaxmiftcsif;csif; Oya't& xdef;apmifhxm;&Sd&rnf? wrdsK;uawmh Oya'a&;wJhtcgrSm wcrf;wem;a&;&r,fh tcsuftvufawG ygyJ? ta&;vnf;=uD;ygw,f? crf;crf;em;em;vnf; a&;zdk@vkdygw,f? eHygwf (7) u “&mZ0ifwGifxif&Sm;cJhaom jrefrmEdkifiHawmfonf urBmwGif rdrd.*k%fusuf oa&ESifhavsmfnDpGm &oifh&xdkufaomtqifhtwef;odk@ a&muf&Sdap&rnfhtjyif/ vlowW0gwdk@. wkd; wufa&;ESifhaumif;usKd;csrf;omjynfh0a&;wkd@ukd wm0eftavsmufapwemjzifh tpGr;fukefjznfhpGuf xrf;&Gufum/ jynfaxmifcsif;csif;qdkif&m w&m;"rRESifhusifh0wfoduQmudk tajccHðyI urBmh+idr;fcsrf; a&;&S@¶_@vsuf EdkifiHwumwdk@ESifhrdwf0wfrysufbJ wGJbufyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_udk cdkif+rJaomt"dXmef wkd@jzifhxdef;awmhthH?” 'guawmh O'gef;usL;&ifhwhJoabmrsKd;ygb?J igwdk@EdkifiHawmf}uD;[m urBm}uD;&JŒtv,frSm vlowW0gwkd@.aumif;usKd;csrf;omwkd@udk vkyfzdk@a&m/ urBmhjidrf;csrf;a&;wkd@udkwnfaxmif+yD; tjrJwrf; apmifx h ed ;f rnfqw kd [ hJ mbJ? 'guawmh Edik if w H umwdik ;f / Edik if o H m;wdik ;f }uD;}uD;us,u f s,af jymwJph um; awGbJ? wu,fvkyfovm;qkdawmh odyfrvkyf=uygbl;? 'guawmh usaemfwdk@ vltrsm;=unfhaumif;atmif/ urBmu=unfhaumif;atmif xnfh& ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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rnf? zwfvu kd &f vk@d &&dS if yg;pyfxrJ mS jynfo h mG ;atmifvyk x f m;wmyg? awmuvlawGzwf&ifawmh bmrS em;vnfrSmr[kwfbl;? ta&;}uD;wmuawmh eHygwf 1-2-3-4-5? usaemfwdk@eHygwf 1 rS 5 txd/ usaemfjrifoavmuf (The most practical points) wmu wu,fhtokH;t0ifqkH; tcsuftvufawG jzpfaew,f? 'DtokH;0ifwhJtcsuftvufawG[m tqdkxrJ Smygw,f? 6 ESifh 7 uawmh trSefpifppf pum;awG=unfhaumif;atmif cef@cef@nm;nm; okH;xm;jcif;yJvkd@ wenf;qdkEdkifygw,f? 'Dawmh usaemfw@kd 'Dwidk ;f jynfðyv$waf wmfuae+yD;/ ArmEdik if zH @JG pnf; tkycf sKyf ykt H ajccHOya' a&;qJGzdk@ tzGJ@toD;oD;cef@xm;wJhae&mrSm 'Dtwdkif;pOf;pm;+yD; 'DtcsufawGudkpOf;pm;+yD; cifAsm;wkd@ t=uH^m%fawG,lvmcJhygvkd@ rSmvdkufzdk@twGuf 'Dtqdkudk oGif;&jcif;jzpfygw,f? 'Dtqdkudk pOf;pm; vdkufr,fqdk&if tajccHtcsufawGygayr,fh 'DtajccHtcsufawGudk jynfhjynfhpkHpkHxnfhwm&Sdw,f? yXr 1 tcsurf mS qd&k if vGwv f yfonft h cg tm%mydik o f rRwEdik if v H yk &f r,f? tcsKyftjcmydik o f rRw Edik if jH zpf &r,f? aemuf+yD;awmh ArmEdkifiHudk jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfac:zdk@ tJ'Drlwckygw,f? rltm;vkH; av;ck ygw,f? vGwv f yfwEhJ ikd if jH zpf&r,f (Independence)? tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif&r,f (Soverignty)? aemuf+yD;awmh orRwEdik if jH zpf&r,f (Republic)? tJ'gaemuf+yD;awmhrw S cg jynfaxmifpEk ikd if jH zpf&r,f? tJ'v D dk rlav;ck&ydS gw,f? tJ'rD al v;ckukd tyd'k f (1) xJrmS tukev f ;Hk oGi;f xm;w,f? oGi;f xm;awmhum usaewdk@EdkifiHawmfzG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'a&;qGw J hJtcg 'Drlav;ckudk tajccHxm;+yD; a&;qGyJ g vk@d rSmjcif;jzpfygw,f? tJ'rD al v;ckEiS hf usaemfw@dk vw G v f yfwEhJ ikd if t H jzpf a=ujimr,fqw dk m 'Dwikd ;f jynfðy v$waf wmfuae+yD;oabmusw,f/ auseyfw,f/ rauseyfb;l pOf;pm;zd@k tcsKyftjcmtm%mydik f jynfh pk&H r,fqw dk m oabmusw,f/ rusb;l qk;H jzwfz@kd / aemuf+yD; orRwEdik if t H jzpf zG@J pnf;zd@k qw kd m oabm usw,f/ rusbl;qkH;jzwfzdk@/ aemuf+yD; jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfzG@J pnf;zdk@qdkwm[mvnf; zJG@pnf;xdkuf rzGJ@pnf;xdkufqdkwm aqG;aEG;zdk@ygbJ? tJ'g+yD;rS 'kwd,tcsufu 'DjynfaxmifpkEdkifiHxJrSm b,fe,f awG b,fe,fawGygvkd@ b,fvkdtm%m&&Sdrnfqdkwm cifAsm;wkd@vm+yD;wifjyygvdk@ rSmvdkufjcif;jzpfyg w,f? 'DtcsufrSm awmfawmfyJ t&Sifvkyfxm;w,f? bmjzpfvkd@vq J dkv#if 'DtcsufxrJ S bmrSwdwd ususrl&,fvkd@r&Sdygbl;? rlubmvJq&kd if ud, k yf ikd t f m%may;&rnfqw dk hJ rlygb?J b,fvakd y;/ b,favmufay;qdw k m bmrSrygygbl;? cifAsm;wkd@ pOf;pm;+yD;vmcJh=uygqdkwJhoabmrsKd;eJ@ t&Sifvkyf+yD;xm;ygw,f? b,fjynf e,fawG ygoifhw,fqkdwmvJ t&Sifvkyf+yD;xm;ygw,f? usaemfwkd@ rlv zqyvnDvmcHrSmwifwhJ tqdkrSmawmh azmfjyxnfhxm;ygw,f? tJ'g usaemfw@kd trSww f rJx h nfx h m;rdwmygb?J aemufjyefpOf;pm;=unfah wmhrS jynfaxmif pkEdkifiHxu J 'De,fawG0ifoGm;+yD;om;jzpfoGm;rvm;qkd+yD; pOf;pm;rdwmESifh ðzwfypfchJ+yD; tckvkd omrn qkdxm;jcif; jzpfygw,f? (3) uawmh “tcsKyftjcmtm%mydik f vGwv f yfaom orRwjrefrmEdik if aH wmfEiS w hf uG tyg t0ifjzpf onfhjynfe,frsm;ESifh tpdk;&tzG@J tpnf;tm;vkH;wkd@. tcGifhtm%m[lor#wkd@onf wkdif;ol jynfom;wkd@xrJ Sm oufqif;ap&rnf”onfrSmawmh rlu wkdif;oljynfom;rsm;[m tcsKyftjcmtm %mydkifwhJvlawGyq J dkwhJrludk xnfhxm;jcif;jzpfygw,f? 'Dr_t&/ usaemfwdk@EdkifiH tzG@J tpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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tajccHOya'a&;qGw J t hJ cg/ 'Dro l abmrsK;d eJ@ t=uH^m%fawG a&;qGv J mcJyh gq+kd yD; rSmxm;jcif;jzpfygw,f? aemuftcsuf (4) u “jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmf. wkdif;oljynfom;rSefor#onf vlr_a&;Y vnf;aumif;/ pD;yGm;a&;Yvnf;aumif;/ Edik if aH &;Yvnf;aumif;/ w&m;r#wr_&adS pvsu/f tqift h wef; tcGifhta&;ESifh Oya'oufa&mufr_wdk@wGif qlñuHedrfhjrifh r&Sdap&/ yuwd wlnDap&rnfhtjyif w&m; Oya'ESiahf omfvnf;aumif;/ trsm;jynfow l @kd apmifph nf;tyfaom tusio hf u d mQ ESiahf omfvnf;aumif;/ rqef@usifor# vGwfvyfpGm=uHpnfydkifcGifh/ xkwfazmfajymqdkydkifcGifh/ ,kH=unfydkifcGifh/ bmomw&m;udk; uG,fydkifcGifh/ 0wfðyydkifcGifh/ y&da,oe &SmrSD;ydkifcGifh/ pnf;¶kH;ydkifcGifh/ ðyr_aqmif&GufydkifcGifhwkd@ &&SdwnfjrJap &eftwGuf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'wGif tcdkiftvkHowfrSwfxm;&Sdap&rnf?” 'guawmh usaemfwdk@ 'DtxJrSm rlawGuawmh vlr_a&;&mY w&m;r#wr_ &Sdapjcif;rl/ pD;yGm; a&;r#wapjcif;rl/ EdkifiHa&;w&m;r#wr_ &Sdapjcif;rl/ tqifhtwef;wGif qlñuHedrfhjrifhr&Sd/ yuwdwlnD ap&rnhftjyif w&m;Oya'ESifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ trsm;jynfolwdk@udk apmifhpnf;tyfaom tusifh oduQmESifhaomfvnf;aumif; rqef@usifor# jynfolwdk@&@J vGwfvyfcGifhrsm; &&Sdzdk@ rl (7) rlygw,f? tJ'Drl (7) rl&@J tajccHaabmw&m; (7) csufay:wGif tajccHðyygvdk@ 'DtrSwf (4) u qdkjcif; jzpfygw,f? trSwf (5) uawmh “TzG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'wGif vlenf;pkrsm;tzdk@ vkHavmuf aomumuG,fcsufrsm; xnfhoGif;jyXmef;xm;&Sdap&rnf” qdkwmuawmh ,ckwGifu tcsuf (2) &JŒ oabmrsKd;yJ omrnyJ qdkxm;vkdufwmbJ? vlenf;pkawGtwGufvnf; vkHvkHavmufavmufxnfh oGif;xm;yg? bmvkyfygqdkwm onftxJrSm usaemfwdk@rxnfhao;ygbl;? bmjzpfvkd@vq J dkv#if 'DudpP [m txl;wvnfyJ a&a&vnfvnf pOf;pm;aqG;aEG;&rnfhtcsufawGjzpfygw,f? 'gwif ruao;bl;?usaemfwdk@tzdk@rSm txl;&Sif;vif;apcsifwmuawmh 'DvlpkawGtay:rSm t&Sif;qkH; pdwfxm;ygw,f? rvdrfhwywfjzpfap/ ajc¶_yfvdk@jzpfap/ b,fvkdbJjzpfjzpf usaemfwkd@[m vufwvkH;=um;tm;jzifh vlenf;pktay:rSm rw&m;vkyfzdk@qdkwhJ &nf&G,fcsufapwem tvsif;r&SdESifh olwdk@ajymcsifwm olwkd@ajym+yD;awmhum/ vkHavmufwhJ umuG,fcsufawGudk [kwfw,f/ r[kwfbl;? w&m;ojzifhtcGifhta&;awG [kwfw,f/ r[kwfbl;? 'gawGudk pdppf+yD;wJhaemufrS usaemfwkd@ oabm wlvdk@jzpfap/ usaemfwkd@oabmrwlvkd@ jzpfap/ usaemfwdk@qkH;jzwfwhJtcgrSm 'Davmufy&J Edkifr,f/ 'Dh xufawmhyrkd &bl;ajymwJt h cgrmS 'Dvadk &a&vnfvnfaqG;aEG;rSomv#if oabmwlv@dk jzpfap/ oabm rwlvkd@jzpfap tJ'Dvkdvkyfzdk@ygb?J 'DrSm vlenf;pkawGtwGuf umuG,fcsufrsm;qkd+yD; yg¶kHavmufomyg w,f? woD;wjcm; azmfjyjcif;r&Sdygbl;? 'Dtwdkif;rSmoabmjzpfwhJ 'DtqdkudkwifoGif;wJhtcgrSm/ tckvkdjzpfaewJhArmjynfrSm vuf iif;tajctaeudk tenf;i,fokH;oyfzdk@vdkygw,f? tckvufiif;jzpfaewJh Armjynf&J@tajctaerSm qdkvkd@&Sdv#if/ tckzG@J pnf; pnf;a0;aewJh wkdif;jynfðyv$wfawmf}uD;[m tcsKyftjcmtm%mjynfpkHwhJ v$wfawmfvkd@ ,lqw,f? 'Dtwdkif;vnf; aqmif&Gufaew,f? 'Dvkdaqmif&GufaewJhtcgrSm 'Dwkdif;jynfðyv$wfawmf uae+yD;awmhum Armjynf&JŒvGwfvyfa&;udk qkH;jzwf+yD;wJhaemuf vGwfvyfwJhEdkifiHwnfaxmifzdk@ a&mufwt hJ cgusawmh/ wu,fv h ufawG@a&mufwt hJ cgusawmh tm%m[m 'Dwidk ;f jynfðyv$waf wmf vufxrJ Sm r&Sdao;bl;? bmjzpfvkd@r&Sdao;ovJqdk&if 'Dwkdif;jynfudktkyfcsKyfaewm bdvyfygvDrefu ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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tkyfcsKyfaeawmh bdvyfygvDrefuae+yD; 'Dwkdif;jynfay:rSm tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifwho J abmrsKd;tjzpf ESifh pkd;rkd;tkyfcsKyfjcif;cH&awmh/ bdvyfygvDrefu tkyfcsKyfaejcif; &yfpJypf&r,f? &yfpJ+yD;wJhaemufrS usaemfwkd@wdkif;jynf[m tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifEdkifiHawmftjzpf a&mufr,f? tckusaemfwkd@ (The status of the constituent assembly is that of a sovereign body) tqifhtwef;tm;jzifh/ 'D wdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmf[m tcsKyftjcmtm%mESifh jynfpkHwhJv$wfawmfvkd@ ,lqw,f? odk@aomfvnf; tm%myg0gusawmhr&Sdao;bl;? tcGifhta&;uawmh r&Sdao;bl;? Oyrm 'Dwkdif;jynfðyv$wfawmfrSm ajymqkdwhJpum;awG[m vGwfvGwfvyfvyf ajymqdkEdkifw,fvkd@ usaemf,lqw,f? ,lqxm;yif ,lqxm;jim;aomfvnf; (Legal sanction) ac:wJh Oya'tcGit hf a&;tm%m&Sd ovm;qkdawmh tJ'Dvdkawmhr&Sdbl;? tJ'Dtwdkif;bJ usaemfwkd@wifoGif;qkH;jzwfwJhudpPawGuvnf; qk;H jzwfawmhq;Hk jzwfEikd w f ,f? qk;H jzwfwahJ e&mrSm b,forl v S m+yd;awmh rwm;qD;Edik b f ;l ? raESmuf,u S f Edkifbl;? v$wfawmfxrJ Sm&SdaewJh trwfawGuvG&J if b,folrSrwm;qD;Edkifbl;? raESmuf,SufEdkifbl;? usaemfwkd@ udk,fydkifqkH;jzwfEdkifw,f? 'Dv$wfawmfrSmqdk&if usaemfwkd@OuUÏ}uD;[m &Sifbk&ify?J oltm %mt&Sq d ;Hk bJ? oluae+yD;awmh tpnf;ta0;vkyw f ahJ e&mawGrmS tqk;H tjzwfoabmrsK;d ESihf =unf¶h _ qkH;jzwfoGm;&r,f? ol@tqk;H tjzwfukd usaemfw@kd em;axmif&r,f? tJ'h aD wmhum v$waf wmftrwfrmS bmrqdk qkH;jzwfcsifwm qkH;jzwfEdkifw,f? qkH;jzwf+yD;wJhaemuf qkH;jzwfcsuftwdkif; 'Dtwdkif;jzpfatmif qdkwhJ udpPuawmh 'Dtcgusvdk@&Sdv#if bdvyfygvDrefu tJ'Dvkdvdkuf+yD;awmh cifAsm;wkd@wawG usKyfwkd@ tm %mvGyJ gw,fqkdwhJ oabmrsKd; b,fvkdenf;ESifhjzpfap/ b,fvkdOya'eJ@jzpfjzpf vkyf&vdrfhr,f? tJ'g uawmh ¶dk;¶dk;enf;twkdif;jzpfykHudk usaemfajymjywmyg? 'gu wa,mufESifhwa,muf/ wOD;ESifhwOD;/ wEdkifiHESifhwEdkifiH tus,ftus,f pum;rrsm;=uyJESifh rdwfaqGoabmtm;jzifh wOD;udkwOD; tm%m v$Jajymif;ay;rnfhtajctaersKd; jzpf&rnfhoabmrsKd;udk ajymqkdjcif;jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dawmh tJh'Dvkd tm%mvGJajymif;ay;wJhudpPrSm pum;rsm;+yD; tus,ftus,fawG jzpf vm=uv#if/ tm%mv$aJ jymif;r_ tcuftcJawGay:vmv#ifawmh 'Dhjyif wenf;wvrf; pOf;pm;wef pOf;pm;&vdrfhr,f? 'DvkdpOf;pm;wJhtcgrSm Oyrm wkdif;jynfðyv$wfawmfuae+yD;awmh usKyfwkd@[m tcsKyftjcm tm%mydkifwhJ tzG@J tpnf;jzpfwhJtwGuf usKyfwkd@yJ 'Dtm%mawGudk,l&r,fqdk+yD; twif;,lwhJenf; vrf;&Sdygw,f? odk@aomfvnf; ,ck tqdkwifoGif;aewJhudpPuawmh 'Dvdktwif;,lzdk@udpPudk usaemf rwdkufwGef;ao;bl;? bma=umifh rwdkufwGef;ao;bl;vJqkd&if wkdif;jynfwjynfvkH;r,fjzpfaewJh tajc taeawGudkaxmuf+yD;awmh t=unftomtm;jzifh rdwfaqGoabmESifh tm%mv$aJ jymif;,loGm;Edkif zdk@ usaemfwdk@tenf;i,fapmifhqdkif;+yD;awmh 'Dtwdkif; t=unftom tm%majymif;r_ &atmifvkyf &r,fqkdwJhoabmrsKd;ESifh usaemf 'DtqdkudkwifoGif;jcif;jzpfygw,f? tu,fIom 'Dvkd =unf=unfomom rdwfaqGoabmrsdK;ESifh tm%mv$aJ jymif;r_udk rvkd vm;bl;qkd&if/ tckvdk wkdif;jynfðyv$wfawmf}uD;rSm yXrqkH; tqdkoGif;uwnf;u usaemfwkd@ wrsKd; oGif;vmcJhrSmbJ? b,fvkdoGif;rvJqkd&if 'DtzG@J }uD;u ,m,DtrsKd;om;tpdk;& ponftm;jzifh zJG@pnf; r,f? 'gawGukd usaemfwkd@ zG@J pnf;r,f? twif;vkyfp&mvkd&if twif;vkyfr,f? yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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usaemfwkd@uawmh tm;vkH;udkpOfpm;+yD;om;yJ? b,folu b,fol@ukd ajr‡mufay; ajr‡‡muf ay;? usaemfwkd@tzdk@rSmawmh usaemfwkd@oGm;&r,fhvrf;udk rSefrSef}uD;oGm;r,f? ¶_yfvdk@vnf; ydk&rSm r[kwfbl;? ajcmufvdk@vnf; ydk&rSmr[kwfbl;? b,fvkdvkyfoGm;r,fqdkwhJ vrf;pOftwkdif; rSefrSef}uD; oGm;r,f? aemufqkH;wae@rSm usaemfwkd@&JŒpdwfapwemt&if;ESifh vkyfudkifoGm;wmudk ¶_yfcsif=uwJh vlawG&Sd&if oabmtwdkif; ¶_yfEdkif=uw,f? usaemfwdk@uawmh usaemfwdk@oabmt& jyXmef;xm;wJhtwkdif;oGm;rSmy? tJ'Dvkd oGm; wJt h cgrmS vnf; b,fvt dk cuftcJawGEiS ahf wG@ae tcuftcJukd ausmef if;jyD;oGm;r,f? ajcmuf&ifvnf; usaemfwkd@ ra=umufbl;? ajr‡muf&ifvnf; rajrmufbl;? acsmh&ifvnf; raysmhbl;? vrf;rSeftwdkif; rSefrSefoGm;r,f? usaemfwkd@vkdvm;wJhyef;wkdifxdatmif usaemfwkd@oGm;r,f? usaemfwdk@ tJ'DvkdoGm;wJhtcgrSm usaemfwkd@twGufuawmh pOf;pm;+yD;om;/ qkH;jzwf+yD; om;&Sdvkd@ a&S@udk b,fvkdtcuftcJawGawG@OD;r,f/ b,fvkdjzpfr,fqdkwmtm;vkH; usaemfwkd@pOf;pm; +yD;om;jzpfw,f?/ od@k aomfvnf; usaemfw@kd awmifwef;a'obufu rdwaf qGawG/ &Sr;f tp&So d nfjh yif tm;vkH;udkajymcsifwmu rdwfaqGoabmomru usaemfwdk@ESifh aoG;csif;om;csif;qdk&ifvnf; rSefyg w,f? bmðyvkd@vq J dkawmh a&S;uwnf;u &mZ0ift& rGef*dkvD,HtquftEG,fuqif;vmwJh vlrsKd; rsm;jzpfygw,f? tJ'DaoG;om;csif;wlae=uwJhvlawGESifh aoG;csif;om;csif;rwlwhJvlawGrSm b,folu ae+yD;awmh b,fol@tay:rSm apwemydkrnfqdkwmudk aoaocsmcsmpOf;pm;zdk@vkdw,f? aemuf+yD; wcsufu usaemfwkd@uae+yD;awmh tckaqmif&GufaewJhudpPawG[m cifAsm;wkd@awmifwef;e,fu vlawGtwGuf aumif;usKd;twGufygvm;qkdwmudk pOf;pm;zdk@vkdygw,f? vGefchJwhJav;ig;vwkef;u bmr#tajctaera&&mwJh awmifwef;a'oqdkwhJ e,fawGudk tajctaeawG a&a&&m&mjzpfatmif usaemfwdk@ 0ifa&mufulnDaqmif&Gufay;cJhw,f? onfvkdvkyf vmcJhwmawG[m usaemfwkd@ apwemESifhvkyfwmyJ? apwemESifhvkyfwmvm;/ a0'emESifhvkyfwmvm; pOf;pm;zd@k vw dk ,f? tarSmifxu J ae+yD; tvif;a&mifxaJ &mufatmif aqmif&u G v f mwJ[ h mudk tvif; a&mifu tarSmifxjJ yefa&mufatmif jyefomG ;csiw f ,fv@dk q&kd if usaemfw@dk rmS wm;ydik cf iG rhf &Sb d ;l ? usaemf jrifwhJtwdkif;ajym&v#if usaemfwkd@u aqG}uD;rsKd;}uD; aoG;csif;om;csif; 0wW&m;&Sdovkd aqmif&Guf wefoavmuf aqmif&GufcJhw,f? tvif;a&mifu tarSmifxJjyefoGm;csifw,fqkd&if usaemfwkd@ rwwfEdkifawmhbl;? tJ'Dawmh usaemfwkd@tzdk@rSmawmh b,ftxdapwem&Sdw,fqkdwm usaemfwkd@. tajccHOya'a&;qGJxm;wJhaemufrSmvnf; pdwful;xm;wmawG tajrmuftrsm;&Sdygao;w,f? tJ'DzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'qdkwm[mvnf; trSefpifppftm;jzifh vlawG&J@apwem/ vlawG&J@&nf&G,fcsuf/ vlawG&J@vkdvm;csuftm;vkH;udk b,fenf;ESifhrS ukefpifatmifrxnfhEdkifbl;? b,fOya'rSmrS jynfhjynfhpkHpkH&SdwJhOya'rsKd; r&SdEdkifbl;? (No constitution in the world is perfect) urBmw0Sr;f vk;H rSm&Sw d hJ b,fz@JG pnf;tkycf sKyfyOHk ya'xJrmS rS jynfjh ynhpf pHk &Hk w dS OhJ ya'&,fv@dk r&Sb d ;l ? trSm; t,Gif;r&SdwhJOya'&,fvkd@ vkH;0r&Sdao;bl;? tJ'Dawmhum zG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHOya'xJrSm vkdor#tcsuf awGudk tukefvkH;usaemfwdk@rxnfhEdkifbl;? wcsKd@[mawGudkxnfhEdkifayr,fh wcsKd@[mawGudk rxnfhEdkif bJ&Sdw,f? zG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHOya'vkyfwhJae&mrSmvnf; (The letter of the constitution and the spirit yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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of the constitution) (2) rsK;d &Sw d ,f? Oya'rSmpmvk;H awGukd vdu k jf yD;awmh uyfo;D uyfoyf 0denf;vGew f hJ

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0denf;vGef&kHavmuf t"dyg,faumufwhJ enf;uwrsKd;/ tJ'DOya'udkvkyfvkdufwhJtcgwkef;u (Spirit of the constitution) usaemfw@kd rm S &Sw d phJ w d x f m;twdik ;f vkyv f mwJh zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyOHk ya'udk bufvu kd f wJhtcgrSm 'g[mvlrsKd;tcsif;csif; cdkifcdkifvkHvkH nDnD!GwfnGwf!GwfESifh aygif;oif;oGm;+yD;awmhum tvkyfvkyfzdk@ zG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccH Oya'ygvm;vkd@to J nfvkd (Spirtit) pdwfoabmxm;rsKd; ay:vm atmifa&;qGJwJh Oya'rsKd;qdkvdk@&Sdv#if 'DOya'rsKd;t&/ tJ'DOya'pdwf"mwft& (Spirit of the constiution) usaemfw@dk onf pdw" f mwftwkid ;f aemuftvkyv f yk o f mG ;wJt h cgusawmh (Extra constiutional understanding and convention) 'DOya'tay:rSm wa,mufESifhwa,muf em;vnf+yD; ,kH ,kH=unf=unf vkyfwhJvkyfief;awG/ aemuf+yD; xkH;wrf;pOfvm tajrmuftrsm;awGvkyf&rnf? 'Dtcg usvdk@&Sd&ifvnf; usaemfwkd@apwemudk awG@&ygvdrfhr,f? odk@aomfvnf; tckxd usaemfwdk@jyvmwJh apwemawGudkom odapcsifw,f? 'Dawmhum usaemfwkd@uawmh aoG;csif;om;csif;jzpfonfESifh 'Dvkd apwemjycJhw,f? 'DvdkjycJhwhaJ e&mrSmvnf; usaemfwkd@tarSmifu tvif;a&mifa&muf? 'Dhxufa&mufatmif apwem r&Sdygbl;? odk@aomfvnf; tvif;a&mifuae+yD;awmh tarSmifudkoGm;csifvkd@ &nf&G,faewJh vlawGvnf; &Sdygw,f? wae@u pmwapmifzwfvkduf&ygw,f? e,fwe,fu t*Fvdyfvufatmufuae+yD; vGwf vyfwhJ ArmEdik if aH wmfxrJ mS raecsib f ;l qkw d ?hJ tJ'v D t dk pD&ifcpH mrsK;d usaemfw@kd awG@&w,f? awG@&awmh um 'Dvt dk *Fvyd v f ufatmuf aecsi=f uw,fq&kd ifvnf; oabmbJ? tvif;a&mifuae+yD; tarSmifxJ oGm;csif=uwJh vlawG&Sd&ifvnf; oabmbJ? usaemfwdk@uawmh rwm;qD;ygbl;? usaemfwdk@awmh t*F vdyfvufatmufrSmvnf; raecsifbl;? b,fvlrsKd;/ b,fEdkifiHjcm;vlrsKd; vufatmufrSmrSraecsifbl;? usaemfwdk@ vGwfvGwfvyfvyfaecsifw,f? usaemfwkd@ twdtvif;a=unmvkdygw,f? tJh'Dawmh tJ'Dvkd vGwfvyfwJhEdkifiHtjzpfeJ@ usaemfw@dk aeEdik af tmifq+kd yD;awmh 'Dtqdu k kd wifoiG ;f wJt h cgrmS tvif;a&mifxrJ mS aecsi=f uwJv h al wG [m usaemfwdk@tqdkudk axmufcHygw,f? tvif;a&mifuae+yD; tarSmifxu J dkoGm;csifwhJvlawGawmh oabmtwkdif;ygbq J kdwm 'Dtqdkudk wifoGif;&if; usaemfajymcJhygw,f?

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(i) zG‹Jpnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya' a&;qG&J ef wdik ;f ðyjynfðyv$waf wmfu jynfaxmifpEk ikd if H Oya' ðyudpP tykdif; (6)ydkif; ðypkxm;jcif;? wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmfu =o*kwfv (9) &ufae@wGif zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya' a&;qGJ&ef jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHOya'ðyudpPpm&if;udk (6) ydkif;ðypkxm;a=umif; atmufygtwdkif; awG@&Sd &onf?

wdik ;f jynfðyv$waf wmf =o*kwfv (9) &uf THIRD SCHEDULE List I 1. Defence (1) The raising, training, maintenance and control of Militia, Naval, Military and Air Forces and employment thereof for the defence of the Union and the execution of the laws of the Union and the States. (2) Defence Industries. (3) Naval, Military and Air Forces Works. (4) Local self-government in cantonment areas, the constitution and powers within such areas of cantonment authorities, the regulation of house accommodation in such areas and the delimitation of such areas. (5) Arms, fire-arms, ammunition and explosives. (6) Atomic energy, and mineral resources essential to its production. (7) War and peace. 2. External Affairs: (1) Diplomatic, consular and trade representation. (2) United Nations Organization. (3) Participation in international conferences, associations and other bodies and implementing of decisions made thereat. (4) The entering into and implementing of treaties and agreements with other countries. (5) Regulation of Trade and Commerce. (6) Foreign Loans. (7) Naturalization and aliens. (8) Extradition. (9) Passports and visas. (10) Foreign jurisdiction.

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(11) Admiralty jurisdiction. (12) Piracies, offences committed on high seas and offences committed in the air against the law of nations. (13) Admission into the emigration and expulsion from the Union. (14) Fishing and fisheries beyond territorial waters. (15) Import and export across customs frontiers as defined by the Union Government. 3. Communications: (1) Port and inter-State quarantine. (2) Airways. (3) Highways and waterways declared by the Union to be Union highways and waterways. (4) Shipping and navigation on inland waterways, declared by the Union to be Union waterways, as regards mechanically-propelled vessels, and the rule of the road on such waterways: carriage of passengers, and goods on such waterways. (5) Railway. (6) Maritime shipping and navigation, including shipping and navigation on tidal waters. (7) Major ports, that is to say, the declaration and delimitation of such ports, and the constitution and powers of port authorities therein. (8) Aircraft and air navigation; the provision of aerodromes regulation and organization and air traffic and of aerodromes. (9) Carriage of passengers and goods by sea or by air. (10) Lighthouses, including lightships, beacons and other provision for the safety of shipping and aircraft. (11) Posts and telegraphs, Union telephones, wireless, broadcasting and other like forms of communication; the regulation and control of all other telephones, wireless, broadcasting and other forms of communication. 4. General: (1) Reserve Bank; banking, incorporation of banks, and the issue of paper money. (2) Currency, coinage and legal tender. (3) Survey of the Union, the Geological, Botanical and Zoological Surveys/ Union Meteorological Organizations and services. (4) Enquiries, surveys and statistics for the purposes of the Union. (5) Acquisition of property for the purpose of the Union. (6) Union agencies and institutes for the following purposes, that is to say, for research, for

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professional or technical training, or for the promotion of special studies.

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(7) Census. (8) Union Services. (9) Industrial disputes concerning Union employees. (10) Public debt of the Union. (11) All subjects in respect of Union areas. (12) Powers to deal with grave economic emergencies in any part of the Union affecting the Union. (13) Insurance. (14) Company Laws. (15) Cheques, Bills of Exchange, Promissory Notes and other like instruments. (16) Copyright; Inventions; Patents; Trade marks and Merchandise marks; Trade designs. (17) Planning. (18) Ancient and Historical monuments; Archaeological sites and remains. (19) Standard Weights and Measures. (20) Opium, so far as regards cultivation and manufacture, or sale for export. (21) Petroleum and other liquids and substances declared by the Federal Law to be dangerously inflammable, so far as regards possession, storage and transport. (22) Developments of industries, where development under Union control is declared by Union Law to be expedient in the public interests. (23) Regulation of labour and safety in Mines and Oilfields. (24) Regulation of Forests, Mines and Oilfields and Mineral development to the extent to which such regulation and development under Union control is declared by Union law to be expedient in the public interests. (25) Certificate, licence or any form of authorization for disposal, exploitation, development or utilization of forests, mines and petroleum after consultation with the State concerned. (26) Migration within the Union. (27) Jurisdiction and Powers of all Courts except State Courts. (28) Offences against laws with respect to any of the matters in this list.

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wwd,Z,m; pm&if; (1) jynfaxmifpEk ikd if OH ya'ðyudppP m&if; 1? umuG,fa&;? (1) òrŒapmifhjynfapmifhwyf/ a&wyf/ ukef;wyfrsm;zG@J pnf;a&;/ avhusifha&;/ xdef;odrf;xm; &Sad &;ESihf }uD;=uyftyk cf sKyfa&;rsm;/ jynfaxmifpEk ikd if u H muG,&f efvnf;aumif;/ jynfaxmifpk EdkifiHESifhjynfe,frsm;. w&m;Oya'rsm;udk tm%mwnfap&efvnf;aumif;/ xdkwyfrsm;udk toHk;ðya&;? (2) umuG,fa&;qdkif&m pufr_vufr_vkyfief;rsm;? (3) a&wyf/ ukef;wyfESifh avwyfawmfrsm;qdkif&m tvkyfrsm;? (4) wyfòrŒe,fajrrsm;wGif a'oEW&ud, k yf ikd t f yk cf sKyfa&;/ xdak jre,frsm;twGi;f tdraf e&mxdik f cif;pnf;rsOf;owfrSwfay;a&;ESifh xdke,fajrrsm;. e,fedrdwfuef@owfa&;rsm;? (5) vufeufrsm;/ aoewftrsKd;rsKd;/ cJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm;ESifh aygufuGaJ pwwfonfh vuf eufrsm;? (6) tEkjrL"mwftm;ESifh "mwftm;jzpfxGef;ap&ef ta&;}uD;aom"mwfowWKrsm;? (7) ppfESifh ppfajy+idrf;a&;?

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2? EdkifiHjcm;a&;? (1) oHwrefqdkif&m/ aumifppf0efqdkif&m/ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;qdkif&m udk,fpm;vS,fcef@ xm;a&;? (2) urBmhukvor*~? (3) EdkifiHaygif;pHktpnf;ta0;rsm;/ toif;rsm;ESifhtjcm;tzG@J rsm;wGif yg0ifa&;ESifh xdktoif; tzGJ@tpnf;ta0;wdk@. qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk tusKd;oufa&mufapa&;? (4) tjcm;Edik if rH sm;ESihf pmcsKyfoabmwlncD surf sm; csKyfqakd &;ESihf tusK;d oufa&mufapa&;? (5) ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;rsm;udk pnf;rsOf;owfrSwfa&;? (6) EdkifiHjcm;rS aiGacs;,la&;? (7) wdkif;&if;om;tjzpfcH,la&;ESifhwdkif;wyg;om;rsm;? (8) &mZ0wfr_usK;vGefolrsm;tm; qdkif&mEdkifiHodk@ay;tyfa&;? (9) EdkifiHul;vufrSwfrsm;ESifh ADZmrsm;? (10) EdkifiHjcm; pD&ifydkifcGifhtm%m? (11) a&wyfXme pD&ifydkifcGifhtm%m? (12) Edik if aH wmfrS oH;k rdik u f mG yifv,fjyifwiG v f nf;aumif;/ aumif;uif,w H iG v f nf;aumif;/ tjynfjynfqdkif&m w&m;Oya'rsm;udkusK;vGefaom yifv,f"jrr_rsm;ESifh jypfr_rsm;? (13) jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHwGifodk@ 0ifcGifhðya&;/ EdkifiHawmfrS xGufcGifhðya&;ESifh jynfESif'%fay; ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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a&;rsm;? (14) Edik if aH wmfyikd f yifv,fe,ferd w d t f jyiftyY wHigEiS hf tif;vkyif ef;rsm;udk vkyaf qmifa&;? (15) jynfaxmifpktpdk;&u owfrSwfazmfjyxm;aomtaumufXme&Sd&m e,fpyfrsm;udk jzwfausmfI,laqmifaom 0ifukefESifhxGufukef? 3? vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;? (1) oabFmqdyu f rf;rsm;ESiw hf uG wEdik if EH iS w hf Edik if H ul;pufwwfaom a&m*gumuG,w f m; qD;a&;? (2) ava=umif;c&D;rsm;? (3) jynfaxmifpEk ikd if . H uke;f vrf;/ a&vrf;rsm;jzpfonf[k jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &u jyXmef;xm; aom ukef;vrf;/ a&vrf;rsm;? (4) jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &u jynfaxmifpak &vrf;rsm;jzpfonf[k jyXmef;xm;aom jynfwiG ;f a&vrf;rsm;wGi/f pufjzifch w k af rmif;onfh a&,mOfrsm;jzifh o,f,yl @kd aqmifc&D;oGm;vma&;/ xdak &vrf;rsm;qdik &f m oGm;vmr_enf;Oya'rsm;/ xdak &vrf;rsm;wGif c&D;onfrsm;ESiu hf ek pf nf rsm;o,faqmifa&;? (5) rD;&xm; paomoHvrf;,mOfrsm;? (6) 'Da& twuftus&o dS nfh a&vrf;rsm;wGi/f o,f,yl @kd aqmifa&;ESihf a&a=umif;c&D;oGm; vma&;vnf; yg0ifaom yifv,fjcm;o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;ESifh a&a=umif;c&D;oGm;vma&;? (7) qdyu f rf;}uD;rsm;/ qdv k &kd if;rSm xdq k yd u f rf;}uD;rsm; jyXmef;owfrw S af &;ESihf e,ferd w d o f wf rSwfa&;/ xdk@jyif qdyfurf;qdkif&mtm%mydkifrsm; zG@J pnf;a&;ESifh xdktm%mydkifwdk@. tm%m rsm;? (8) av,mOfysHrsm;ESifh ava=umif;c&D;oGm;vma&;/ av,mOfysHuGif;rsm; pDrHxm;&Sda&;/ ava=umif;c&D;oGm;vmr_ESifh av,mOfysHuGif;rsm;twGuf pnf;rsOf;jyXmef;a&;ESifh zG@J pnf; a&;rsm;? (9) yifv,fa&a=umif;jzifhjzpfap/ ava=umif;jzifhjzpfap/ c&D;onfrsm;ESifhukefpnfrsm; o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;? (10) avSoabFmESifh av,mOfysHrsm; oGm;vmr_vHkรฐcHa&;twGuf rD;jyoabFmrsm;/ rD;jy txdrf;trSwfrsm;ESifh tjcm;pDrHcsufrsm;vnf;yg0ifonfh rD;jywdkufrsm;? (11) pmydk@wdkufXmeESifh a=u;eef;Xme/ jynfaxmifpkEdkifiH pum;ajyma=u;eef;Xme/ 0dkif,m vuf/ toHv$ifhXmeESifh tjcm;tquftoG,fรฐya&;enf;vrf;rsm;/ xdk@jyif tjcm;pum; ajyma=u;eef;/ 0dik , f mvuf/ toHvi$ Xhf meESihf tjcm; tquftoG,รฐf ya&;enf;vrf;rsm;udk pnf;rsOf;owfrSwfa&;ESifh }uD;=uyftkyfcsKyfa&;rsm;? 4? t&yf&yfqdkif&m? (1) oD;oef@b%f/ b%fvkyfief;/ b%frsm; pkaygif;zG@J pnf;a&;ESifh aiGpuULxkwfa&;? yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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(2) aiGpuUL/ '*Fg;/ rl;yJoGef;cwfa&;ESifh w&m;0ifaiGpuUL/ aiG'*Fg;/ rl;yJ/ ponfrsm;? (3) blrad A'enf;/ ±kuaQ A'enf;/ wd&p>meaA'enf;wd@k jzifh jynfaxmifpEk ikd if u H kd ppfaq;wdik ;f xGm&ef/ jynfaxmifpkEdkifiH rdk;av0oXmezGJ@pnf;a&;rsm;ESifh Xmeqdkif&m0efxrf;rsm;? (4) jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHudpPrsm;twGuf pHkprf;a&;/ ppfaq;wdkif;xGma&;ESifh pm&if;tif;rsm; xm;&Sad &;? (5) jynfaxmifpkEkdifiHtwGuf ypPnf;&,la&;? (6) atmufygupd &P yfrsm;twGuf jynfaxmifpEk ikd if u H , kd pf m;vS,t f zG@J EiS hf toif;tyif;rsm;? qdv k &kd if;rSm okawoevkyif ef;rsm;/ toufarG;0rf;ausmif;twwfEiS hf vufrt _ wwfynm rsm; oif=um;a&;/ od@k r[kwf txl;ynm&yfrsm; avhvmoif=um;a&;udk tm;ay;cs;D jr‡i&hf ef? (7) oef;acgifpm&if;? (8) jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmf0efxrf;tzGJ@rsm;? (9) jynfaxmifpEk ikd if t H vkyo f rm;rsm;ESiyhf wfoufaom pufrv _ ufrv _ yk if ef;qdik &f m tjiif; jzpfyGm;jcif;rsm;? (10) jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHom;wdk@tay:Y wif&Sdonfhaºu;+rD? (11) jynfaxmifpke,fajra'orsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;aomudpPrsm;? (12) jynfaxmifpEk ikd if t H wGi;f rnfonfah 'owGirf qdk jynfaxmifpt k m;xdcu kd af prnfh qd;k 0g; onfh pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m ta&;w}uD;tajctaeESifhywfoufI ta&;w}uD; aqmif&GufcGifh tm%mrsm;? (13) tmrcHpHepf? (14) ukr`%D Oya'rsm;? (15) csufvufrSwfrsm;/ aiGv$JvufrSwfrsm;/ tmrcHaiGpuULrsm;ESifh tjcm;tvm; wl pmcsKyfrsm;? (16) rlydkif/ topfxGifjcif;/ rSwfyHkwifjcif;/ ukefoG,fa&;wHqdyfrsm;/ ukefwHqdyfrsm;/ ukefyHk o¿mefrsm;? (17) pDrHudef;a&;qGaJ &;? (18) a&S;a[mif;ESihf &mZ0iftxdr;f trSwrf sm;/ a&S;a[mif;ausmufpmwnf&m ae&mrsm;ESihf a&S;a[mif;tºuif;usefrsm;? (19) tav;wif;awmif;ponfwdk@udk pHðyjcif;? (20) bdef;pdkufysKd;a&;ESifh vkyfudkifa&;/ odk@r[kwf EdkifiHjcm;odk@ a&mif;&efwifydk@a&;? (21) jynfaxmifpkOya'u ab;tEW&m,fjzpfavmufatmif/ avmifu|rf;apwwfonf[k jyXmef;xm;aom a&eHESifhtjcm;t&nfrsm;/ tpdkiftcJrsm;udk ydkifqdkifa&;/ odkavSmifa&;ESifh o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;? (22) jynfaxmifpkOya'u jynfaxmifpktpdk;&. }uD;=uyftkyfcsKyfjcif;jzifh/ trsm;jynfol wdk@tusKd;iSm oifhavsmfonf[k jyXmef;xm;aom pufr_vufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk wdk;wuf atmifðyvkyfa&;? ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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(23) owWKwGi;f rsm;ESihf a&eHajrrsm;wGif tvkyo f rm;ESihf vHðk cHrq _ ikd &f m pnf;rsO;f owfrw S af &;? (24) jynfaxmifpkOya'u jynfaxmifpk. }uD;=uyftkyfcsKyfjcif;jzifhom trsm;jynfolwdk@ tusK;d iSm oifo h nf[k jyXmef;xm;onfOh ya'u cGiðhf yxm;oavmuf opfawm/ owWKwGi;f / a&eHwGif;ESifh "mwfowWKwdk;wufwl;azmfa&;rsm;twGuf pDrHcef@cGJa&;? (25) oufqikd &f mtpd;k &ESihf wdik yf ifaqG;aEG;+yD;aemuf/ opfawmrsm;/ owWKwGi;f rsm;ESihf a&eH rsm;udk xkcGJa&;? vkyfudkifoHk;pGJa&;/ wdk;wufatmifðyvkyfa&;/ odk@r[kwf toHk;csa&;rsm; twGuf vufrSwf/ vdkifpif/ odk@r[kwf cGifhðycsuf? (26) jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHtwGif;/ jynfe,fwe,frS jynfe,fwe,fodk@ oGm;vma&G@ajymif; a&;? (27) EdkifiHawmfw&m;±Hk;awmfrsm;rSwyg;/ ±Hk;tm;vHk;. pD&ifcGifhtm%mESifhtm%mrsm;? (28) Tpm&if;ygupd rP sm;ESiphf yfvsO;f onfh w&m;Oya'rsm;udk usK;vGeaf omjypfrr_ sm;?

list II State Legislative List 1. Constitutional Affairs: (1) The amendment from time to time of the constitution of the State ,subject to this Constitution. (2) Elections to the State legislature, subject to the provisions of this Act and of any other Act made thereunder. (3) State public Services and State Public Service Commissions. (4) State Public that is to say, pensions payable by the State or out of the State Revenues. (5) The salaries of the State Ministers, of the Speaker or Chairman of the State Legislature; allowances and privileges of the members of the State Legislature; and, to the extent as is expressly authorize by this Constitution or any Act made thereunder, the punishment of persons who refuse to give evidence or produce documents before Committees of the State Legislature. (2) Economic Affairs: (1) Agriculture : cattle pounds and the prevention of cattle trespass. (2) Fisheries within the State. (3) Land: land improvement and agricultural loans; Colonization; incumbent and attached estates . (4) Markets and Fairs.

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(5) Water, that is to say, water supplies, irrigation and canals, drainage and embankments, water storage. (3) Security: (1) Public order (but not including the use of naval, military of air forces in aid of a civil power). (2) Police, including Village Police. (3) The administration of justice; constitution and organization of all Courts subordinate to the High Court, and fees taken therein; preventive detention for reasons connected with the maintenance of public order ; persons subject to such detention. (4) Jurisdiction and powers of all Courts subordinate to the High Court, with respect to any of the matters enumerated in this list. (5) The imposition of punishment by fine, penalty or imprisonment for enforcing any law of the State made in relation to any matter coming within any of the classes of subjects enumerated in this list. (6) Prisons ; persons detained therein ; arrangements with other Units for the use of prisons and other institutions. (7) Offences against laws with respect to any of the matters enumerated in this list. (4) Communications: (1) Roads, bridges, ferries and other means of communication other than such as extend beyond the borders of the State. (2) Municipal tramways ; rope-ways. (3) Inland waterways and traffic thereon. (4) Local works and undertaking within the State other than railways, subject to the power of the Union Parliament to declare any work a national work and to provide for its construction by agreement with the State Legislature of otherwise. (5) Education : (1) Education other than University, higher technical and professional education for a period of ten years and thereafter until the Union Parliament otherwise provides. (2) All educational institutions controlled or financed by the State. (3) Libraries, museums and other similar institutions controlled or financed by the State.

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(4) Theatres, dramatic performances and cinemas, but not including the sanction of cin-

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ematographic films for exhibition. (6) Public Health : (1) Public Health and Sanitation. (2) The establishment, maintenance and management of hospitals, asylums and dispensaries. (3) Registration of births, deaths and marriages. (4) Burials and burial grounds. (7) Local Government : (1) Municipalities and other local authorities for the purpose of local self-government or village administration. (2) Charities and charitable institutions. (8) General : (1) Relief of the poor. (2) Enquirer and statistics for the purpose of any of the matters enumerated in this list. (3) Generally all matters, which in the opinion of the President of the Union, are of a merely local or private nature in the State.

pm&if; (2) jynfenfOya'ðyudppP m&if; 1? zGJ‹pnf;tkyfcsKyfykt H ajccHOya'qkid f&mudpPrsm; (1) TzG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya' ESifhrqef@usifapbJ/ jynfe,fzG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccH Oya'ukd tcgumvtm;avsmfpGmjyifqifjcif;? (2) TtufOya'ESihf TtufOya't& ðyxm;aom tjcm;tufOya'rsm;&Sd jyXmef;csuf rsm;ESifh rqef‹uspfapyJ/ jynfe,fOya'ðytzGJ‹okd‹ a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;? (3) jynfe,f0efxrf;&mxl;rsm;ESifh jynfe,f&mxl;cef‹xm;a&;tzGJ‹rsm;? (5) jynfe,ft+idr;f pm;&dumQ aiGrsm;? wenf;tm;jzifq h adk omf jynfe,fuay;&rnfjzpfaom/ okd‹r[kwf jynfe,ftcGefb¾mawmfrsm;rS ay;&rnfjzpfaom t+idrf;pm;&duQmaiGrsm;? (6) jynfe,f0ef}uD;rsm;.vpm/ jynfe,fOya'ðytzG‹J OuUÏ/ okd‹r[kwf obmywd. vpm aiGrsm;/ jynfe,fOya'ðytrwfrsm;. vpmaiGrsm;/ tjcm;p&dwf a=u;aiGrsm;ESihf tcGit hf a&; rsm;/ jynfe,fOya'ðytzGJ‹. aumfrDwDrsm;.a&S›arSmufwGif oufaocHjcif;/ pmcsKyfrsm; ukw d ifjyjcif;ukd jiif;qeforl sm;tm;/ TzG‹J pnf; tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'/ ok‹d r[kwf TtajccH yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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Oya't&ðyxm;aom tjcm;tufOya'w&yf&yfwGif twnfhtvif;tcGifhtm%may; xm;onftxd tjypf'%fay;jcif;? 2? pD;yGm;a&;udpPrsm; (1) v,f,mpku d yf sK;d a&;/ u|EJ mG ;wd&p>mefaxmifrsm;ESihf u|EJ mG ;wd&p>mef ausmef if;0ifa&mufr_ wm;qD;a&;? (2) jynfe,ftwGif;&Sd tif;tkdifrsm;? (3) ajr/ ajrwkd;wufaumif;rGefa&;ESifh/ v,f,mtrawmfa=u;rsm;/ e,fopfzGifhvSpfjcif;/ aºu;+rD taygif;tESHruif;I 0&rf;tuyfcH&aomajr,mypPnf; taqmufttkHrsm;? (4) aps;¶kHrsm;ESifh yGJaps;rsm;? (5) a&/ wenf;tm;jzifq h adk omf a&;ay;oGi;f jcif;/ qnf;ajrmif;rsm;/ wl;ajrmif;rsm;/ a&v$wf ajrmif;rsm;ESifh a&umwmrsm;/ a&avSmifuefrsm;? 3? vkðH cHa&;udpP (1) jynfol‹+idrf0yfydjym;a&;/ (okd‹aomf òrŒjytkyfcsKyfr_wGif ukef;wyf/ a&wyf/ avwyfukd tokH;ðyjcif;ryg)? (2) aus;&Gmykvdyftygt0ifjzpfaom ykvdyf? (3) w&m;Oya'pD&ifjcif;? [ku d u f w k ¶f ;Hk awmf. vufatmufc&H ;Hk rsm; wnfaxmifz‹JG pnf;jcif; ESifh xkd¶kH;rsm;u&&Sdaom ¶kH;cGefawmfaiGrsm;/ jynfol‹+idrf0yfydjym;a&;twGuf/ umuG,f aomoabmjzifh csKyfaESmifxm;jcif;/ xko d ‹dk csKyfaESmifjcif; cH&olrsm;? Tpm&if;wGif azmfjyxm; aom udpPwpkHw&mESifhywfoufI/ [kdufukwf¶kH;awmf vufatmufcH¶kH;rsm;. pD&ifykdifcGifh ESifhtm%mrsm;? Tpm&if;wGifazmfjyxm;aomudpPtrsKd;rsKd;wGif yg0ifonfhudpPwpHkw&mESifhywf oufI ðyvkyfxm;aomjynfe,f w&m;Oya't& aiG'%ftm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ axmifcsjcif;aomfvnf;aumif; tjypf'%fay;jcif;? tusO;f axmifrsm;/ xdt k usO;f axmifrsm;wGif tusO;f cHae&aomolrsm;/ tusO;f axmifrsm;ESifh tjcm;tvkyfXmersm;udktoHk;ðyEdkif&ef tjcm;jynfe,frsm;ESifhpDrHjcif;? Tpm&if;wGiaf zmfjyx;onfh udpw P pHw k &mESiyhf wfoufaom w&m;Oya'rsm;udk usL;vGefaomjypfr_rsm;?

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4? vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&; (1) jynfe,f.e,fedrdwftwGif;&Sdvrf;rsm;/ wHwm;rsm;/ ul;wdk@rsm;ESifh tjcm;qufoG,f a&;rsm;? (2) jrLeDpyg,f"mwf&xm;rsm;/ óu;vrf;,mOfrsm;? (3) jynfwGif; a&vrf;rsm;ESifh a&a=umif;oGm;vmr_rsm;? ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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(4) jynfe,fOya'ðytzG@J ESifhaomf‚if;/ tjcm;wenf;enf;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ aphpyf oabmwlnD+yD;v#if/ rnfonfhtvkyfudkrqdk EdkifiHawmfydkifjzpfonf[k a=unmEdkifI/ aqmufvkyfa&;twGuf aiGay;axmufEkdifaom jynfaxmifpkygvDref. tm%mESifhrqef@ usifv#if rD;&xm;rSwyg;/ jynfe,ftwGif;Y aqmif&Guftyfaomtvkyfrsm;udk vkyfudkif Edik jf cif;? 5? ynma&; (1) jynfaxmifpyk gvrD efu tjcm;wenf;enf;jzifh jyXmef;jcif;ðyrxm;v#i/f wuUov kd yf nm/ q,fESpfumvESifh xdkumvxufvGefI=umrnfh pufr_vufr_ynm/ oufarG;r_ynmrsm;rS wyg;tjcm;ynm oif=um;a&;? (2) jynfe,fu }uD;=uyftyk cf sKyfaom/ od@k r[kwf aiGaxmufyahH omynma&;qdik &f m ausmif; tm;vHk;? (3) jynfe,fu}uD;=uyftkyfcsKyfaom/ odk@r[kwf aiGaxmufyHhaom pm=unfhydËuwfwdkuf rsm;/ jywdkufrsm;ESifhtvm;wl wdkuf¶HkXmersm;? (4) Zmwf¶Hkrsm;/ Zmwft+idrfh ujyjcif;rsm;/ ¶kyf&Sifrsm;/ odk@&mwGif ¶kyf&Sifum;rsm;jyo&ef trdef@ay;jcif;ryg? 6? jynfolŒusef;rma&; (1) jynfolvltrsm;usef;rma&;ESifhoef@&Sif;pif=u,fa&;? (2) aq;¶Hkrsm;/ 'kuQdw¶Hkrsm;/ aq;ay;¶Hkrsm;wnfaxmifa&;/ axmufyHhxm;&SdESifh pDrHtkyfcsKyf a&;? (3) arG;zGm;jcif;/ aoqHk;jcif;ESifh xdrf;jrm;jcif;wdk@udk rSwfyHkwifjcif;? (4) ajrjr‡Kyfo+*õK[fjcif;ESifh ocsKõif;ajrrsm;? 7? a'oEW&tkyfcsKyfa&; (1) a'oEW&udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf jrLeDpDyg,ftzGJ@rsm;ESifh tjcm;a'oEW&tm%mydkifrsm;? (2) tvSLtwef;rsm;ESifh ukodkvfjzpftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;? 8? t&yf&yfqkdif&m (1) olqif;&Jrsm;oufomacsmifcsda&;? (2) Tpm&if;wGif azmfjyxm;onfhudpPrsm;ESifhywfoufI pHkprf;jcif;/ pm&if;tif; aumuf ,ljcif;? (3) EdkifiHawmforw. oabmxifjrifcsufwGif a'oEW&oabm ouf0ifonf[lIaomf vnf;aumif;/ jynfe,fwiG ;f a&;&m oabmouf0ifonf[I l aomfvnf;aumif; ,lq jcif;cH &aom udpPt&yf&yf? yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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List III. Concurrent Legislative List. 1.

Criminal law, including all matters included in the Burma Penal Code at the date of the coming into operation of this Constitution, but excluding offences against laws with respect to any of the matters specified in List I or List II and excluding the use of naval, military and air forces in aid of the civil power.

Criminal Procedure, including all matters included n the Code of Criminal Procedure at the date of the coming into operation of this Constitution.

Removal of prisoners and accused persons from one State to another.

Civil Procedure, including the law of limitation and all matters included in the Code of Civil Procedure at the date of the coming into operation of this Constitution.

Evidence and oaths ; recognition of laws, public acts and records and judicial proceedings.

Marriage and divorce ; infants and minors ; adoption.

Wills, intestacy, and succession.

Transfer of property ; registration of deeds and documents.

Trusts and Trustees.

10. Contracts, including partnership, agency, contracts of carriage, and other special forms of contract. 11. Arbitration. 12. Bankruptcy and insolvency ; Administrators-General and Official Trustees. 13. Agricultural Education and Research, protection against pests and prevention of plant diseases : improvement of stock and prevention of animal diseases ; veterinary training and practice. 14. Regulation of land tenures, including the relation of landlord and tenant and the collection of rents ; transfer, alienation and devolution of land. 15. Internal Trade and Commerce. 16. Child Labour. 17. Hours of Labour. 18. Unhealthy and Dangerous Industries. 19. Hydraulic Resources. 20. Procedure in the Rent and Revenue cases. 21. Reformatories, Borstal Institutions and other institutions of the like nature.

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22. Actionable wrongs, save in so far as included in laws with respect to any of the matters

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specified in List I or List II. 23. Jurisdiction and powers of all Courts, except the Supreme Court and High Court, with respect to any of the matters in this list. 24. Legal, medical and other professions. 25. Newspapers, books and printing presses. 26. Lunacy and mental deficiency, including places for the reception or treatment of lunatics and mental deficients. 27. Poisons and dangerous drugs. 28. Mechanically-propelled vehicles. 29. Poilers. 30. Prevention of cruelty to animals. 31. Inquiries and statistics for the purpose of any of th ematters in this list. 32. Factories. 33. Welfare of labour ; conditions of labour ; provident funds ; employer's liability and workmen's compensation ; health insurance including invalidity pensions ; old age pensions. 34. Unemployment insurance. 35. Trade Unions ; industrial and labour disputes. 36. The prevention of the extension from one State to another of infectious or contagious diseases or pests affecting men, animals or plants. 37. Electricity. 38. Shipping and Navigation on inland waterways as regards mechanically-propelled vessels, and the rule of the road on such waterways, carriage of passengers and goods on inland waterways. 39. Protection of wild birds and animals. 40. Adulteration of foodstuffs and other goods. 41. Gas and gas works.

pm&if; (3) wlnOD ya'ðyudppP m&if;? 1? TzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'pwiftwnfjzpfonfhae@Y/ jrefrmEdkifiHawmf &mZ owf}uD;yg ta=umif;t&m tm;vHk;yg0ifaom/ odk@&mwGif pm&if; 1 odk@r[kwf pm&if; 2 wGifoD;jcm;azmfjyxm;onfhudpPwpHkw&mESifhywfoufonfh w&m;Oya'rsm;udkazmufzsuf usL;vGefonfhjypfr_rygaom/ xdk@jyifòr@jytkyfcsKyf a&;twGuf ukef;wyf/ a&wyf/ avwyfwdk@ toHk;ðyjcif;vnf; ryg0ifaom &mZ0wfw&m;Oya'? yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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2? TzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya' pwiftwnfjzpfonfhae@wGif &mZ0wfusifhxHk;udk Oya'wGifyg0ifaom udpPtm;vHk;yg0ifonfh &mZ0wfusifhxHk;? 3? wEdkifiHrSwEdkifiHodk@ tusOf;orm;rsm;ESifhw&m;cHrsm;a&$@ajymif;a&;;? 4? TzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya' pwiftwnfjzpfonfhae@wGif w&m;rusifhxHk; udk" Oya'wGifyg0ifaom umvpnf;urf;/ tufOya'ESifh udpPtm;vHk;yg0ifonfh w&m;rusifh xHk;? 5? oufaocHjcif;ESihf usr;f opPmused q f jkd cif;/ w&m;Oya'rsm;/ jynfojl ynfom;ESiq hf ikd af om tufOya'rsm;/ rSwfwrf;rsm;ESifh w&m;¶Hk;awmftr_wGJrsm;udk todtrSwfðyjcif;? 6? xdrf;jrm;jcif;ESifh vifr,m;uGm&Sif;jcif;/ Edk@pdk@uav;rsm;ESifh t&G,fra&mufao;aom uav;rsm; arG;pm;jcif;? 7? aowrf;pmrsm;/ aowrf;pmxm;cJhjcif;ESifh tarGqufcHjcif;? 8? ypPnf;v$aJ jymif;jcif;/ oabmwlcsKyfqdkcsufrsm;ESifh pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;udk rSwfyHkwifjcif;? 9? pD;yGm;a&;tzGJ@pkrsm;ESifh xdktzGJ@pkvl}uD;rsm;? 10? tpkpyfvkyfief;/ udk,fpm;vS,fvkyfief;/ o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;yËdnmOfESifh txl;csKyfqdk onfh tjcm;yËdnmOftrsKd;rsKd;yg0ifaom yËdnmOfrsm;? 11? cHkwifIqHk;jzwfjcif;? 12? tifaqmfv0ifcHjcif;/ tkyfcsKyf}uD;=uyfolrif;}uD;ESifh ypPnf;xdef;rif;}uD;rsm;? 13? v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;qdkif&m ynmoif=um;a&;ESifhokawoeðyr_/ ydk;r$m;rsm;ab;rS um uG,fa&;ESifhtoD;tyifrsm; ydk;r$m;zsufqD;jcif;rS umuG,fa&;/ u|EJ Gm;wd&p>mefa&m*grsm;udk umuG,fa&;/ wd&p>mefa&m*gukynmoif=um;a&;ESifh ukoa&;? 14? ajr&SifESifh oD;pm;orm;qufqHa&;/ ajriSm;cawmif;cHa&;wdk@yg0ifaom ajrydkifqdkifcGifh pHepfrsm;/ ajrv$Jajymif;/ v$Jtyf/ qufcHapjcif;rsm;? 15? jynfwGif;ukefoG,fjcif;/ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fjcif;? 16? uav;rsm;udk tvkyfvkyfapjcif;? 17? tvkyfvkyf&onfh tcsdefem&D? 18? usef;rma&;ESifh rnD!Gwfonfhtjyif/ ab;&eftEW&m,frsm;aom pufr_vufr_vkyfief; rsm;? 19? a&tm;&Edkifonfh yif&if;tajctjrpfrsm;? 20? ajriSm;cESifh ajrcGefawmftr_rsm;wGif vdkufem&efenf;vrf;rsm;? 21? tusifhpm&dwWjyifXmersm;? uav;tusOf;axmifrsm;ESifh tjcm;tvm;wlXmersm;? 22? pm&if;trSwf 1 odk@r[kwf 2 Yaz:jyxm;aom w&m;Oya'ESifhpyfvsOf;onfh udpPrsm;rS wyg;/ tufOya't& w&m;pGJqdkta&;,lEdkifaomjypfr_rsm;? 23? Tpm&if;ygudpPrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;I/ w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyfESifh w&m;v$wfawmfrsm;ty/ tjcm;w&m;¶Hk;tm;vHk;. pD&ifydkifcGifhESifhtm%mrsm;? 24? a&S›aevdkufjcif;/ aq;ukjcif;/ tjcm;twwfynmjzifh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;jcif;? ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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25? owif;pmrsm;/ pmtkyfrsm;ESifhpmyHkESdyfpufrsm;? 26? pdwWZa&m*gonfrsm;ESifh pdwfayghoGyfolrsm;udk vufcHukoay;aomae&mrsm; yg0if aom pdwWZa&m*gESifh pdwfayghoGyfjcif;? 27? tqdyfrsm;ESifh ab;tEW&m,fjzpfapwwfonfhaq;0g;rsm;? 28? pufjzifhckwfarmif;aom ,mOfrsm;? 29? a&aEG;tdk;rsm;? 30? wd&p>mefrsm;udk n‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;rS umuG,fjcif;? 31? Tpm&if;ygupd rP sm;ESiphf yfvsO;f I pHpk rf;ppfaq;jcif;/ pm&if;tif;rsm; aumuf,pl &D ifjcif;? 32? ukefpnfvkyfudkif&m¶Hkrsm;? 33? tvkyo f rm;rsm; tusK;d wd;k yGm;a&;/ tvkyo f rm;wd@k . tajctae/ tdrk if;pm &HyakH iGrsm;/ tvky&f iS rf sm;. wm0ef0wfw&m;/ tvkyo f rm;avsmaf =u;/ ruse;f rrmt+idr;f pm;&dumQ aiG tygt0ifjzpfaom usef;rma&;tmrcHpepf/ tdkrif;rpGrf; t+idrf;pm;&duQmaiGrsm;? 34? tvkyfvufrJhtmrcHpHepfrsm;? 35? tvkyform;apmifha&SmufuG,fuma&;tzG@J rsm;/ pufr_ESifhtvkyform;tjiif;tcHkrsm;? 36? vlrsm;/ wd&p>mefrsm;/ opfyifrsm;udk ab;jzpfapaom ul;pufwwfonfh a&m*grsm;/ a&m*gydk;rsm; jynfe,fwe,frSwe,fodk@ jyef@yGm;jcif;udkwm;qD;a&;? 37? v#yfppf"mwf? 38? pufjzifhckwfarmif;oGm;vmonfh a&,mOfrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;I/ jynfwGif;a&vrf;rsm;wGif avS/ oabFmrsm;oGm;vma&;/ xdk@jyif jynfwGif;a&vrf;rsm;Y c&D;onfrsm;/ ukefpnfrsm; o,f,lydk@aqmifjcif;ESifhpyfvsOf;aom enf;Oya'rsm;? 39? aus;iSuf¶dkif;ESifhom;¶dkif;wd&p>mefrsm;udk umuG,fa&;? 40? pm;ukefaomufukefrsm; tjcm;ukefypPnf;rsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;I/ raumif;aom ukefypPnf; rsm;ESifh a&maESmjcif;? 41? "mwfaiG@/ "mwfaiG@vkyfief;rsm;? List IV. Union Revenue List. 1.The raising of money by any mode or system of taxation. 2.The borrowing of money on the public credit. 3.Duties of customs including export duties. 4. Excise duties. 5. Taxes on Corprations. 6. Taxes on income. 7. Taxes on capital value of the assets of individuals and companies.

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8. Taxes on the capital of companies. 9. Estates duty in respect of property. 10. Excess profit tax. 11. Savings Bank. 12. Fees in respect of any of the matters in the Union legislative List.

pm&if; (4) jynfaxmifpt k cGeaf wmfupd pP m&if;? 1? tcGefaumufcHaomenf;pHepfwckckjzifh aiGudk&atmifรฐyjcif;? 2? jynfolwdk@xHrSaiGacs;,ljcif;? 3? xGufukefrsm;tay:aumufcHaom taumufawmfaiGvnf; tygt0ifjzpfonfh t aumufawmfrsm;? 4? EdkifiHwGif;ypPnf;qdkif&m taumufawmfrsm;? 5? w&m;Oya'tzGJ@pnf;xm;aom tpkpyftzGJ@rsm;ay:wGifaumufcHonfh tcGefrsm;? 6? tjrwfawmfcGefrsm;? 7? wOD;wa,mufyikd yf pPn;f / od@k r[kwf ukr% R yD ikd yf pPn;f rsm;. wefb;kd tay:wGif aumufcH onfhtcGefrsm;? 8? ukrR%D.aiG&if;tay:wGifaumufcHonfh tcGefrsm;? 9? OpPmwefbdk;tvdkuf udk,fydkifypPnf;cGef? 10? tydktjrwfawmfcGef? 11? aiGpkb%f? 12? jynfaxmifpkOya'รฐypm&if;yg udpPt&yf&yfESifh pyfvsOf;aomtcGef? List V. State Revenue List. 1. Land Revenue: I. Land Revenue proper. II. Rents, etc, of fisheries. III. Royalty on Petroleum. IV. Royalty on Minerals and taxes on Mineral rights subject to any limitations imposed by any Act of the Union Parliament relating to Mineral Development. V. Royalty on Rubber. VI. Capitatio and Thathameda taxes.

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2. Duties of Excise on the following goods manufactured or produced in the State and

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countervailing duties at the same or lower rates on similar goods manufactured of produced elsewhere in the Union : --I. Alcoholic liquors for human consumption. II. Opium. III. Indian hemp and other narcotics ; non-narcotic drugs. 3. Medicinal and toilet preparations containing alcohol or any substance included in item 2 of this list. 4. Stamps, Judicial. 5. Forests. 6. Registration. 7. Taxes under the State Motor Vehicles Taxation Act. 8. Irrigation Receipts. 9. Interests on advances made from the State Revenues and on State Investments. 10. Contributions from component parts to the State. 11. Contributions from the Union. 12. All fees, fines, sale proceeds and rents of property belonging to the State, recoveries of over-payments and payments for services rendered in connection with any or al matters enumerated above and also in connection with the following : --(a). Administration of Justice. (b). Jails and Convict Settlements. (c). Police. (d). Education. (e). Medical. (f). Public health. (g). Agriculture. (h). Veterinary. (i). Co-operative Societies. (j). Registration of births, deaths and marriages. (k). Civil Works. (l). Receipts in aid of superannuation of State employees. (m). Stationery and Printing. (n). Unclaimed deposits. (o). Treasure Troves. (p). Tools. (q). Extaordinary Receipts.

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pm&if; (5) jynfe,ftcGeaf wmfupd pP m&if;? 1? ajrcGefawmf? (1) ajrcGefawmfoufouf? (2) tif;tdkifwdk@tay:rSaumufcH&&SdaomtcGefponfrsm;? (3) a&eHay:wGifaumufcHaomtaumufawmf? (4) "mwfowWKwl;azmfa&;ESiphf yfvsO;f I/ jynfaxmifpyk gvrD ef. tufOya'jzifh owfrw S f xm;onfhtwdkif;/ "mwfowWKcGefESifh "mwfowWKydkifqdkifcGifhtcGefrsm;udk aumufcHjcif;? (5) =uufaygifap;ay:wGif aumufcHaomtaumufawmf? (6) vlcGefawmfESifh o\ar"tcGefawmf? 2? jynfe,ftwGif;wGif vkyfudkifaomatmufazmfjyyg/ ukefypPnf;rsm;tay:wGif aumufcH onfh EdkifiHwGif;ukefypPnf; taumufawmfrsm;? xdk@jyif jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHtwGif; tjcm;a' orsm;wGif vkyu f ikd o f nft h jcm;tvm;wl ukeyf pPn;f rsm;tay:wGif E_e;f wljzifjh zpfap/ av#mh E_ef;jzifhjzpfap/ omemnDr#&Sdatmif aumufcHonfh taumufawmfrsm;? (u) vlaomufoHk;aom ao&nfao&uf? (c) bdef;? (*) tdEdN,aq;ajcmuf/ rl;,pfapwwfaomaq;0g;rsm;/ rrl;r,pfapwwfaom aq; 0g;rsm;?

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3? t&ufjyefyg0ifaom/ od@k r[kwf Tpm&if;&St d rSwf 2 wGif azmfjyxm;onfh t&m0wWKrsm; yg0ifonfh aq;0g;rsm;/ tvSukefypPnf;rsm;? 4? w&m;¶Hk;awmfqdkif&m wHqdyfawmfacgif;rsm;? 5? opfawmrsm;? 6? rSwfyHkwifjcif;? 7? EdkifiHawmf armfawmf,mOfcGef tufOya'rsm;a&/ aumufcHaomtcGefawmfaiGrsm;? 8? qnfajrmif;XmerS&aiGrsm;? 9? Edik if aH wmftcGeaf iGrsm;rS xkwaf cs;ojzif&h aomtwd;k aiG/ tcGeaf wmfrsm;udk &if;ES;D ojzifh &aomtwdk;aiG? 10? jynfe,f0ifa'orsm;rS jynfe,fodk@ay;aqmif&aomaiGrsm;? 11? jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfrSaxmufyHhaiGrsm;? 12? tcaiGrsm;/ '%faiGrsm/;/ jynfe,fydkifypPnf;rsm;udk iSm;&rf;I&aomtcaiG/ odk@r[kwf a&mif;&aiG/ txufazmfjyygudpP&yfrsm;ESifh atmufazmfjyygudpP&yfrsm;twGuf/ tr_xrf; aqmif&aom tr_xrf;rsm;tm; ay;aiGrsm;/ ydkIay;xm;aomaiGudk jyefvnfawmif;cHI ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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&aomaiG? (u) w&m;Oya'pD&iftkyfcsKyfr_? (c) tusOf;axmifrsm;/ tusOf;orm;rsm;;xm;&ma'orsm;? (*) &mZ0wftr_xrf;tzGJ@? (C) ynma&;? (i) aq;bufqdkif&mXme? (p) jynfol@usef;rma&;? (q) v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;? (Z) wd&p>mefaq;ukXme? (ps) or0g,rtoif;rsm;? (n) arG;/ aoESifhvufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif;udkrSwfyHkwifjcif;? (Ë) òrŒjyqdkif&mtvkyfrsm;? (X) jynfe,ftr_xrf;rsm;tm;t+idrf;pm;axmufyHhaiGrsm;? (È) pma&;ud&d,mESifhpmyHkESdyfjcif;? (Ê) ydkif&Sifray:aomoGif;xm;aiGrsm;? (%) &wemodkufrsm;? (w) taumufrsm;? (x) txl;&&SdaiGrsm;? List VI. Concurrent Revenue List. 1. Taxes on professions, trades, and employments. 2. Taxes on animals and boats. 3. Taxes on the sale of goods and on advertisements. 4. Taxes on luxuries, including taxes on entertainments, amusements, betting and gambling. 5. Taxes in respect of succession to property.

pm&if; 6? wlnt D cGeaf wmfupd pP m&if;? 1? ynmonfwdk@.tvkyftudkifrsm;/ ukefpnful;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESifh tvkyftudkifrsm; tay:wGif aumufcH&&SdaomtcGefrsm;? 2? wd&p>mefrsm;ESifhavSrsm;tay:wGif aumufcH&&SdaomtcGefrsm;? 3? ukefa&mif;jcif;ESifh a=umfjimjcif;rsm;ay:wGif aumufcH&&SdaomtcGefrsm;? 4? yGJvrf;obifaysmf&$ifr_rsm;/ avmif;wrf;upm;jcif;wdk@yg0ifaom pnf;pdrfcHpm; aysmfyg;r_ wdk@tay:wGif aumufcH&&SdaomtcGefrsm;? yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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tcef; (9) Edik if aH wmfzŒJG pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'a&;qGjJ cif; (u) awmifwef;a'o wdkif;&if;om;rsm; jynfaxmifpktay: oabmxm; &Sr;f / ucsi/f csi;f ponfh awmifwef;a'oe,fajrrsm;onf ya'o&mZfacwfumvuwnf; u vGwfvyfa&;&&Sdonftxd oD;jcm;ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;wnf&Sdaome,fajrrsm;jzpfonf? awmif wef;xlxyf+yD; vrf;yrf;tquftoG,fcufcJonf? ajratmufo,HZmw aygºu,f0onf? &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif;ESifh tjcm;awmifwef;a'oe,fajrrsm; pkpnf;I udkvdkeDt*FvdyfxHrS vGwfvyfa&;&,l+yD; oD;jcm;jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHtjzpf &yfwnfEdkifonf? od@k &mwGif awmifwef;a'oe,fajrrsm;onf Edik if }H uD;Edik if rH sm;jzpfaom w¶kwEf iS t hf EN, d Edik if H t=um;wGifwnf&Sd+yD; Armjynfrudk jrif;cGmo¾ef0dkif;&Hxm;ojzifh jynfaxmifpkumuG,fa&;twGuf ta&;ygonf? Armjynfronf vrf;yrf;qufoG,fa&;aumif;rGef+yD; EdkifiHwumyifv,fa&a=umif;&Sd onf? xdk@a=umifh ArmjynfrESifh awmifwef;a'orsm; jynfaxmifpkyl;aygif;wnfaxmifygu wdkif;jynf umuG,af &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &; tppt&m&m ESpOf ;D ESpb f uftwGuf ydrk I kd tusK;d &Srd nfukd vufcx H m; =uonf? awmifwef;a'oe,fajrrsm;onf ArmjynfrESifh jynfaxmifpkyl;aygif;vdkuf+yD;rS vuf atmufc/H tkycf sKyfcb H 0a&muf&o dS mG ;rnfukd pd;k &dro f nfrmS trSeyf ifjzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh ArmjynfrESihf wòyifwnf;vGwfvyfa&;&,l&mwGif vlrsKd;a&;wef;wl&nfwl&Sd+yD; udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh&Sdaom jynf axmifpkudk wnfaxmifvdkonfhtjyif rdrdukd,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhrsm; xdcdkufavrvm;[k pdk;&drfojzifh tumtuG,fðyEdkif&ef cGx J GufcGifhudkyg &,lxm;jcif;yifjzpfonf? odk@aomf aemifwGif cGx J GufcGifhjyXmef; csufESifhywfoufI oHk;pGJjcif;rðya=umif; awG@&Sd&ayonf? &Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;onf awmifwef;a'orsm; oD;jcm;vGwfvyfa&;&,l+yD;rS ArmjynfESifh ESpfjynfwjynf jynfaxmifpkEkdifiHwnfaxmifygu wef;wl&nfwl ppfrSefaom jynfaxmifpkta&; ydk+yD;pdwfcsEdkifrnf[kjrif+yD; &Srf;jynfvGwfvyfa&;tzG@J (&yv) onf ArmjynfrESifhwòyifwnf; vGwf vyfa&;&,l+yD; wef;wl&nfwljynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufoGm;&efjzpfonf? &Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;. 1946 ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmv (14) &ufae@ bk&ifcHodk@ay;ydk@onfhpmwGif æ ArmjynfESifh jynfaxmifpkpepft&aygif;rnf? odk@&mwGif æ (1) &Srf;jynfudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;ay;&rnf? (2) tcGifha&;tqifhtwef;wl&rnf? (3) cGx J Gufvdkonfhtcsdef cGx J GufcGifh&Sd&rnf[k yg&Sdygonf?

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&Srf;jynfvGwfvyfa&;tzG@J (&yv) udk 1946 ckESpf/ =o*kwfvwGif zG@J pnf;xm;+yD; atmufyg twdkif; rloabmxm;csrSwfxm;onf? ArmjynfrESifhaygif;I vGwfvyfa&;&,lrnf? odk@aomf æ (1) jynfaxmifpkpepft& aygif;rnf? (2) tcGifhta&;tqifhtwef;wl&rnf? ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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(3) cGJxGufvdkonfhtcsdef cGJxGufcGifh&Sd&rnf[k yg&Sdygonf? xdak =umifh &Sr;f apmfbmG ;rsm;ESihf &yvacgi;f aqmifrsm;onf wef;wlaom jynfaxmifpw k nf aqmufa&;/ ud, k yf , kd jf yXmef;tkycf sKyfciG &hf adS &;/ cGx J u G v f u dk cGx J u G cf iG hf &S&d rnf[al om rltay: xyfwx l yf r#yifjzpfonf? ucsifESifhcsif;acgif;aqmifrsm;wdk@. oabmxm;onfvnf; ‚twkdif;yifjzpfonf? TonfrmS wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;tm;vk;H u ppfreS af om jynfaxmifpw k nfaxmifa&; tajccHoabm xm;rlyifjzpfonf? &Sr;f / ucsi/f csi;f wdik ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;onf wef;wla&;ESihf ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGit hf jynfh t0&Sdaom jynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;udk trSefwu,fvdkvm; jrwfEdk;=uaomfvnf; Oya'ðya&; wGif rsm;pGmtm;enf;=ua=umif; awG@&&dS onf? od@k aomf Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;. ¶k;d om;yGiv hf if;r_/ pGr;f &nf xufjrufr_/ =oZmwduUr oufa&mufr_ponfh t&nftcsif;rsm;a=umifh AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf wef;wlppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkukd azmfaqmifay;Ekdifrnf[k tºuif;rJhtm;xm;,kH=unf=uonf? xdo k @kd Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf trsK;d om;aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;/ wòyifwnf; vGwv f yfa&;/ wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; wef;wl&nfwl ppfreS af om'Dru kd a&pDzuf'&,fjynf axmifpEk ikd if x H al xmifa&; ponfh wdik ;f ðyjynfðyvkyif ef;rsm; ae@rtm; nrem; óu;yrf;aqmif&u G af epOf 1947 ckEpS /f ZGev f ikd v f (19) &ufae@ wGif rormvufeufudkifvlwpk. vkyf=uHjcif;cH&onf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhtwl rdkif;yGefapmfbGm; }uD; p0fpHxGef;/ OD;b0if;/ 'D;'kwf OD;bcsKd / ref;bcdkif/ OD;&mZwf/ ocifjr ponfh tmZmenfacgif;aqmif rsm;ESifh twGif;0ef avxD;OD;tkef;armif/ &JabmfaxG;wdk@ usqHk;oGm;onf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;usqHk;jcif;a=umifh wwdkif;jynfvHk; ,lñuH;r& 0rf; enf;a=uuGJcJh=u&onf? wdkif;jynftwGuf azmfrjyEdkifaom qHk;¶_H;jcif;yifjzpfonf? AdkvfcsKyfusqHk; oGm;jcif;ESifhtwl wdkif;jynf.uH=urRmonfvnf; iifoGm;onf[k qdkEdkifayonf? (c) zG‹Jpnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'a&;qGt J wnfðyjcif; Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf wdik ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;onf tajr‡mt f jrif}uD;rm;pGm aqG;aEG; wdkifyif=u+yD; 1947 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv (12) &ufae@wGif yifvHkpmcsKyf csKyfqdk=uonf? yifvHkpmcsKyf/ yifvHkpdwf"mwf. t"dutESpfom&tcsufrSm æ (1) oD;jcm;pDwnf&Sdaom Armjynfre,fajr/ &Srf;jynfe,fajr/ ucsifawmifwef;a'oe,f ajr/ csif;awmifwef;a'oe,fajr (4) ck wòyifwnf; vGwfvyfa&;&,l&efESifh (2) wdik ;f &if;om;e,fajrrsm; wef;wl&nfwl ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGi/hf ud, k yf ikd t f yk cf sKyfciG /hf tjynfh t0&Sd+yD; ppfrSefaom 'Drdkua&pDzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkwnfaxmifa&; tajccHtcsuf ESpfcsufyifjzpfonf? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;/ vGwv f yfa&;&&Sad &;/ óu;yrf; aqmif&u G &f if; wdik ;f jynfwnfaqmufa&;vkyif ef;udv k nf; jyifqifrr_ sm; csrw S af y;xm;cJo h nf? Adv k cf sKyf atmifqef;onf wdkif;jynfwnfaqmuf&mrSm æ yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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1? vGwfvyfwhJ EkdifiHjzpf&rnf? (Independence) 2? tcsKyftjcmtm%m ykdif&rnf? (Sovereignty) 3? 'Drkdua&pDorRwEkdifiH jzpf&rnf? (Republic) 4? jynfaxmifpkEkdifiHjzpf&rnf? (Union State) [lI tajccHrl (4) csufudk csrSwfxm;onf?

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Edik if aH wmfz@JG pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'a&;qG&J mwGif taxmuftulðyap&eftwGuf zqy v y%mrjyifqifa&; nDvmcHobifwGif tqdkwifoGif;aom tcsuf (14) csuftay: zqyv y%mrjyifqifa&;nDvmcHuvufc+H yD; wdik ;f ðyjynfðyv$waf wmfo@kd wifjy&efpmwrf;udv k nf; jyifqifcs rSwfxm; a=umif;awG@&onf? xkd@tjyifAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ukd,fwkdifonfvnf; EdkifiHawmfz@GJ pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya' a&;qG&J mwGif vrf;!Gefcsuf (7) csufudk &Sif;vif;csufESifhwuG csrSwfxm;a=umif;awG@&Sdf&onf? xkdr#ru wkdif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmfu =o*kwfv (9) &ufae@wGif zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccH Oya' (rl) ukd pOf;pm;aqG;aEG;tajccHxm;&ef jynfaxmif;pkEkdifiHOya'ðyudpPpm&if;rsm; tykdif; (6) ykdif;ukdvnf; owfrSwfxm;a=umif;awG@&Sd&onf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;usqkH;oGm;+yD;aemuf OD;Ekonf zqyvtzG@J csKyfOuUÏjzpfvmonf? OD;Ek onf zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'a&;qG&J eftwGuf OD;csex f eG ;f tm; tdE, dN Edik if o H @kd oGm;a&mufavhvm &efapv$wfI OD;csefxGef;ESifh OD;jrifhodef;wdk@tm; zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'udk wvausmftwGif; t+yD;a&; qGaJ ponf? wdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmfodk@ zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya' (r_=urf;) udk wifoGif;pOftcguyif OD;csefxGef;u tajctaet& rvGrJ a&SmifomI jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHrsKd; zG@J pnf;xm;&a=umif;? odk@aomf xkdjynfaxmifpkEdkifiHrSm tar&duef/ qGDZmvefwkd@uJhodk@ jynfaxmifpkppfppfEkdifiHrsKd;r[kwfa=umif;/ uae'gykHpH (Canadian type) wenf;tm; jzifh (Moderate type) tv,ftvwfpm; jynfaxmifpkEdkifiH rsKd;jzpfa=umif; ponfjzifh &Sif;jycJhonf? qufvuf+yD; OD;csefxGef;onf zG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya' tajccHrlrsm;/ tajccHOya'wGifyg&Sdaom tcef;rsm;/ tydk'frsm;udk&Sif;jy+yD; aemufqHk;wGif twnfðy jcif;ESifhywfoufI atmufygtwdkif;&Sif;vif;oGm;onf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;csay;xm;onfhrltwdkif;qdkv#if vltiftm;trsm;}uD; oHk;&rnfjzpf a=umif;/ aiGa=u;tukeftusrsm;rnfjzpfa=umif;/ ,ck ppf+yD;pumvrSm wkdif;jynfqif;&Jaeao; a=umif;/ tcef; (10) wGif cGx J GufcGifh jyXmef;yg&Sd+yD;/ tcef; (11) Y zG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'udk jyifqifEikd o f nf[k jyXmef;yg&adS =umif;/ zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya' twnfðyvufprJG &Sv d #if vGwv f yf a&;r&&SdEkdifa=umif;/ xkd@a=umifh zG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'udk twnfðy&efvdktyfa=umif; &Sif;vif; wifjyonf? wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmfwGif wufa&mufvmaom awmifwef;a'o wkdif;&if;om;acgif; aqmifrsm;onf yifvpHk w d "f mwf trsK;d om;pdw"f mwft&deS af =umifh OD;EkEiS hf zqyvtzG@J csKyfacgi;f aqmif rsm;tay: tºuif;rJh,kH=unfjcif;/ EkdifiHa&;tawG@tñuHEke,fjcif;/ Oya'ðyvkyfief;em;vnfr_tm; enf;jcif;/ trsK;d om;acgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm; usq;Hk ukeI f tcsi;f csi;f aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;twGuf qENjyif; ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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jyaejcif;/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ajym=um;onfhtwdkif; Oya'pum;vkH;xuf yifvkHpdwf"mwfudk ,kH=unf udk;pm;jcif;/ tcef; (11) wGif zG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya' jyifqifcGifhyg&Sdojzifh vGwfvyfa&;&&Sd+yD; onfah emuf jyifqifvakd om zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'udk aoG;om;nDtudt k csi;f csi;f Oya'pum; vkH;awGudk twdtust"dy`g,faumufjcif;/ t=uyfudkifjcif;rsm;ðyvkyfvdrfhrnfr[kwf? rl;wif;rwfwif; aps;qpfp&m vkdtyfrnfrxifjrifchJyg? vGwfvyfa&;udkvnf; tjrefqkH;&&SdcHpm;vkd=uonf? xdk@a=umifh wkid ;f ðyjynfðyv$wf awmfwiG w f ifjyaom zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'udk awmifwef;a'oacgi;f aqmif rsm;udk,fpm; awmifydkif;apmfbGm;}uD; p0fcGefyef;pdefu v_dufvSpJ GmaxmufcHvkdufonf? 1947 ck/ puf wifbmv (24) &ufae@wGif EdkifiHawmfzG@J pnf;tkkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya' twnfðyEdkifchJayonf?

rSwfcsuf ? ? 1947 ck/ EkdifiHawmfzG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'ed'gef;ykdif;azmfjy&mwGif EdkifiH awmfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'udk u|Ekfyfwdk@. wkdif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmfu pufwifbmv (24) &ufae@wGif twnfðyjyXmef;xm;a=umif; twdtvif;azmfjyxm;onf? odk@&mwGif w&m; v$wfawmf w&m;0ef}uD;csKyf (t+idrf;pm;) t*~r[m oa&pnfol OD;jrifhodef;. 1992 ck/ ZGefv (14) &ufae@pGyJ gpmY vGwfvyfa&;&aom (4-1-48) &ufae@wGif zG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya' twnfjzpf&ef (2) &uftvdk (2-1-48) &ufwGif t+yD;wifoGif;&rnfowfrSwfxm;a=umif; azmfjyxm;onfukd awG@&&dS onf? xd@k a=umifh Oya'ynm&Sirf sm;jzpf=uaom OD;jrifo h ed ;f / OD;csex f eG ;f wkd@onf zG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'tcef;rsm;/ yk'frrsm;udk vGwfvyfa&;r&&SdrD &ufydkif;txd vkdtyfovkd qufvufa&;qGðJ ypkoGm;a=umif; okH;oyf&onf? xkdOD;jrifhodef;pmY 1947 ck/ 'DZifbmv (27) &ufae@wGif OD;Ekuac:ojzifh oGm;a&muf awG@qkH&m OD;csefxGef;tygt0if u&ifeDjynfrS pyf0ÀqdkolESifh OD;pdefqdkolwkd@ygawG@&a=umif;/ ‚wkd@ESpfOD;u EkdifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'wGif u&ifeDjynfudktzGJ@ 0ifjynfe,f we,ftjzpf xnfo h iG ;f ay;&ef twif;awmif;qko d jzifh xnfo h iG ;f &ef vufcv H u kd &f a=umif; azmfjy xm;onf? 1947 ck/ EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pn;ftkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'ukd wkdif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmfu pufwifbmv (24) &ufae@wGif twnf ðyjyXmef;vkdufa=umif;/ zG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya' pmtkyf ed'gef;ydkif;wGif twdtus azmfjyyg&Sdaomfvnf; u&ifeDjynfESifhywfoufI jynfaxmifpk tzG@J 0if jynfe,fwe,ftjzpf vGwfvyfa&;r&rD (7) &uftvdkrSm a&;qGx J nfhoGif;xm;a=umif; awG@&onf? (*) jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D pwifavmifu|rf;jcif; wdik ;f jynfwjynfwiG f Ekid if aH wmfz@JG pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'onf tjrifq h ;Hk Oya'jzpfonf? wdkif;jynfwGif tm%m&&Sdaom EdkifiHa&;ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;ESifh wkdif;jynftkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfaeaomtpdk; &onf wkdif;jynfaumif;usKd;/ qkd;usKd;/ trSm;trSef[lor# wm0eft&SdqkH;aom tzG@J tpnf;jzpfonf? 1947 ck/ Ekid if aH wmfz@JG pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'onf yifvpHk w d "f mwfyÉdnmOfEiS hf aoGznftm;enf; oGm;ojzifh 'Dru kd a&pDta&;ESihf wkid ;f &if;om;rsm;wef;wla&; razmfaqmifEidk o f jzifh jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D pwif avmifu|rf;&jcif;jzpfayonf? yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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jynfwGif;ppfjzpf&jcif; tajccHta=umif;&if;rSm æ 1? EkdifiHa&;wGif'Drkdua&pD tajccHtusqkH;jzpfaom ygwDpkH'Drdkua&pDpepfudk vufawG@ taumiftxnfazmf&mY ygwD*dk%f;*%pGJ jyif;xefvGef;jcif;? 2? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh wkdif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;csrSwfxm;aom yifvkHpdwf"mwf yÉdnmOftwkdif; Armjynfre,fajrudk jynfaxmifpkA[dktm%mESifhwGJxm;+yD; &Srf;/ ucsif/ csi;f trsK;d om;e,fajrrsm;udk vufatmufcjH ynfe,f owfrw S x f m;ojzifh wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; wef;wltcGifhta&; qHk;±_H;oGm;jcif;? 3? trsK;d om;jynfe,ftqift h wef; &oif&h xdu k af om (u&if/ &cdik /f rGe)f trsK;d om;rsm;udk trsKd;om;jynfe,frsm; razmfaqmifay;jcif;? 4? u&ifeDe,fapmfzsmrsm;ESifh jynfolvlxkqENoabmxm;ryg&SdbJ u&ifeDjynfudk jynf axmifpjk refrmEkid if x H rJ mS jynfe,fwe,ftjzpf xnfo h iG ;f jcif; ponft h ajccHta=umif;rsm; a=umifhjzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh jynfo@l &aJ bmf/ &JabmfjzL/ Auywd@k onf ygw0D g' ckcaH wmfveS af &;ppfonfvnf; aumif;/ u&if/ &cdkif/ rGefwdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf wef;wla&;twGuf ckcHawmfvSefa&;ppfonfvnf; aumif;/ u&ifeDtrsKd;om;wdk@onf ckcHwGef;vSefppfonfvnf;aumif; ay:aygufvmojzifh vGwfvyf a&;ESifhtwl jynfwGif;ppfrD; pwifavmifu|rf;&jcif;jzpfonf? (C) 'kw, d tqifh jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D avmifu|rf;jcif; Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf wdik ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;csrw S x f m;aom yifvpHk w d "f mwf/ wef;wl a&;pdwf"mwf/ jynfaxmifpkpdwf"mwf tajccHvrf;pOfrltay: tm;enf;oGm;&mrS EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm; onf EdkifiHa&;±dk;om;yGifhvif;r_ tm;enf;vmonfhtjyif EdkifiHa&;trsKd;rsKd;udkvnf; upm;vmonf? 1? tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;qJG&ef ta=umif;trsKd;rsKd;jy tcsdefqGv J Gef;jcif;? 2? ulrifwefw±kwfjzLudkta=umif;jy+yD; &Srf;jynfapmfbGm;e,f (13) e,f ppftkyfcsKyfa&; owfrSwfojzifh &Srf;jynfolvlxkonf rw&m;zdESdyfn‡if;yef;tEdkifusifhcH&jcif;? 3? ucsifjynf jynfolvlxkqEN oabmxm;&,ljcif;r&SdbJ (zDarmf/ a*:vH/ uefzef) e,fajr rsm;ukd w¶kwfjynfokd@ v$Jtyfay;jcif;? 4? Ak'<bmomudk EdkifiHawmfbmomtjzpf owfrSwfjcif;?

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ponfh 'Dru kd a&pDtcGit hf a&; vlrsK;d rsm;wef;wltcGit hf a&;tay: qef@usio f nfv h yk af qmif rsm;a=umifh &Sr;f / ucsiv f ufeufuikd af wmfveS af &; xyfraH y:ayguv f mojzifh jrefrmEdik if H jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D onfvnf; xyfqifhavmifu|rf;oGm;jcif;jzpfonf? xkdodk@jynfwGif;ppfrD; t&dSefjrifhvmonfESifhtr# ppfwyf.tcef;u¾ay:vmonf? zqy vtpdk;&tkyfcsKyfaom (10) ESpfumvwGif t&yfom;EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;onf ygwDpGJ/ *dk%f;*%pGJjyif; xefojzifh zqyvtzGJ@csKyfonf oef@&Sif;ESifhwnf+rJ ESpfjcrf;uGJxGufoGm;onfhtxd jzpfay:cJhonf? ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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t&yfom;Edik if aH &;orm;rsm;onf yk*Kd~ vfp/GJ ygwpD /GJ *k% d ;f *%pJjG yif;xefojzifh jy\emrsm;udk tcsif;csif;nd‡E_dif;ajz&Sif;&ef óu;pm;&rnfhtpm; Adkvfae0if;OD;aqmifaom tdrfapmifhtpdk;&vufxo J dk@ tm%mvJ$tyfum EdkifiHa&;pifjrihfay:odk@wifay;vdkuf&onfhtxd jzpfay:cJhonf? tdrfapmifhtpdk;& (2) ESpfeD;yg; tm%mpnf;pdrfcHpm;ae&aom AdkvfcsKyfae0if;ppftkyfpkonf rdru d , kd u f kd wkid ;f jynfu,fwif&iS }f uD;tjzpf b0ifjrifw h ufomG ;onf? xdu k mvwGif wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;trsKd;om;pdwf"mwfonfvnf; wqifh+yD;wqifh ,drf;,dkifoGm;awmhonf?

tcef; (10) zGJ ph nf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya' jyifqifa&;qGaJ &; v+yf&mS ;jcif;ESit hf wl wwd,tqifh jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D avmifu|rf;jcif; (u) 1947 ckESpf EdkifiaH wmfzGJ hpnf;tkyfcsKyfykt H ajccHOya'jyifqifa&;qGJa&;tay: 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;EkOD; aqmifaom jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &. oabmxm;aumufEw + cf suf 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ekonf vGwv f yfa&;&&S+d yD; q,fEpS af usmu f mvtwGi;f zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajc cHOya' jyifqifa&;qG&J ef ta=umif;trsK;d rsK;d jy tcsed q f v JG mcJah omfvnf; zqyvtzG@J csKyf ESpjf crf;uGo J mG ; onfhaemufydkif;wGif 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekonf ,drf;,dkifaeaom wkdif;&if;om;rsm;pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfa&; jyef vnfwnfaqmuf&eftwGuf zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'udk jyifqifa&;qG&J ef csay;vma=umif;awG@ &Sd&onf? Adv k cf sKyfae0if; tdraf pmift h pd;k &onf 1960 ckEpS /f azaz:0g&v D (6) &ufae@ ygwpD t Hk axGaxG a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJudk usif;yðyvkyfay;onf? ,if;a&G;aumufyGJwGif 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;EkOD;aqmifaom oef@&iS ;f zqyvtzG@J csKyfu tjywftowftEdik &f &So d mG ;onf? 1960 ck/ rwfv (17) &ufae@ usi;f yðy vkyfaom oef@&Sif;zqyvtzGJ@csKyfnDvmcHwGif oef@&Sif;zqyvtzGJ@csKyftpm; jynfaxmifpkygwD (yxp) [k ajymif;vJ+yD; tpdk;&udkvnf; jynfaxmifpktpdk;& (yxp) tpdk;&[k ajymif;vJvkdufonf? OD;Ekonf a&G;aumufyGJrwkdifrD‘1960 ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJ+yD;vkd@ olomtm%mjyef&&if jynfaxmifpw k nfwchH ikd +f rJa&;twGuf jynfe,ftoD;oD;uacgi;f aqmifawGe@J wdik yf ifaqG;aEG;+yD; zG@J pnf; tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'udk vkt d yfovkd jyifqifay;r,f’vk@d OD;Ek[m oEMXd mefcsxm;onf? tJ'o D EMXd mef t& 0ef}uD;tpnf;ta0;wckrSm 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Eku aqG;aEG;wifjy&mrSm æ (1) ,cktcgrmS qkv d #if v$waf wmfwckv;Hk . trwfO;D a& ok;H ykEH pS yf aHk usmaf usmo f nf tpd;k &. vufxw J Gif&Sdaea=umif;/ xdkuho J dk@&SdaewJhtwGuf zG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'udk jyif qifvdkygu ,cktcsdefonf taumif;qkH;tcsdefyifjzpfonf? (2) Todk@ taumif;qkH;tcsdefjzpfaeonfhtwGuf zG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'udk b,f vkdjyifqifcsifovJ[k jynfe,ftpdk;&tzGJ@rsm;udk ar;csifonf? (3) xdkjynfe,ftpdk;&tzGJ@rsm;u wifjyonfhtqdkrsm;udk a&S;OD;pGm us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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aqG;aEG;csifonf? xdkodk@aqG;aEG;Ekdifatmif ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ (Seminar) wckac:ay;rnff? xdkESD;aESmzvS,fyGJwuf&ef jynfaxmifpkESifhjynfe,f tpkd;&toD;oD;. udk,fpm;vS,f rsm;udkvnf; zdwfrnf? twdkuftcHtzGJ@rsm;. udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udkvnf; zdwfrnf? (4) xdkESD;aESmzvS,fyGJwGif rdom;pkrsm;aqG;aEG;=uonfhenf;twkdif; aqG;aEG;rnf? trsm; oabmwlvufcEH ikd o f nft h qdrk sm;udk csucf si;f taumiftxnfazmfay;rnf? tajz&SmI r&ao;onfhtqdkrsm;udk qufvufaqG;aEG;=urnf? Ttwkdif;vkyfay;v#if jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHonf ,ckxufydk+yD; pnf;vkH;vmvdrfhrnf[k ol,=Hk unfaeonf? olEikd if aH &;u rxGuo f mG ;cif trsK;d om;pnf;vk;H nD!w G af &;vkyif ef;udk tpGr;f ukef aqmif&GufoGm;csifonf[k OD;Ekuwifjyonf? 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Eku xdkuhJodk@ajymonfhtcg Ttcsuf (4) csufpvkH;udk 0ef}uD;rsm;oabm wl=uonf? xd@k a=umifh jynfe,ftpd;k &rsm;qDo@kd Ttcsuf (4) csuu f kd yd@k +yD; olw@dk qrD S tqkrd sm;awmif; qdk&efESifh ESD;aESmzvS,fyGt J wGuf vkdtyfonfhtpDtpOfrsm;udkvkyf&ef 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Eku w&m;a&;Xme 0ef}uD;udk wm0efv$Jay;vkdufonf? (c) jynfe,facgif;aqmifrsm; 1947 ck ESpf zGJ hpnf;tkyfcsKyfykt H ajccHOya'udk jyefvnfok;H oyfjcif; &Sr;f / ucsi/f u&ife/D u&if/ csi;f / rGe/f &cdik f ponfh wdik ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;onf awmif }uD;wGif 1961 ckESpf ZGefv (8) &ufae@rS (16) &ufae@txd zG@J pnf; tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya' jyifqif a&;qGaJ &;nDvmcHudk usif;yðyvkyfchJonf? ,if;nDvmcHwGif &Srf;jynfrSudk,fpm;vS,f 130 OD;/ u,m; jynfudk,fpm;vS,f 20 OD;/ u&ifjynfudk,fpm;vS,f 27 OD;/ ucsifjynfudk,fpm;vS,f 26 OD;/ csif;0dao owdik ;f ud, k pf m;vS,f 5 OD;/ rGet f rsK;d om;acgi;f aqmif 13 OD;/ &cdik t f rsK;d om;acgi;f aqmif 5 OD;/ pkpak ygi;f udk,fpm;vS,f 226 OD;tjyif avhvmol 104 OD;/ pkpkaygif; 330 OD; wufa&muf=uonf? wkid ;f &if;om;rsm;usi;f yðyvkyaf om awmif}uD;nDvmcHonf jynfaxmifpt k pk;d &rS wm0efvJ$ tyfxm;aom jynfaxmifpkw&m;a&;XmeESifhn‡dE_dif;+yD; 1947 ck/ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'udk ppfrSefaom zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmftjzpf jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&ef tcef;rsm;tvkduf/ yk'frrsm;tvkduf jyefvnfpDppfaomfvnf; jynfaxmifpkppfppfrljzifh jyifqifa&;qG&J ef rjzpfEkdifa=umif; udk atmufygtwkdif; &Sif;vif;oGm;a=umif; awG@&Sd&onf? OD;csex f eG ;f onf zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya' wdik ;f ðyjynfðyvGwaf wmfwiG f &Si;f vif;wifjycJh pOfu “usaemfwkd@&@J tajccHOya'[m oabmw&m;tm;jzifh jynfaxmifpkpepfjzpfayr,fh vufawG@ wGif wjynfaxmifpHepfjzpfygw,f”[k xkwfazmfajymqkda=umif; &efukefwuUodkvf &mZ0ifygarmuQ a[mif; rpPwmwifum;u ol. (jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf) pmtkyfwGif azmfjyxm;onf? ( The Constitutional Adviser, Chan Htoon, observed much later that " Our Constitution, though in theory federal, is in practice unitary") (The union of Burma by Hugh Tinker. page 30 )

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Tpmtkyt f ydik ;f (2) ESihf ppf+yD;acwfumv&Sr;f jynfacgi;f pOfjzifh a&;om;azmfjycJo h nfh tcsuf ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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tvufrsm;t& e,fpyfa'oacgi;f aqmifrsm; xyfcgxyfcg wifjyawmif;qkv d maom jynfaxmifppk eH pf rSm uae'gypHk v H nf;r[kw?f oabmw&m;wGio f m jynfaxmifpjk zpf+yD; vufawG@wiG f wjynfaxmifjzpf aom pHepfrsKd;vnf;r[kwf/ jynfaxmifpkppfppfom jzpfayonf? tajccHOya'Adou k m}uD; OD;csex f eG ;f uyif oabmw&m;tm;jzifh jynfaxmifppk eH pfvyk af y; &onft h a=umif;ESiyhf wfoufI atmufygtwdik ;f ajym=um;a=umif; ygarmuQwifum;u ‚if;pmtkyf wGif qufvufa&;om;xm;onf? (=uyfwnf;aom csKyfjc,fjcif;jzifh) cGJxGufEdkifaom tcGifhta&;vdkufavsmcsufESifhtwl jynfe,frsm;zG@J pnf;a&;tcef;rsm;xnfo h iG ;f &jcif;rSm trSew f u,f Edik if aH &;ESit hf yk cf sKyfa&;t& vkt d yfI r[kwb f /J e,fpyfa'oacgi;f aqmifrsm;. ,krH mS ;oHo,rsm; ajyaysmufap&efjzpfonf? awmifay:om; rsm; ¶kwfw&uf rpGef@vGwfEdkifaom ESpf&Snfvrsm; Armrsm;tay:xm;&Sdvmaom r,kHouFmpdwfrsm; udk ukpm;aomenf;wenf;yifjzpfonf? [ The Chapters setting up the States together with the concession of the right of secession (under stringent safe guards) were inserted to assuage the doudts of the frontier leaders rather than to meet actual political and administrative requirements; aform of atonement for that age-old suspicion of the Burmese the hill people could not at-once discard.]

e,fpyfa'oacgi;f aqmifrsm; jynfaxmifppk pfppftvd&k o dS nfrmS trSepf ifppf OD;csex f eG ;f ,lq ouJhodk@ Armrsm;tay:oHo,&SdI r,kHouFmIr[kwfay? urBmhacgif;aqmifrsm;csrSwfxm;onfh vlrsKd;wkdif; udk,fh=urRmudk,fzefwD;cGifh (Right of the Nation to self-determination) r_t& udk,fh=urRm udk,fzefwD;vkd=uaoma=umifhomjzpfonf? jynfaxmifpkpHepfqkdonfrSm urBmay:&Sd rnfonfhjynfaxmifpkEdkifiHudkyif=unfh=unfh jynf axmifpk (ac:) jynfe,frsm;oabmwl pkaygif;zGJ@pnf;aompHepfjzpfonf? Armjynfrtm; A[dkjynf axmifpktpdk;&ESifh waygif;wpnf;wnf; yl;aygif;zGJ@pnf;xm;vdkufayonf? TzGJ@pnf;ykHpepfuom e,fpyfa'ovlrsKd;rsm;u Armrsm;tay: r,kHouFmaompdwf ydkIjzpfay:aponf? wef;wlnDr#r_udk ysufpD;aponf? TzJG@pnf;ykHpepfonf wae@aomtcg jynfaxmifpk}uD;òyuGaJ pEkdifaom ta=umif;t&if; vnf; jzpfayonf? xdk@a=umifh tajccHOya'udk jyefvnfjyifqifonfhtcg cdkif+rJaom/ wef;wlnDr#aom jynf axmifpkjzpfay:a&;twGuf Armjynfrtm; jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0if oD;jcm;jynfe,ftjzpf zGJ@pnf;& rnfjzpfavonf? tajccHOya' ed'gef; e,fpyfa'orsm;qdkonfrSm atmufusaemufusovkd jzpfaeonf? vGwfvyfa&;yl;aygif; ,l&mwGif &Srf;onf &Srf;taejzifh/ ucsifonf ucsiftaejzifh/ csif;onf csif;taejzifh axmufcHonf jzpfI vGwfvyfaom jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHrjzpfay:atmif jrefrmjynfESifh&Srf;jynfwkd@tm; yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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aoG;cGJonfh t*Fvdyf.pDrHudef;rsm; ysufjym;&onf? xkd@a=umifh e,fpyfa'orsm;qdkonfhtpm; &Srf;jynf/ ucsifjynf/ u&ifjynf/ u,m;jynfESifh csif;jynfwkd@tygt0if[laom pum;&yfudk xnfhoGif;tyfonf? jynfaxmifpkppfppfqkdonfrSm vGwfvyfaomjynfolrsm;wkd@onf tajctaet& jynf axmifpzk @JG pnf;+yD;jynfrsm;u uk, d yf ikd t f yk cf sKyfa&;wd@k ukd ‚wk@d .jynfrsm;twGi;f tkycf sKyfI jynftrsm; ESifhoufqkdifonfh ta&;}uD;onfhudpP&yfrsm;udk A[dktpdk;&tm; tkyfcsKyfapjcif;jzpfonf? xkd@a=umifh ºuif;usefaomtm%mrsm;udk tzGJ@0ifjynfrsm;uom okH;EdkifcGifh&Sda=umif;/ EdkifiHa&;ynm (Political Scirnce) t&ajym&aomf uae'gjynf}uD;udk jynfaxmifpkppfppfrlt& wnfaxmifonf[k rqkdEdkif? 1947 ck/ arvtwGi;f usi;f yaom zqyvnDvmcHwiG f Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u A[dók u;udik f yifrjynfaxmifpk (Unitary State) zGJ@pnf;&efroifhavsmf[k twdtvif;ajymqdkcJhonf? odk@&mwGif AdkvfcsKyfusqkH;+yD;onfhaemuf ‚.t=uHay;csufudk arhavsmhypf=uonf? &cdkifESifh rGefvlrsKd;wkd@onf jynfe,frsm;udkawmif;qkd&mY vuf&SdtajccHOya'udk óuufI r[kwyf g? jynfaxmifppk pfppfru l akd wmif;qd&k ef tvm;tvm&Syd gonf? A[dak umfrwDu oufaorsm; udk =um;emppfaq;onft h cg &cdik Ef iS rhf eG rf sm;wk@d onf 0ifa&mufaqG;aEG;+yD; &Sr;f jynfta&;qdck surf sm;udk vkH;0axmufcHvdrfhrnf[k ,lqygonf? xdk@a=umifh &mZ0ifESifh jynfaxmifpkppfppf[laom oabmw&m;rsm;udk ydkrdkav;eufap&ef twGuf TtajccHed'gef; vdktyfovkdjyifqifoifhonf?

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(yk'fr=*) Oya'yk'fr (222) jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0if[laompum;&yfudk t"dy`g,fydkif;jcm; azmfjyxm; &mwGif (c) t&/ jynfe,f. wpdwfwa'otjzpf rzG@J pnf;/ ryg0ifaom jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH&Sd usefe,fajrtm;vkH;udkqkdvkd&m yk'fr (*) t& jrefrmjynfrtwGuf tm%mrsm;udkokH;pGEJ dkif&ef jynf axmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf vkyfief;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESifh t&m&Sdrsm;uomv#ifaomfvnf;aumif; okH;pG&J rnf[k jyXmef;xm;ojzifh jynfaxmifpk.tm%mrsm;udk jrefrmjynfruom óu;udkifxm;onf? jrefrmjynfrtwGufom ydkrdkokH;pGJ&ef tusKd;oufa&mufaeonf? jynfaxmifpkppfppfr_udkvufcHchJaomf Tyk'frudky,fzsuf&rnf? tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh b¾ma&; rsm;wGif jynfe,frsm;onf Tyk'fra=umifh w&m;r#waomtcGifhta&; r&cJhay? xdktwGif; 0efxrf; tzGJ@rsm; zGJ@pnf;&mYvnf;aumif;/ pDrHudef;rsm;a&;qGJ&mYvnf;aumif;/ pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_twGuf bkwfaumfydka&;&Sif;rsm; zG@J pnf;&mYvnf;aumif;/ jrefrmEdkifiHawmfw0Srf;vkH;udk ðcHIrpOf;pm;bJ jynfr udkom t"duxm;I pOf;pm;cJh=uavonf? jynfe,frsm;u ‚udpPESifhywfoufI ta&;qkdonfh tcgrsm;rSom tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tvdktavsmuf&EkdifcGifh cHpm;EdkifcGifh&Sdonf[krqkdEkdif? Oyrm æ *syefppfavsmaf =u;ESiyhf wfoufI (2) ESpaf usm=f umrS pI ta&;qko d jzifh &Sr;f jynf udk tcGit hf a&;tcsK@d ay;cJo h nf? rlvpDpOfcsuw f iG rf yg? &Sr;f jynfp;D yGm;a&;zG@òH z;r_aumfyakd &;&Si;f udk ,ckryS if yxptpdk;&. em;vnfr_/ oabmxm;}uD;r_rsm;jzifh (&Srf;jynf0ef}uD;Xme) Oya'jyXmef;EdkifcJhonf? ,ckjrefrmjynfr&Sd wkid ;f rsm;twGuf ta&;ay:pD;yGm;a&;pDru H ed ;f udk taumiftxnfazmf+yD;v#if vkt d yf ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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aomaiGrsm;xkwfay;&m TpDrHudef;wGif jynfe,frsm;ryg[k twdtvif;qdkxm;onf? jynfe,frsm; onf jynfrESifhpmaomf tbufbufwGif csKd@whJr_rsm;&Sdaeonfudk wEdkifiHvkH;todjzpfygonf? ¶dk;om; aom jynfaxmifpkpdwf"mwf&SdchJaom jynfe,frsm;udk ydkrdkIapmifha&Smuf&ayrnf? Tyk'frr&Sdv#if jrefrmjynfonf jynfe,fwe,fjzpf&rnf? TuJhodk@jzpfcJhaomf tajccH Oya'u jynfe,frsm;tcGifhta&;rsm;udk rnfr#csKyfjc,fxm;onfudk vufawG@cHpm;&ayrnf? &Srf;jynfe,ftaejzifh/ tajccHOya'wGifjyXmef;xm;aom rlvtcGifhta&;rsm;tm;vkH;udk auseyfpGmvufcHEdkifygonf? xkdodk@vufcHonfhtwdkif; &Srf;jynf. tcuftcJrsm;/ &Srf;jynfolvlxkESifh txl;ywfoufaeaom rlvtcGifhta&;rsm;udk ukd,fh0rf;em udk,fomodojzifh &Srf;jynfuom pDrHcef@ cGJoifhonf? pD;yGm;a&;taejzifh atmufusaemufusjzpfae&m &Srf;jynfu ,cktcg xda&mufpGm aqmif&Guf&ef tcsdefusa&mufay+yD? tu,fIom tcGifhta&;&&Sdojzifh pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufvm =uonfhtavsmuf tcGefb¾awmfrsm;vnf; wdk;wufvmrnfjzpf&m &Srf;jynfolvlxkw&yfvkH;u rlvtcGifhta&;rsm;udk ydkrdkazmfxkwfEdkifayvdrfhrnf? &Sr;f jynfe,f&dS Edik if aH &;ygww D @dk onf ‚wk@d vufo@kd 'Dru kd a&pDenf;ppfppft& tm%modr;f ydkuf&efóu;pm;tm;xkwfrnfrSm EdkifiHa&;."rRwmyifjzpfygonf? odk@aomf EdkifiHawmfqkdaom pum; &yfrsm;.t"dy`g,frSm r&Sif;vif;onfhtwGuf EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;0g' ponfwdk@udk vuf&SdtajccH Oya't&/ rJqEN&Sifvlxktm; r,fr,f&& rdrdwkd@.0g'rsm;udk xkwfazmfrajymEdkif/ uwdrsm; ray;Edkif/ Edik if aH &;oabmw&m;tm;jzifh wyef;¶_;H aeav+yD? &Sr;f jynfY vkyo f ifo h nfu h pd t P &yf&yfw@dk ukd &Sr;f jynf aumifpDausmfvGef+yD; ygvDrefrSpum;qdk&onfhtajzudkum; rvkdvm;tyfay? &Srf;jynf jynfwGif;a&;wGif 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_r&Sdaom0g'udk jynfaxmifpktzG@J u vufcH okH;pGaJ e&m ta&;}uD;aomtm%mrsm;rSm jynfaxmifpktpdk;&wGifom wnf&Sdojzifh &Srf;jynfu rdrd uH=urRmudk rdrzd efw;D &rnfu h pd t P &yf&yftwGuf tajccHOya't& tm%mr&Sad oma=umifh aqmif&u G f cGifhr&Sday? &Srf;jynfEdkifiHa&;t& EdkifiHawmfqdkaompum;&yfrsm;.t"dy`g,fudk vufcH&ef tvsOf;roifh avsmfay? Ttcef;ESifh tcef; 3/ tcef; 4 wkd@wGif EdkifiHawmf[laom pum;&yfqkdvkd&if;rSm a&S@aemuf pum;wkd@t"dy`g,fudkaxmufI jynfaxmifpkEdkifiH. odk@wnf;r[kwf oufqkdif&mjynfaxmifpktzGJ@ 0if. tkyfcsKyfr_tcGifhtm%mudkvnf;aumif; Oya'ðyr_tcGifhtm%mudkvnf;aumif; qdkvdkonf? txufyg&Sif;vif;csuft& “EdkifiHawmf”[laompum;.t"dy`g,fudk ay:vGifap&ef/ jynf axmifpkEdkifiH Oya'ðypm&if;/ jynfe,fOya'ðypm&if;wkd@ESifh nd‡E_dif;zwf¶_&ayrnf? zwf¶_aomfvnf; r&Sif;vif;vSyg? odk@ygI “EdkifiHawmf” [laom pum;&yfonf t"dy`g,fr&Sif;vif;onfhtwGuf tajccH Oya'wGifyg&Sdonfh ta&;}uD;aomyk'frrsm;udk tokH;ðy&mY jynfe,frsm;ESifh roufqkdifonfhtae a&mufaeojzifh/ &Srf;jynfrS&oifhonfh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk t}uD;tus,f qkH;¶_H;epfemvsuf&Sdjcif;/ t*Fvdyfpum;&yfrsm;rSm &Sif;oifhoavmuf&Sif;aomfvnf; jrefrmpum;&yfjzpfaom EdkifiHawmfonf jynfe,fuq kd v kd o dk nf[k oabmraygu?f Edik if aH wmfpum;&yfukd jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &taejzifh vdw k rsK;d rvdkwrsKd; t"dy`g,fjyefaeojzifh r_vtcGifhta&;udpPrsm;udkaqmif&Guf&ef jynfe,frsm;u tm%mr&Sd onfhoabm oufa&mufaeonf? Oyrm yk'fr 42/ 43/ 44 wdk@udk jynfe,fu raqmif&GufEkdifyg? yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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xd@k jyif tcsK@d ae&mrsm;wGif Edik if aH wmf[al ompum;onf jynfe,fEiS rhf qdik o f vm;/ jynfrESiq hf idk o f vm;/ jynf axmifpkESifhqdkifovm;[k t"dy`g,fruGJjym;jzpfaeonf? yk'fr 23 (4) ESifh (5) wGifygaom pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mtcGifhta&;rsm;udk wwd,Z,m;pm&if;/ (1) jynfaxmifpkOya'ðypm&if;/ (5) t&yf&yfqdkif&m (4) t& &Srf;jynfe,fonf tqdkygtcGifhta&; rsm;udk ok;H ydik cf iG rhf &S?d xdt k cGit hf m%mr&So d jzifh qd&k , S v f pf pHepfxal xmifa&;onf &Sr;f jynfe,fEiS rhf qdik f ovkdjzpfaeayonf? ykk'fr (23) yk'fr 23(3)/ 23(4)/ 23(5) wkd@wGifazmfjyxm;aom pD;yGm;a&;tm%mrsm;rSm jynfe,ftzdk@ r[kwf[k ,lq&ayrnf? wwd,Z,m;pm&if;/ 1-jynfaxmifpOk ya'ðypm&if; (5) t&yf&yfqikd &f m (4) t&/ &Sr;f jynf e,fonf tqdkygtcGifhta&;rsm;udk okH;ydkifcGifhtm%mr&Sd? txufygtydk'frsm;udk TOya't&ðcHI t"dy`g,faumuf,lchJaomf &Srf;jynfonf ‚. udpPtwGuf ypPnf;&,lEdkifcGifhr&Sd? &,lvkdcJhaom &Srf;jynf0ef}uD;Xmeuom jynfaxmifpktpdk;& taejzifhtm%mjynfh0ojzifh vkdtyfaomtrdef@jyefwrf;rsm;udk xkwfjyefEdkifonf? tvkyfoabm tm;jzifh &Srf;jynfonf ypPnf;wckckudk&vkdcJhaomf omrefjynfolrsm;enf;wl ta&mif;t0,fðyvkyf &ojzifh *k%foduQmudkrsm;pGmrS xdcdkufayonf? Oya't&qdkv#if &Srf;jynfonf rnfonfhudpPwGifr# jynfr.oabmwlr_r&bJ rdrdoabmtavsmuf vkyfaqmifEkdifcGifhr&ay? jynfaxmifpktpdk;&Xmersm;u &Srf;jynf&SdypPnf;rsm;udk&,l&mYr_ jynfaxmifpktm%m rsm;udo k ;Hk pG+J yD; jynfe,frsm;tm; wdik yf if&efrvd[ k al om ,lqcsut f &/ rwdik yf ifbJ odr;f ,lavh&o dS jzifh jynfe,ftpdk;&tm; ta&;rxm;&ma&mufaeayonf? Oyrm “avmydw” v#yfppf"mwfóud;rsm;udk &Srf;jynfrSjzwfI txufjrefrmjynfodk@ quf oG,f&mY "mwfóu;wdkifrsm;aqmuf&ef ajrrsm;udkodrf;,lchJavonf? xkdajrrsm;teuf vlxku awm &Sif;xm;aomajrrsm;udk odrf;,l&mY avsmfa=u;ay;onf[k rod&ay? jynfaxmifpktpdk;&taejzifh vnf; &Srf;jynfudktodray;cJhay? xdk@a=umifh &Srf;jynf jynfoljynfom;tcsKd@wkd@rSm ‚wdk@.epfemr_ rsm;udk &Srf;jynfe,ftpdk;&tm; wdkifwef;cJh=uav+yD? Todk@aom Oyrmtajrmuftrsm;&Sdygonf? &Srf;jynftpdk;&ydkifypPnf;rsm;udkyif jynfaxmifpkXmersm;.oabmt& odrf;ydkufcGifh&Sdonf [kqdk+yD; odrf;,lEdkifygu/ &Srf;jynfvlxktwGufrSm ajym&efyifrvkdawmhyg? ta&;}uD;tzdk;wefvSonfh tajccHOya'tydk'f 23 (1) rSm &Srf;jynftwGuf t"dy`g,fr&Sd/ ta&;ryg t&mra&mufawmhay?

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yk'fr=30=(1)/ (2) ESifh (3) tvGeo f ifjh rwfojzifh “rl”udk vufcEH ikd o f nf? od@k aomfvnf; wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;udk aqmif &Guf&ef &Srf;jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;rSm tm%mr&Sd? “Edik if aH wmf”onf ajr,mtm;vk;H . yif&if;ydik &f iS jf zpfonf? “Edik if aH wmf”onf jynfravm/ jynfe,favm/ odk@r[kwf jynfrajrae&mtm;vkH;udk jynfrydkifI/ jynfe,fajrae&mtm;vkH;udk jynf ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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e,ftpd;k &u ydik o f avm? Oya'ðypm&if;ESihf n‡Ed id_ ;f zwf¶a_ om “Edik if aH wmf” [laompum;&yfrmS jynfr udkom qkdvkd[efjzpfaeyg.? Tt,ltqrSefygv#if jynfe,frsm;twGif;&Sd ajr,mwkd@yif jynfrydkif ypPnf;tjzpf oufa&mufaeygawmhonf? &Sr;f jynfe,fwiG f ajr,mcsxm;a&;ESihf ajr,mðyjyifajymif;vJrr_ sm;udk &Sr;f jynfe,fu vkyyf ikd f cGifhr&Sd? ajr,mrsm;onf &Srf;jynfe,fajr/ t&mawmfajrrsm;jzpfvsufESifh &Srf;jynfe,furvkyfEdkifb/J jrefrmjynfru EkdifiHa&;ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u ajr,mrsm;csrSwfxm;onfhtwdkif; &Srf;jynfe,fu ajymydkifcGifhr&Sd/ vkdufem&rnfhoabm&Sdaeonf? &Srf;jynfe,fwGif rajymyavmufaom bdk;bGm;ydkifajrtenf;i,fuvGJI usefajrrsm;rSm t&mawmfajrrsm;jzpfonft h avsmuf/ &Sr;f awmifov l ,form;wd@k onf v,f,mvkyu f ikd cf iG o hf m&S+d yD; ajr&mydkifqkdifcGifhr&Sdyg? xdk@twGuf &Srf;jynfe,fwGif EdkifiHydkifajrðyvkyf&eftcuftcJr&Sdyg? ,ck vuf&Sd Oya't& vGwfvyfa&;r&rDu &Srf;jynfe,ftaejzifh ydkifqkdifaomajrrsm;ESifh &Srf;jynfoljynfom; wdk@tm; ajr,mvufvGwfr_rsm;rSumuG,fxm;onfh ajr&mydkifcGifhpHepf pnf;rsOf;owfrSwfa&;/ ajr,m vGaJ jymif; jcif;/ ajr,mpGef@vGwfjcif;/ ajr,mqufqHjcif; ponfhtcGifhta&;rsm;udk &Srf;jynfu qkH;¶_H; v#uf&Sdaeonf? TudpPESifhywfoufI &Srf;jynfe,ftaejzifh w&m;v$wfawmfwGif qkH;jzwfcsuf awmif; qkd&m ratmifjrifchJay? &Srf;jynfwGif vlOD;a&enf;+yD; ajrursm;aeojzifh &Srf;jynfESifh jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfwkd@. opPmapmifx h ed ;f rnfh awmifov l ,form;tajrmuftrsm;tvk&d ydS gonf? od@k &mwGif &Sr;f jynftaejzifh Oya't& ajymqkdydkifcGifhr&SdonfhtwGuf aemufaemiftcg ajr,mudkta=umif;ðy+yD; vlrsKd;a&;jy\ emrsm;ay:aygufvmEdkifayonf? yk'fr (31) yk'fr 31 t& csKd@,Gif;csufrsm;rSmvnf; txufygtwdkif;jzpf.? tvkyform;tcGifhta&; rsm;udkapmifha&Smuf&mwGif &Srf;jynftaeESifh bmrSrvkyfEdkifjzpfaeonf? &Srf;jynfe,f/ erRwl abmfowWKwGif;}uD;Yom tvkyform;wkd@onf Tyk'frt& !$ef=um; xm;onfhtcGifhta&;rsm;udk &&Sd=ua=umif;? odk@&mwGif tjcm;omreftvkyform;rsm;rSm jrefrmjynf r&Sd tvkyform;uJhodk@ cHpm;cGifhr&=uyg? &Srf;jynfe,fu ‚wdk@tm; apmifha&Smufvkdaomfvnf; apmifha&Smuf&eftm%mr&Sd? tvkyform;ta&; tcuftcJrsm;ay:aygufvmv#if &Srf;jynftaejzifh +idrf0yfydjym;a&;rSwyg;/ tvkyform;rsm;twGuf vkdtyfaomapmifha&Smufr_rsm;udk raqmif&GufEdkif? xdktwGuf &Srf;jynfe,ftpkd;&rSm tvkyform;vlxk. ¶dkaoav;pm;r_udkcH,lzdk@&ef vrf;rjrifay? yk'fr (91) yk'fr 91 wGifazmfjyxm;aomtm%mrsm;rSm jynfe,faumifpDrsm;zdk@r[kwf? jynfe,frsm; twGif; a'oqkdif&mudk,fpm;vS,ftzG@J rsm;zG@J pnf;&ef jynfe,faumifpDwkd@.*k%foduQmudk xdcdkufyg onf? yk'rf 92 ESiw hf b JG ufv#if yk'rf 91 wGif tyfEiS ;f xm;aomtm%mrsm;udk &Sr;f jynfe,ftpd;k & yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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u aqmif&GufEdkifcGifhr&Sd? &Srf;jynfe,fwGif a'oqdkif&mukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@rsm;odk@ tkyfcsKyfa&;udpP/ ,Ofaus;r_udpP/ pD;yGm;a&;udpPrsm;twGuf tm%mrsm;v$Jay;&efudpPudk ygvDrefuom Oya'ðyvkyfcGifh &So d jzifh &Sr;f jynfe,ftaejzifh auseyfz, G &f mr&Sad y? tkycf sKyfa&;udpu P kd a'otzG@J rsm;od@k jynfaxmifpk ygvDrefu v$t J yfay;rnfqdkygu &Srf;jynfwGif pifòyif/ wwd,tpdk;&wDxGif&modk@ a&mufayvdrfhrnf? ,Ofaus;r_udpPqdk&mYvnf; &Srf;jynf.,Ofaus;r_udk &Srf;jynfxuf tjcm;jynfrsm;u ydkI odu|rf;em; vnfrr_ &SEd ikd af y? pD;yGm;a&;wDxiG &f mYvnf; &Sr;f jynftpd;k &onf &Sr;f jynfov l x l t k wGuf &J&w J if;wif; opPm&SdpGmESifh aqmif&Guf&efwm0ef&Sdonf? xkd@a=umifh yk'fr 91 t& okH;ydkifcGifhtm%mudk &Srf;jynfu om okH;ydkifcGifh&Sdoifhonf? yk'fr= (92) = (3) Tyk'frt& jynfe,faumifpDrsm;u rdrdwkd@.e,fajrrsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ tm%mrsm;udk vnf;aumif;/ qkH;jzwfcsufcsI jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmfodk@ jyeftyfEdkifonf? odk@aomf ygvDrefu jynfr. e,fajrwpdwfwa'oudkvnf;aumif;/ tcGifhtm%m wpdwfwa'oudkvnf;aumif;/ jynf e,frsm;odk@ cGJa0ay;EdkifcGifhr&Sdjzpfaeonf? jynfaxmifpkppfppfrludkvufcHcJhaomf jynfaxmifpkA[dktpdk;&onf jynfe,frsm;ESifh ywf oufaeonfu h pd &P yfrsm;udo k m aqmif&u G cf iG &hf &dS rnfjzpfonft h avsmuf tqdyk gupd rP sm;udk A[dt k pd;k & ucsKyfuikd x f m;&mY tzG@J 0ifjynfrsm;. oabmwlnrD t _ &om jzpfoifo h nf?/ tzG@J 0ifjynfe,fwckcrk mS tjcm;usefjynfrsm;u oabmrwlnDygu ‚wkd@e,fajrrsm;/ odk@r[kwf tm%mrsm;udk pGef@v$wfcGifh r&Sday? jynfaxmifpk Oya'ðypm&if;ESifh jynfe,frsm; Oya'ðypm&if;ukd E_dif;,SOfchJaomf jynfaxmifpkrS odr;f ,lxm;aomtm%mrsm;rSm wzufapmif;eif;jzpfaeayonf? jynfe,frsm;u vuf&dS tm%mrsm; udk jynfaxmifpktpdk;&tm;jyeftyfrnfqdkygu pmuav;tar$;E_wfonfh yrmtm%mvufrhJb0odk@ a&mufayvdrfhrnf? ,ck Oya'ðypm&if;rsm;t& jynfe,frsm;u ‚wkd@ydkifqdkifonfh tcGifhtm%m rsm;udk rnfonfhenf;ESifhrS jyeftyf&efta=umif; r&Sday?

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yk'fr (93) t& jynfaxmifpkOya'ðypm&if;wGif opfawmudpP/ owWKwGif;udpP/ a&eHajrudpP/ owWKwl; azmfðyjyifa&;udpPrSm pnf;rsOf;owfrSwfydkifcGifh&Sdonfjzpfaoma=umifh jynfaxmifpkEkdifiHu okH;pGyJ dkifcGifh &Sdaom tm%mrsm;udkokH;pGJ&mY xkdopfawmrsm;/ owWKwGif;rsm;/ a&eHajrrsm; vkyfukdifokH;pGJap&ef aomfvnf;aumif;/ tok;H csap&efaomfvnf;aumif;/ vufrw S u f kd od@k wnf;r[kwf vdik pf ifu/kd od@k wnf; r[kwf tcGifhtm%mv$Jtyfaomtjcm;enf;udk rxkwfay;rD/ xkdodk@xkwfay;aomtm%mydkifonf oufqdkif&mjynfe,ftwGuf cef@xm;jcif;cH&aom jynfaxmifpktpdk;&tzG@J 0if 0ef}uD;ESifhn‡dE_dif;wdkifyif &rnf[k jzpfygonf? Tyk'rf udk yk'rf 122 (u) wk@d EiS hf n‡Ed id_ ;f zwf¶a_ omf/ jynfe,frsm;wk@d . tzd;k wefq;Hk jzpfaom opfawmypPnf;rsm;/ owWKrsm;/ a&eHrsm;xkwf,lokH;pGcJ Gifhudk jynfruom xkwfay;Edkifavonf? ouf qkdif&mjynfe,f0ef}uD;ESifh n‡dEd_if;wkdifyif&rnf[k qkdxm;aomfvnf; jynfrtm%mydkifrsm;. aemuf ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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qkH;qkH;jzwfcsufom twnfjzpf&ef&Sdayonf? trSeftm;jzifhqdkaomf tqdkygypPnf;rsm; xkwf,lokH; pGcJ Gifhudk oufqdkif&mjynfe,ftpdk;&. tm%mtwGif;omjzpfapoifhonf? (yk'fr 219 udkvnf; -unfhyg ) tzd;k wefobm0ypPn;f rsm;jzpfaom opfawm/ owWK/ a&eHEiS hf ‚wk@d ux kd w k , f o l ;kH pGyJ ikd cf iG hf tm%mrsm;udk ay;tyf&mY/ opfawm/ owWK/ a&eHvufpGJ Oya'rsm;t& &Srf;jynfonf tkyfcsKyfa&; wGif vkH;0tm%mr&SdawmhbJ xkdXmersm;. tkyfcsKyf a&;0efxrf;rsm;/ e,ft&m&Sdrsm;ESifh =um;acsmif vsuf&Sdaeonf? xdkudpPt&yf&yfrsm;udk aqmif&Guf&mY rauseyfr_rsm;&Sdygu &Srf;jynfe,faumifpDY ajymqkcd iG rhf &Sad y? ygvrD efYom ajymqdck iG &hf o dS nf? Oyrmqdak omf awmif}uD;teD;&Sd ido k aH wmifukd xyfrH prf;oyf&efESifh oHowWKwl;azmf&efudk *smrefvlrsKd;ykdif ukrR%DwckESifh pmcsKyfcsKyfqkdonf[kod&Sd&ay onf? TudpPwGif &Srf;jynf0ef}uD;rsm;tzG@J .oabmwlnDcsufukd óuwif&,lchjJ cif; r&Sday? pifppftm; jzifh TuJo h @kd &Sr;f jynftwGut f a&;}uD;aom pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk &Sr;f jynftpd;k &uom ydik yf ikd Ef ikd f Edik af jymqkcd iG &hf o dS nf? yk'fr 94 (1)? &Srf;jynfe,ftwGuf tvGefyifta&;}uD;ygonf? &Srf;jynfawmifydkif; ppftkyf csKyfa&;&mZ0ifudk jyefvnfo;Hk oyfyg? Edik if aH wmforRwqdo k nfph um;&yfrmS jynfaxmifpu k muG,af &;/ jynfxaJ &;ponfh0ef}uD;Xmersm;udk qkdvkdonf? vkdtyfonfh ta&;w}uD;a=unmcsufxkwfjyef&mY &Sr;f jynfe,faumifpD od@k r[kwf &Sr;f jynfe,ftpd;k &wk@d . oabmwlncD suf &,lrnf[ak zmfjyjcif;r&Syd g? yk'fr (96) “TudpPtwGuf cef@xm;aomtzGJ@wckck. odk@wnf;r[kwf tjcm;tm%mydkifwckck. axmufcHcsufrsm;t&/ axmufyHh&efvkdtyfonf[k qkH;jzwfowfrSwfaom taxmuftyHhaiGrsm;udk jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHtpdk;&onf rdrd. tcGefawmfrsm;rSxkwfI jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0ifrsm;. tcGefawmf rsm;udk jznfhwif;aomtm;jzifh/ xdkjynfaxmifpktzGJ@0ifrsm;. tpdk;&rsm;tm;ay;Edkifonf”[k qkdxm; &m æ pmoGm; pmvmESihf pum;tok;H tE_e;f t&qkv d #if jynfe,frsm;&oif&h xdu k o f nft h a=umif; r&Sad omfvnf;/ jynfru *¶k%ma&S@xm;I rdr. d tcGeaf wmfaiGrsm;rS jynfe,frsm;udk axmufyaHh iGay;&m oufa&mufaeygonf? trSeftm;jzifh tqdkyg “axmufyHhaiG”rSm jynfrESifhjynfe,fwkd@ tcsKd;us&,l cHpm;xdkufaom tcGefawmfrsKd;wkd@rS jynfe,frsm;&xdkufaom tcsKd;usjzpfI “axmufyHhaiG” [laom a0g[m&udk rokH;xdkufyg? jynfe,frsm;&oifh&xdkufaomtcGefawmfudk jynfe,frsm;odk@cGJa0ay;&mY tzGJ@wckck odk@wnf;r[kwf tjcm;tm%mydkifwckck. axmufcHcsufudk&,l&efrvkdyg? tu,fI wef;wljynfe,frsm;&oifh&xdkufaom tcsKd;ustcGefawmfaiGrsm; xufausmf vGeI f ay;ygv#if tqkyd gaiGrmS axmufyahH iGppfppfjzpfvmojzif/h tzG@J wckc/k tm%mydik w f ckc. k axmufcH csuft&ay;oGif; &rnf[kqkdaomf oifhawmfygonf? Tyk'frt&/ zGJ@pnf;xm;aomjynfe,frsm; axmufyHha=u; cGJa0ay;a&;tzGJ@. t"duvkyf yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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ief;rSm aemifvmrnfhb¾ma&;ESpftwGuf jynfe,frsm;tm; taxmuftyHh rnfa&G@rnfr#ay;rnf[k jynfe,fOuUÏrsm;tm; zdwfac:ta=umif;=um;jcif;r#omjzpfygonf? jynfe,frsm;&oifh&xdkufaomaiGudk rltm;jzifh wGufcsufjcif;rðybJ TESpfwGif Tr#om ay;Ekdifonf[k ta=umif;=um;jcif;r#omjzpfygonf? jynfaxmifpt k cGeaf wmfpm&if;t& aumufc&H aomtcGerf sm;xJrS jynfe,ftm; a0yku H say; oifhonfhrlwckrSm ,ckxufxdr&Sdao;yg? ,ckvuf&Sd tcGefawmfpm&if;rsm;twdkif; qufvufaqmif &Guaf ev#if &Sr;f jynf. b¾ma&;tcuftcJrsm;udk urBmajrysuo f Ok ;f onfu h mvtxd ajz&Si;f I&Edik f rnfr[kwfay? vGwfvyfa&;&onfhaerSpI ,ae@txd jynfaxmifpkom;rsm;ppfppf[kom tajccH Oya't& ,lqcH&aomf jrefrmjynfrvlxkESifh &Srf;jynfe,fvlxkwkd@. trsKd;twGuf okH;aiGpm&if;udk pDppfrnfqkdygu/ &Srf;jynfvlxkrSm tcGifhta&; rnfr#,kwfav#mhpGm cHpm;ae&onfudk xif&Sm;pGm awG@jrif&rnf? jrefrmjynfrrSmom rlvtcGifhta&;rsm; aiGtiftm;a=umifh ¶kyfvkH;ay:oavmufay: ae+yD; &Srf;jynfe,frSmrl 'kH&if;twkdif;yif&Sdaeayonf? yk'fr (122) Tyk'frudkrSDjirf;ðyI jynfe,frsm;tzdk@ rsm;pGmaomtcuftcJESifh &ifqkdifapcJhygonf? yk'fr (122) t& TtajccHOya'&SdjyXmef;csufrsm;ESifh rqef@usifv#if jynfaxmifpkEdkifiH. tkyfcsKyfr_tcGifh tm%monf atmufygudpPrsm;odk@ oufa&mufjyef@ESH@onf? (u) ygvDrefu Oya'ðyEdkifaomudpPrsm;/ qkdvkd&if;rSm ygvDrefuOya'ðyEdkifaomudpPwkdif; tay:wGif jynfaxmifpkEkdifiH. tkyfcsKyfr_tcGifhtm%m oufa&mufavonf? wzef jynf axmifpEk ikd if OH ya'ðypm&if;wGif opfawm/ owWK/ a&eHw@kd yg0ifaeaoma=umifh jynfe,fwiG f opfawmESifhowWKtay: tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mvkH;0r&Sd? ‚opfawmESifh owWKtay:wGif tcGeaf wmfcpH m;cGi&hf onfrt S y jynfe,frsm;ESihf vk;H 0rqkid [ f al omt,ltqrsm; jzpfay:ae avonf? tvm;wl ,pfrsKd;ESifhywfoufI jynfe,frsm; tcGefawmfudkomcHpm;cGifh&+yD; tkyfcsKyfa&;rSm jynfromydkifonf[k ,lqv#uf&Sdonf? Tyk'frESifh jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHOya'ðypm&if;udk yl;wGJzwf¶_+yD;v#if jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;rSm pufr_vufr_vkyfief; rvkyfEkdif/ puf¶kHrsm;raqmufEdkif tp&Sdojzifh taESmuft,Sufay;cJhzl;ygonf?

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yk'fr (128) ygvDrefESifhjynfe,faumifpDrsm;. tcGifhtm%mjzifh/ xkdtcGifhtm%mt&/ jynfaxmifpk tpdk;&udk,fpm; aiGxkwfay;a&;udpPtm;vkH;udk }uD;=uyftkyfcsKyfap&efvnf;aumif;/ pDrHcef@cGJ&aom aiGrsm;.pm&if;tm;vkH;udkppfaq;&ef ‚EdkifiHawmfpm&if; ppfcsKyfwOD;&Sd&rnf? Tyk'frt& jynfe,faumifpDrsm;. tcGifhtm%mjzifhvnf;aumif;/ tcGifhtm%mt&vnf;aumif;/ ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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xkwfay;aomaiGrsm;udk }uD;=uyftkyfcsKyf&mYvnf;aumif;/ pm&if;rsm;udk ppfaq;&mYvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHawmf pm&if;ppfcsKyfonf jynfaxmifpktpdk;&udk,fpm;}uD;=uyftkyfcsKyfppfaq;&rnf[k qkdvdkyg onf? pmoGm;pmvmt&qkdaomf jynfe,faumifpDrsm;cGifhðyI okH;aiGESifhpm&if;rsm;udk jynfaxmifpk tpdk;&u }uD;=uyfppfaq; ydkifcGifh&Sd&ma&mufaeygonf? trSefaomfum; EdkifiHawmfpm&if;ppfcsKyfonf ygvDref cGifhðyokH;aiGESifhpm&if;rsm;udk jynfe,faumifpDrsm;.udk,fpm; ‚}uD;=uyftkyfcsKyfppfaq;& ayrnf? yk'fr (131) “EdkifiHawmfpm&if;ppfcsKyfonf/ jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHESifhjynfe,frsm;. aiGpm&if;rsm;qkdif&m tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk w&m;Oya'uowfrSwfazmfjyxm;aom tcsdefumvrsm;wGif jynfol@v$wfawmf odk@ wifjy&rnf?”[kqkd&mwGif jynfe,faiGpm&if;rsm;qdkif&m tpD&ifcHpmudk jynfol@v$wfawmfodk@ wifjyjcif;tm;jzif/h jynfo@l vw $ af wmf jynfo@l aiGpm&if;aumfrwDu jynfe,ftpd;k &rsm;tay: tm%m oufa&mufonft h ajctae jzpfaeygawmhonf? trSet f m;jzifh jynfe,faiGpm&if;rsm;qdik &f m tpD&if cHpmodk@/ jynfe,faumifpDodk@omwifjyI/ jynfe,faumifpDucef@xm;aom jynfol@aiGpm&if;aumf rwDuom jynfe,ftpdk;&tay:Y jypfwifta&;,l&ef tm%m&Sdoifhygonf? yk'fr (154) &Sr;f jynfe,faumifp/D ucsijf ynfe,faumifpD tp&So d jzifah c:a0:&mwGif “aumifp”D [laom pum;&yfrSm t*Fvdyfpum;jzpfaeI roifhawmfyg? odk@ygI “jynfe,faumifp”D tpm; “jynfe,fOya' ðyv$waf wmf”[k ac:wGiaf pv#if oifah wmfayrnf? yk'fr (160) jynfe,f0ef}uD; (jynfe,fOuUÏ) cef@&mwGif/ EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyfu jynfe,faumifpDESifh n‡Ed id_ ;f wkid yf if&rnf[k qdjk im;aomfvnf;/ jynfe,faumifpu D raxmufcaH omtrwfwOD;udk Edik if aH wmf 0ef}uD;csKyfu jynfe,f0ef}uD;cef@Edkifonf[k w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyfu qkH;jzwf+yD;jzpfygonf? jynfe,faumifpDuoabmrwlbJ EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyfcef@tyfoludk jynfe,fu OuUÏ tjzpfvufcH&rnfqdkv#if tkyfcsKyfa&;tcuftcJrsm; awG@ñuH&ayrnf? EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyftzdk@qkd v#ifvnf; rdrdoabmrusaomolwa,mufudk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&tzG@J 0iftjzpfcef@tyf&ef rnfonfh enf;ESifhr# vufcHEdkifrnfr[kwf? tqkdygjy\emudkajyvnfatmifum; jynfaxmifpkppfppfzGJ@pnf;&efom&Sdygawmhonf? yk'fr (162) Tyk'fr. vkd&if;t"dy`g,ftppfudkod&ef tawmfcufygonf? 162 (1) t&/ tkycf sKyfrt _ cGit hf m%mudo k ;Hk &mwGif jynfe,fOuUÏonf aumifp. D qk;H jzwf csuu f kd vku d ef m&rnf[q k x kd m;&m/ tkycf sKyfrt _ cGit hf m%mudk ok;H wkid ;f ok;H wdik ;f aumifp. D qk;H jzwfcsuf yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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&,lEdkif&ef aumifpDonf ae@pOfae@wdkif; pnf;a0;ae&ayrnf? rjzpfEdkifaomudpPjzpfygonf? 162 (2) “tjcm;udpP”qdkonfrSm bmudkqkdvkdonf rawG;wwfawmhyg? 162 (3) jynfe,f0ef}uD;rsm;tzG@J 0ifrsm;udk jynfe,fOuUÏu oabmwlonfjzpfap/ rwl onfjzpfap/ aumifpDua&G;cs,fEdkifonfrSm enf;vrf;rusyg? jynfe,f0ef}uD;rsm;tzGJ@0ifrsm;. tm%mrnfr#&Sdonf[kvnf; pOf;pm;Ir&yg? yk'fr = 164 (2) “jynfaxmifpktpdk;&. axmufyhHaiGESifhpyfvsOf;I jynfaxmifpktpdk;&u owfrSwfaom pnf;urf;csufrsm;ESifh rqef@usifapbJ/ jynfe,faumifpDonf jynfe,f.bwf*sufudk vufcHtwnf ðyEdkif&ef tm%m&Sd&rnf? xdkpnf;urf;csufrsm;twdkif; jynfe,faumifpDu usepGmvkdufema=umif;/ EkdifiHawmforRwauseyfEdkifap&ef jynfe,f.bwf*sufudk jynfaxmifpktpdk;&. bwf*swfwGifxnfh oGif;azmfjy&rnf”[k jyXmef;&mwGif æ yk'fr 96 (¹cif;csuf) ESifhywfoufI azmfjy+yD;cJhonfhtwkdif; jynfaxmifpktpdk;&. “t axmuftyHhaiG” r[kwf/ jynfe,frsm; tcsKd;us&oifh&xdkufaomaiGjzpfI/ ‚ESifhywfoufI jynf axmifpktpkd;&u pnf;urf;csufrsm; rowfrSwfoifhyg? jynfe,frsm; &oifh&xdkufaom tcsKd;usaiG xuf ausmfvGefIay;aomaiGrSom “axmufyHhaiG”jzpfI ‚ESifhywfoufIom pnf;urf;csufrsm; owfrSwfoifhygonf? wzef tqdkygpnf;urf;csufrsm;udk wduspGmvdkufema=umif;xif&Sm;ap&ef jynfe,f bwf*swfudk jynfaxmifpktpdk;&.bwf*swfwGif xnfhoGif;azmfjy&rnf[k qdkygonf? TjyXmef;csuf ESifhywfoufI vufawG@tcuftcJrsm; ESpfpOfawG@ñuH&ygonf? jynfaxmifpktpdk;&bwf*swfwGif jynfe,ftpdk;&bwf*swfrsm; xnfhoGif;azmfjyEdkif&ef/ jynfe,faumifpDrsm;u jynfe,fbwf*swfrsm;udk tcsdefrDtwnfðy&ef vkdygonf? jynfe,faumifpD rsm;u bwf*swfudk tcsdefrDtwnfðyEdfkif&ef jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;u bwf*swfudktcsdefrSDa&;qGI J ykHESdyf pmtkyfðyvkyfEdkif&efvkdygonf? jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;u bwf*swfudk tcsdefrSDa&;qGt J +yD;owfEkdif&ef jynf axmifpktpdk;&u “axmufyHha=u;” rnfr#ay;rnfudk tcsdefrDqkH;jzwf&efvkdyg.? tqdkyg jynfaxmifpk tpd;k &.qk;H jzwfcsurf mS ESppf Of tcsed af ESmif;rS&ojzifh jynfe,fbwf*swrf sm;udk a&;qGyJ EkH ydS +f yD; jynfe,f aumifpDudkwif&mY ESpfpOfESifhtr# 'kuQawG@&ygonf?

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yk'fr (219) Tyk'rf t& jynfe,frsm;twGi;f &Sd opfawmajr/ owWKajr/ opfawmrsm;/ a&/ wHigtrsK;d rsK;d qdkif&ma'orsm;/ owWKrsm;/ ausmufrD;aoG;/ a&eHESifh tjcm;wGif;xGufqDrsm;/ "mwftm;xGufrnfh yif&if;tajctjrpfrsm;ESihf tjcm;obm0 yif&if;tajctjrpfrsm;udk jynfaxmifpEk ikd if u H vkyu f ikd o f ;Hk pGI J wkd;wufatmifðy&rnf[kqkdxm;ygonf? tu,fI jrefrmjynfwGif;I opfawmajr/ owWK/ owWKajr/ rD;aoG;/ a&eH tp&Sdaom yif&if;tajctjrpfrsm;udkyg jynfaxmifpkppfppftpdk;&uvkyfudkifI tcGefawmfrsm;ESifh tjrwfrsm;udk ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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jrefrmjynf/ &Sr;f jynf/ ucsijf ynf/ u,m;jynf/ u&ifjynfw@dk tm; cHpm;cGiðhf yrnfqv kd #iu f m; oifah wmfyg .? vufawG@tajctaet&rSmum; jynfe,frsm;twGif;&Sd tzdk;wefyif&if;ypPnf;rSefor#udk “jynf axmifpEk idk if ”H [k ac:xm;aom jrefrmjynfuom vkyu f ikd o f ;Hk pGJ wd;k wufatmifðy&rnfq&kd mY w&m;r# wr_ r&Sdyg? yk'fr (222) Tyk'frt& jrefrmjynfaxmifpktzG@J 0ifwOD;r#jzpfa=umif; xif&Sm;ygonf? vufawG@aomf um; jrefrmjynfudk jynfe,fwcktaeESifhr,lqbJ “jynfaxmifpktpdk;&EkdifiH”[laomemrnfudk wyfay;+yD; tu,fIyif jynfaxmifpkppfppftpdk;&. tm%mrsm;udk okH;pGJcGifhðyxm;ayonf? jynfe,frsm;tm;vkH;twGuf rauseyfjzpfap&mta=umif;rSefoa&GŒ TudpPyifjzpfawmh onf? jrefrmjynfronf tjcm;jynfe,frsm;wkd@tay:Y jynfaxmifpktpdk;&taeESifh v$rf;rdk;tkyf csKyfonf[k jynfe,fvlxku ,lqv#uf&Sd=uygonf?

wwd,Z,m; pm&if; (1) jynfaxmifpEk ikd if . H Oya'ðypm&if; tajccHOya'yk'fr 92 (1) ESifh yk'fr 122 t&/ Tpm&if;udk pdppfonfhtcg &Srf;jynfe,f. pdwfrauseyfr_rsm; ydkrdkxif&Sm;vmvdrfhrnf? &Srf;jynfe,fESifhywfoufonfh Oya'pm&if;trSwfrsm; udkom azmfjyxm;ygonf? 1? umuG,fa&; (1) jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHESifhjynfe,frsm;. w&m;Oya'rsm;udk tm%mwnfap&ef xdkwyfrsm; udktokH;ðycJh&mY vGefchJonfha&G;aumufyG}J uD;txd tkyfcsKyfa&;csKd@whJr_/ ru|rf;usifr_/ EdkifiHa&;upm;r_ rsm;a=umifh jynfaxmifpw k 0Sr;f vk;H wGif ae&mtES@H tjym; rauseyfrr_ sm; ñuHawG@c&hJ avonf? &Sr;f jynf Y vufeufudkiftzG@J rsm; zG@J pnf;cJh&m em;vnfr_r&Sd=uonfhtwGuf rvkdvm;tyfaomtcuftcJrsm; ay:aygufcJavonf? jynfe,frsm;. w&m;Oya'rsm;udk tm%mwnfap&eftwGuf wyfrawmftm; Oya't& ay;tyfxm;aomtm%m&yfrsm;udk ,cktcg +idrf0yfydjym;a&;&&Sdvm+yDjzpfonfhtwkdif; jyefvnfpdppfðyjyifoifh+yD? odk@rSomv#if wyfrawmfESifhòrŒjyqdkif&mXmewdk@onf rdrdwkd@qdkif&m tvkyf wm0efrsm;ukd uwWm;jcm;I aqmif&GufEkdifrnfjzpf&m jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmf.tusKd;udk ydkrdk&if;ESD;pGm aqmif&GufEkdifpGrf;&Sdayvdrfhrnf? (4) wyfajrrsm;wDxGif&mY &Srf;jynfe,fwGif tcuftcJrsm;awG@ñuHch&J onf? wyfajrrsm; twGuftokH;ðy&efajrrsm;udk odrf;,lokH;pGcJ hJ&m tcsKd@ajrrsm;twGuf &Srf; jynftpkd;&taejzifh oabm wlpmcsKyfrsm; rcsKyfqkd&ao;yg? uefwkdrifa'orsm;rSm a&S;t*Fvdyfacwfu wDxGifcho J nfha'orsm;jzpf onfhtwkdif; xdkpHepfrsm;rSm ,cktcg acwfrrSDawmhay? xdkpHepft& aqmif&Gufjcif;tm;jzifh òrŒae yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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jynfol vlxkwkd@rSm tcuftcJrsm;awG@ñuHae&avonf? (5) &Srf;jynfe,ftpdk;&onf +idrf0yfydjym;a&;udkwm0ef,l&aomfvnf; wm0efudkaqmif &Gu&f mY txl;vkt d yfonfh r&Srd jzpfaom acwfrv DS ufeufi,frsm; csK@d wrhJ a_ =umifh a&mifpo Hk yl ek /f olc;kd / "g;jyrsm;ESifhyif &Hzef&Hcg vufeuftiftm;csif; rr#b&J Sdaeonf? &Srf;jynfodk@ vufeufi,fESifh cJ,rf;rD; ausmufrsm;xkwfay;&mY jynfaxmifpkvkHðcHa&;twGuf txuftm%mydkiftcsKd@rSm t,ltqvGaJ e a=umif;od&Sd&ojzifh/ jynfaxmifpkopPmawmfudk t+rJwap apmifhod¶dkaovsuf&Sdaeonfh&Srf;jynfrSm em;rvnfEdkifavmufatmifjzpfaeygonf? pm&if; (2) jynfe,fOya'ðypm&if;t&/ &Srf;jynfe,ftpdk;&onf jynfol@+idrf0yfydjym;a&; twGuaf qmif&u G &f ef tm%mtyfEx HS m;aomfvnf;/ &Sr;f jynfe,f&t J zG@J twGuf vkt d yfonfh b&if;pwif;aoewfrsm;ESifh ‚wkd@.cJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm;udk &Srf;jynfe,ftpdk;&taejzifh&&Sda&;/ 0,f,la&; wkd@twGuf tm%mr&Sdyg? &JtzGJ@ vufpGJ!$ef=um;csufrsm;t& &Srf;jynfe,f&JtzGJ@tiftm; (3˜000) r#avmuf&o dS nft h euf &J¶ikd zf ,faoewftenf;qk;H (1˜500) avmufr# &So d ifo h nf? e,f&iS af pmfbmG ; rsm; tm%mpGef@v$wfonfhaemuf &JtzJG@wkd;cs›Jvmaomfvnf; vufeufrpkHojzifh +idrf0yfydjym;a&;udk xda&mufpGmraqmif&GufEdkifchJyg? jynfaxmifpk jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD;XmeESifh pum;qdkchJ&mYvnf; rsm;pGm c&D;ra&mufcJhyg? &Srf;jynfe,fonf jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHtay: opPm&Sd+yD;jzpfojzifh &JtzGJ@vdktyfaom vufeufrsm;ESifhcJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm; 0,f,loHk;pGJcGifh&Sdoifhonf? 2? jyifya&;&m (2) (3) ESifh (5) ‚pmcsKyfrsm;rSm jynfaxmifpkESifhjynfe,frsm;wdk@. pD;yGm;a&;/ pdkufysKd;a&;/ usef;rma&; ponfwdk@ESifhtwl txl;oufqdkifaeojzifh pmcsKyfrsm;csKyfqdkonfhtcg jynfe,frsm;ESifhwdkifyif+yD;/ ‚pmcsKyfrsm;udk ygvDrefu todtrSwfðyouJhodk@ jynfe,faumifpDrsm;uvnf; twnfðyoifh onf? ukvor*~tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmftm; tcGifhtm;avsmfpGm taxmuftyHrh sm;ay;&eftwGuf pmcsKyfrsm;csKyfq&kd mwGif w&Ha&mtcgrS jynfe,frsm;tm; wdik yf ifjcif; r&SdcJhay? odk@&mwGif xdkpmcsKyfrsm;t& taumiftxnfazmf&mY &Srf;jynfu tcuftcJrsm;awG@cJh &onf? Oyrmqdk&aomf iSufzsm;a&m*gwdkufzsufa&;udpPESifh &Srf;jynfu ‚jynftwGif; wm0ef,l+yD; aqmif&Guf&eftwGuf ukefusrnfhp&dwfrsm;udk jynfe,fOya'pm&if;t& &Srf;jynfuwm0ef&Sdojzifh &Srf;jynfuyif tukeftuscH&rnf[k jynfaxmifpktpdk;&u t=uyfudkifcJhonf? &Srf;jynfusef;rm a&;XmetwGuf owfrSwfxm;aom&HyHkaiGrSm b¾ma&;tcuftcJrsm; txl;awG@ñuHcJh&onf? xkd a=umifh &Sr;f jynf¾ma&;tajctaersm;udk axmuf¶+_ yD;/ tjcm;Edik if t H zG@J 0ifrsm;ESiahf omfvnf;aumif;/ ukvor*~tzG@J rsm;ESifhaomfvnf;aumif; pmcsKyfrsm;csKyfqdkygu &Srf;jynfu yg0ifaqmif&Guf&rnfjzpf cJhaom &Srf;jynfaumifpD. oabmwlnDcsufudk óuwif&,loifhayonf?

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(1) EdkifijH cm;rsm;ESifhul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;wGif pnf;rsOf;owfrSwfa&; &Sr;f jynfe,fonf tus,t f 0ef; pwk&ef;rdik af ygi;f 60˜426 r#&+dS yD;/ vlO;D a& 2 oef;r#&o dS jzifh ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;Y ta&;ygt&ma&mufygonf? &Srf;jynfe,ftwGuf t"duul;oef;a&mif;0,f a&;vdv k m;csurf sm;udk &&S&d eftwGuf pnf;rsO;f rsm;owfrw S &f mwGif &Sr;f jynfe,ftpd;k & yg0ifoifo h nf? (7) EdkifiHjcm;aiGacs;iSm;a&; EdkifiHjcm;aiGacs;iSm;oHk;pGJ&mY jynfe,frsm;yg0ifcHpm;cGifhr&Sdovdkjzpfaeygonf? ,cktcg em;vnfr_&Sdoifhoavmuf&Sdvmaomfvnf; tajccHOya'Y jynfe,frsm; tcGifhta&;azmfjyr_r&Sdonfh twGuf pdwfrcsEdkif? jynfe,frsm;vnf; ta=umif;vHak vmufI b¾ma&;oH;k pGrJ t _ ajccHpnf;rsO;f rsm;aqmif&u G f EdkifchJaomf ‚.b¾ma&;tajctaet& EdkifiHjcm;aiGacs;iSm;a&;tcGifh ay;oifhonf? (16) jynfaxmifpktpdk;&uowfrSwfxm;aom aumufe,fedrdwfrsm;udkjzwfoef;I ,l aqmif&aom 0ifukefESifh xGufukef&Srf;jynfe,f.e,fedrdwfrsm;rSm r[mrdwfrsm;jzpfaom jynfol@w¶kwfEdkifiH/ vmtdkEdkifiH/ ,dk;',m;EdkifiHrsm;ESifhqufae+yD; vGefcJhonfESpfaygif;rsm; pGmuyif ul;oef;a&mif;0,frE_ iS phf yfvsO;f I tusK;d cHpm;cGirhf sm;&Scd ahJ =umif;udk aumif;aumif; odojzifh jynfaxmifpktpdk;&u TudpPudkaqmif&Guf&ef &Srf;jynfe,ftpdk;&tm; tyfESif; oifhonf? ‚rS&&Sdaom tcGefawmfaiGrsm;udkvnf; &Srf;jynfe,f tcGefawmfpm&if;wGif xnfhoGif;oifhonf? (11) 0dkif,mvufESifh toHv$ifha&; 3? qufoG,fa&;? &Srf;jynfe,ftpdk;& tvkyf0wW&m;rsm;aqmif&Guf&mY ydkrdkvG,fulap&ef twGuf &Srf;jynf e,fc¶dik 0f efrsm; ±H;k pdu k &f mòrŒrsm;ESihf ta&;}uD;onfh e,fyikd 0f efaxmufrsm; ±H;k pdu k &f mòrŒrsm;/ ta&;}uD; onfh&XJ mersm;wGif &Srf;jynfe,ftpdk;&u 0dkif,mvufrsm;udk toHk;ðyvsuf&Sdonf? TuJhodk@ toHk; ðycGifhudk &Srf;jynfY tm%mxm; &Sdoifhonf? &Srf;jynfe,ftpdk;&u jynfaxmifpktpdk;&tm;vdkifpifcGef ay;&efroifh? toHvi$ ahf &; tajccHOya'ESihf tajccH'rD u kd pD0g'rsm;udrk xdcu kd af pbJ &Sr;f jynftrsK;d om;wd@k . ,Ofaus;r_/ ynmwd;k r_ ponfu h pd &P yfrsm;twGuf txl;toH;k 0ifrnfh toHvi$ ahf &; tm%mudk &Sr;f jynfe,ftpd;k &Y &Sdxm;oifhonf? &Srf;bmomjzifh jrefrmhtoHrS toHv$ifhay;cJhaomfvnf; &Srf;jynftaejzifh tpDtpOfrsm;ðy vkyfay;Edkif&ef tcuftcJrsm;&Sdaeonf? ,cktoHv$ifhaeonfh &Srf;pum;rsm;rSmvnf; obm0rus/ &Sr;f jynfEiS rhf oufqikd ?f tdref ;D csi;f ,d;k ',m;Edik if yH ifv#if toHvi$ Xhf mersm;Y qdik &f mul;oef;a&mif;0,f a&;tzG@J rsm;udkyif toHv$ifh&ef tcGifhta&;rsm;ay;cJhavonf? jynfaxmifpk}uD;ESifhwuG &Srf;jynf. ynmA[kow k / ,Ofaus;r_w;kd wufa&;twGuf &Sr;f jynftpd;k &taejzifh toHvi$ Ehf ikd cf ahJ omf &Sr;f jynf. wdk;wufa&;/ jynfaxmifpkzGH@òz;a&;rSm tvGefyifc&D;a&mufayvdrfhrnf? yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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4? b¾ma&; (1) jynfaxmifpkEkid fiaH wmftajcðyI aiGacs;,lljcif; Todk@aiGacs;,l&mY jynfe,frsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;+yD;jzpfonf? jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHay:Y wifaomaºu;+rDrsm;qyf&mwGif jynfe,frsm;vnf; oG,f0dkufI aºu;+rDqyf&ef wm0ef&Sdonf? xkd@ a=umifh jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;u óuwifwkdifyifoifhonf? pmcsKyftwnfðy&mYvnf; jynfe,faumifpD . twnfðycsufudk&,loifhonf? xku d o hJ @kd aiGacs;,l&mY acs;,l&&Sad omaiGrsm; rnfuo hJ @kd o;Hk pG&J efupd rP sm;udk aocsmpGmpDppf+yD;/ jynfaxmifpkw0Srf;vkH;twGuf trsm;tusKd;cHpm;cGifh&SdrnfhudpPrsm;twGufqkdv#if jynfe,frsm;u uef@uGuf&efvdkvdrfhrnfrxif? odk@&mwGif jynfr}uD;wcktwGuf oyfoyfokH;&efjzpfchaJ om jynfe,f rsm;u txl;uef@uGuf&ayrnf? tu,fI jynfrtwGuf rokH;v#ifrjzpfaom tjcm;tvm;wl jynfe,frsm;uvnf; rokH;v#ifrjzpfonfhaiGrsm; &,l&eftwGuf acs;,lcGifhðy&rnf? ,cktcg pD;yGm;a&;wk;d wufrr_ &Sad o;aoma=umifh jynfe,frsm;.b¾ma&;rSm csKŒd wJah eaomf vnf;/ aemufaemif ajray:ajratmufowWKwGif;}uD;rsm; wl;azmfvkyfudkifEdkifonfhtcg/ b¾ma&; tajctaerSm ae@csi;f ncsi;f qdo k vkd wd;k wufvmEkid &f ef tajc&So d jzif/h ,ckuyifv#if xkt d ajctaeudk xdef;odrf;&ef ta&;qkdoifhonf? (2) EkdifiHjcm;odk‹ ydkŒaomxGufukefrsm;tay:wGif pnf;-uyfaom taumufawmfvnf; yg0ifonfh taumufawmfrsm; taumuftcGefukd a0ykHus&oifhonf? xGufukefrsm;tay:wGif pnf;=uyfaomtaumuf cGefudk &Srf;jynfe,frS ypPnf;rsm;tay:jzpfchJaom/ ukefusp&dwfE_wf+yD; &Srf;jynfe,fu tm;vkH;&oifh onf? Oyrm - csdwftcGefawmf? Edik if jH cm;od@k y@kd aom xGuu f ek rf sm;tay:wGipf nf;=uyfaom taumufawmfvnf; yg0ifonfh taumufawmfrsm;/ csdwftcGefawmfrsm;udk &efukefjrpfqdyfrSaeI aumufcHae+yD;/ &aiGrsm;udk jynf axmifpkb¾mawmftjzpf odrf;,lonf? xkdenf;twlyif &Srf;jynfrS EdkifiHjcm;odk@ydk@&onfh u|ef;opf/ opfrmrsm;ESifh owWKrsm;ay:rS&&Sdonfh xGufukeftaumufawmfrsm;udkvnf; jynfaxmifpkuyif odrf;,lavonf? ppfrjzpfrDu tqkdygtaumufawmfrsm;udk &Srf;jynftpdk;&u &&SdcJhavonf?

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( 4 ) ukefpnf;a&mif;0,fjcif;wkd htay:wGif pnf;-uyfaomtcGefrsm; &Srf;jynfe,fYa&mif;0,faomukefpnf;rsm;tay:/ &Srf;jynfe,fwGif tcGefaumuf+yD; ‚tcGefawmfudk &Srf;jynfe,ftpkd;&u &,lydkifcGifh&Sdoifhonf? jynfroGi;f ukerf sm;tay:wGif a&mif;cGeaf wmfXmeu ukeo f nfrsm;od@k ukerf sm;a&mif;csonfh tcg/ a&mif;cGeaf wmf 12 '\r 5 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f udk pnf;=uyfaeayonf? &Sr;f jynfe,ftaejzifh jynfaxmif pkvlOD;a& oef;aygif; 20 teuf 2 oef;r#&SdcJh&m a,bk,stm;jzifh jrefrmEdkifiHawmf. a&mif;0,fa&; tcGef 10 ykHwykHr#om ydkifqkdifoifhonf[k jiif;csufxkwfEdkifavonf? Todk@jiif;csufudk vufrcHEdkifchJ aomf &Srf;jynfe,fodk@ wifoGif;a&mif;csaomukefrsm;pm&if;udk ukefonfrsm;xHrS ppfaq;ar;jref;+yD; ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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&Srf;jynfe,fwGif aumufcH&efpdpOfEdkifonf? xdktcGefawmfaiGrSm renf;vSaoma=umifh pGef@v$wf&ef roifhay? (6) tjrwfawmfceG rf sm; &Sr;f jynfe,ftpd;k &t&m&Srd sm;xrf;aqmif&onfh tjrwfawmfceG rf sm;udk jynfaxmifpt k pd;k & odk@ay;tyf&onfrSm auseyfzG,fr&Sd? xkdenf;twl &Srf;jynfe,ftwGif;&&Sdaom tjrwfawmfcGefudk vnf; &Srf;jynfu&&Sdoifhonf? ppfrjzpfrSDu abmfwGif;rS tjrwfawmfcGefrsm;udk 99 &mcdkifE_ef;&&SdI &Srf;jynfe,fb¾ma&;tajctaerSmaumif;cJhzl;onf? (9) uG,v f eG o f yl ikd yf pPn;f tay:wGif pnf;-uyfaomtcGeEf iS hf ypPn;f qufccH eG rf sm; aumuf cHjcif;r&Sdao;yg? aumufcHchJaomf &Srf;jynfe,fu&oifhonf? (10) tjrwf}uD;cGef &Srf;jynfe,fu &oifhonf? (11) aiGpkb%f ukr% ` b D %frsm;uyifv#if aiGpb k %frsm;udzk iG Ehf ikd cf ahJ omf &Sr;f jynfe,ftpd;k &uvnf; ‚wk@d tpdk;&tokH;twGuf aiGpkb%frsm;udkzGifhEdkifcGifh &Sdoifhonf? (12) aiGvpJG mcsKyfrsm;/ csufvufrw S rf sm;/ atmf'rD efpmcsKyfrsm;ESihf tjcm;pmcsKyfrsm;tay: pnf;-uyf aomwHqyd af wmfceG rf sm; atmf'DrefpmcsKyfrsm;ESifh tjcm;pmcsKyfrsm;tay:pnf;=uyfaom wHqdyfawmfcGefrsm;udk &Srf; jynfe,fu &oifhonf? 5? t&yf&yfqkid f&m (4) jynfe,fOya'ðypm&if;wGif tvm;wltcGifhta&;r&Sdojzifh jynfe,frsm;twGuf ypPnf;&,la&;tm%mr&Sd? jynfe,fOya'ðypm&if;wGif oD;jcm;azmfjyjyXmef;oifhonf? jynfaxmifpktwGuf ypPnf;&,la&;aqmif&Guf&mwGif vkH;0auseyfr_r&Sd? &Srf;jynfe,f twGi;f &Sd ypPn;f rsm;&,la&;twGuu f kd &Sr;f jynfe,ftpd;k &uom aqmif&u G af y;rS/ &Sr;f jynfe,ftpk;d & *k%fapmifha&Smufa&;ESifh jynfolvlxk.pdwfauseyfr_ em;vnfr_rsm;udk &&Sdayvdrfhrnf? (11) jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &ppfppfay:vmv#if uef@uw G &f efrvd/k ,ckwnfqJ tajccHOya't& qdck ahJ omf b¾mawmfrsm;udo k ;Hk &mY w&m;r#wr_r&So d jzifh jynfaxmifpt k ay:wGi&f adS om aºu;+rDrsm; udk &Srf;jynfe,ftpdk;&u a0ykHuswm0efcH&ef roifh? (13) w&m;rOya'tkyfcsKyfcGifhrsm;udk &Srf;jynftm; &mZ0wfOya'tkyfcsKyfcGifhrsm; ay;onfh enf;wl ay;oifhonf? yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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(16) pmykHESdyfpufrsm;udktkyfcsKyf&ef &Srf;jynfe,ftpdk;&wGif wm0ef&Sdoifhonf? ykHESdyfpuf Oya'udkrqkdvkd/ ,ckOya't& &Srf;jynfe,ftpdk;&wGif tpdk;&ykHESdyfpufwnfaxmif&efyif tm%mr&Sd ovkd oabmaygufaeonf? (23) v#yfppf"mwf aqmif&u G yf u Hk kd vk;H 0rauseyfyg? &Sr;f jynfe,fwiG jf zpfovkd aqmif&u G v f su&f o dS nf? v#ypf pf bkwftzG@J u raqmif&GufEdkifaomae&mrsm;wGif &Srf;jynfe,ftpdk;&u aqmif&GufcGifh&Sdoifhonf? v#yfppf"gwftm;ay;a&;udpPESifhywfoufI &Srf;jynfe,fwGif tcuftcJrsm;ESifh rauseyfr_ rsm; jzpfay:aeqJjzpfonf? Oyrmqkdaomf &Srf;jynfrSjzwfI a0;vHvSonfh txufjrefrmjynfòrŒrsm; jzpfaom rdxˆdvm/ jrif;jcH/ ausmufqnf/ rEWav; paomòrŒrsm;wkd@udk "mwftm;ay;&ef pDrHudef;&SdI &Srf;jynfe,f ajrvwfydkif;ESifhanmifa&$/ a&$anmifwkd@tm;vnf; "mwftm;ay;rnf[k od&Sd&ygonf? od@k &mwGif &Sr;f jynfòrŒawmfjzpfaom awmif}uD;òrŒudck sev f yS cf &hJ m &Sr;f jynfe,ftpd;k &taeESihf ta&;qkd onfhtcgrS omv#if jynfaxmifpk0ef}uD;tzG@J uod&Sd+yD; awmif}uD;òrŒodk@ "mwftm;ay;&ef trdef@cs rSwf=uonf? &Srf;jynfe,f ta&S@ydkif;ESifhajrmufydkif;&Sd òrŒ}uD;/ òrŒi,fwdk@onf "mwftm;rsm;udktvdk&Sd aomfvnf; ray;? ukrR%Dtae/ odk@r[kwf woD;yk*~vtaejzifh aqmif&Guf&efvnf; tcGifhray;? =um;xJrS jynfolvlxkwkd@onf TtcGifhta&;udk r&cJhay? (28) pDru H ed f;ðyjcif; &Srf;jynfe,fOya'ðypm&if;wGifryg? azmfjy&efvkdonf?

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(29) ajr&SifESifh oD;pm;wkŒd qufqaH &; &Sr;f jynftwGut f xl;ta&;;}uD;ojzif/h ajr,mEdik if yH idk Of ya'udak qmif&u G &f mY &Sr;f jynfe,f twGif;wGif &Srf;jynfe,ftpkd;&uomv#if aqmif&Gufoifhonf?

ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmf vlra+ &;&m/ pD;yGm;a&;&m bkwaf umfyakd &;&Si;f tzGJ rh sm; jynfaxmifpk}uD;wkd;wufa&;twGuf zGJ@pnf;xm;onfhtzGJ@rsm;onf a,bk,stm;jzifh jynfe,frsm;tygt0if jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHwckvkH;twGuf ay;tyfxm;aomwm0efrsm;udk aqmif&Guf &efjzpfaomfvnf; vufawG@tm;jzifh aqmif&Guf&mwGif jrefrmjynfrudkomOD;pm;ay;+yD; aqmif&Guf avh&o dS nf? vGecf o hJ nfh (5) ESpf (6) ESpf avmufupI/ jynfe,frsm;onf tusK;d aus;Zl; usyjf ynfw h if; jynfhr&&Sdaomfjim;vnf;/ tenf;trsm;qdkovkd&&SdchJ.? TuJhodk@&&Sd&ef jynfe,frsm;onf pkaygif;I rae rem;óu;pm;cJ&h ayonf? xd@k a=umifh xdb k w k af umfyakd &;&Si;f rsm;qkid &f m trde@f rsm;wGif jynfe,frsm; onf oufqkdifonfhtcGifhta&;rsm; &&SdcHpm;Edkifonf[k twdtvif;azmfjyxm;&ef vkdtyfonf? ‚tzGJ@. t&m&Sd}uD;i,frsm;vnf;/ jynfe,frsm;tygt0if EdkifiHawmfw0Srf;vkH;.tusKd; udk tajccHOya't& jynfaxmifpkppfppfoabmw&m;jzifh aqmif&Guf&efvdktyfonf? xkd@jyif/ txl;pDrHudef;rsm;a&;qG&J mY/ jynfaxmifpktpdk;&0ef}uD;Xmersm;onf jynfe,frsm; udk (3) ESpf (4) ESp/f od@k r[kwf tpOfvv kd ykd if vpfvsL¶_c=hJ uonf? ,ck aemufq;kH taumiftxnfazmf rnfh (4) ESppf rD u H ed ;f twGuf vGecf o hJ nf&h ufowWywf tenf;i,fcef@wiG f &Sr;f jynfu ta&;qdck o hJ nft h wdik ;f &Sr;f jynfukd yg0if&efciG ðhf ycJah vonf? tcsed rf mS tvGeaf ESmif;+yD; tvsit f jrefa&;qG&J rnfjzpfaom a=umifh twdtusa&;qG&J efrjzpfEdkifay? aESmif;tcgumvrsm;Y jynfaxmifpktpdk;&u TuJhodk@ pDrH udef;rsm;a&;qGcJ hJaomf &Srf;jynfudkvnf; wcsdefwnf;a&;qG&J ef ta=umif;=um;tyfayonf? (31) tav;wif;awmif;pHðyjcif;udpPrsm;udk &Srf;jynfe,ftwGif; &Srf;jynftpdk;&uom jynfaxmifpk ‘rl’ csrSwfxm;onfhtwdkif; aqmif&Gufoifhonf? (32) &Srf;jynfe,ftwGuf tvGefta&;}uD;I ,cifOya'rsm;rSm qufvufwnf+rJaeo jzifh &Srf;jynfe,ftpdk;&om aqmif&Gufoifhonf? bdef;/ odkŒ&mwGif bdef;tay: Y aumufcaH om ,pfrsKd;cGefryg &Srf;jynf oHvGifjrpfta&S@ydkif;a'orsm;Y bdef;rsm;udk pdkufysKd;xkwf,la&mif;csaeonfh vlOD; a&rSm renf;vSay? bdef;pdkufysKd;a&;/ xkwfvkyfa&mif;csa&;wdk@rSm rvdkvm;tyfaomfvnf;/ ‚pdkufysKd; a&;udk tpm;xkd;&efrvG,fulay? ,cktcg w±kwfjzLrsm; efa=umifh ppfrufjzpfyGm;ae&m bdef;pdkufysKd; udpPukd jynfe,ftpdk;&u vuf&SdwnfqOJ ya'rsm;t& qufvuftkyfcsKyfrSomv#if Tjy\em}uD; udk &Sif;vif;Edkifayvdrfhrnf? (34) t"dyg` ,af umufvaJG eI vGecf o hJ nfh umvtenf;i,ftwGi;f urSomv#if &Si;f vif;cJh ojzifh &Srf;jynfe,fonf pufr_vufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk pwifaqmif&GufcGifh&cJha=umif;/ ydkrdk&Sif;vif;&ef jynfe,fOya'ðypm&if;wGif azmfjyoifhygonf? &Si;f vif;cJo h nf[q k jkd im;aomfvnf; jynfaxmifpo k ufqikd &f m0ef}uD;XmerS ,cktcsed t f xd wdusaom!$ef=um;csufrsm; r&&Sdao;yg? pufr_vufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHom;wdk@onf woD;yk*v ~ taejzifh aqmif&u G Ef ikd o f nft h cGit hf a&;&S&d m ‘jynfe,ftaejzifh aqmif&u G cf iG rhf &S’d qdak om yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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,lqcsufudk tvsOf;yifvufcH&ef roifhyg? (35) &Srf;jynfpD;yGm;a&;twGuf txl;ta&;ygonf? or0g,rvkyfief;udk EdkifiHa&;twGuf toH;k ðyojzifh tvGeyf ifemrnfysu+f yD; odraf rG@vo S nfh vlxak umif;pm;r_vyk if ef;udk zsuq f ;D cJ=h uonf? &Srf;jynfe,fYvnf; jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHa&;toif; rsm;upGufzufvdkonf? xkda=umifh &Srf;jynfor0g ,rudk &Srf;jynfutkyfcsKyfoifhonf? (36) TudpPrSm &Srf;jynftwGuftvGefta&;}uD;onf? opfawm/ owWKwGif;rsm;/ a&eH owfrSwfa&;ponfhudpP&yf yk'fr 93 ESifh 122 t& tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mudk &Srf;jynfe,ftpdk;&u oHk;ykdifcGifh r&Sd? opfawmXmetkycf sKyfrE_ iS yhf wfoufI ajym&rnfqakd omf vGwv f yfa&;r&rDu &Sr;f jynfe,f onf ‚if;.opfawmrsm;udk tcsKyftjcmt%mjzifhtkyfcsKyfchJ&m vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;onfhaemufrSyif opfawmtkyfcsKyfa&;udk pGef@v$wf&rnfhb0a&mufaea=umif;/ jynfaxmifpktpdk;&u opfawmrsm;udk ‚if;wd@k u, kd w f ikd t f yk cf sKyf+yD; tkycf sKyfc ukeu f sp&dwrf sm;udEk w _ I f useaf iGtcGeaf wmfrsm;&Syd gu &Sr;f jynf tm; jyefay;rnf jyeftrf;rnf[k qdx k m;&m/ &Sr;f jynfe,f opfawmtcGeaf wmfonf ode;f 30 r#&o dS jzifh ‚udpPudk txl;uef@uGuf&ef vdkvyfonf? (37) jynfaxmifpktwGif; a&$@ajymif;aexdkifa&;ESifhywfoufI jrefrmjynfrwGif a&$@ajymif; aexdik &f efaqmif&u G rf @_ rsm;udk jynfe,frsm;u 0ifa&mufajymqdck iG ðhf y&ef rvd?k od@k &mwGif jrefrmjynfrrS jynfe,frsm;odk@‚/ jynfe,fwjynfe,frS tjcm;jynfe,fwe,fodk@vnf;aumif;/ vlrsm;ajymif; a&$Œaexdik &f efppD Ofonft h cg oufqikd &f mjynfe,ftpd;k &. oabmwlncD suu f kd óuwif&,loifo h nf? &Sd&if;pGv J lxk. tcGifh ta&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ aexdkifa&;wdk@udk rxdcdkufoifh? tpPa&;ajr{u 1 '\r 5 oef;tr_udk jyefvnfpOf;pm;yg? EdkifiaH wmfOya'ðypm&if;&Sd udpPrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;I w&m;Oya'rsm;udk usL;vGefaomjypfr+rsm; trsm;od&Sdonfhtwdkif; vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;aemuf udpPopfrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;I Oya'trsKd; rsK;d ay:ayguv f mcJ&h m/ Oyrmjy&v#if vl0ifvx l u G }f uD;=uyfa&;Oya'/ ppfw&m;pD&ifa&;wd@k EiS yhf wfouf I &Srf;jynfwGif tr_ajrmufrsm;pGmjzpfyGm;cJh&m ‚tr_rsm;onf &Srf;jynftpdk;&tr_rsm;xufyif rsm; jym;+yD; tusOf;axmif tusOf;orm;rsm; apmifha&Smufa&;udpPrSm t+yD;rowfao;ojzifh &Srf;jynfu b¾ma&;csKd@whaJ eonfhtwGif;yifv#if xdktusOf;orm;rsm;.p&dwfudk wm0efcH,l&onfrSm w&m;r# wr_r&Sday? &Srf;jynf&Sd w&m;ol}uD;rsm;rSmvnf; xkdudpPrsm;udk tvkyfcsdefydkay;ae&ojzifh &Srf;jynf. 0wW&m;rsm;udk tcsdefjynfhraqmif&GufEdkif? (40) jynfe,fOya'ðypm&if;udk aocsmpGmppfaq;onfhtcg ta&;ygonfhOya'udpPrsm; tenf;i,fr#avmufomygonf? udpPopfay:aygufv#if rnfonfhOya'pm&if;wGif yg0ifoifhonfudk jynfe,frsm;ESifh wdkifyifqHk;jzwf&ef?

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pm&if; (2) jynfe,fOya'ðypm&if;? pm&if;rSmrvHak vmufyg? ay;xm;aomt%mrsm;rSmvnf; tcGeaf wmfaiG oH;k &rnfu h pd rP sm; ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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ESifhomoufqdkifaeonf? 2? pD;yGm;a&;udpPrsm; (1) v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;[komqdkxm;onfhtwGuf wd&p>mefaq;ukXmeonf jynfe,f Oya'ðypm&if;wGif ryg&Sd? xdktwGuf jynfaxmifpktpdk;&uom tkyfcsKyf&rnfqkdaomjy\emonf w}udrw f cgu ay:aygucf ahJ =umif;/ xked nf;twlyif ajr,mxde;f odr;f a&;udpu P kd pum;qdck siv f #if qdEk ikd f ayvdrfhrnf? xdka=umifh pm&if;rsm;cGJ&mY ydkrdkwduspGmcGJ&ef ta&;}uD;onf? (3) ajr,mwd;k wufaumif;rGeaf &;ESihf v,f,mtrawmfa-u;rsm; b¾a&;csK@d wrhJ a_ =umifh ta&;ay: v,f,mtrawmfacs;aiGrt S y &Sr;f jynfe,fwiG f qif;&JvS onfv h ,form;rsm;twGuf trawmfaiGrsm;udk oD;oef@rxm;Edik o f jzifh or0g,rXmersm;ESihf pdu k yf sK;d a&;b%frsm;udkom tm;xm;cJh&onf? odk@&mwGif or0g,rESifh pdkufysKd;a&;b%frsm; tm%mvkr_ a=umifah omfvnf;aumif;/ or0g,rtoif;rsm;ESihf aus;&Gmpdu k yf sK;d a&;b%frsm; enf;ygra_ =umifah omf vnf;aumif;/ &Srf;jynf&Sd v,f,morm;rsm;rSm ESpfpOfvkdtyfonhf trawmfaiGrsm;udk vlw&mv#if 5 &mcdkifE_ef;r#avmufom&&Sdrnf[k cef@rSef;&avonf? TuJhodk@om c&D;oGm;ae&aomf/ &Srf;jynf awmifolv,form;rsm;ESifh tvm;wltcGifhta&;rsm;udk aemifESpfaygif; (20) =umumvtwGif; &&Sd &efcJ,Of;ayvdrfhrnf? xdk@a=umifh &Srf;jynfwGif v,f,mtrawmfaiGxkwfay;a&;twGuf or0g,rESifh pdkufysKd;a&; b%frsm;udk jynfr (rl) t& &Srf;jynfe,fuyif pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfoifhonf? 3? vkHðcHa&; (3) (4) w&m;pD&ifa&; w&m;ol}uD;rsm;cef@xm;a&;ESiyhf wfoufI w&m;v$waf wmfEiS hf pum;qkq d J jzpfaoma=umifh tao;pdwf&Sif;vif;&ef ,cktcgvdkrnfrxifyg? odk@&mwGif ‚udpPESifhywfoufI vuf&Sdtm%mrsm; rqkH;¶_H;&avatmif txl;*¶kðy&efvkdtyfygonf?

pwkwZW ,m; jynfe,ftcGeaf wmfpm&if; Oya'ðypm&if;ESihf tcGeaf wmfpm&if;udk yl;aygi;f +yD;pdppfcahJ omf/ Oya'ðypm&if;t& tm%mv$J tyfaomXmersm;rSm aiGuek u f srnfXh mersm;jzpf+yD;/ tcGeaf wmfEiS yhf wfoufI toifw h if0h ifaom tcGef awmfrsm;rSm ajrcGef/ opfawmcGefESifh ,pfrsKd;cGefrsm;omjzpfonf? &Srf;jynfonfjynfrrS ESpfpOf&&Sdonfh 0ifaiGrsm;cJGa0&mY jynfe,fi,frsm;udkaxmuf¶_+yD; ESpfpOfyif tepfemcHchJ&avonf? ,cktajctae t& &Srf;jynfe,f. ESpfpOfvkdaiGrSm odef; 250 rS 300 cef@xdjzpf&m ,ckvuf&Sd0ifaiGESifh rvkHavmuf yg? jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &u aumufco H rd ;f ,lxm;aomtcGeaf wmfrsm;rS tcsK@d tcGeaf wmfrsm;udk &Sr;f jynf yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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odk@jyefvnfay;tyfonfhtcgomv#if &Srf;jynfe,f. tkyfcsKyfa&;/ }uD;yGm;a&;/ pDyGm;a&;wdk@udk aqmif &GufEkdifygvdrfhrnf? 1? ajrcGefawmf (u) ajrcGefawmfoufouf? jrefrmjynfruJhodk@ ajrcGefoufoufpnf;=uyfa&; pHepfwusjzpfap&ef ESpfaygif;tawmf r# vkdaeao;onf? vkdtyfaom ajrykHrsm;/ ajrpm&if;rsm;r&Sd? ,ckrS aqmif&Gufae&onf? (c) wHigvyk if ef;rsm;qdik &f miSm;crsm;ESihf tccGerf sm;vnf; rajymyavmufyif? yk'fr 219 ESifh zDvmjzpfaeygonf? (*) a&eHcGefr&Sd? (C) &oifhoavmuf&ygonf? (i) =uufaygifap; pnf;=uyfaomtcGefr&Sd? (p) acwfrrSDaomtcGefrsm;jzpfojzifh y,fzsuf+yD;jzpfa=umif;? 2? (u) toifhtwifh&&Sdygonf? (c) toifhtwifh&&Sdygonf? (*) r&Sd? (C) r&Sd? 3? rajymyavmufyg? 4? trsm;qkH;jzpfygonf? odk@&mwGif opfrsm;ay:aumufcHaom opfawmcGef (Royalty) uef@owfjcif;udk jyefvnfpOf;pm;oifhonf? opfvkyfief;tzG@J u &Srf;u|ef;opfa&mif;&aom tjrwfaiGrsm;.a0ykHusudk &Srf;jynfe,fu &oifhonf? 5-11? rajymyavmufyg? 12? e,f&SifapmfbGm;rsm; tm%mpGef@v$wf+yD;jzpfojzifh ‚0ifaiGr&Sdawmhyg? 13? yk'fr 96 (2) tay: rSwfcsufrsm;udk=unfhyg? 14? pm&if;trsKd;rsm;oavmuf 0ifaiGenf;yg;onf?

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tajccHOya'okH;oyf&mYawG hñuH&onfh ta&;}uD;aomtcsuftvufrsm;rSm atmufyg twdkif;jzpfygonf? 1? yifvpHk mcsKyfoabmxm;rsm;u rnfo@kd yif&adS pumr_/ ok;H oyf&mY yifvpHk mcsKyf. oabm xm;rsm;/ uwday;csufrsm;udk ygvDrefuaomfvnf;aumif;/ jynfaxmifpk 0ef}uD;tzG@J uaomfvnf;aumif; ta&;ygaom t&m&d/S }uD;i,frsm;uaomfvnf;aumif; owdr&/ owdrrl? 2? tajccHOya'yk'frrsm;udk wbufowft"dy`g,fjyefjcif;? 3? jynfaxmifpOk ya'pm&if;xJ ygaomudp&P yfrsm;udak qmif&u G &f mY jynfe,ftpd;k &rsm;udk ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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wkdifyif&efrvdk[laom ,lqcsuf? 4? jynfaxmifpktpdk;&0efxrf;tzGJ@rsm;onf jynfe,frsm;tm;txiftjrifao;jcif;? 5? jynfe,f0ef}uD;rsm;udkyif t¶dktaowefjcif;? 6? tpdk;&tr_udpP&yfrsm;toD;oD; (b¾ma&;tygt0if) wkd@udk wzufowfaqmif&Guf jcif;/ tEkdifusifhjcif;? 7? &oifh&xdkufonfhtultnDrsm; r&cJhjcif;? 8? jynfaxmifpkOya'pm&if;wGifyg&Sdonfh vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;udk &Srf;jynfe,ftwGif; aqmif&Gufonfhtcg jynfaxmifpktpdk;&Xmersm;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh &Srf;jynfe,f tpdk;&udk ypfy,fxm;jcif;? 9? &Srf;jynfEdkifiHa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;wkd@wGif 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;?

jynfaxmifppk pfppf wnfaqmufa&; txufwGifazmfjycJhaomta=umif;jcif;&mrsm;udk tusOf;ðcH;I qef;ppfvdkufonf&Sdaomf (1) &Sr;f vlrsK;d rsm;onf &mZ0iftqufqufuyif oD;jcm;vGwv f yfaom wdik ;f jynfxif&mS ;pGm xlaxmif cJhonf? (2) &Srf;jynftwGif;&Sd o,HZmwypPnf;t& pD;yGm;a&;rzlvkHr_&SdEdkifonf? oD;jcm;bmom pum;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_&Sdonf? (3) 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;.tawG@tñuHa=umifh &Srf;wkdif;&if;om;rsm;onf EkdifiHa&;t&wkd; wufEdk;=um;vmonf? (4) &Sr;f jynfonf oD;jcm;vGwv f yfaomwkid ;f jynftjzpf xlaxmifEikd af omfvnf; Armjynfr ESifhyl;aygif;um vGwfvyfa&;t&,lchJonf? yifvkHpmcsKyfudk csKyfqkd+yD; wef;wlnDr#aom jynfaxmifpktkwfjrpfudk cscJh=uonf? (5) wkid ;f jynfðyv$waf wmfwiG f &Sr;f jynfru S , kd pf m;vS,rf sm;onf vGwv f yfa&;twGuf aZm }uD;aejcif;/ EdkifiHa&;tawG@tñuH Eke,fao;jcif;/ ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif rsm;ttay: ,k=H unftm;xm;r_veG u f cJ jhJ cif;/ xk@d a=umifh vuf&zdS @JG pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccH Oya'udk cyfvG,fvG,fyif vufcHoabmwlnDch=J uonf? vuf&SdjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH zG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'onf 13 ESpfumv. tawG@ tñuHt& tydkif; (3) wGif azmfjyxm;onfhtwkdif; epfemcsufESifh csKd@,Gif;csufaygif;rsm;pGm ay:xGufae onf? jynfe,frsm;onf ArmjynfrESihf wef;wlnrD #aomtcGit hf a&;rsm;cHpm;cGirhf &So d nfukd xif;&Sm;pGm awG@Edkifayonf? tajccH Oya'±kyfvkH;udk ðcHIqef;ppf=unfhygv#if (1) zG@J pnf;ykHpHepfwGifvnf;aumif;/ (2) tm%mESihf tcGit hf a&;cGrJ w _ iG v f nf;aumif;/ (3) ygvrD efz@JG pnf;ykw H iG v f nf;aumif;/ (4) jynfaxmifpk tcGeaf wmfEiS hf b¾mawmfcaGJ 0r_wiG v f nf;aumif; csK@d ,iG ;f csu&f +dS yD; jynfe,frsm;tzd@k tcGit hf a&;qk;H ¶_;H epfemvsuf&Sdavonf? yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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(1) zGJ hpnf;ykHpHepf (Structure) wdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmfodk@ zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya' (rl) =urf;rsm;udk twnfðy&ef wifoGif;pOf tcguyif/ OD;csefxGef;u tajctaet& rvGrJ a&SmifomI jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHrsKd;zG@J pnf; xm;&a=umif;/ od@k aomf xkjd ynfaxmifpEk ikd if rH mS tar&duef/ qGZD mvefw@dk uo hJ @kd jynfaxmifppk pfppfEidk if H rsKd;r[kwfa=umif;/ uae'gykHpH (Canadian type) wenf;tm;jzifh (Moderate type) tv,ft vwfpm; jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHrsKd;jzpfa=umif; ponfjzifh&Sif;jycJhonf? wzef OD;csex f eG ;f uyif “usaemfw@dk &@J tajccHOya'[m oabmw&m;tm;jzifh jynfaxmifpk pepfjzpfayr,fh vufawG@wGif wjynfaxmifpHepfjzpfygw,f”[k xkwfazmfajymqkda=umif; &efukef wuUov kd f &mZ0ifygarmuQa[mif; rpPwmwifum;uol. (jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmf) pmtkyw f iG f azmfjyxm;onf? ( The Constitutional Adviser, Chan Htoon, observed much later that " Our Constitution, though in theory federal, is in practice unitary") (The union of Burma by Hugh Tinker. page 30 )

Tpmtkyt f ydik ;f (2) ESihf ppf+yD;acwfumv &Sr;f jynfacgi;f pOfjzifh a&;om;azmfjycJo h nfh tcsuf tvufrsm;t& e,fpyfa'oacgif;aqmifrsm; xyfcgxyfcg wifjyawmif;qkdvmaom jynfaxmifpk pHepfrSm uae'gykHpHvnf;r[kwf? oabmw&m;wGifomjynfaxmifpkjzpf+yD; vufawG@wGif wjynf axmifjzpfaom pHepfrsKd;vnf;r[kwf/ jynfaxmifpkppfppfom jzpfayonf? tajccHOya'Adou k m}uD; OD;csex f eG ;f uyif oabmw&m;tm;jzifh jynfaxmifppk eH pfvyk af y; &onfhta=umif;ESifhywfoufI atmufygtwdkif; ajym=um;a=umif; ygarmuQwifum;u ‚pmtkyf wGif qufvufa&;om;xm;onf? (=uyfwnf;aomcsKyfjc,fjcif;jzifh) cGJxGufEdkifaom tcGifhta&; vdkufavsmcsufESifhtwl jynfe,frsm;zGJ@pnf;a&; tcef;rsm;xnfhoGif;&jcif;rSm trSefwu,f EdkifiHa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;t& vkdtyfI r[kwfbJ/ e,fpyfa'oacgif;aqmifrsm;. ,kHrSm;oHo,rsm; ajyaysmufap&efjzpfonf? awmifay:om;rsm; ¶kwfw&uf rpGef@vGwfEdkifaomf ESpf&Snfvrsm; Armrsm;tay: xm;&Sdvmaom r,kHouFmpdwfrsm;udk ukpm;aomenf;wenf;yifjzpfonf? [ The Chapters setting up the States together with the concession of the right of secession (under stringent safe guards) were inserted to assuage the doudts of the frontier leaders rather than to meet actual political and administrative requirements; aform of atonement for that age-old suspicion of the Burmese the hill people could not at-once discard.]

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axmifpk (ac:) jynfe,frsm; oabmwlpkaygif;zG@J pnf;aom pHepfjzpfonf? jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHwGif e,fpyfvlrsdK;rsm;tzdk@ &Srf;jynfe,f/ ucsifjynfe,f/ u,m;jynfe,f/ u&ifjynfe,f[lIzG@J pnf;xm; jcif;r&Sdacs? Armjynfrtm; A[dkjynfaxmifpktpdk;&ESifh waygif;wpnf;wnf; yl;aygif;zG@J pnf;xm;xdkuf ayonf? TzGJ@pnf;ykHpepfuome,fpyfa'ovlrsKd;rsm;u Armrsm;tay: r,kHouFmaompdwf ydkI jzpfay:aponf? wef;wlnDr#r_udk ysufpD;aponf? TzJG@pnf;ykHpepfonf wae@aomtcg jynfaxmifpk}udD;òyuGJapEkdifaomta=umif;t&if; vnf; jzpfayonf? xdk@a=umifh tajccHOya'udkjyefvnfjyifqifonfhtcg cdkifjrJaom/ wef;wlnDr#aom jynf axmifpkjzpfay:a&;twGuf Armjynfrtm; jynfaxmifpktzG@J 0if oD;jcm;jynfe,ftjzpf zG@J pnf;&rnf jzpfavonf? (3) tm%mESifh tcGifhta&;cGJa0enf; (Distribution powers) jynfaxmifpkpepfwGif tm%mESifhtcGifhta&;cGaJ 0enf; ESpfenf;&Sdonf? (1) jynfaxmifpkppfppfEdkifiHrsm;wGif A[kdjynfaxmifpktpdk;&tm; trsm;ESifhoufqkdifaom udpP&yfrsm;twGufom tm%mcGJa0ay;+yD;/ useftm%mESifh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk (Residuary powers) jynfe,frsm;u csKyfudkifxm;onf? (2) jynfaxmifpktvwfpm;EkdifiHrsm;wGif jynfe,frsm;tm;tm%m uef@owfay;jyD; useftm%mtm;vkH;udk A[dkjynfaxmifpkucsKyfudkifxm;onf? e,fpyfa'oacgif;aqmifrsm; vkdvm;aomenf;rSm jynfaxmifpkppfppf tm%mcGaJ 0aom enf;jzpf&m/ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH.tm%mcGJa0enf;rSm e,fpyfa'oacgif;aqmifrsm;. vdktif qENESifh ajzmifhajzmifh}uD; qef@usifvsuf&Sdayonf? jynfe,frsm;tm; tm%muef@owfay;+yD; use&f o dS r#tm%mtm;vk;H udk A[djk ynfaxmifpk ucsKyfudkifxm;I wa=umif;/ Armjynfronf jynfe,fr[kwfbJ A[dkjynfaxmifpktm%mudk aygif; pnf;IcsKyfudkifxm;onfvnf;wa=umif;/ xkdta=umif;wkd@a=umifh e,fpyfa'ovlrsKd;rsm;onf ra=u reyfjzpfae=uonf? Armrsm;vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxm;onf[k r,kHouFmjzpfae=uonf? xdk@a=umifh tajccHOya'udkjyifqifonfhtcg jynfaxmifpkppfppfrltwkdif; A[dkjynfaxmifpk tpkd;&tm; trsm;ESifhoufqkdifaomudpP&yfrsm;twGufom tm%mcGJa0ay;+yD; jynfe,frsm;u useftm%mrsm;udk csKyfudkifEdkifcGifhay;&rnf? (3) ygvDrefzGJ hpnf;ykH jynfaxmifpyk gvrD efrsmwGif txufvw $ af wmfEiS hf atmufvw $ af wmf[I l v$waf wmfEpS &f yf zGJ@pnf;=up+rJjzpfonf? atmufvw $ af wmfukd OD;a&ay: tajcwnfIa&G;aumufwifajr‡muf=uonf? jynfe,frsm; onf vlOD;a&tcsKd;tpm;tvkduf trwfOD;a&apvGwfcGifh&=uonf? txufv$wfawmfudkrl jynfe,f yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

198

rsm; }uD;onfi,fonfr[l wlnDaom trwfOD;a& apvGwf=u&onf? txufv$wfawmfonf jynf e,f}uD;u jynfe,fi,frsm;tm; }uD;Ekdifi,fn‡if;qJenf;rsKd; rðyEdkif&efESifh atmufv$wfawmftm; rwif;uGyfuEJ dkif&ef xdkodk@zG@J pnf;jcif;jzpfonf? wenf;tm;jzifh jynfaxmifpkwGif yg0ifaomjynfe,f wkid ;f wef;wlnrD #ap&efEiS hf jynfe,fi,frsm;. tcGit hf a&;uuG,af p&eftwGuf txufvw $ af wmfukd xkdodk@zGJ@pnf;=ujcif;jzpfonf? xkd@jyifv$wfawmfESpf&yfudk rltm;jzifh wef;wlnDwl tcGifhtm%mwlxm;=uonf? ,ck vuf&SdjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHygvDref. txufv$wfawmfjzpfaom vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmfonf atmuf v$wfawmfjzpfaom jynfol@v$wfawmfESifh tcGifhtm%mwl r&&Sdacs? jynfe,frsm;uvnf; nDr#aom udk,fpm;vS,f OD;a&apvGwfcGifhr&=uay? jynfaxmifpktpdk;&uvnf; vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmftm; wm0ef rcHbJ jynfo@l vw $ af wmfuo kd m wm0efcx H m;av&m/ vlrsK;d pkvw $ af wmfonf tvGew f &mrS *k%o f u d mQ csKd@iJhaeavonf? jynfe,frsm;. tcGifhta&;udkvnf; umuG,fEdkifpGrf;r&Sdacs? xdak =umifh tajccHOya'wGif ygvrD efz@JG pnf;yku H jkd yif&ayrnf? vlrsK;d pkvw $ af wmfonf jynfo@l v$waf wmfEiS w hf ef;wltm%m&S&d rnft h jyif jynfe,fwikd ;f nDr#aom ud, k pf m;vS,Of ;D a& apv$wcf iG &hf &dS ayrnf? (4) jynfaxmifpktcGefawmfESihf b¾mawmfcaJG 0a&; vuf&t dS ajccHOya'yk'rf 96 (1) t&/ jynfe,frsm;od@k cGaJ 0ay;xm;aom tcGeaf wmfrsm;rSm ajrcGefawmfESifhopfawmcGefrSvGJI bmrSjzpfjzpfajrmufajrmufr&&SdEdkifacs? ‚tcGefawmfaiGrsm;rS vnf; jynfe,frsm;. omreftokH;p&dwf (Current Expenditure) udkyif rumrday? yk'rf 96 ¹cif;csut f &/ jynfaxmifprk aS y;urf;aom axmufyaHh iGuo kd m jynfe,frsm; rDcS akd e& avonf? jynfaxmifpk b¾mcGaJ 0a&;udpPwGif jynfe,frsm; rauseyfjzpfaeonfrSm vGwfvyfa&; &onfh tcsed rf S ,ae@widk jf zpfonf? ,ae@txd wdusaom jynfaxmifpb k ¾ma&;ay:vpDukd rcsrw S f Edik af o;acs? xd@k a=umifh aemifwiG f a&;qGrJ nfh jynfaxmifppk pfppftajccHOya'wGif jynfaxmifpb k ¾m awmf cGJa0a&;udpPESifhywfoufI tav;teufpOf;pm;+yD; twdtusjyXmef;azmfjyxm;&ayrnf?

199

(5) jynfe,frsm;vHk;0 udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; (Complete Autonomy) Armjynfe,ftp&Sdonfh jynfaxmifpktzG@J 0ifjynfe,frsm;tm; A[dkjynfaxmifpktpdk;&u aomfvnf;aumif;/ jynfe,ftcsi;f csi;f uaomfvnf;aumif;/ jynfwiG ;f a&;udprP sm;wGif 0ifa&mufpu G f zufjcif;r&Sdap&efESifh vkH;0 udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;&&Sdap&ef tajccHOya'wGif tcdkiftrmjyXmef;xm;&Sdap oifhayonf? topfðyjyifzJG@pnf;rnfh jrefrmjynfaxmifpkonf jynfaxmifpkppfppfjzpfav&m/ jynfe,f wkdif;onf A[dkjynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'ESifhrqef@usifaom oD;jcm;jynfe,fzGJ@pnf; tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'&Sd&rnfhtjyif oD;jcm;Oya'ðyv$wfawmf/ oD;jcm;tpdk;&/ oD;jcm;w&m;¶kH;rsm; xm;&Sd&ayrn/f/ oD;jcm;jynfe,fzG@J pnf;Edkifonfh t*FgvuQ%mrsm;ESifhrjynfhpkHaom vlrsdK;pkrsm;tzdk@ vlrsKd;pk ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

199

a'o (National Areas) rsm;zG@J pnf;ay;+yD; vlrsKd;pktcGifhta&;rsm;umuG,fEdkif&ef tajccHOya'wGif vkHavmufpGm jyXmef;ay;xm;&ayrnf? TtrSew f &m;tm;raoGzb D J vdu k ef maqmif&u G &f efrmS ,ae@z@JG pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya' jyifqifa&;wGif csKd@,Gif;csufyk'frrsm;tm; jyifqifjznfhpGufzmax;¶kHr#jzifh vkyfaqmifEdkifzG,fr&Sd/ t&m a&mufvSonfvnf;r[kwf? rlvtajccHzG@J pnf;ykH.pepfwckvkH;udk ðyjyifajymif;vJjyifqifum/ topf xyf rHzGJ@pnf;&rnfh jynfaxmifpkppfppf.ykHpHtwkdif;om vkdufemðyvkyfaqmif&GufrSom jzpfajrmuf atmifjrifEdkifawmhrnf jzpfyga=umif; æ? jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if . H zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'jyifqifa&;qGaJ &; (&Sr;f jynfe,fqidk f &m) óu;udkifaumfrwD (tzG@J 0if) rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf? (1) (2) (3) (4)

od&dysHcsDp0fcGefatmif OD;rS›J p0f,Gufrdkif; t*~r[moa&pnfol t*~r[moD&dok"rR p0fa&$odkuf (5) 0Àausmfxifp0frefz (6) p0f=umqkdif (7) oa&pnfolp0fa&$r_H (8) OD;pHjr (9) OD;xGef;tkH (10) OD;xGef;at; (11) OD;crf; (12) OD;atmifoef; (13) OD;vGef; (14) OD;pdk;armif (15) OD;cspfOD; (16) OD;jzL (17) OD;vSaz (18) OD;ausmfpdef (19) OD;xGef;az (20) OD;cGefxD; (21) OD;xGef;jrifhuav; (22) OD;cGefaemif (23) OD;&Da&mif;

(apmfbGm;rsm;tpnf;t¶kH;) ‚ ‚ (&-y-n-z) ‚ ‚ (&-y-v-z) ‚ ‚ (t-y-n-z) ‚ ‚ (y-t-r-z) ‚ ‚ (woD;yk*~v) ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚

tzG@J 0if ? ?

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

200

(&-w-p-n-z) ‚ ‚

(24) p0frefz (25) r[moa&pnfolOD;=umyk (26) oD&dysHcsDOD;b^m%f (27) r[moa&pnfolp0fxGef;{ (28) OD;cGefpHjrwf (29) p0fausmfacgif (30) p0faq[krf

(ykH) oa&pnfolp0fjynfh &Srf;jynfe,faumifpD obmywd? obmywd

(wkd;csJ›tzGJ@0ifjzpfygonf) ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚

? ? ? ? ? ? ?

(ykH) p0f=umpkH wGif;0ef/ &Srf;jynfe,faumifpD? twGif;a&;rSL;

awmif}uD;òrŒ ? ae@pGJ/ 1961 ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv 22 &uf? rSwfcsuf? ? txufazmfjyyg &Sif;vif;csufrsm;onf òyvJvkeDyg; tdrftkd}uD;waqmifudk topfjyefvnfrrG ;f rHwnfaqmufI r&ouJo h @dk 1947 ck/ zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'udk jynfaxmif pkppfppfrjl zifh jyifqifa&;qGI J r&Ekid af =umif;/ jynfaxmifppk pfppftajccHro l pfukd a&;qGrJ o S mv#if jzpfEidk f a=umif; yk'frrsm;tvkduf okH;oyf&Sif;vif;wifjyxm;a=umif;awG@&Sd&onf?

201

jynfe,faygif;pHknDvmcH}uD;odk@ wufa&muf=uonfh udk,fpm;vS,frsm; ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

201

(*) &Srf;/ ucsif/ u&ifeD/ u&if/ csif;jynfe,facgif;aqmifudk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh &cdkif/ rGeftrsKd;om; acgif;aqmifrsm; zJG ph nf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'ukjd ynfaxmifppk pfppfjzifjh yifqifa&;qG&J ef qk;H jzwfjcif; awmif}uD;nDvmcHrS 1947 ck/ zG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'onf jynfaxmifpkppfppfrljzifh jyifqifa&;qG&J ef rjzpfEkdifojzifh jynfaxmifpkppfppfrljzifh a&;qGo J Gm;Ekdif&ef atmufygtwkdif; tajccHrl twdkif;qkH;jzwfxm;a=umif; awG@&Sd&onf? jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H zGJ ph nf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'jyifqifa&;qGaJ &; óud;udik af umfrwD (&Sr;f jynfe,f). qH;k jzwfcsuf qk;H jzwfcsufrsm; vuf&jdS ynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if . H zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'wGi/f jynfe,fEiS v hf rl sK;d pk wef; wlnDr#r_twGuf vHkavmufpGmjyXmef;xm;jcif;r&Sda=umif;? xdk@a=umifh jynfe,fESifhvlrsKd;pkwdkif; wef;wlnDr#ap&eftwGuf/ tajccHOya'tm; jynf axmifpkppfppfrljzifh jyefvnfðyjyifa&;qG&J ef Tóu;udkifaumfrwDu oabmwlnD=ua=umif;? ,if;odk@ tajccHOya'tm; jynfaxmifpkppfppfrljzifh jyefvnfðyjyifa&;qGo J nfhtcg atmuf yg wef;wlnDr#r_. tajccHta=umif;&if;rsm;udk xnfhoGif;a&;qG&J ef qHk;jzwf=ua=umif;? (1) Armjynfe,fzGJ@pnf;a&;? (2) jynfaxmifpkygvDrefv$wfawmfESpf&yftm; tm%mwlay;a&;? (3) vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmfodk@ jynfe,fwdkif; nDr#aomudk,fpm;vS,fapvGwfa&;? (4) A[d&k jf ynfaxmifpt k m; atmufygXmersm; v$t J yf+yD;/ use&f adS om tm%mrsm;ESihf tcGihf ta&;rsm;udk jynfe,frsm;odk@v$Jtyf&ef? (u) EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;? (c) jynfaxmifpkumuG,fa&;? (*) jynfaxmifpkb¾ma&;? (C) aiG'*Fg;ESifh aiGpuULxkwfvkyfa&;? (i) pmwdkufESifh a=u;eef;qufoG,fa&;? (p) rD;&xm;/ ava=umif;/ a&a=umif;qufoG,fa&;? (q) jynfaxmifpkw&m;pD&ifa&;? (Z) yifv,fqdyfurf;cGefaumufa&;? (5) jynfaxmifpb k ¾mawmf r#wpGmcGaJ 0a&;? txufygtqdu k kd tm;vH;k wnDw!Gww f nf; 1322 ckEpS /f wyd@k wv JG qef; (9) &uf/ t*Fgae@ (1961-ck/ Zefem0g&Dv-16-&uf) wGif oabmwlqHk;jzwf twnfðy=uonf? wkdif;&if;om;rsm; awmif}uD;òrŒ ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ}uD;wGif jynfe,frsm; nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@0if (23) OD;udkvnf; a&G;cs,fvkdufygonf? yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

202

jynfe,frsm; nD!w G af &;tzG‹J ,m,Dtr+aqmiftzG‹J 1? p0fcGefcsKd (rdk;rdwfapmfbGm;}uD;) - OuUÏ}uD; 2? p0f0À (u,m;jynfe,facgif;aqmif) - 'kOuUÏ 3? 'l0g cGefzHk; (ucsifjynfe,f acgif;aqmif) - 'kOuUÏ 4? p0fxGef;{ (omrdkif;cef; apmfbGm;}uD;) - taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; 5? OD;vSaz (jynfol@v$wfawmftrwf) - wGb J uftwGif;a&;rSL; 6? OD;pdk;armif (t y n z &Srf;jynf) - wGb J uftwGif;a&;rSL; 7? p0fcGefatmif (abmfapmfbGm;}uD;) - jyef=um;a&;rSL; 8? OD;vS+idrf; (u,m;jynfe,fudk,fpm;vS,f) - b¾ma&;rSL; 9? OD;omxGef; (&cdkiftrsKd;om;udk,fpm;vS,f) - pm&if;ppfrSL; 10? apmb&if (u&ifjynfe,fudk,fpm;vS,f) - tr_aqmiftzGJ@0if 11? apmoif;pdef (u&iftrsKd;om;udk,fpm;vS,f) ? 12? 'l0gaZmfvGef; (ucsifjynfe,fudk,fpm;vS,f) ? 13? 'l0geefZifvm (ucsifjynfe,fudk,fpm;vS,f) ? 14? OD;armifOD;ausmf (&cdkiftrsKd;om;udk,fpm;vS,f) ? 15? uy`wdef ref;wHkEHk; (csif;trsKd;om;udk,fpm;vS,f) ? 16? rpPwm usif&Sifxef; (csif;trsKd;om;udk,fpm;vS,f) ? 17? EdkifaiGodef; (rGeftrsKd;om;acgif;aqmif) ? 18? Edkifbapm (rGeftrsKd;om;acgif;aqmif) ? 19? p0fjynfh (rdk;eJapmfbGm;}uD;) ? 20? p0fEGH (vJcsm;apmfbGm;}uD;) ? 21? p0fpdkif;vHk (usKdif;wHkapmfbGm;}uD;) ? 22? OD;cspfarmif (u,m;jynfe,fudk,fpm;vS,f) ? 23? p0fa&$r_H (aus;pD;apmfbGm;}uD;) ?

203

jynfe,frsm; nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ‹. ,m,Dtr_aqmiftzGJ‹ ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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(u) wdkif;&if;om;rsm;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&; òyduGJjcif; zqyv/ yxptpdk;& 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ektpkd;&vufxuf (14) ESpfumvwGif 'Drkdua&pDvl@ tcGifhta&; toifhwifh&Sdonf? wdkif;&if;om;rsm; tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm;onfvnf; txdkuft avsmuf&Sdonf? odk@&mwGif 1947 ckzG@J pnf;ykHtajccHOya'onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh wkdif;&if;om; acgi;f aqmifrsm; csrw S x f m;aom wef;wla&; yifvpHk w d "f mwfrEl iS hf aoGz,ftm;enf;oGm;ojzifh jynfe,f rsm;onf jynfaxmifpk tm%mESifhwGJxm;aom Armjynfrtm%mv$rf;rdk;jcif;b0odk@ a&muf&SdoGm; onf? tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;rsm;u Armwkdif;&if;om;rsm;onf vlvnf;rsm;onf? ^m%fvnf;om+yD; zG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'ukd vufwvkH;jcm;vkyfvkdufojzifh ArmvufatmufcHb0 usa&muf oGm;onf[k cHpm;rdonf? od@k &mwGif wdik ;f &if;om; acgi;f aqmifrsm;ESihf Armwdik ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm; trsm;pkw@kd onf Oya'abmiftwGi;f zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccH Oya'jyifqifa&;qGaJ &;tpDtpOfuo kd m ar#mfrSef;=uonf? xdkumvwGif wdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;rsm; trsKd;om;pdwf"mwf/ yifvHkpdwf"mwf/ jynf axmifpkpdwf"mwfonf ,drf;,dkifoGm;aomfvnf; òyvJjcif;r&Sdao;ay? od@k aomf 1962 ckEpS /f Adv k cf sKyfae0if;u 0ef}u;D csKyfO;D EkvufxrJ S tm%m"g;jywku d o f rd ;f ,lonfh tcsdefrSpI wdkif;&if;om;rsm;jzpfaom (&Srf;/ ucsif/ u&if/ u,m;/ csif;/ rGef/ &cdkif) rsm;wkd@onf z,f'&,form;rsm;jzpf=u+yD; cGJxGufa&;orm;rsm; jzpfa=umif;/ wkdif;jynftpdwfpdwftr$mr$muGJ+yD; acsmufurf;yg;usvq k q J w J iG f wyfrawmfrS tcsed rf u SD ,fwifvu kd jf cif;jzpfa=umif; zuf'&,ft"dyg` ,u f kd wkdif;jynfykefuefr_}uD;wcktjzpf r[kwfrrSef0g'jzef@csdonfhtay: Armwkdif;&if;om;trsm;pkonf tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;rsm;tay: wkdif;jynfòzcGo J lrsm;jzpfonf[k oHo,pdwfxifjrifvmonf? wkdif;&if; om;rsm; rdrw d @kd q;Hk ¶_;H oGm;aom wef;wla&;ESihf 'Dru dk a&pDta&;twGuf vufeufuikd w f u dk yf 0JG if&mwGif tzsuo f rm;tjzpf xifjrifc=hJ uonf? tjcm;wkid ;f &if;om;rsm;onfvnf; tkypf ;dk olppftyk pf u k kd rjrifbJ Armwkdif;&if;om;rsm; rdrdwkd@tay: rw&m;tEkdifusifhvkdufjcif;jzpfonf[k cH,lvm=uonf? txl; ojzifh rqvppfwyfrsm; wkdif;&if;om;e,fajrtwGif; ppfqif&mwGif twif;t"rR&yf&Gmajymif;a&G@ jcif;/ rD;¶_d@zsufqD;jcif;/ a&$aiGypPnf;OpPmvk,ljcif;/ rw&m;zrf;qD; axmifcsowfjzwfjcif;/ trsKd;orD; rsm;tm; rw&m;ðyusijhf cif; ponfv h @l tcGit hf a&;csK;d azmufra_ =umifh Ekid if aH &;tm;enf;aom wdik ;f &if; om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;onf Armwkdif;&if;om;tay: rkef;wD;pdwfjzpfay:aponf? xko d @dk rqv wygwt D m%m&Sizf ufqpfppftyk pf o k nf Armwkid ;f &if;om;ESihf tjcm;wkid ;f &if; om;rsm;t=um; nDtpfut kd csi;f csi;f &efou l o hJ @kd tjyeftvSef txifrmS ;tjrifrmS ;atmif rke;f wD;pdwf zefwD;ay;Ekdifojzifh zufqpfppftm%m&Sifpepf (26) ESpf=um wnf+rJ&jcif; tajccHta=umif;&if; wcsufyifjzpfonf? zuf'&,fqkdonfhpum;vkH;onf cGJxGufa&;/ wkdif;jynfòzcGJa&;jzpfonf[k wuUodkvfoif¶kd;!ïef;wef;txd oif=um;¶dkufoGif;xm;ojzifh ausmif;om;vli,ftrsm;tjym; zuf' &,ftay: cGx J Gufa&;orm; jzpfonf/ wdkif;jynfòzcGo J lrsm;jzpfonf[k ,ae@txd xifjrif,lqpGv J rf; aeqJawG@&Sd&onf? Armwkdif;&if;om; vli,frsm;tcsKd@yifru tjcm;wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkvli,frsm; tcsKd@onfvnf; rdrdwef;wltcGifhta&;twGuf Oya'abmiftwGif; aqmif&GufcGifhr&&SdonfhtqkH; ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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vufeufudkifawmf vSefa&;wkdufyG0J ifaeaom wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;udk wdkif;jynfòzcGzJ sufqD;ol[k xifjrifvmcJ=h uonf? rqvtkypf ;dk onfu h mvwGif wkid ;f &if;om;pnf;vk;H nD!w G af &; trsK;d om; pdwf "mwfvkH;0òyuGJysufpD;oGm;a=umif; awG@&onf? (c) rqvygwDESifh 1974 ckESpf zJG hpnf;ykt H ajccHOya'? Adkvfae0if;OD;aqmifaom rqvwygwDtm%m&Sifppftkyfpkonf jynfolw&yfvkH;tay: zdESdyfu|efjyKEdkif&eftwGuf 1974 ckESpfwGif zJG@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'udk ‚wdk@pdwfóuufa&;qJGjyXmef; vkdufonf? ,if;zJG@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'onf wjynfaxmifpepfjzpfonfhtjyif wygwDtm%m&Sif pepfvnf;jzpfojzifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm; omrefrlvtajccHtcGifhta&;rsm;onfru 'Drdkua&pD tajccH vl@tcGifhta&;[lor#vnf; vkH;0qdwfokOf;oGm;onf? (*) jynfov l x l q k ef u h sifqENjyyGrJ sm; rqvwygwDtm%m&Sifpepftkyfpdk;onfh 26 ESpf=um jynfolw&yfvHk;tay: EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&; ponfh 'Drdkua&pDtajccHvl@tcGifhta&;rsm; enf;rsKd;pHkjzihf zdESdyfxdef;csKyfxm; aomfvnf; EkdifiHa&;todtjrifEkd;=um;=uonfh &[ef;oHCmrsm;/ EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;/ ausmif;om; vli,frsm;/ tvkyform;rsm;ESifh jynfolvlxkrsm;tcsKd@wdk@onf 'Drdkua&pDtajccHvl@tcGifhta&; twGuf tm%m&Sifpepfudk t}udrf}udrf qef@usifqENjy wkdufyG0J ifa=umif;awG@&Sd&onf? 1? 1962 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f (7) &uf wuUov kd af usmif;om;oydw?f (ppftm%m&Siu f +idr;f csr;f pGm qENjyaom ausmif;om;§olrsm;ukd ypfowfojzifh &mESichf s+D y;D aoqk;H oGm;onf? ausmif;om; or*~taqmuftOD;udk òzcGzJ suq f ;D vku d o f nf? trsm;tjym; zrf;qD;axmifcsjcif;cH=u&onf?) 2? 1963 ckESpf/ Auy (5) c¶dkifESifh u&iftrsKd;om;tpDt¶kH; (1) c¶kdif +idrfcsrf;a&;qENjyyGJ (trsm;tjym; zrf;qD;axmifcsjcif;cH=u&onf?) 3? 1965 ckESpf/ ausmif;om;yJG t"du¶k%f;? 4? 196& ckESpf/ Zlvdkif w¶kwf-Arm ta&;tcif;? 5? 1967 ckESpf/ &ckdifjynf ppfawGòrŒ qefvkyGjJ y\em (ppfwyfrS ypfcwfojzifh &ckdiftrsKd;om; rsm; trsm;tjym;aoqkH;oGm;onf? rqvppftkyfpkonf qefjywfvyfonfhjy\emudk jynfolvlxktm±Hkajymif;vJatmif w±kyf-Armta&;tcif;w&yf zefwD;vdkufonf?) 6? 1969 ckEpS /f tm&Su|e;f qG,t f m;upm;qENjyyG?J (trsm;tjym; zrf;qD;axmifcsjcif;cH&onf?) 7? 1970 ckESpf/ &efukefwuUodkvf a&$&wkv_yf&Sm;r_? 8? 1972 ckESpf/ *HkeDtdwfpuf±Hktvkyform;ESifh tif;pdefrD;&xm;puf±Hktvkyform;oydwf? (trsm;tjym; tvkyfxkwfy,fjcif;/ zrf;qD;axmifcsjcif;cH&onf?) 9? 1974 ckESpf/ {+yD urm&Guf*gwfwJ rD;¶_d@r_? 10? 1974 ckESpf/ ZGefv 6&uf/ tvkyform;oydwf? (trsm;tjym; tvkyfxkwfy,fjcif;/ zrf;qD;jcif;cH&onf?) 11? 1974 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmv OD;oef@ta&;tcif;? (aoewftoH rrnfap&[kajym+yD; ppfwyfu yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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ausmif;om;vli,frsm;udk bufeufjzifh xd;k owfco hJ nf? trsm;tjym; zrf;qD;axmifcsjcif; cH=u&onf? ,if;tcsdef csif;trsKd;om; ausmif;om;vli,frsm;/ EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif ydkrdk pkpnf;rd=uonf?) 12? 1975 ckESpf/ ZGefv tvkyform;ESifhausmif;om; a&$wd*kHoydwf? (trsm;tjym; ausmif; xkwfjcif;/ tvkyfxkwfy,fjcif;/ zrf;qD;jcif;cH&onf?) 13? 1976 ckESpf/ rwfv 23 &uf/ ocifudk,fawmfr_dif; r_dif;&mjynfhausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_? 14? 1976 ckESpf/ rwfv Adkvf}uD;tkef;ausmfjrifh v_yf&Sm;r_? 15? ref;aiGatmif/ ref;'g0dwfv_yf&Sm;r_? 16? 1983 ckESpf/ 'kwd,ajrmuf ref;aiGatmifv_yf&Sm;r_? 17? 1988 ckESpf/ jynfvHk;u|wf 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHk}uD;ponfh 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGrJ sm; toD; oD; ay:aygucf o hJ nf? (Edik if t H ES@H tjym; ypfowfjcif;cH&ojzifh axmifEiS chf s+D yD;aoqH;k cJ=h uonf? aomif;ESifhcsD+yD; v$wfajrmufe,fajrESifh EdkifiHwumodk@ a&muf&SdoGm;=uonf? axmifESifh csD+yD; zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifaxmifcsjcif;cH&=uonf?) xko d @dk rqvwygwzD ufqpftm%m&Sit f yk pf ;dk onfu h mvwGif jynfov l x l w k &yfv;Hk tay: enf;rsKd;pkHjzifh zdESdyfn‡if;yrf;ESdyfpuftkyfpdk;vmaomfvnf; jynfolvlxkrsm;onf 'Drdkua&pDtajccH vl@tcGifhta&;twGuf t}udrf}udrfwkdufyGJ0ifEkdifcJh=uonf? 1962 ckEpS rf pS I Adv k cf sKyfae0if;OD;aqmifaom rqvwygwt D m%m&Sipf epftyk pf ;dk onfh (26) ESpf umvwav#mufv;kH wGif 'Dru kd a&pDtcGit hf a&;[lI wpHpk &m rxkwaf zmfEikd o f vdk wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; rlvtcGifhta&;rsm;onfvnf; vHk;0azmfxkwfEdkifcGifh r&Sday? xdk@a=umifh 'Drdkua&pDvl@tcGifhta&;[l or#vnf; vHk;0qdwfokOf;oGm;onf? wdkif;&if;om;rsm;wef;wla&; rqdkxm;bd? wdkif;&if;om;tajccH tcGifhta&;rsm;tm;vHk; qHk;¶_H;oGm;onf? rqvwygwDtm%m&Sifpepf. EdkifiHa&;vrf;pOfrSm;,Gif; jcif;a=umifhvnf;aumif;/ jynfwGif;ppfESpfaygif; 30 cef@ umvwGif ppf'%fa=umifhvnf;aumif; wdkif; jynfpD;yGm;a&; c|wfðcHusoGm;onf? jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk; pm;0wfaea&;onfvnf; zGwfausmjympk c¶kqHu|wfb0 qif;&J'kuQrsKd;pHkcHpm;=u&onf? aemufq;Hk 1988 ckEpS w f iG f &[ef;&Siv f /l ausmif;olausmif;om;/ wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d aygi;f pHk jynfow l &yfv;kH rcHr&yfEidk o f nft h qk;H jynfv;kH u|w'f rD u kd a&pDta&;awmfy}Hk uD;a=umifh rqvwygwD tm%m&Sifpepfonfvnf; bkef;bkef;vJusqkH;+yD; ed*kH;csKyfoGm;awmhonf? ,if;wdk@pdwfóuufa&;qJG xm;aom 1974 ckEpS /f zJ@G pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'udv k nf; ‚wd@k u, kd w f ikd f zsuo f rd ;f vdu k &f onf? xd@k a=umifh 'Dru kd a&pDtcGit hf a&;r&Sad om zJ@G pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'onf 14 ESpo f ufwrf;omcH+yD; ysuq f ;D oGm;awmh onf? 1988 ckEpS /f wwdik ;f wjynfv;Hk 'Dru dk a&pDta&;awmfy}Hk uD;+yD;onfh aemufyikd ;f wGif Armwkid ;f &if;om;ESifh tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;rsm;wkd@onf zufqpfppftkyfpka=umifh 'Drkdua&pDvl@tcGifhta&; qdwf okOf;&onf? wdkif;&if;om;rsm;wef;wla&;ESifh tajccHtcGifhta&;[lor#qkH;¶_H;=u&onf? wdkif;jynf qif;&J+yD; wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d aygi;f pkH jynfov l x l w k &yfv;Hk qif;&J'u k rQ sK;d pkcH pH m;=u&onf[k odjrifvm =u+yD; zufqpfppftkyfpkudk bkH&efoltjzpf ajymif;vJowfrSwfvkdufonf? Ô ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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tcef; (12) yifvpkH w d "f mwf/ jynfaxmifppk w d "f mwf wnfaqmufjcif; (u) yxrt}udrf jynfaxmifppk w d "f mwf wnfaqmufjcif;? jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHwdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf yifvHkpdwf"mwf/ trsKd;om;pdwf"mwf/ jynf axmifpkpdwf"mwfwnfaqmuf=u&mwGif OD;pGmwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;rS jynf axmifpw k ckv;kH pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;udk wnfaqmufomG ;=ua=umif; ordik ;f tcsut f vuft& awG@&&dS onf? jynfaxmifpk &Srf;jynfapmfbGm;rsm;aumifpDonf &Srf;jynfEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm; tygt0if zqyvtzGJ@csKyfacgif;aqmifrsm;wdk@udk zdwf=um;+yD; yxrt}udrf yifvHkwGif 1946 ck/ rwfv (1) &ufae@rS (12) &ufae@txd awG@qHkaqG;aEG;cJh=uojzifh tawmftwef em;vnfr_&&SdoGm;=uonf? xdkodk@ yxrt}udrfyifvHknDvmcHu&&Sdaom tjyeftvSefem;vnfr_udktajccH+yD; 'kwd, t}udrf yifvHknDvmcHwGif 1947 ck/ azaz:0g&Dv (3-12) &ufae@wGif ðyvkyfaom &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif; wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf azaz:0g&Dv (6-7) &ufae@Y wdkifyifaqG;aEG;+yD; oabmwlcsuf 5-csufudk csrSwfxm;onf? 1? Armwk@d EiS hf tqift h wef;wl/ tcGit hf a&;wl/ &ykid cf iG w hf /l 'Dru dk a&pDusus cHpm;cGi&hf &dS rnf? 2? tr_aqmifaumfrwDwGif yg0ifaqmif&Guf=uaom &Srf;ukd,fpm;vS,fESifh ucsifukd,fpm; vS,fwkd@onf rdrdwkd@vlrsKd;toD;oD;. jynfwGif;a&;&mtm;vkH;twGuf wm0ef,laqmif &Gu=f u&rnf? xk@d tjyif umuG,af &;/ Ekid if jH cm;a&;/ rD;&xm;/ taumufawmftp&Sad om tm;vk;H ESihf oufqidk o f nfu h pd rP sm;twGuf tm;vH;k pkaygi;f wm0ef,l aqmif&u G =f u&rnf? 3? ucsiw f @dk u oD;jcm;ucsijf ynftvd&k adS =umif; awmif;qkcd suu f kd TaumfrwDu axmuf cHonf? 4? Armjynftpk;d &ESihf +Adwo d #tpk;d &wk@d . (atmifqef;tufwvDpmcsKyf) oabmwlncD suf rsm;onf &Srf;/ ucsifwkd@ESifh ywfoufjcif;r&Sdap&? 5? vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;onfhaemuf jrefrm“jynfaxmifpk”rS uíEkfyfwkd@ oabmusonfhtcsdef wGif cGx J Gufvkdu cGx J GufcGifh&Sdaprnf? xdkodk@ &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif; oabmwlnDcsufrsm;tay: AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;OD;aqmifaom zqyv tzG@J csKyfEiS hf xyfrw H ikd yf ifaqG;aEG;=u&mrS azaz:0g&v D 12 &ufae@wiG f ordik ;f 0ifyifvpkH mcsKyfukd csKyfqdkEdkif=uonf? TonfrSm &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif; ponfh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;onf OD;pGm pnf;vHk;nD!Gwf a&;udk wnfaqmuf=u+yD;rS yifvpkH w d "f mwf/ trsK;d om;pdw"f mwf/ jynfaxmifppk w d "f mwfukd yxrOD;qk;H wnfaqmufEdkifonfESifh wòyifwnf; vGwfvyfa&;udkvnf; trdt&qGwfcl;Edkifcho J nf? odk@aomf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;usqkH;onfhaemufrSm yifvkHpmcsKyf/ yifvkHpdwf"mwftajccHrl vrf;pOftay: aoGz,ftm;enf;oGm;&mrS 1947 ck/ zJG@pnf;ykHtajccHOya' tm;enf;csufa=umifh jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D wqif+h yD;wqifh awmufavmifomG ;ojzifh wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vkn H ! D w G af &;onfvnf; yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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wjznf;jznf ,drf;,dkifoGm;onf? (c) 'kw, d t}udrf jynfaxmifpkpw d f"mwf wnfaqmuf&ef óud;yrf;jcif;? 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekonf rdrdygwD a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufyGJ tEdkif&&Sdygu ,drf;,dkifaeaom wdkif; &if;om;pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfa&;udk zJG@pnf;ykHtajccHOya' jyifqifa&;qJGoGm;rnfjzpfa=umif; xkwfazmfchJ onf? 1960 ckESpf/ a&G;aumufyGJwGif okH;ykHESpfykHtjywftowftEdkif&&Sdaom 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;EkOD;aqmif aom jynfaxmifpktpdk;&onf jynfe,facgif;aqmifrsm;udkac:,l+yD; zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya' jyifqifa&;qGJ&ef jynfaxmifpkw&m;a&;Xme0ef}uD;udk wygwnf;v$Jtyf+yD; csrSwfay;cJhonf? &Srf;/ ucsif/ u&ifeD/ u&if/ csif;/ rGef/ &cdkif ponfhwdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf zG@J pnf; tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya' jyifqifa&;qGEJ ikd &f ef 1961 ckEpS /f ZGev f 8 &ufae@ rS 16 &ufae@txd awmif}uD; nDvmcHusif;y+yD; jynfaxmifpkrlESifhywfoufI wnDw!Gwfwnf;oabmwlcsrSwfum 'kwd, t}udrf nD!Gwfa&;udk wnfaqmufEdkif=uonf? (1) Armjynfe,fzGJ@pnf;a&;/ (2) jynfaxmifpkygvDrefESpf&yftm; tm%mwlay;a&;/ (3) vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmfodk@ jynfe,fwdkif; nDr#aom udk,fpm;vS,fapv$wfa&;/ (4) A[dk. jynfaxmifpktm; atmufXmersm; v$Jtyf+yD; usef&Sdaomtm%mrsm;ESifh tcGifh ta&;rsm;udk jynfe,frsm;odk@ v$Jtyf&ef? (u) EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;? (c) jynfaxmifpkumuG,fa&;? (*) jynfaxmifpkb¾ma&;? (C) aiG'*Fg;ESifh aiGpuULxkwfvkyfa&;? (i) pmwdkufESifh a=u;eef;qufoG,fa&;? (p) rD;&xm;/ ava=umif;/ a&a=umif;qufoG,fa&;? (q) jynfaxmifpkw&m;pD&ifa&;? (Z) yifv,fqdyfurf;cGefaumufa&;? (5) jynfaxmifpkb¾mawmf r#wpGm cGaJ 0a&;wdk@jzpfonf?

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xdkodk@ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm; wnDw!Gwfwnf; oabmwlqHk;jzwfcsuftay: jynf axmifp0k ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ek OD;aqmif+yD; tm%m&jynfaxmifpyk gw/D jynfe,facgi;f aqmifrsm;/ twdu k t f cH ygwDrsm;jzpf=uaom zqyv/ yrnwESifh tpdk;&twdkifyifcHtzG@J tm;vHk;udk zdwfac:I 1961 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&v D 24 &ufae@rpS wifI jrefrmEdik if H wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;ES;D aESmzvS,yf }JG uD;udk pwifusi;f yðyvkyf onf? xdkodk@ wdkif;&if;om;rsm;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ}uD; pwifusif;yonfh yxrae@wGif jynfe,frsm; nD!Gwfa&;tzJG@udk,fpm; EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;vnf;jzpf/ &Srf;jynf0ef}uD;vnf;jzpfaom pyfcGefcsKdu awmif}uD;nDvmcH. oabmwlnDcsuft& jynfaxmifpkrlESifhywfoufI wifjyoGm;onf? ESD;aESm ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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zvS,fyGJae@ 'kwd,ae@jzpfaom rwfv 1 &ufae@wGif twdkuftcHygwDrsm;jzpfonfh zqyvtzJG@csKyf udk,fpm; OD;baqGuvnf;aumif;/ yrnwudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf 0dol&ocifcspfarmifaomfvnf; aumif; toD;oD;aqG;aEG;wifjyoGm;=uonf? ESD;aESmzvS,fyJG}uD; wwd,ae@udk rwfv (7) &uf ae@wGif qufvufusif;y&ef vsmxm;+yD; aqG;aEG;&efusef&Sdaom jynfaxmifpkygwD (yxp)/ &yvw ygwu D , dk pf m;vS,w f OD;ESihf jynfaxmifpt k pd;k & twdik yf ifct H zJ@G u, kd pf m; a'guw f mOD;bOD;wk@d qufvuf aqG;aEG;&ef owfrSwfvdkufonf? xdkodk@ ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;tm;vkH; aqG;aEG;+yD;onfhtcg 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek em,utjzpf OD; aqmif+yD; æ 1? jynfe,frsm; nD;!Gwfa&;tzJG@rS udk,fpm;vS,f (6) OD;? 2? yrnwrS udk,fpm;vS,frS (3) OD;? 3? zqyv udk,fpm;vS,frS (3) OD;? 4? &yvz udk,fpm;vS,frS (3) OD;? 5? yxp ud, k pf m;vS,rf S (3) OD;ESihf tpd;k &twdik yf ifcH vl}uD;rsm;yg0ifaom zJ@G pnf;ykH tajccH Oya'jyifqifa&;qJG}uD;=uyfa&;tzJG@udkvnf; zG@J pnf;oGm;&ef owfrSwfvdkufonf? ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ}uD; qufvufusif;y+yD;pD;oGm;ygu 'Drdkua&pDusifhpOft& ppfrSefaomzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkrl wnf aqmufEkdifrnfrvJGay? xdo k @kd jynfvrf;toHvi$ ¶hf Hk tpnf;ta0;raqmifwiG f wdik ;f &if;om;ES;D aESmzvS,yf u GJ si;f yae pOf tm%mirf;irf;wuf+yD; vlrsK;d }uD;0g'pGu J ikd af om Adv k cf sKyfae0if;OD;aqmifonfh ppftyk pf o k nf 1962 ckESpf/ rwfv 2 &ufae@wGif 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;EkxHrS tm%mudk odrf;,loGm;onf? TonfrmS wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkrsm;onf 'kw, d t}udrf pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;udk OD;pGmwnf aqmufEdkifchJaomfvnf; wjynfvHk;twGuf yifvHkpdwf"mwf/ trsKd;om;pdwf"mwf/ jynfaxmifpkpdwf "mwf 'kwd,t}udrfwnfaqmufa&; ysufjym;oGm;&onf? (*) wwd,t}udrf jynfaxmifpkpw d f"mwf wnfaqmuf&ef }udK;yrf;jcif;? rqv wygwDtm%m&Sifppftkyfpku a&;qJGjyXmef;xm;aom 1974 ck/ zJG@pnf;ykHtajccH Oya'onf 'Drdkua&pDtajccHvl@tcGifhta&; vkH;0qdwfokOf;oGm;ojzifh jynfolw&yfvkH;rcHr&yfEdkif onft h qk;H 1988 ckEpS /f 'Dru kd a&pDta&;awmfy}Hk uD;a=umifh rqv wygwpD epfusq;Hk oGm;onf? 1988 ckESpf/ ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDumvwGif EdkifiHa&;ygwDaygif; 235 ygwD ay:aygufchJonf? ,if;teuf wdkif;&if; om;ud, k pf m;ðyxm;aom Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; (23) ygwo D nf ok;H vtcsed u f mvtwGi;f tcsi;f csi;f awG@qHk aqG;aEG;=uum jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; 'Drdkua&pDtzG@J csKyf (UNLD) wGif wkdif;&if;om; tiftm;pkukd vG,fulpGmjzifh pkpnf;EdkifchJonf? UNLD onf 'Drdkua&pDta&;ESifh wkdif;&if;om;rsm; wef;wla&;udk azmfaqmifoGm;Edkifonfh ppfrSefaom 'Drdkua&pDzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk wnfaqmuf oGm;&rnf[k tajccHrl0g'oabmxm;udk csrSwfxm;onf? UNLD onf rdrdwdk@ csrSwfxm;aomtajccHrl0g'udk 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHa&; tzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf qufvufnEd‡ id_ ;f aqG;aEG;oGm;onf? txl;ojzifh NLD acgi;f aqmifrsm;ESihf (3) }udrf ndE‡ id_ ;f aqG;aEG;=u+yD; yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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1990 ck =o*kwv f 29 &ufae@wiG f Adv k af tmifausmv f rf; yl;wGo J abmwlncD suu f kd xkwjf yefEikd cf o hJ nf? tJeft,fvf'DESifh ,lteJ ft,fvf'D. Adkvfatmifausmfvrf; yl;wJGa=unmcsufrSm wdkif;&if; om;vlrsKd;rsm;onf vlrsKd;a&;wef;wlnDr#r_/ EdkifiHa&;wef;wlnDr#r_/ udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh tjynfht0&Sd ap&rnfhtjyif 'Drdkua&pDtajccHvl@tcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,fjyXmef;Edkifrnfh jynfaxmifpkudk wdkif; &if;om;rsm;tm;vkH; aoG;pnf;nD!GwfpGmjzifh wnfaqmufoGm;&efvkdtyfa=umif;udk tJeft,fvf'D acgif;aqmif (17) OD;ESifh ,lteJ ft,fvf'Dacgif;aqmif (14) OD;wdk@ wnDw!Gwfwnf; oabmwl=u a=umif; vufrSwfa&;xdk;=uonf? ,if;Adkvfatmifausmfvrf;a=unmcsuf.tajccHrla=umifh ,ae@txd tJeft,fvf'DESifh ,ltJeft,fvf'Dwdk@onf jynfol@vGwfawmfukd,fpm;ðyaumfrwD (pDtm&fyDyD) wGif cdkif+rJpGmyl;aygif; aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf? TonfrSm wwd,t}udrf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;nD!Gwfa&;rS yifvkH pdwf"mwf/ jynfaxmifpkpdwf"mwfwnfaqmufa&; óu;yrf;aqmif&Gufr_yif jzpfonf? odk@&mwGif wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;udkvnf;aumif;/ 'Drdkua&pDtif tm;pkESifh wdkif;&if;om;tiftm;pkrsm; nD!Gwfa&;udkvnf;aumif;/ vHk;0rvdkvm;onfh e0wonf UNLD udk rw&m;zsufodrf;vdkufonf? NLD udkvnf; enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh zdESdyfvsuf&Sdonf? xdk@a=umifh wwd,t}udrf yifvHkpdwf"mwf/ jynfaxmifpkpdwf"mwfwnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;udk qufvufI óu; yrf;aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdayonf? TonfrmS yxrt}udryf ifvn kH v D mcHwiG v f nf;aumif;/ 'kw, d t}udrf awmif}uD;nDvmcH wGifvnf;aumif;/ wwd,t}udrf Adkvfatmifausmfvrf;wGifvnf;aumif;/ ta&;ñuH tajctaeay; vmonfhtcsdefwdkif; wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;rS jynfaxmifpkwckvHk; nD!Gwfa&; qDodk@ azmfaqmifaeonfrSm ordkif;tcsuftvuftrSef jzpfayonf? xdo k @kd wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkrsm; pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;ordik ;f tcsut f vuf xkwaf zmf&jcif;rSm e0w§etzonf jrefrmEdik if w H iG f wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkaygi;f (135) rsK;d &Sad =umif;/ rnD!w G Ef ikd af =umif;/ etzppftkyfpkrxdrf;v#if wdkif;jynfòyuGrJ nfudk pdk;&drfa=umif;[k urBmhEdkifiHwumokd@ r[kwfrrSef0g' jzef@vsu&f o dS nf? etzppftyk pf o k nf wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; jy\ema=umifh jynfaxmifpòk yuGrJ nf/ tcsKyf tjcmtm%m òyuGrJ nf[lI t+rJwrf;0g'jzef@aejcif;onf r[kwfrrSefa=umif;/ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pk rsm;onf ta&;ñuHwdkif; tcGifhta&;tajctaeay;onfh tcsdefwdkif;rSm t+rJwrf;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&; udk wnfaqmufEikd +f yD; Armwdik ;f &if;om;rsm;ESiv hf nf; t+rJwrf; pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;udk wnfaqmufEikd f a=umif;/ wenf;tm;jzifh yifvpkH w d "f mwf/ trsK;d om;pdw"f mwf/ jynfaxmifpk pdw"f mwfwnfaqmufEikd f a=umif; EdkifiHa&;ordkif; jzpfpOftrSefudk trSeftwdkif; jyefvnfazmfxkwf&jcif;jzpfonf? etzonf csif;wdkif;&if;om; 53 rsKd;/ &Srf;wdkif;&if;om; 33 rsKd;/ Armwdkif;&if;om; 9 rsKd;/ u&ifeDwdkif;&if;om; 9 rsKd;/ ucsifwdkif;&if;om 12 rsKd;/ u&ifwdkif;&if;om; 11rsKd;/ &cdkifwdkif;&if;om; 7 rsKd;/ rGef 1 rsKd;[lI wDxGif+yD; pm&if;jyonf? csif;wdkif;&if;om;onf 53 jynfe,f/ &Srf; 33 jynfe,f/ u&ifeD 9 jynfe,f/ u&if 11 jynfe,f/ &cdkif 7 jynfe,f rawmif;yg? vlrsKd;wrsKd;onf wef;wl&nfwl trsKd;om;wjynfe,fom vdkvm;=uygonf? xdkr#yifruyg etzonf EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; &mESifhcsD&Sdonf? b,fvdkawG@qHk aqG;aEG;EdkifrvJ ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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[lIvnf; xkwfajymvdkufao;onf? 1989 ckESpfuwnf;u EdkifiHa&;ygwDaygif; 104 ygwDonf a': atmifqef;pk=unftm; rdrdwdk@udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf ajyma&;qdkcGifh w&m;0ifay;xm;cJhonf? ,ckvuf&w dS iG v f nf; 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;ESihf wdik ;f &if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;tm;vH;k onf 'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk ,Hk=unfpGmjzifh etzppftkyfpkESifh t"dy`g,f&Sdaom EdkifiHa&;pm;yGJ0dkif; pwifawG@qHkaqG;aEG;+yD; wdkif;&if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;yg0ifaom oHk;yGifhqdkif awG@qHk aqG;aEG;yGJ tjrefq;kH ðyvkyo f mG ;&efvt kd yfa=umif; oabmwl=u+yD;jzpfonf? od@k aomf ,ae@txd etz onf awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&;udk ausmcdik ;f vsu&f +dS yD; zJ@G pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'qJu G ikd +f yD; jynfow l &yfv;Hk tay: u|ejf yKEdik &f eftwGuf ‚. Road Map twdik ;f twkta,miftrsK;d om;nDvmcHukd '&Gww f u dk u f si;f y vsuf&Sdonf? (C) vGwaf jrmufe,fajr yifvpHk w d "f mwfwnfaqmuf&ef óud;yrf;jcif;? 1947 ckEpS /f zJ@G pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'tm;enf;csuaf =umifh vGwv f yfa&;oufwrf;ESit hf wl jynf wGif;ppfrD; wqifh+yD;wqifh awmufavmifvmonf? tkyfcsKyfoltqufquf. r[kwfrrSef 0g'jzef@csd jcif;a=umifh jynfoltrsm;pkonf 'Drdkua&pDta&;ESifh rdrdwef;wla&;twGuf w&m;aomckcHawmfvSef a&;ppf wdu k yf 0GJ ifvmaom wdik ;f &if;om;vufeufuikd t f zJ@G tpnf;tay: zuf'&,form;/ cJx G u G af &; orm;/ wdkif;jynfòzcJGzsufqD;ol[lI ESpfaygif; (40) umvywfvkH; xifjrif,lqvmcJhonf? 1988 ckEpS /f 'Dru kd a&pDta&;awmfy}Hk u;D wGif zufqpfppftyk pf o k nf ausmif;om;vli,f/ &[ef; &Sifvljynfolrsm;tm; &ufpufpGm ypfcwfowfjzwfcJhojzifh trsm;tjym; vGwfajrmufe,fajrodk@ a&muf&SdvmcJhonf? ESpfaygif; (40) ausmf wdkufyGJ0ifvmcJhaom wkdif;&if;om;vufeufudkif tiftm;pk jzpfaom trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDwyfaygif;pk (r'w) onf a&muf&Sdvmaom ausmif;om;vli,frsm;/ 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;wdk@udk 'Drdku&ufwpfr[mrdwfrsm;tzJG@csKyf Armjynf ('DatbD) tjzpf pkpnf; I wef;wl&nfwl todrw S ðf y=uonf? 1990 ckEpS /f a&G;aumufyt GJ +y;D a&muf&v dS maom a'guw f mpde0f if; OD;aqmifaom jynfol@vGwfawmfukd,fpm;vS,f (8) OD;udk jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH!Gef@aygif;tpdk;& (tJefpD*sD,lbD) zJG@pnf;+yD; rdrdwdk@tpdk;&tjzpf EdkifiHa&;t&vnf;aumif;/ b¾ma&;t&vnfaumif; axmufcu H n l cD o hJ nf? pwif a&muf&v dS maom tJet f ,fv'f yD gw0D if ok;H q,fausmu f kd tJet f ,fv'f -D t,fvfatzJG@pnf;+yD; wef;wl&nfwl todrSwfðy=uonf? xdkodk@ r'w/ 'DatbD/ tJeft,fvf'D-t,fvfatESifh jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm; tzJG@ (trfyD,l) tzJG@ (4) zJG@wdk@onf tjyeftvSefwef;wl&nfwl todtrSwfðy=u+yD; ppftm%m&Sif zsufodrf;a&;/ 'Drdkua&pDta&;/ ppfrSefaom zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;[laom rl0g' oabmxm;csrw S I f jynfaxmifpt k rsK;d om;aumifpD (tJepf , D b l )D wyfaygi;f pk}uD;udk zJ@G pnf;um yifvHk pdwf"mwf/ jynfaxmifpkpdwf"gwf óu;yrf;wnfaqmufvsuf&Sdonf? wdkif;&if;om;rsm;jzpf=uaom ucsif/ u&if/ u&ifeD/ csif;/ rGef/ Arm/ &Srf;/ &cdkif ponfh wdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf wwd,t}udrftjzpf yifvHkpdwf"mwf/ trsKd;om;pdwf"mwf/ jynfaxmifpkpdwf "mwfukd wnfaqmuf&ef 1988 ckEpS rf pS I ,ae@txd jynfwiG ;f &Sd 'Dru dk a&pDEidk if aH &;tiftm;pkrsm;ESihf wkdif;&if;om; EdkifiHa&;tif;tm;pkrsm;onfvnf;aumif;/ awmfvSefa&;e,fajr&Sd 'Drdkua&pDtiftm; yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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pkrsm;ESifh wkdif;&if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;onfvnf;aumif;/ jrefrmEkdifiH. tajccHEdkifiHa&;jy\emonf 'Dru kd a&pD vl@tcGit hf a&;qdwo f Ok ;f jcif;ESihf wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; wef;wl&nfwl zuf'&,fjynfaxmif pkwnfaqmufa&;/ jy\emESp&f yfjzpfa=umif;/ ,if;jy\emESp&f yfudk wòyifwnf; ajz&Si;f Ekid rf o S mv#if +idrf;csrf;om,m0aysmaom 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawmfopf}uD;udk wnfaqmufoGm;Ekdifrnf[k cH,lvm=u onf? xkd@a=umifh 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;ESifh wkdif;&if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;wdk@onf ppftm%m&Sif ðzwfcsa&;/ 'Drdkua&pDvl@tcGifhta&;/ wdkif;&if;om;rsm; wef;wl&nfwl zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkwnf aqmufa&;twGuf vufwGJyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufv#uf&Sd=uonf? (i) jynfwGif;EdkifiaH &;tiftm;pk yl;aygif;v+yf&Sm;rlrsm;? jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if . H vufiif;Ekid if aH &;tajctaersm;ESiphf yfvsO;f I jynfaxmifpk wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;'Drkdua&pDtzG@J csKyfESifh trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzG@J csKyfwkd@. oabmxm;a=unmcsuf

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(Akv d fatmifausmfvrf; yl;wGJa-unmcsuf trSwf =1=) 1352 ckESpf awmfovif;vqef; (10)&uf? 1990 jynfhESpf -o*kwfv (29)&uf? 1? ygwDpkH'Drkdua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ usif;ya&;aumfr&SifwGif w&m;0ifrSwfykHwif zG@J pnf;xm;aom wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;./ Ekid if aH &;ygwD (21) ygwD (aemufqufwJG pm&if; -¶_) wkd@ pkpnf;xlaxmifxm;onfh jynfaxmifpkwkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;. vlrsKd;pka&;&mrl0g'aumfrwDESifh trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzG@J csKyf A[kdtvkyftr_aqmiftzG@J . ukd,fpm;vS,ftzG@J onf 1990 jynfhESpf/ Zlvkdifv (5) &ufae@wGif &efukefòrŒ/ ausmufwH wm;òrŒe,f Akv d af tmifausmv f rf;&Sd jynfaxmifpw k idk ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; 'Dru dk a&pDtzG@J csKyf (XmecsKyf) ¶kH;Y y%mrn‡dE_dif;aqG;aEG;yGJ usif;ycJh=uonf? 2? ,if;y%mrn‡dE_dif;aqG;aEG;yGrJ S oabmwlnDcsuft& jynfaxmifpkwkdif;&if;om; vlrsKd;rsm; EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;. vlrsKd;pka&;&mrl0g'aumfrwDESifh trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyf/ A[kd tvkyftr_aqmiftzG@J . yxrqkH;t}udrf pkHnDtpnf;ta0;ukd 1990 jynfhESpf/ Zlvkdifv (12) &ufae@wGif &efukefòrŒ/ A[ef;òrŒe,f a&$*kHwkdifvrf;&Sd trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyf XmecsKyf¶kH;Y usif;ycJhygonf? 3? ,if;pkHnDaqG;aEG;yGrJ S oabmwlnDcsuft& jynfaxmifpkwkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; 'Drkdua&pD tzGJ@csKyf qufoG,fnd‡E_dif;a&;ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@/ tzGJ@csKyf. vlrsKd;pkqkdif&mtzGJ@) onf jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHawmf. vufiif;EkdifiHa&;jy\emrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;I ykHrSefaqG; aEG;yGrJ sm;ukd (3) }udrf qufvufusif;ycJhygonf? 4? ,if;ykrH eS f aqG;aEG;yGrJ sm;rS ndE‡ id_ ;f oabmwlncD surf sm;teuf jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmf . avmavmq,fEiS hf a&&Snt f usK;d pD;yGm;wk@d udk a&S¶› v _ #uf ESpOf ;D ESpb f ufwn l aD om oabm xm;rsm;ukd atmufygtwkdif; yl;wGJa=unmtyfygonf? (u) 1990 jynfhESpf/ ZGefv (29) &ufrS Zlvkdifv (1) &ufae@txd &efukefòrŒ r[mAE<K ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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vvrf;&Sd/ 0kdiftrfbDatcef;rwGif usif;ycJhaom 'kwd,t}udrf pkHnDtpnf;ta0;ESifh wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d Ekid if aH &;ygwaD ygi;f pkH 'kw, d t}udrt f pnf;ta0;rS vufiif;&ifqidk f ae&aom EkdifiHa&;jy\emqkdif&m qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ESifh 1990jynfhESpf/ Zlvkdifv (28) &ufEiS hf (29) &ufae@u &efuek òf r@/ Akv d af tmifausmv f rf;/ *ENcD ef;raqmifwiG f usi;f ycJh aom trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzG@J csKyf/ A[kdOD;pD;tzG@J ESifh tzG@J csKyfjynfol@v$wfawmfukd,f pm;vS,frsm;. yxrt}udrf y%mrn‡dE_dif;tpnf;ta0;rS wnDw!Gwfwnf; twnfðycJo h nfh qk;H jzwfcsurf sm;onf woabmwnf;&Sad =umif; xkwaf zmf=uygonf? ‚if;qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;rSm æ (1) usif;y+yD;pD;cJhaom ygwDpkH'Drkdua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGt J +yD; jynfol@v$wfawmfa&G; aumufyGJ Oya'tcef; (2) yk'fr (3) t& jynfol@v$wfawmfukd 1990 jynfhESpf pufwifbm vtwGif; ac:,lzGJ@pnf;a&;twGuf EkdifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@okd@ awmif;qkad =umif;? (2) ygwDpkH'Drkdua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJwGif vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm; trsm;pktEkdif&&SdScJhaom trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDtzG@J csKyf. tm%mykid u f , dk pf m;vS,t f zG@J EiS hf (e0w) tm%mykid f uk, d f pm;vS,ftzGJ@wkd@ tjrefqkH;awG@qkHn‡dE_dif;a&;twGuf wkdufwGef;a=umif;? (3) jrefrmEkdifiH. avmavmq,ftusKd;pD;yGm;ESifh a&&Snftem*wftusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;ukd a&S›¶_I trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyfOuUÏ OD;wifOD;/ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; a':atmifqef;pk =unfESifhwuG EkdifiHa&;tusOf;orm;tm;vkH; vGwfajrmufa&;ukd aqmv#ifpGm aqmif&Guf ay;&ef EkdifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzG@J okd@ wkdufwGef;a=umif;? (4) 'Drkdua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm;&&Sda&;ESifh jynfol@vGwfvyfcGifh uef@owfxm;r_rsm;ukd ¶kyfodrf; ay;a&;twGuf EkdifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzG@J okd@ awmif;qkda=umif;? txufyg qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ukd tjrefqkH; taumiftxnfazmf&ef/ EkdifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@okd@ jynfaxmifpkwkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; 'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyfESifh trsKd;om;'Drkd ua&pDtzGJ@csKyfwkd@u xyfavmif;wkdufwGef;onf? (c) jynfol@v$wfawmf ay:aygufvm+yDv#if jynfol@v$wfawmfuwifajr‡mufaom tpkd;&zGJ@ pnf;+yD;/ tvsijf refq;Hk aomumvtwGi;f / jynfo@l vw $ af wmf. OD;aqmifrj_ zifh wkid ;f &if;om; vlrsKd;rsm;ESifh yg0ifoifhyg0ifxkdufaom tzG@J tpnf;rsm;§vlyk*~Kdvfrsm;yg0ifonfh trsKd;om; n‡Ed id_ ;f r_nv D mcH}uD;w&yfusi;f yI jynfaxmifpx k al xmifa&;twGuf vrf;!$erf r_ sm; csrw S f rnf? ,if;vrf;!$efr_rsm;ESifhtnD/ jynfol@v$wfawmfu a&&Snfwnfwef@ckdif+rJrnfh zG@J pnf; tkyfcsKyfykH tajcOya'opfw&yfukd a&;qGjJ yXmef;twnfðy&rnf[k jynfaxmifpkwkdif;&if; om;vlrsKd;rsm; 'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyfESifh trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyfwkd@u wnDw!Gwf wnf; oabmwl=uonf? (*) wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;onf vlrsKd;a&;wef;wlr_/ EkdifiHa&;wef;wlr_ESifh ukd,fykdifjyXmef;cGifh tjynfht0&Sdap&rnfhtjyif 'Drkdua&pDESifhvl@tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd tmrcHcsuf&Sdaom jynf yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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jynfo@l vw $ af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm;rS aqmif&u G Ef ikd cf iG ahf y;xm;onfh ta&twGurf mS (250) OD; jzpfygojzifh jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm; w&m;0ifqHk;jzwfvkyfudkifEdkifcGifh&Sdygonf? 7? odk@jzpfygI “1990 jynfhESpf ygwDpHktaxGaxGa&G;aumufyGrJ S wifajr‡mufvdkufaom jynfol@ v$wfawmfudk udk,fpm;ðyonfhaumfrwD”udk atmufygyk*d~Kvfrsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;vdkufygonf? OuUÏ - OD;atmifa&G/ &efukefwdkif;/ r&rf;ukef;òrŒe,f trSwf (1) rS jynfol@v$wfawmf udk,fpm;vS,f? twGif;a&;rSL;rsm; OD;oef;xGef; - rEWav;wdkif;/ awmifomòrŒe,f/ rJqENe,ftrSwf (2) rS jynfol@v$wfawmf udk,fpm;vS,f? OD;at;omatmif - &Srf;wdkif;&if;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf/ - &cdkif'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf/ - rGeftrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf - ZdkrD;trsKd;om;uGefu&ufygwDrsm;udk udk,fpm;ðyudk,fpm;vS,f? tzGJ h0ifrsm; OD;wifO;D a':atmifqef;pk=unf OD;vGif OD;vSaz OD;pdk;jrifh OD;vGef;wif OD;!Gef@a0

- 'kOuUÏ/ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf/ - taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;/ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzG@J csKyf? - &efukefwdkif;/ oHk;cGòrŒe,f rJqENe,ftrSwf (1) rS jynf ol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f? - {&m0wDwdkif;/ armvòrifu|ef;òrŒe,f/ rJqENe,ftrSwf (1) rS jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f? - &efukefwdkif;/ awmifOuUvmyòrŒe,f rJqENe,ftrSwf (1) rS jynfvl@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f? - rGefjynfe,f/ armfvòrifòrŒe,f rJqENe,ftrSwf (1) rS jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f? - yJcl;wdkif;/ awmifilòrŒe,f rJqENe,ftrSwf (2) rS jynf ol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f?

8? tqdkygaumfrwD. yxrtpnf;ta0;udk 1998 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (160) &ufae@wGif usif;y cJhygonf?

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9? TaumfrwDonf txufazmfjyygvkyfydkifcGifhrlrsm;t& atmufygqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk csrSwf ygonf? ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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(u) 1990 jynfEh pS /f a&G;aumfyOJG ya't&/ a&G;aumfwifajr‡mufjcif;cH&onfh ud, k pf m;vS,f rsm;udk tjcm;aom rnfonfhOya'/ enf;Oya'/ trdef@t%mrsm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ rdrdwdk@qENt&vnf;aumif;/ E_wfxGufjcif;rsm;ESifh xkwfy,fjcif;rsm;udk rnfolur# ðyvkyfEdkifjcif;r&Sda=umif;? (c) jynfo@l vw $ af wmfOuUÏtjzpf a'guw f mOD;apmjratmif/ &cdik 'f rD u kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfOuUÏ/ &cdik jf ynfe,f/ ajr‡mufO;D òrŒe,f rJqENe,ftrSwf (1) tm; a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufvu kd f a=umif;? (*) v$wfawmf.oufwrf;udk trsm;jynfolwdk@uvufcHEdkif+yD; 'Drdkua&pDrlrsm;ESifh udkuf nDaom zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'w&yfu/kd Tv$waf wmfu twnfðy jyXmef;+yD; onfhtcseftxd owfrSwfa=umif;? (C) EdkifiH. EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&; tp&Sdonfh taxGaxGt=uyftwnf;rsm;udk jynfol@v$wfawmfuom aqmif&Gufay;Edkifaoma=umifh/ atmufygtzG@J rsm;. v$wf awmfac:,lay;a&;udpEP iS yhf wfoufI awmif;qdjk cif;rsm;udk TaumfrwDu txl;av; eufpGm axmufcHóuqdka=umif;? 10? 1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (18) &ufae@rSpI xkwfjyefcJhaomOya'rsm;/ enf;Oya'/ pnf;urf;Oya'/ trdef@/ a=ujimcsufrsm;onf jynfol@v$wfawmf twnfrðyoI w&m; r0ifa=umif;? (rSwfcsuf - 1989 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (5) &ufae@u EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@OuUÏu atmufygtwdkif;ajymcJhygonf?)

“usaemf'Dae@ EdkifiHawmftm%mudk ,lxm;wJhtcgrSm/ usaemfvkyfcsifwm vkyfoGm; w,fqdkwmudk rjzpfap&bl;? usaemfpnf;eJ@ pHepfeJ@vkyfoGm;w,fqdkwmudk usaemf v$waf wmfukd v$waf wmfay:vm&if a&G;aumufy+JG yD;&if usaemfvw $ af wmfuw kd ifjyr,f” 11? TaumfrwDu atmufygqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udkvnf; qHk;jzwfygonf? (u) EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;. vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;udk Oya't& tjynfht0aqmif&Gufay;&ef? (c) v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm;tm; Edik if aH &;t& ajymqdv k yk af qmifjcif;ESihf qufE, G o f nfh udpPrsm;udk ta&;,ljcif;rS uif;v$wfcGifhðy&ef? (*) tm;vHk;aomEdkifiHa&;tusOf;orm;rsm;udk ¹cif;csufr&SdtjrefqHk;v$wfay;&ef? Edik if w H Edik if w H iG f wyfrawmfonf r&Srd jzpfvt kd yfonft h zG@J tpnf;wckjzpfonf? wyfrawmf .wm0efonf Edik if aH wmfEiS Ehf ikd if o H El ikd if o H m;rsm;udk umuG,af pmifah &Smuf&efEiS hf zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccH Oya'udk umuG,f&efjzpfonf? jynfolvlxku ,Hk=unfudk;pm;cspfcifonfh acwfrDS+yD;/ umuG,fa&; wm0efudk oef@oef@xrf;aqmifonfh wyfrawmfjzpf&ygrnf? tqifhtwef;jrifhrm;+yD; jynfoljynf om;rsm;ESifh wom;wnf; jzpf&ygrnf? jynfolwdk@.qENudk OD;xdyfxm;um tpOfav;pm;&rnf? yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

230

ed*kH; 12? TaumfrwDonf/ 1990 jynfhESpf ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ Oya'ESifhtnD v$wfawmfac:,lay;a&; rlt&/ v$wfawmfac:,lay;a&;jzpfajrmufonftxd/ v$wfawmf udk,fpm;aqmif&GufoGm;rnf?

jynfoŒlvw $ af wmfu, kd pf m;ðyaumfrwD &efuek f 1360 jynfEh pS /f awmfovif;vjynfah usmf (12) &uf 1988 ckEpS /f pufwifbmv (1&) &uf?

231

jynfolŒv$wfawmfukd,fpm;ðyaumfrwDtm; awmfvSefa&;e,fajrESifh jynfya&mufjynfolŒv$wfawmfukd,f pm;vS,frsm;u axmufcrH +ay;jcif; 1? 16/ 9/ 98 &ufpGjJ zifh zG@J pnf;cJhonfh 1990 jynfhESpf ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD taxGaxG a&G;aumufyGrJ S wifajr‡mufvdkufaom “jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD”ESifh 17/ 9/ 1998 &ufpjGJ zifh xkwjf yefcahJ om xdak umfrwD. a=unmcsut f rSwf (1) tm; u|Eyfk w f @kd u tjynft h 0 axmuf cHygonf? 2? 1990 jynfhESpfa&G;aumfyGJwGif a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufcHcJh&aom v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f (485) OD;teuf (26) OD; uG,fvGefoGm;+yDjzpf&m (459) OD;usef&Sdygonf? etz. Oya'rJh rw&m;zrf;qD;csKyfaESmufr_udk cHae&aom v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;tygt0if NLD ESihf NLD . rdwfaqGygwDrsm;u jynfwGif;&Sdv$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f (250) OD;wdk@onf ‚wdk@ udk,fpm; aqmif&GufydkifcGifhtm%mudk “jynfol@v$wfawmf udk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD” odk@ tcdkif trm ay;tyfxm;+yD;jzpfonf? odk@jzpfI jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDonf “1990 jynfah &G;aumfyrJG S wifajr‡mufvu kd af om jynfo@l vw $ af wmf”uk, d pf m; jynfo@l vw $ af wmfac:,l usif;ya&;tygt0if a&G;aumfyGJ&v'f taumiftxnfaz:a&;vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk Oya'ESifh tnD aqmuf&GufoGm;Edkif+yDjzpfayonf? 3? xd@k jyif awmfveS af &;e,fajrESihf jynfyEdik if rH sm;wGif a&muf&adS e=uaom atmufaz:jyygtwdik ;f vufrSwfa&;xdk;=uonfh jynfhol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;u u|Ekfyfwdk@.udk,fpm; “aqmuf&GufydkifcGifhtm%m”tm; tqdkyg “jynfol@v$wfawmf udk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD”odk@ ,Hk=unfpdwfcspGm tyfESif;vdkufygonf? 4? u|Ekfyfwdk@taejzifh jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDrSay;tyfaom rnfonfh wm0efrsKd; udkrqdk ausyGefpGmxrf;aqmifrnfjzpfonf? ‚aumfrwD. jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f aqmif&Gufr_rsm;udk xda&mufatmifjrifr_ &Sdap&eftwGuf tpGrf;ukef yHhydk;aqmif&GufoGm;rnf jzpfouJhodk@ 1990 jynfhESpfa&G;aumufyw GJ Gif xkwfazmfch=J uaom jynfolvlxktaygif;. 'Drdk ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

231

ua&pDvdkvm;aom qENjynfh0onftxd us&mtcef;u¾rS tpGrf;ukef qufvufaqmuf &GufoGm;rnfjzpfa=umif; tcdkiftrmxkwfjyefa=unmvdkufygonf? pOf? trnf 1? a'gufwmpdef0if; 2? OD;bdkvSwifh 3? OD;vseftkyf 4? OD;armifarmifat; 5? OD;odef;OD; 6? cGef;w,f'Dbl;&D 7? a'gufwmpef;atmif 8? cGef;rmwf&fudkbef 9? OD;vSOD; 10? OD;armifarmifvwf 11? OD;xGef;OD; 12? OD;oef; (c) OD;oef;pdef 13? a'guw f mwifah qG 14? OD;omEdk; 15? a'gufwmZvS,fxef; 16? OD;bdkaomif; 17? OD;xefvsef;aygif 18? OD;wifxGËf 19? OD;',feD&,fatmif

rJqENe,fajr aygufacgif; rdk;ukwf (2) [m;cg; rEWav; (a&S@ajrmuf-1) rEWav; (taemufawmif-1) vGdKifaumf (2) t*Fyl (2) z,fcHk ausmufwHwm; (1) bD;vif; (1) ausmuf}uD; ykvJ (1) ykvJ (2) &aohawmif (2) zvrf; (2) ,if;rmyif (1) wGef;ZH tdrrf J (1) rdkif;jyif;

a&muf&Sda'o tar&duef tar&duef tar&duef xdik ;f Edik if H xdik ;f Edik if H xdik ;f Edik if H xdik ;f Edik if H xdik ;f Edik if H xdik ;f Edik if H xdik ;f Edik if H xdik ;f Edik if H tdENd,EdkifiH tdENd,EdkifiH tdENd,EdkifiH tEdN,EdkifiH tdEdN,EdkifiH tdEdN,EdkifiH =opaw;vsEdkifiH =opaw;vsEdkifiH

vufrSwf

ae@pG?J ? 1998-ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (30)&uf? jynfoŒl vw $ af wmfu, kd pf m;ðyaumfrwDtm; typftcwf&yfqaJ &;tzJŒG u axmufcrH a+ y;jcif; 1988 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (14) &ufae@wGif atmufazmfjyygtzG@J rsm;onf v$wfawmfac:,l a&;twGuf axmufc=H uonf? (1) &Srf;jynfvlrsKd;aygif;pkH jynfol@vGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@ (+idrf;csrf;a&;&,lxm;onfhtzGJ@) (2) u,ef;jynfopfygwD (3) u&ifeDvlrsKd;aygif;pHk jynfol@vGwfajrmufa&;wyfOD;/ (+idrf;csrf;a&;,lxm;onfhtzGJ@) 1988 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (18) &ufae@wGif atmufaz:jyygtzG@J onf v$wfawmfac:,la&; twGuf axmufcHonf? (4) rGefjynfopfygwD (+idrf;csrf;a&;,lxm;onfhtzGJ@) yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

232

1990 jynfEh pS /f ygwDp'kH rD u kd a&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyrJG S wifajr‡mufvu dk af om jynfov ‹l w $ af wmfukd ud, k pf m;ðyonfah umfrwD (jynfov ‹l w $ af wmfu, kd pf m;jyKaumfrwD) . (56) ESpaf jrmuf jynfaxmifpak e‹ a-unmpmwrf;

233

Tae@ T&ufonf (56) ESpfajrmuf jynfaxmifpkae@jzpfayonf? azaz:0g&Dv (12) &ufae@odk@a&mufwdkif;/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGifEdkifiHawmftpdk;&taejzifhvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;/ tzG@J tpnf;rsm; taejzifhvnf;aumif; jynfaxmifpkae@[lI txdrf;trSwftcrf;tem;rsm; usif;yavh&Sd ayonf? jynfaxmifpkae@udk rnfodk@yif wcrf;wem; *k%fðycsD;usL;ae=uaomfvnf;/ ,ae@umvY jrefrm\Edik if w H iG f jynfaxmifpzk @JG pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'w&yfukd zsuo f rd ;f cHc&hJ jcif;ESit hf wl jynf e,frsm;ESifh aygif;pyfzG@J pnf;xm;onfhjynfaxmifpk. toGifo¿mefESifh tESpfom&yg aysmufuG,fchJ& onf? xdk@twl jynfaxmifpkpdwf"mwf wenf;tm;jzifh yifvHkpdwf"mwfonfvnf; arS;rSdefaysmuf uG,fvkeD;yg;tajctaeY &Sdaeayonf? vlyk*~dKvftcsKd@uvnf; yifvHkoabmwlnDcsufESifh yifvHktajccHrlrsm;udk/ wrsKd;wrnf t"dy`g,foufa&mufap&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh/ ajymqdka&;om;ae=uonfhtjyif/ wcsKd@uvnf; yifvHk oabmwlnDcsufESifh yifvHktajccHrlrsm;udk/ ypfy,faoGznfvdkonfh oabmxm;jzifh/ [dkpOfu trsKd; om; aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;udk/ wnfaqmufchJ=uaom acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;udkyif/ oG,f0dkufaomenf; jzifh tjypfwifajymqdkr_rsm;&Sdaeayonf? xdk‹a=umifh ,ae@umvonf trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif}uD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhwuG/ wdkif; &if;om;acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;/ tajrmftjrif}uD;rm;pGmjzifh/ csrSwfchJaom wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwf a&;rl/ wenf;tm;jzifh vlrsKd;aygif;pHk aoG;pnf;a&;udktajccHonfh jynfaxmifpkpdwf"mwf. rl&if;tESpf om&ESihf oabmw&m;rsm;udk/ &J&0J ifh0ifh azmfxkwfpGu J dkifjyD;/ jynfaxmifpkrlw&yfudk csrSwftaumif txnfazmfa&;rSm/ trsKd;om;a&;wm0efw&yfjzpfayonf? jynfaxmifpk[lonf jynfe,frsm;udk/ aygif;pyfzG@J pnf;jcif;/ ,if;jynfe,frsm;&Sd jynfolrsm; .qENEiS hf arG;&mygtcGit hf a&;rsm;ud/k av;pm;vdu k ef mjcif;/ 'Dru kd a&pD tcGit hf a&;rsm;&Sjd cif;/ vGwv f yf jcif;/ wef;wljcif;/ at;twlyltr#qdk;wlaumif;zuf nDr#aomtcGifhta&;rsm;udk/ cHpm;cGifh&Sdjcif;yif jzpfayonf? jrefrmEdkifiH.twdwfordkif;wGif ucsif/ u,m;/ u&if/ csif;/ rGef/ Arm/ &cdkif/ &Srf;ESifh tjcm; aom wdkif;&if;om;aygif;pHkwdk@onf udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;udkxlaxmifv#uf aexdkifchJ}uonf? +Adwdo# e,fcs@J vufatmufo@kd usa&mufomG ;onfw h ikd /f Armrsm; aexdik &f ma'o/ &cdik af 'o/ rGeaf 'orsm;udk Armjynfr[lIvnf;aumif;/ tjcm; &Sr;f / ucsi/f u&if/ u&ifeaD 'orsm;udk awmifwef;a'orsm;[lI cGjJ cm;tkyfcsKyfchJayonf? vGwfvyfa&;tóuumvodk@ a&mufaomtcg/ jrefrmjynfrESifh awmifwef; a'orsm; aygif;pnf;a&;onf jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;. t"duaomhcsuf jy\emw&yfjzpfcJhayonf? xdt k csed w f iG f trsK;d om;acgi;f aqmif}uD; Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf wdik ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm; ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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onf/ &Sr;f jynfawmifyikd ;f yifvòkH rŒwGif nDvmcHw&yf ac:,lawG@qakH qG;aEG;um/ jrefrmEdik if u H kd jynfrESihf awmifwef;a'orsm;tm; jynfaxmifpkrljzifh aygif;pnf;&ef/ aqG;aEG;n‡dE_dif;oabmwlnDcJh}u+yD;/ yifvHkoabmwlpmcsKyfudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJh=uayonf? xdkae@onfum; 1947 ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv (12) &ufae‹jzpfayonf? wdkif;&if;om;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;twGuf jynfaxmifpkrlw&yfudk tcdkif trm tkwfjrpfcsEdkifchJaomae@vnf;jzpfayonf? jynfaxmifpkpdwf"mwf arG;zGm;&mae@jzpfonfhtjyif vlrsKd;aygif;pHkaexdkifaom EdkifiHwEdkifiHESifhqDav#mfonfh trsKd;om;a&;0g'ESifh jynfaxmifpkpdwf"mwfudk aygi;f pyf+yD;/ vlrsK;d aygi;f pHk pnf;vk;H nD!w G af &;qdik &f m oabmxm;w&yfukd csrw S Ef ikd cf jhJ cif;vnf; jzpfay onf? tqdyk g jynfaxmifppk w d "f mwf[o l nf/ yifvw kH iG f vufrw S af &;xd;k cJ=h uaom pmcsKyfygtcsuf tvuftjyif/ yifvHknDvmcH}uD;Y/ aqG;aEG;wifjycsufrsm;/ tjyeftvSefoabmwlnDcsufrsm;/ tjyef tvSefay;cJhonfh uwdu0wfrsm;yg tusKH;0ifv#uf&Sdayonf? trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif}uD; AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;ESihf wdik ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;onf tajr‡mt f jrif}uD;rm;pGmjzifh wdik ;f jynf. cufceJ ufeJ aom jy\em&yfrsm;/ uGJjym;jcm;em;aom vlrsKd;toD;oD;wdk@.tvdkqENESifh ar#mfrSef;csufrsm;udk/ awG@qHkaqG;aEG;jcif;jzifh/ ,Hk=unfr_wnfaqmufEdkifcJh=uonfhenf;wl vufawG@tm;jzifhvnf; jynf axmifpkzG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'wpf&yfudk a&;qGjJ yXmef;um wdkif;&if;om;jy\emtm; ajz&Sif; +yD;/ trsKd;om;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;udk wnfaqmufEdkifcJhayonf? wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d jy\emonf jrefrmEdik if w H iG o f mru/ urBmEh ikd if rH sm;pGmwd@k . Edik if aH &;&m udpP&yfrsm;wGif toGiftrsKd;rsKd;jzifh yg0ifywfoufjzpfyGm;v#uf&Sdayonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkygrl wdkif; &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;jy\emonf rwlnaD om vlrsK;d a&;/ bmoma&;/ ,Ofaus;r_"avhx;kH pHrsm;/ uGjJ ym; jcm;em;onfhtajccHrsm;tjyif/ ya'o&mZfacwfrSpcJhonfh taxGaxGe,fcsJŒpepf. trsKd;om;a&; qdkif&mjy\emrsm;ESifh wpHkw&m qufpyfaejcif;a=umifh jzpfayonf? urBmhEdkifiHtrsm;pkonf vlrsKd;rsm;pGmjzifh aygif;pyfzGJ@pnf;xm;=ujcif;jzpf&m/ xdkodk@aygif;pyf aexdkif=uaom vlrsKd;toD;oD;wdk@onf ,ae@acwfordkif;wGif/ wlnDaom vlaer_b0ESifh wlnDaom vlrsKd;pk. tzGJ@0iftjzpfaevdkjcif;/ rdrdwdk@.,Ofaus;r_/ bmompum;/ "avhxHk;pHrsm;udk xdrf;odrf; vdk=ujcif;/ EdkifiHwEdkifiHtwGif;Y t"duusaomvlrsKd;u/ tjcm;vlrsKd;rsm;ESifhvlrsKd;pkrsm;udk v$rf;rdk;cs,f vS,ftkyfcsKyfonfhtjyif/ cGJjcm;qufqHjcif;a=umifh tjcm;vlrsKd;rsm;ESihf vlrsKd;pkrsm;. tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm; qHk;±_H;epfemr_jzpfapjcif;/ a&S;a[mif;ya'o&mZf. tifyg,mEdkifiHrsm;udk tpm;xdk;I ay:aygufvm =uaom Edik if rH sm;onfvnf;/ t"duvlrsK;d pku tjcm;aomvlrsK;d pkrsm;udk v$r;f rd;k tkycf sKyf=ujcif; ponfh tajccHta=umif;rsm;a=umif/h wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkjy\emonf urBmEh ikd if t H oD;oD;wd@k . Edik if aH &;&m udpPrsm;wGif toGiftrsKd;rsKd;jzifh/ jzpfyGm;ay:aygufv#uf&Sdayonf? odk@jzpfI wdkif;&if;om;jy\emudk ajz&Sif;=u&mwGif æ TtajccHrsm;udkoHk;oyfI "rR"dXmefusus ajz&Sif;&efvdktyfayonf? jrefrmEdkifiH. vlrsKd; pkjy\emudk ajz&Sif;&ef/ csOf;uyfavhvmonfhtcgwGifvnf;/ vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;onfhaemuf ESpfaygif; (50) ausmf pGu J yfvmcJhaom qENpG/J vlrsKd;pG/J uif;&Sif;&rnfhtjyif/ ordkif;qdkif&m tawG@tñuHrsm;ESifh EdkifiHwumwGif jzpfay:ajymif;vJaeaom trsKd;om;a&;jy\emrsm;udkyg aygif;pyfðcHiHkoHk;oyfI yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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vufawG@usus/ "rR"dXmefusus ajz&Sif;&efvdktyfayonf? odk@jzpfI jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vGwfvyfa&;&+yD; aemuf ay:aygucf ahJ om/ ay:ayguq f jJ zpfaom wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;jy\emudk ¶_jrifo;kH oyf&mwGi/f wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkiftzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESifh typftcwf&yfpx J m;onfqdkr#±kHjzifh jy\emt&yf&yf onf ajyvnfroGm;Edkifay? qufvufI EdkifiHa&;t& awG@qHkaqG;aEG;ajz&Sif;&ef vdktyfayonf? ‚tjyif wdik ;f &if;om;vufeufuikd t f zG@J tpnf;tcsK@d EiS hf vufeufuikd yf ÉdyuQrsm; qufvuf jzpfyGm;v#uf&Sdaeonfudkvnf; vufcHtodtrSwfðy&ayrnf? Tjy\em&yfrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&rnfh wckwnf;aomenf;vrf;rSmvnf; “awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;” enf;vrf;omjzpf+yD;/ ajz&Sif;&rnfhtajccHrl rSm wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;toD;oD;wdk@. arG;&myg tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm;udk todtrSwfðy+yD;/ 'Drdk ua&pDjynfaxmifpkppfppfrljzifh jrefrmEdkifiHudk zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifjcif;yifjzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiHonf vGwfvyfa&;&+yD; 1947 ckESpf/ jynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya't&/ jynfaxmifpkjrefrm Edik if [ H I l zG@J pnf;Edik cf ahJ omfvnf;xdk zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'onf Arm/ rGe/f &cdik af 'o[k zG@J pnf;r_ r&SdcJhjcif;/ jynfe,frsm;odk@ay;xm;aom vkyfydkifcGifhrsm; enf;yg;jcif;/ Armtrsm;pk aexdkif&ma'oudk jynfrtoGifjzifh jynfaxmifpktm%mudk&,lI tkyfcsKyfjcif;/ b¾ma&;cGJa0r_rr#wjcif;/ ponfh tm;enf;csufrsm;a=umifh/ 1948 ckESpf/ aemufESpfaygif; (10) ESpfausmf =umvmonfhtcg tkyfcsKyfa&;/ b¾ma&; t=uyftwnf;rsm;jzifh ñuHawG@chJ&onf? xdk@a=umifh jynfaxmifpktwGif;Y jynfe,frsm;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;. rauseyfr_ rsm;jzpfay:cJ+h yD;/ zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'qdik &f m t=uyftwnf;udk jzpfay:apcJo h nf? wcsed w f nf; wGif Edik if aH wmf. zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'qdik &f m jyifqif&ef ta=umif;rsm; wdu k q f ikd v f maomtcg/ &Srf;jynfe,fuvnf; wdkif;&if;om;aygif;pHkudk zdwfac:I/ awmif}uD;òrŒY nDvmcHw&yf usif;ycJhonf? xdknDvmcHY zG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkqdkif&m t}uyftwnf;rsm;udkwifjyI/ zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya' udkjyifqif+yD;/ jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl (zuf'&,frl) udk aqG;aEG;n‡dE_dif;v#uf ygvDrefodk@wifoGif;&ef qHk; jzwfchJ=uayonf? tqdkygrlrSm cGx J Gufa&;rl vHk;0r[kwfay? zG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'. tm;enf; csufrsm;udk jyifqif+yD;/ jynfaxmifpkppfppfrlw&yfudk wifjyjcif;omjzpfayonf? od@k &mwGif wyfrawmfacgi;f aqmiftcsK@d onf/ xdzk uf'&,frEl iS yhf wfoufI atmufygtcsuf rsm;udk ta=umif;jy+yD;/ 1962 ckESpfwGif EdkifiHawmf.tm%mudk odrf;,lchJayonf?/ xdkuhJodk@ tm%m odrf;,l&mwGifvnf;/ tm%modrf;acgif;aqmifrsm;u/ “zuf'&,frlonf cGJxGufa&;rljzpfonf”/ “wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;onf jynfe,frsm;cGJxGuf&ef =uHpnfaeojzifh jynfaxmifpkrðyuGJatmif/ wyfrawmfrS tm%modrf;,lcJh&jcif;jzpfonf”[lI ta}umif;jycJh=uayonf? trSefppfppfrSm zuf'&,frlonf jynfaxmifpkrlw&yfomjzpf+yD;/ cGx J Gufa&;rlr[kwfay? xdk‹tjyif wdkif;&if;om;rsm; taejzifh jynfe,fcGx J Guf&ef &nf&G,fcsufrsm;/ vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;vnf; ryg&SdchJay? xdkodk@ tm%modrf;cJhonfh 1962 ckESpfrSpI/ jrefrmEdkifiH. jynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya' aysmufuG,fcJh&ovdk/ jynfaxmifpkpdwf"mwf odk@r[kwf yifvHkpdwf"mwfonfvnf;/ wpwparS;rSed cf &hJ onfrmS aysmufu, G v f ek ;D yg;jzpfc&hJ ayonf? arS;rSed &f efvnf; enf;trsK;d rsK;d udk toH;k ðycJh=uayonf? TuJhodk@aomtajctaewGif u|Efkyfwdk@onf trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif}uD; AdkvfcsKyfatmif ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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qef;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;csrSwfchJaom jynfaxmifpkrl. rl&if;t"dy`g,fESifhtESpfom&udk oabmayguf&efvdktyfayonf? xdk@a=umifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u zqyv y%mrjyifqifr_nDvm cHwGif Todk@rdefŒ=um;cJhonf? “usaemfwdk@ oabmwlnDcsufawG/ pmcsKyftrsKd;rsKd;csKyfwhJtcgwkef;u awmifwef; a'oudk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh usaemfwdk@csKyfqdkchJwhJ pmcsKyft&qdkvdk‹&Sd&ifjzpfap/ aemuf+yD; awmh awmifwef;a'oqdik &f mpHpk rf;a&;tzG@J tpD&ifcpH mrS axmufccH surf sm;udk usaemfw@kd vufccH o hJ nfh twdkif;jzpfap/ tJovdk vufcHxm;cJhonfh pmoabmwGifomruyJ “Not Only the letter of Agreement”onf pmoabmudk usaemfwdk@ oabmwlnDvufcHcJh&mwGifruyJ/ usaemfwdk@tzGJ@rSm qdv k @kd &&dS if “The Spirit of Agreement” oabmwlnv D mcJw h hJ wu,ft h &if;cHoabmw&m;udk vuf cH+yD;awmh 'Dtwdik ;f yJ/ wdik ;f ðyjynfðyv$waf wmfrmS vkyrf mS yJqw kd m awmifwef;e,fqikd &f mud, k pf m;vS,f rsm; wdwdvif;vif; em;vnfapcsifygw,f?” xd‹k a=umifh jynfaxmifppk w d "f mwf[o l nf yifvpkH mcsKyfwiG af zmfjyxm;aom tcsut f vuf rsm; omru/ yifvn kH v D mcHwiG f aqG;aEG;wifjycsurf sm;/ n‡Ed i_d ;f oabmwlncD surf sm;/ uwdu0wfrsm; tm;vH;k ðcHiI kH yg0ifaeayonf? Tae&mwGif yifvpkH mcsKyfay:ayguv f myHEk iS hf jynfaxmifpo k abm w&m; rsm;udk tusOf;r#azmfjy&ef vdktyfayonf? jrefrmEdik if w H iG f ucsi/f u,m;/ u&if/ csi;f / rGe/f Arm/ &cdik /f &Sr;f tp&Sad om vlrsK;d rsm;tjyif/ tjcm;aom vlrsKd;rsm;pGmwdk@onfvnf;/ a&S;ya0o%Dumvuyif twlwuGaexdkifcJh=uayonf? xdkodk@aexdkifchJ}uaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;toD;oD;wdk@onf/ tcsKd@rSm xD;òyif/ eef;òyifEdkifiHrsm;udk xl axmifv#uf aexdkifcJh=u+yD;/ tcsKd@rSm apmfbGm;/ apmzsm/ apmfuJ/ 'l;0g;/ awmifydkif/ awmiftkyfrsm;jzifh udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfv#uf vGwfvyfpGmaexdkifcJh=uonf? wcsKd@aom wefcdk;}uD;onfhjrefrmrif;rsm;vufxufwGifom/ vuf&SdjrefrmEdkifiH[k ac:wGif aome,fajrrsm;ESihf xdx k ufus,0f ef;aome,fajrrsm;udk odr;f ydu k u f m/ ya'o&mZftifyg,mudk odr;f ydkuftkyfcsKyfEdkifcJhonfudk awG@&+yD;/ usefumvrsm;Y rGef/ Arm/ &cdkif/ &Srf;wdk@onf xD;òyif/ eef;òyif ya'o&mZfEikd if rH sm;udx k al xmifv#u/f oD;jcm;vGwv f yfpmG tkycf sKyfaexdik cf }hJ ujyefonf? usew f ikd ;f &if; om;vlrsK;d rsm;rSmvnf/ ud, k ehf nf;ud, k [ hf ef/ ud, k yf ikd t f yk cf sKyfa&;jzif/h &yfwnfaexdik cf =hJ uonfukd awG@& ayonf? odk@&mwGif +Adwdo#e,fcs›w J dk@onf jrefrmEdkifiHudk ppf (3) }udrf wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkufvdkufaom tcg/ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pk e,fajrtm;vHk;onfvnf;/ e,fcsJ›vufatmuf u|efb0odk@ twlwuG usa&mufc&hJ ayonf? e,fcsw ›J @kd .vuf atmufY Arm/ &cdik /f rGef a'orsm;udk ArmjynfrtjzpfEiS v hf nf; aumif;/ &Sr;f / csi;f / ucsi/f u&if/ u,m;ESihf tjcm;wdik ;f &if;om;a'orsm;udk awmifwef;a'orsm;tjzpf vnf; aumif;/ cGjJ cm;owfrSwftkyfcsKyfchJayonf? e,fcsŒJ qef@usifa&;/ zufqpfwdkufzsufa&;ESifh trsKd; om;vGwfajrmufa&; ¶kef;uefv_yf&Sm;wdkufyG0J ifonfh umvwav#mufwGifvnf;/ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd; pkaygif;pHkwdk@onf enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh vufwGJwdkufyGJ0ifcJh=uayonf? xdkodk@ wdkufyG0J if&mwGif trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif}uD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh jrefrmhEdkifiHa&; acgif;aqmifrsm;onf/ 'dk@Armtpnf;t±kH;acwfu csrSwfchaJ om “Armjynfonf wdk@jynf/ Armpmonf wdk@pm/ Armpum;onf wdk@pum;/ Armjynfudk cspfyg? wdk@pmudk csD;jr‡ifhyg/ wdk@pmudk av;pm;yg” [laom yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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trsKd;om;a&;0g'udk aºu;a}umf wdkufyGJ0ifcJh+yD; “ArmhxGuf&yf*dk%f;”acwfodk@ a&mufaomtcgwGif vnf;/ e,fcs›Jqef@usifa&;/ vGwfvyfa&;/ 'Drdkua&pDa&;/ ponfhtrsKd;om;0g'jzifhyif/ trsKd;om;vGwf ajrmufa&;vufeufudkifwdkufyGJudk qifE$JcJh=uayonf? 1946/ 1947 ckESpfrsm;jzpfaom vGwfvyfa&;tóuumvodk@ a&mufaomtcgwGifum;/ trsKd;om;a&;0g'onf tvSnfhtajymif;wckodk@ a&mufvmcJhayonf? ‚rSm trsKd;om;a&;0g'ESifh jynfaxmifpkoabmw&m;rsm;udk aygif;pyfxm;onfh jynfaxmifpkpdwf"mwfwnf;[laom “trsKd; om;rsm;aygif;pnf;a&;0g'” (oabmw&m;) onf ay:xGef;vmcJhayonf? xdkodk@ jzpfay:vmap&ef aphaqmfonfh EdkifiHa&;tajctaersm;vnf; &SdchJayonf? jrefrmEdkifiHudk rjzpfraevGwfvyfa&; ay;&rnfhtajctaeodk@a&muf&Sdvmaomtcg/ +Adwd o#tpdk;&onf &Srf;jynfESifhawmifwef;e,frsm;udk csefxm;vdkaom oabmxm;rsm;&SdcJhonf? xdk oabmxm;rsm;udk 1945 ckESpf/ arv (17) &ufae@wGif xkwfjyefaom “puULjzLpmwrf;”wGif txif t&Sm;awG@&ayonf? &Srf;jynftygt0if/ awmifwef;a'orsm;udkrl/ jrefrmjynfrESifh tqdkyga'o rsm; wvHk;wpnf;wnf; yl;aygif;&ef/ awmifwef;a'orsm;u qENr&SdoI/ xdka'orsm;udk bk&ifcHu oD;jcm;tkyfcsKyfoGm;rnf[k azmfjyxm;onf? Ttcsuft& jrefrmjynfrudk vGwfvyfa&;ay;onfhwdkifatmif/ awmifwef;a'orsm;udk csefxm;rnfh +Adwdo#tpdk;&.oabmxm;rSm xif&Sm;aeayonf? xdk@a=umifh jynfrESifhawmifwef; a'orsm;onf vGwfvyfa&;t&,l&mwGif yl;aygif;a&; ryl;aygif;a&;onf jy\emw&yftaejzifh ay:aygufvmcJhayonf? awmifwef;a'orsm;ESifh yl;aygif;a&;wGifvnf; vlOD;a&tm;jzifh tawmf toifrh sm;+yD;/ e,fajrtm;jzifu h s,0f ef;aom &Sr;f jynfEiS yhf ;l aygi;f a&;onf t"duu¾rS yg0ifvm&ay onf? awmifwef;a'orsm;ESifh aygif;pnf;a&;twGuf zqyv.oabmxm;udk 1945 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (19) &ufae@wGifusif;yaom aeol&deftpnf;ta0;}uD;.a=unmcsufwGif atmufyg twdkif;awG@&ayonf? “ArmjynftwGif;&Sd wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;wdkif; rdrdwdk@uH=urRmudk rdrdwdk@uom zefwD;Edkif+yD;/ tm;vHk;.oabmESifhnD!GwfpGmxlaxmifaomEdkifiH wnfaxmif&ef/ Todk@wnfaxmif &mYyg0ifaom vlrsKd;toD;oD;tm; rdrdwdk@uH=urRmudk rdrdwdk@bmomzefwD;EdkifaomtcGifhta&;rsm; ay;xm;&ef”[lI awG@&ayonf? jrefrmjynfwGif vGwfvyfa&;óu;yrf;r_ t&Sdefjyif;xefvmum/ atmifqef;-tufwvD pmcsKyft+yD;wGif =um;jzwftpdk;&zG@J pnf;a&;/ wdkif;ðyjynfðy v$wfawmfac:,la&;twGuf atmifqef;tufwvDpmcsKyfay:aygufvmcJhonf? xdkpmcsKyfwGif e,fpyfa'ota&; (awmifwef;a'ota&;) ESifhywfoufI atmufygtwdkif;azmfjyxm;onf? “e,fpyfa'orsm;wGif aexdkif=uaom jynfolvlxk.oabmwlnDcsuf&,l+yD;/ xdka'o rsm;udk jrefrmjynfrESifh tjrefqHk;yl;aygif;ay;&ef vdktyfonf[k +Adwdo#tpdk;&ESifh jrefrmudk,fpm; vS,frsm;u oabmwlnDa=umif;/ xdkuhJodk@yl;aygif;a&; rwnfaqmufrD tcsdefumvtwGif;/ e,fpyf a'oESifh jrefrmjynfrwdk@ ESpfOD;ESpfzuf tusKd;oufa&mufvmaom aqmif&GufzG,f&mudpP&yfrsm;udk/ ESpOf ;D ESpzf ufv;kH u vufcEH ikd af omenf;vrf;jzifh yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G o f ifo h nf? xdu k o hJ @kd aqmif&u G Ef ikd &f ef ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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atmufyg twdkif; oabmwl=uonf? (u) -----------(c) yifvHknDvmcHYjzpfap/ txl;zdwfac:aomnDvmcHYjzpfap/ e,fpyfa'oacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; =um;jzwfumvtwGif;/ atmufyg oHk;ckteuf ‚wdk@vufcHEdkif aom yl;aygif;a&;rludk wifjyap&rnf? (*) -------------(C) -------------txufyg azmfjycJhonfh atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyf xGufay:vm+yD;aemuf/ &Srf;jynfESifh Armjynfaygif;pnf;a&;onf tvGefta&;}uD;onfhtajctaeodk@ a&muf&SdvmcJhayonf? TuJhodk@ jzpfay:vmaom EdkifiHa&;tajctaersm;a=umifh yifvHknDvmcHudk usif;ycJh&jcif;jzpfayonf? 'kwd, yifvHknDvmcHudk 1947 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv (6) &ufae@rS (12) &ufae@txd usif;ycJhonf? xdknDvmcH }uD;wGif trsKd;om;tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; onf/ tajr‡mt f jrif}uD;rm;pGm tem*wfjynfaxmifprk w l &yfukd aqG;aEG;n‡Ed i_d ;f csrw S u f m/ yifvpkH mcsKyf udk vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJh=uayonf? xdk@a=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif 1947 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv (12) &ufaeŒ rSpI jynfaxmifpkrl odk@r[kwf jynfaxmifpkpdwf"mwfudk arG;zGm;ay;EdkifchJayonf? Tae&mwGif jynfaxmifpkpdwf"mwfESifhywfoufI/ yifvHknDvmcHY AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. ajym=um;csufrsm;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;.wifjycsufrsm;udk azmfjy&efvdkayonf? “ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;&+yD[k qdkEdkifa=umif;/ awmifwef;e,frsm;jy\emom usef&Sdawmh a=umif;/ awmifwef;e,frsm; rvGwv f yfoa&GŒ/ Armjynfvw G v f yf+yD[k rqdEk ikd af =umif;/ Armrsm;onf awmifwef;vlrsKd;rsm;udk ‚wdk@bmom tkyfcsKyfapvdka=umif;/ Armrsm;onf &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif;wdk@. jynfwGif;a&;udk pGufzufrnf r[kwfa=umif;” (AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. yifvHkwGifajym=um;csufrS) “jrefrmrsm;onf +Adwdo#.u|efrjzpfvdka=umif;/ xdkenf;wlpGm awmifwef;vlrsKd;rsm;vnf; +Adwdo# u|et f jzpf ra&mufapvdak =umif;/ xd@k tjyif awmifwef;vlrsK;d rsm;onf jrefrmu|et f jzpfvnf; rjzpfap vdk=umif;”(AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. yifvHkwGifajym=um;csufrsm;rS) “wdkif;jynf}uD;yGm;apcsif&if ArmuwrsKd;/ u&ifu wzHk/ ucsif/ csif;wdk@uwjcm; tuGu J GJ tjym;jym;vky=f u&ifjzifh tusK;d &Srd mS r[kwb f ;l ? pkaygi;f vky=f urSom tusKd ;&SEd ikd rf ,f” (Adv k cf sKyfatmif qef;. jym=um;csufrS) xdk@twlyif yifvHknDvmcHY &Srf;wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;. wifjycsufrsm;rSmvnf;/ atmufygtwdkif; awG@&ayonf? (1) jynfaxmifpkpepft& yl;aygif;rnf/ (2) tcGifhta&;ESifh tqifhtwef;wl jzpf&rnf/ (3) &Srf;jynftm; vHk;0udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifhay;&rnf/ (4) cGx J Gufvdku tcsdefra&G;cGx J GufcGifhay;&rnf? yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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wnfaqmuf&efvt kd yfayonf? jrefrmEdik if o H nf vGwv f yfa&;&+yD;csed rf S pI/ 0g'pG/J *d% k ;f *%pG/J tkypf pk /JG vlrsKd;pG/J qENpjGJ zifh uGjJ ym;um/ jyif;xefaom vufeufpu GJ dkif yÉdyuQrsm;jzpfay:+yD;/ tcsif;csif;wdkufcdkuf r_onf tvGefjyif;xefvSaom vufeufudkifyÉdyuQjzpfyGm; ay:aygufvmI/ jynfwGif;ppfjzpfyGm;Ekdif onftxd qd;k &Gm;jyif;xefcahJ yonf? ,if;tusK;d qufa=umif/h ,ae@wikd f trsK;d om;aoG;pnf;nD!w G f a&;udk rwnfaqmufEdkifcJhay? trsKd;om;aoG;pnf;nDnGwfr_r&Sdygu/ +idrf;csrf;aom/ acwfrDSzGH@òz; wdk;wufaom/ 'Drdkua&pDjynfh0aom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;. wef;wltcGifhta&;&Sdonfh zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpkudk wnfaqmuf&efvnf; jzpfEdkifvdrfhrnfr[kwfay? trsKd;om;aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;udk wnfaqmuf&mwGif/ trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&; vkyfief;pOf. yxrtqifhtaejzifh ,Hk=unfr_wnfaqmufa&;udk tcdkiftrmwnfaqmufa&;ESifh 'kwd,tqifhtaejzifh trsKd;om;a&;jy\emrsm;udk awG@qHkaqG;aEG;jcif;enf;jzifh oHk;oyftajz&Sm+yD;/ jy\em&yfrsm;udk ajz&Sif;um/ trsKd;om;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;udk wnfaqmuf=u&ayrnf? xdu k o hJ @kd wnfaqmuf&ef ukvor*~. 2002 ckEpS /f (57) }udraf jrmuf taxGaxGnv D mcHu “jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&onf 'Drdkua&pDjyefvnf&&Sda&;/ 1990 ckESpf/ a&G;aumufyG&J v'frsm;udk taumif txnfazmf&ef/ (a':) atmifqef;pk=unfESifh trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzG@J csKyf tjcm;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDa&;/ trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;rsm;twGuf t"dy`g,fjynfh0+yD;/ pepfwus yxrOD;pGm awG@qakH qG;aEG;=u+yD; raES;tjref tjcm;Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmifrsm;ESihf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkrsm;. ud, k pf m; vS,frsm;yg0if&ef[k jyif;xefpGmwdkufwGef;vdkufonf?” [laom qHk;jzwfcsuft&/ EdkifiHawmf at;csrf; om,ma&;ESifhzGH@òz;a&;aumifpDu vdkufemaqmif&Guf&ef wm0ef&Sdayonf? ypPuQEdkifiHa&;jzpfay:r_tajctaeudk oHk;oyfygu/ trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;vkyf ief;pOf. yxrtqifhjzpfaom ,Hk=unfr_wnfaqmufa&;ESifhywfoufIyif/ yDyDjyifjyif cdkifcdkifrmrm rwnfaqmufEdkifao;a=umif; awG@&ayonf? wdik ;f &if;om;vufeufuikd f tzG@J tpnf;tcsK@d EiS hf typftcuf&yfpx J m;Edik jf cif;/ tusO;f om; tcsK@d ukd v$waf y;jcif;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; v$waf y;+yD;/ vGwv f w G v f yfvyfomG ;vmcGiahf y;jcif;/ pmrsufESmopfzGifhvSpfjcif;jzifh/ jynfolrsm;udk EdkifiHa&;wGif vGwfvyfpGmyg0ifvkyfaqmifEdkifonf[lI tm%mydkifrsm;u xkwfjyefjcif; ponfwdk@udk vkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh ,Hk=unfr_wnfaqmufa&;u¾udk pwifEdkifchJaomfvnf;/ tcsKd@aom wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkiftzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESifh vufeufudkifyÉdyuQ jzpfyGm;aejcif;/ EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;tm;vHk;udk c|if;csufr&Sd rv$wfay;ao;jcif;/ a':atmifqef; pk=unf. &cdkifjynfe,fc&D;pOfESifh {&m0wDwdkif;tcsdK@a'orsm;odk@oGm;onfhc&D;pOfwdk@wGif/ [ef@wm; aESmuf,Sufr_rsm; ñuHcJh&ayonf? odk@a=umifh ,Hk=unfr_wnfaqmufa&;tydkif;vnf;/ yDjyifcdkifrmr_r&Sdao;a=umif; awG@&ay rnfjzpfayonf? xkdodk@,Hk=unfr_wnfaqmufa&;udk yDyDjyifjyif taumiftxnfrazmfaqmifEdkifjcif; onf/ EdkifiHa&;t"dy`g,fjynfh0aom awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;tqifhudk pwiftaumiftxnfraz:aqmif Edkifjcif;.ta=umif;w&m;vnf; jzpfayonf? odk@jzpfI u|Efkyfwdk@onf ,Hk=unfr_wnfaqmufa&;ESifhywfoufI/ tcdkiftrm tkwfjrpfcs xm;&ef vdktyfayonf? odk@rSom odrfarG@eufeaJ om awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;tydkif;udk acsmarmtqifajy yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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vkv d m;a=umif; jyovku d jf cif;jzpfonf[al om qk;H jzwfcsuu f dk jrefrmEdik if o H nf tzG@J csKyf}uD;. tzGJ@0ifEkdifiHjzpfonhftm;av#mfpGm tm%mydkifrsm;uav;pm;vkdufem&ef wm0ef&Sda=umif; qkH;jzwfonf? 4/? Oya't&jynfol@v$wfawmf wpf&yfay:aygufvmjcif; r&Sdao;rDuvwGif 1990 jynfhESpf taxGaxGa&G;aumufyYJG jynfo@l vw $ af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm; ta&G;cHc=hJ u&onfh trsK;d om; 'Drkdua&pD tzG@J csKyf/ &Srf;wkdif;&if;om;'Drkdua&pDtzG@J csKyf/ &cdkif'Drkdua&pDtzG@J csKyf/ rGeftrsKd; om;'Drdkua&pDtzG@J csKyf/ ZdkrD;trsKd;om;uGef*&ufwkd@ESifhzG@J pnf;xm;onfh jynfol@v$wfawmf udk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDonf qufvuf&yfwnfv#uf&Sdaea=umif; qkH;jzwfonf? 5? ygwDpkH'Drkdua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGOJ ya'/ ,if;ESifhqufEG,faeaom EkdifiHawmf+idrf0yf ydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzG@J (,ae@ EkdifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGH@ðzd;a&;aumifpD) . 1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (27) &ufpGyJ g EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; rSwfykHwifjcif; 14/ 88 wkd@wGif ok;H E_e;f xm;onfah 0g[m&rsm;jzpfaom v$waf wmf/ Ekid if aH &;ygw/D a&G;aumufy/JG ygwpD /Hk 'Dru dk a&pDtp&So d nfrsm;onf rdrEd idk if u H kd ppfreS af om'Dru dk a&pDjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmftjzpf wnf aqmuf&ef OD;wnfaejcif;jzpfa=umif; qkH;jzwfonf? 6? trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDtzG@J csKyf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; vGwaf jrmufvmjcif;onf tzG@J csKyfEiS hf Edik if aH wmfat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@H òz;a&;aumifpw D @dk t=um; ,k=H unfrw _ nfaqmufa&;um v ausmfvGefoGm;+yD;jzpfa=umif;udk txl;wvnf rSwfwrf;wifxm;a=umif;qkH;jzwfonf? 7? tzG@J csKyfEiS hf Ekid if aH wmfat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@H òz;a&;aumifpw D @dk onf ,k=H unfrw _ nfaqmuf jcif;tqifhrS t"dy`g,fjynfh0aom awG@qkHaqG;aEG;a&;odk@ raES;tjref wqifhwkd;I aqmif&Guf oGm;=u&efvkda=umif; qkH;jzwfonf? 8? trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDtzG@J csKyfEiS hf Ekid if aH wmfat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@òH z;a&;aumifpw D @dk t=um; Edik if aH &;jy\emrsm;udt k ajz&Sm&mY wckwnf;aomenf;vrf;jzpfonfh t"dyg` ,jf ynh0f aom awG@qkHaqG;aEG;a&;ay:aygufvmjcif;r&Sdao;rD tzG@J csKyfonf atmufygudpPrsm;ESifhywfouf I r_0g'ajymif;vJjcif; r&Sda=umif;qkH;jzwfonf? (u) tcsKyftjcmtm%monf jynfov l x l x k rH q S if;oufonf[al omrlt& jynfol vlxk.qENESifhtnD/ 'Drkdua&pDenf;vrf;rsm;t&/ a&;qGt J wnfðyxm;jcif;r&Sdaom EkdifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'w&yfudk vufcHrnfr[kwf[laom &yfwnf csuf? (c) 1990 jynfEh pS w f iG f usi;f yay;cJo h nfh taxGaxGa&G;aumufy&JG v'fukd vpfvsL¶_I aemifa&G;aumufyGt J opfrsm; usif;yjcif;udk vufcHrnfr[kwf[laom &yfwnfcsuf? (*) Ekid if aH wmf. Ekid if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;/ use;f rm;a&;/ ynma&;/ Ekid if jH cm; &if;ES;D jr‡Kyf ESHa&;/ urBmvSnfhc&D;oGm;vma&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifhoufqkdifaom &yfwnfcsuf?

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9? urBm@ukvor*~tzG@J csKyf taxGaxGnDvmcH.qkH;jzwfcsufESifhtnD wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm; yg0ifaom okH;rsKd;okH;zvS,faqG;aEG;yGJrsm; tjrefqkH;jzpfay:vma&;twGuf óu;yrf;oGm;=u ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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rnfjzpfa=umif; qkH;jzwfonf? 10? trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDtzG@J csKyfEiS hf Ekid if aH wmfat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@H òz;a&;aumifpw D @dk t=um; av;eufaom EkdifiHa&;aqG;aEG;yGJ jzpfay:vma&;udk wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;u em;vnfr_ tjynfht0jzifh axmufcHóuqkd=uonfudk tzG@J csKyfu txl;av;eufpGm xyfqifhaxmufcH a=umif; qkH;jzwfonf? 11? trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzG@J csKyfonf 'Drdkua&pDay:aygufxGef;um;a&;/ jynfol@v$wfawmfw &yf ay:aygufvma&;/ trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;ESifh wkdif;&if;om;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&; rsm; wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkEidk if aH &;ygwrD sm;ESiv hf nf;aumif;/ wkid ;f &if; om;vlrsKd;pk toD;oD;wkd@ESifhvnf;aumif;/ tpOfwpdkufyl;aygif;vufwGJ óu;yrf;oGm;rnfjzpf a=umif; qkH;jzwfonf? 12? ppfrSefaom 'Drkdua&pDjynfaxmifpkEkdifiHawmfudk wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;yg0ifrSom wnf aqmufEkdifrnfjzpfa=umif; qkH;jzwfonf? 13? trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyftaejzifh wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;. &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk t+rJ wap xnfhoGif;pOf;pm; aqmif&Gufay;aernfjzpfa=umif; qkH;jzwfonf? 14? ygwDpkH'Drdkua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGrJ usif;yrD 1989 ckESpfuyif wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pk (18) ygwDwkd@onf jynfaxmifpkwkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm; 'Drkdua&pDtzG@J csKyf (,lteJ ft,fvf 'D) tjzpf pkpnf;ay;cJhonf? wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;onf xkdenf;wl tem*wfwGifvnf; jynfaxmifpkEkdifiHtusKd;twGuf pnf;vkH;nD!GwfpGmv_yf&Sm;oGm;Ekdifrnf[k ,kH=unfa=umif; qkH;jzwfonf? 15? trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; a':atmifqef;pk=unfaetdrfwGif xdef;odrf;cH&jcif;rS 2002 ckESpf/ arv (6) &ufae@wGif ¹cif;csufr&Sd vGwfajrmufvmjciff;ESifh EkdifiHa&;udpPrsm;tm; vGwfvyfpGmaqmif&Gufaernfudk txl;wvnf 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;ompGm jzifh rSwfwrf;wifxm;a=umif; qkH;jzwfonf? 16? trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfomru wjcm;EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onfvnf; EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm; EdkifcGifh tjynfht0&&Sd=u&rnfjzpfa=umif; qkH;jzwfonf? 17? EkdifiHa&;t&vnf;aumif;/ EkdifiHa&;v_yf&SmrlESifhywfoufIvnf;aumif;/ tjcm; Oya'yk'fr rsm;jzifh tusO;f uscaH e=u&olrsm;tm;vk;H udk ¹cif;csuf wpkw H &mr&Sad pbJ tjrefq;Hk vGwaf y; &rnfjzpfa=umif; qkH;jzwfonf? 18? 1990 jynfEh pS /f arv (27) &ufae@wiG u f si;f ycJah om ygwpD 'Hk rD u kd a&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumuf yG}J uD;Y trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDtzG@J csKyfrS w&m;0if wm0efay;/ owfrw S af y;vku d af om jynfo@l vGwaf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;tm; rJqEN&iS f jynfov l x l u k wcJeuf qENay;axmufcH vkduf=uonfudk tzG@J csKyfESifh jynfolvGwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;u txl;wvnf av;pm; aus;Zl;wif&Sdaernfjzpfa=umif;ESifh tzGJ@csKyfordkif;wGift+rJwap rSwfwrf;wifxm;rnfjzpf a=umif; qkH;jzwfonf? yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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19? trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzG@J csKyftaejzifh rdrdwkdif;jynfwGif 'Drdkua&pDa&;/ vl@tcGifhta&;/ wkdif; &if;om;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_ wnfaqmufa&;/ trsKd;om; jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;rsm;twGuf óu;yrf;aqmif&u G =f u&mY r_0g'vkyif ef;pOfrsm;twkid ;f trsK;d om;a&;udOk ;D xdyx f m;I &yfuyG /f aus;&GmrStp tzG@J csKyf0iftm;vk;H wk@d onf pnf;pnf;vk;H vk;H nDn! D w G ! f w G &f adS e=u&ef txl; vkdtyfa=umif; qkH;jzwfonf? 20? trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDtzG@J csKyfEiS o hf ufqidk af om tm%mydik w f @kd t=um; ,k=H unfrw _ nfaqmuf a&;udpPrsm;wGif tudsK;jzpfxGef;vmatmif aqmif&Gufay;aom urBm@ukvor*~tzGJ@csKyf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; rpPwmudzk t D meefEiS hf ‚.txl;ud, k pf m;vS,jf zpfaom rpPwm&m ZmvDtpPar;vfwdk@. aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;ESifhywfoufI trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyfu txl;aus;Zl;wif auseyf&yga=umif; rSwfwrf;wifxm;onfudk qkH;jzwfonf? 21? trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzG@J csKyf/ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; a':atmifqef;pk=unf vGwfajrmuf vmr_udk urBm@EdkifiHtoD;oD;acgif;aqmifrsm; EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;rsm;/ urBm@ukvor*~tzGJ@ }uD;tygt0if tjcm;tzG@J tpnf;toD;oD;ESifh pme,fZif;/ ¶kyf/oHwkd@u axmufcHtm;ay;=u onfudk txl*k%f,lv#uf rSwfwrf;wifxm;a=umif; qkH;jzwfonf? tvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf &efukefòrd@? 2002 ckESpf/ arv (27) &uf? 1364 ckESpf/ uqkefvjynfhausmf (1) &uf?

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OD;aqmifusif;yðyvkyfaom (56) ESpfajrmuf jynfaxmifpkae‹tcrf;tem;t+yD; UNA acgif;aqmif EdkifxGef;odef;ESifh ocifodef;az/ 0d"l& ocifcspfarmif/ EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifa[mif;rsm; rdwfqHkpm;yGJwGif awG‹qHkyHk UNA

rS }uD;rSL;usif;yðyvkyfaom (56) ESpfajrmuf jynfaxmifpkae‹ tcrf;tem;t+yD; UNA acgif;aqmifcGef;xGef;OD;/ EdkifxGef;odef;ESifh NLD OuUÏ OD;atmifa&$/ 'kOuUÏ OD;wifOD; rdwfqHkpm;yGJwGif awG‹qHkpOf 259

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(ykH) apmbdkjr OuUÏ jrefrmjynf'Drdku&ufwpfr[mrdwftzGJ@csKyf

(yk)H OD;wifatmif twGif;a&;rSL; trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzG@JcsKyf trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDwyfaygif;pk (vGwfajrmufe,fajr)

(yk)H Ekdifa&Gusif OuUÏ

1354 ckESpf/ 0gacgifvqef; (2) &uf 1992 ckESpf/ Zlvkdifv (30) &ufae@? MANERPLAW AGREEMENT Agreement to Establish a Federal Union of Burma. Burma is a country where indigenous nationalities have lived together in adjacent territories for the last several millennia. It belon| to all indigenous nationalities. Only when a true Federal structure is established based on the desires and aspirations of all the indigenous nationalities will Burma stand united and stable. With this intention General Aung San cvxcxcvxcsdand indigenous leader signed the Pang Long Agreement on February 12, 1947. But that agreement was never enacted in practice.

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Currently because of the chauvinistic behavior of the fascist military dictatorship of

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the Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP) and the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC), the indigenous nationalities are deprived of their ethnic rights. Democracy and basic human rights of the people are also abused. National unity has been destroyed and civil wars is going on unabated. Thus, indigenous nationalities and all the peoples must topple the military dictatorship and set up a true Federal Union where equality, right of self-determination, democracy and basic human rights are guaranteed. To attain equality, freedom, unity, security, fraternity, trust and development in the Federal Union, the main tasks which are necessary are to topple the SLORC military dictatorship and to establish democracy, peace and true Federal Union. To achieve these aims, the: 1.

National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma (NCGUB),

National League for Democracy, Liberated Area (NLD-LA),

Democratic Alliance of Burma (DAB), and

National Democratic Front (NDF)

have resolutely agreed to the following at Menerplaw on July 31, 1992. 1.

We will struggle together to end Chauvinism and the fascist military dictatorship of the SLORC.

After ending the SLORC military dictatorship and when freedom and peace are attained, a true national convention involving all indigenous nationalities and all political parties will be convened.

We will draw up a true Federal Union constitution in accordance with the desires of indigenous nationalities and all peoples.

We will follow the principles that no nationality shall have special privileges and no restrictions will be imposed on the basic rights of any nationality or minority in the Union.

We will build a Federal Union where all indigenous nationalities enjoy equality, rights of self-determination, democracy and basic human rights to the fullest extent. In so doing; a) The Kachin, Karen, Karenni, Chin, Mon, Burman, Arakan and Shan peoples will have National States incorporated in a Federal Union of States. b) The national States will assign certain powers to the Federal Union and the remaining powers will be exercised by the National States including legislative, admin-

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istrative and judicial powers. c) The Federal Union will consist of two Houses of Parliament: The National Assembly (Upper House) and the People's Assembly (Lower House) d) In accordance with the principle of civilian supremacy over the military the Federal Union and State armies will be put under the direct supervision of the elected Governments. e) The legislative, administrative and judicial branches of the Federal Union Government will be checked and balanced in power, and the judiciary will be independent. f) The Constitution will be designed to prevent any re-emergence of chauvinism and fascist dictatorship in the future. (Dr. Sein Win)

(U Tin Aung)

(Saw Bo Mya)

Prime Minister

Secretary

Chairman

(Nai Shwe Kyin) Chairman

NCGUB

NLD (LA)

DAB

NDF

2 day of Waxing Moon of Wa Gone, 1353. July 31, 1992

ETHNIC NATIONALITIES SEMINAR

wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;ES;D aESmzvS,yf JG (r,foa&mxm) MAE THA RAW AGREEMENT

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r,foa&mxm oabmwlncD suf u|Ekfyfwdk@wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;jzpf=uaom/ &cdkifwdkif;&if;om;/ csif;wdkif;&if;om;/ ucsif wdik ;f &if;om;/ u&ifwikd ;f &if;om;/ u&ifew D ikd ;f &if;om;/ u,ef;wdik ;f &if;om;/ rGew f ikd ;f &if;om;/ ytd0k w f ikd ;f &if;om;/ yavmifwikd ;f &if;om;/ vm;[lwikd ;f &if;om;/ &Sr;f wdik ;f &if;om;ESihf 0wdik ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmif rsm;onf tzGJ@tpnf;ESifhvlrsKd;toD;oD;udk udk,fpm;vS,fðy=uv#uf aumfol;avjynfe,f/ r,fo a&mxY 1997 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv (7) &ufrS (14) &ufae@txdusif;yaom ESD;aESmzvS,fyG}J uD;wGif pHknDpGm wufa&mufcJh=uygonf? txufygazmfjycJh+yD;aom u|Efkyfwkd@ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;acgif;aqmifudk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf ESD;aESmzvS,fyG}J uD;Y &if;ESD;yGifhvif;pGm ta=utvnfaqG;aEG;nd‡E_dif; wdkifyif=u+yD;aemuf atmufyg tcsufrsm;udk wnDw!Gwfwnf; oabmwlcsrSwfcJh=uonf? 1? EdkifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf æ (u) ppftm%m&Sifpepfzsufodrf;+yD; jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; wnfaqmuf&ef/ (c) 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHa&; pepfusifhoHk;&ef/ ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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(*) vlrsKd;wdkif; wef;wla&;ESifh udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh tcGifhta&;&&Sd&ef/ (C) zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk}uD; wnfaqmuf&efwkd@jzpfonf? 2? e0w. trsKd;om;nDvmcHESifhywfoufaom oabmwlnDcsuf æ vuf&dS e0wOD;pD;usi;f yaeqJjzpfaom twkta,miftrsK;d om;nDvmcHonf/ ppftm%m &Sifpepf qufvufwnf+rJa&;twGufjzpfonf? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;twGuf tcGifhta&; vHk;0&Edkif rnfr[kwo f nft h wGuf ‚e0wtrsK;d om;nDvmcHukd u|Eyfk w f @kd wikd ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; ES;D aESmzvS,f yG}J uD;u vHk;0todtrSwfrðya=umif;ESifh ‚nDvmcHudk qef@usifwdkufyG0J ifoGm;=u&ef oabmwl=u onf? 3? oHk;yGifhqkdifaqG;aEG;yGJESifhywfoufaom oabmwlnDcsuf æ ukvor*~ESifh EdkifiHwumtzG@J tpnf;rsm;rS qHk;jzwfaxmufcHxm;onfomru 'Drdkua&pD acgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unfuvnf; oabmwlxm;aom oH;k yGiq hf ikd af wG@qakH qG;aEG;yGu J kd u|Eyfk f wd@k . wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;ES;D aESmzvS,yf }JG uD;u oabmwlvufco H nf? xdo k ;kH yGiq hf ikd af qG;aEG;yGw J iG f r'w/ (UNLD), (PDF) ESifh tjcm; wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;yg0ifaom tiftm;pk/ a':atmifqef; pk=unfOD;aqmifaom 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkESifhe0wppftkyfpk tiftm;pk oHk;pkwdk@yg0ifap&rnf? 4? zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkESifhywfoufaom oabmwlnDcsuf æ trsKd;om;wef;wla&;ESifh udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhtcGifhta&; tjynfht0&Sd+yD; trsKd;om;jynf e,frsm; pkaygif;yg0ifzGJ@pnf;xm;onfh ppfrSefaom zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;twGuf u|Ekfyfwdk@wkdif;&if;om; vlrsKd;rsm;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ}uD;u wnDw!Gwfwnf; oabmwl=uygonf? 5? pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'ESifhywfoufaom oabmwlnDcsuf æ pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'ESifhywfoufI aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfusifhoHk;&efESifh EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡yfESHr_ rsm;udk zdwfac:oGm;&ef u|Efkyfwdk@wdkif;om;vlrsKd;rsm;ESD;aESmzvS,fyJG}uD;u oabmwlonf? odk@aomf e0wtkyfcsKyfaepOfumvtwGif; EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;ðyvkyfjcif;onf ppf tm%m&Sipf epfEiS hf ppftyk pf . k tusK;d pD;yGm;udo k mjzpfap+yD; wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkjynforl sm;tzd@k tusK;d vHk;0r&Sdonfhtjyif zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_'%fudk ydkrdkcHpm;vm&onfhtwGuf e0wppftkyfpkESifhyl;wJGvkyf aqmifaom &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_tygt0if pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;tm;vHk;udk u|Efkyfwdk@wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ}uD;u tjyif;txefuef@uGufvdkufonf? 6? rl;,pfaq;0g;ESifhygwfoufaom oabmwlnDcsuf æ rl;,pfaq;0g;pdu k yf sK;d xkwv f yk af &mif;csrt _ ygt0if vkyif ef;tm;vH;k udk qef@usiw f u kd zf su&f ef tjynfjynfqikd &f mrl;,pfaq;0g;wdu k zf suaf &;tzG@J rsm;ESihf yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G o f mG ;rnfjzpfa=umif; u|Eykf f wdk@wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ}uD;u wnDw!Gwfwnf;oabmwlonf? yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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7? 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom oabmwlnDcsuf æ e0wppftkyfpkðzwfcsa&;ESifh ppftm%m&Sifpepf csKyf+idrf;a&;twGuf EdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJ/ oHwrefa&;wdkufyG/J vlxkwdkufyGt J ygt0if bufaygif;pHkrS wdk;jr‡ifhwdkufyG0J ifoGm;&ef u|Ekfyfwdk@wdkif;&if; om;vlrsKd;rsm;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ}uD;u oabmwlonf? ,if;odk@wdkufy0GJ if&mwGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfOD;aqmifaom 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;ESifh wef;wl&nfwlvufwGI J trsKd;om;tcGifhta&;twGufvnf;aumif;/ 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;twGuf vnf;aumif;/ wòyifeufwnf; pnf;vHk;nD!GwfpGm wdkufyG0J ifoGm;=u&efudkvnf; u|Ekfyfwdk@wdkif;&if; om;vlrsKd;rsm; ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ}uD;u wnDw!Gwfwnf;oabmwl=uonf? xdk@tjyif a':atmifqef;pk=unfOD;aqmifaom trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfonf 1990 a&G;aumufyw JG iG f jynfov l x l . k ppfreS af om qENEiS t hf nD 'Dru kd a&pDenf;us a&G;aumufc&H aom tEdik f &ygwDjzpfa=umif;udk u|Efkyfwdk@ todtrSwfðyonfomru ‚. e0wppftkyfpkudk qef@usifaom vkyfaqmifr_tm;vHk;udk rdrdwdk@ ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ}uD;u tjynfht0axmufcHonf? 8? ASEAN ESifh ywfoufaom oabmwlnDcsuf æ e0wu tkycf sKyfaeaom umvtwGi;f jrefrmjynftm; ASEAN tzG@J 0iftjzpf vufcjH cif; udk twwfEdkifqHk;qdkif;iHhxm;ay;yg&ef/ ASEAN odk@ yef=um;v$may;ydk@oGm;&ef Twdkif;&if;om;vl rsKd; rsm;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ}uD; oabmwlonf? 9? wyfaygif;pkESifh ywfoufaomoabmwlnDcsuf æ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;. jynfvHk;qdkif&mwyfOD;tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfaom trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pD wyfaygif;pk. EdkifiHa&;/ ppfa&;/ pnf;±Hk;a&; ponfwdk@udk ydkrdkcdkifrmatmif 0dkif;0ef;yHhydk;wnfaqmuf ay;=u&ef u|Efkyfwdk@wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ}uD;u wnDw!Gwfwnf; oabmwl=u onf? 10? jyefvnfqHkqnf;=u&ef oabmwlnDcsuf æ r,foa&mxm ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ}uD;.&v'frsm;udk qufvufxdef;odrf; taumiftxnf azmfomG ;&efEiS hf tenf;qH;k wpfEpS v f #iw f }udrf pHpk n kH n D D jyefvnfqq kH nf;=u&ef u|Eykf w f @kd wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsKd;rsm;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ}uD;u wnDw!Gwfwnf; oabmwl=uonf?

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twnfðyvufrSwfrsm; 1? (AdkvfcsKyfatmifoef;av;) u&ifeDtrsKd;om;wdk;wufa&;ygwD (KNPP)

2? (AdkvfrSL;}uD;cGefOuUm) ytdk0f;jynfol@vGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@ (PPLO)

3? (AdkvfrSL;}uD;r[mqef;) “0” trsKd;om;tzGJ@csKyf (WNO)

4? (AdkvfrSL;}uD; pdkif;aygif;) “0”jynfaoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;ygwD (UWSP)

ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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5? (rdkiftdkufzkef;) yavmifjynfe,fvGwfajrmufa&;wyfOD; (PSLF)

6? (AdkvfrSL;}uD; aZmfqdkif;) ucsifvGwfvyfa&;tzG@J (KIO)

7? (cdkifjrwfausmf) &cdik jf ynfv;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;ESihf vli,frsm;tpnf;t±Hk; (AASYC)

8? (bD-=umtl;) vm;[l'Drdku&ufwpfwyfOD; (LDF)

9? (Edkif[Hom) rGefjynfopfygwD (NMSP)

10? (cdkifpdk;Edkifatmif) &cdkifjynfvGwfajrmufa&;ygwD (ALP)

11? (cGef;em;±k) u,ef;jynfopfygwD (KNLP)

12? (pyftGwfaus;oD) nD!Gwfaom &Srf;jynfawmfvSefa&;wyfrawmf (SURA)

13? (qvdkif;a&$cg;) csi;f trsK;d om;wyfO;D (CNF)

14? (cGe[ f rk )f &Sr;f trsK;d om;'Dru kd &ufwpftpnf;t±H;k (SDU)

15? (AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmbdkjr) u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;t±Hk; (KNU)

16? wOD;csif;udk,fpm;vS,frsm; (1) -------- Chao Zang Yanghwe (2) -------- Naw Lousa Bensan (3) -------- cGef;rwf&fudkbef &ufpGJ- 1997 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv (14)&uf?

wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; r,foa&mx ES;D aESmzvS,yf t JG +y;D trSww f &"gwyf kH yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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ETHNIC NATIONALITIES SEMINAR (Mae Tha Raw Hta) Mae Tha Raw Hta Agreement We, leaders of Arakanese, Chin, Kachin, Karen, Karenni, Kayan, Mon, Pa-O, Palaung, Lahu, Shan and Wa ethnic nationalities, representing the various organizations as well as the nationalities, attended the seminar held from January 7 to 14, 1997 at Mae Tha Raw Hta in Kawthoolei. We, leaders of nationalities mentioned above, after frank and cordial discursions in depth, have agreed upon the following terms. 1. Agreement Relating to Political Aims; (a) To dismantle the military dictatorship and establish peace in the country; (b) To practice the democratic political system; (c) To achieve the rights of equality and self-determination for each and every nationality; (d) To establish a federal union. 2. Agreement Concerning the SLORC's National Convention The Shan National Convention being held by the SLORC, presently, is for the perpetuation of military dictatorship. Since absolutely no rights will be gained for the ethnic nationalities, we, the Ethnic Nationalities Seminar, do not in any way recognize the SLORC's National Convention and agree to oppose it. 3. Agreement Regarding Tri-partite Dialogue We, the Ethnic Nationalities Seminar, accept the tri-partite dialogue agreed to by Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, and called for by the resolutions of the UN and international organizations. The tri-partite dialogue must include three forces, namely the force composed of the NDF, UNLD, PDF and other ethnic nationalities, the pro-democracy force led by Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, and the SLORC military clique. 4. Agreement Relating to Federal Union We, the Ethnic Nationalities Seminar unanimously agree to establish a genuine federal union composed of national states having the full rights of national equality and self-determination. 5. Agreement Relating to Economic Policy Regarding the economic policy, we, the Ethnic Nationalities Seminar, agree to practice

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a free market economic system and invite foreign investment.

ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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However, as foreign investments, at present, are benefiting the SLORC military dictatorship only and increasing its oppressive power, we strongly object to them. 6. Agreement to Narcotic Drugs We, the Ethnic Nationalities Seminar, unanimously agree to cooperate with international narcotic drug eradication organizations for the eradicating of the entire business of narcotic drugs, including cultivation, production and trafficking. 7. Agreement Regarding Pro-democracy Forces We, the Ethnic Nationalities Seminar, agree to raise the fight, on all sides, in the fields of politics, diplomacy and people's action, for the dismantling of the SLORC military dictatorship. In this struggle, we agree also to join hands with the pro-democracy forces led by Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, and act unitedly and simultaneously for the achievement of rights of the nationalities as well as democratic rights. Moreover, we acknowledge the National League for Democracy (NLD), led by Daw Aung San Suu Kyi as the winner of the 1990 general election and in accordance with the true will of the people and democratic process, we fully support all acts of opposition against the SLORC, by it. 8. Agreement Relating to ASEAN We, the Ethnic Nationalities Seminar, agree to send letters to ASEAN, requesting it to delay, indefinitely, acceptance of Burma under the SLORC, as a member of the organization. 9. Agreement Relating to ASEAN Democratic Front (NDF), the nation-wide alliance body of the ethnic nationalities, in to a politically, militarily and organizationally more solid entity. 10. Agreement on Reunion We, the Ethnic Nationalities Seminar, agree to maintain and implement the results of the seminar and to have a reunion at least once a year. SIGNATORIES 1. (Gen. Aung Than Lay) Karenni National Progressive Party 3. (Col. Maha Sann) Wa National Organization 5. (Mai Aik Phone) Palaung State Liberation Front

Pa-O People's Liberation Organization 4. (Col. Sai Pao Sing) United Wa State Party 6. (Col. Zau Seng) Kachin Independent Organization

yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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2. (Col. Khun Okker)

7. (Khing Myat Kyaw)

8. (B.Kya Oo)

All Araken Students and Youth Congress

Lahu Democratic Front

9. (Nai Han Tha)

10. (Khiang Soe Naing Aung)

New Mon State Party 11. (Khun Na Ruh) Kayan New Land Party 13. (Slai Shwe Kha) Chin National Front 15. (Gen. Saw Bo Mya) Karen National Union

Araken Liberation Party 12. (Sao Oat Kesi) Shan United Revolutionary Army 14. (Khun Hom) Shan Democratic Union 16. Individual Delegates (1) Chao Zang Yanghwe (2) Naw Louisa Benson (3) Khun Marko Ban January 14, 1997.

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trsKd;om;aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;ES;D aESmzvS,yf JG ol;rGu J vd;k oabmwlncD suf jrefrmEdik if o H nf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d aygi;f pHk rSw D if;aexdik o f nfh wdik ;f jynfjzpfonf? acwfopf jrefrmhordik ;f wGif Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf wdik ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm; ndE‡ KdS if;I wnfaqmufxm;aom trsKd;om;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_tiftm;jzifh jrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;udk &,lEdkifcJhaomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyf usqHk;r_ESifhtwl trsKd;om;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;onfvnf; vGifhyg;aysmufuG,fcJh&onf? ppftm%m&SifpepfatmufwGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tzdESdyfcHcJh&jcif;.tusKd;quftjzpf trsKd; om;aoG;pnf; nD!Gwfr_òyuGv J #uf wdkif;jynfa=uðyef;ysufokOf;rnfh ab;tEW&m,f}uD;udk &ifqdkifae& onfh tcsdeftcgjzpfayonf? wdkif;&if;om;aygif;pHk jynfolwdk@. vufiif;vdktyfcsufjzpfaom ppftm %m&Sipf epfzsuo f rd ;f a&;/ acwfrw DS ;kd wufI om,m0ajymaom xm0pOf+idr;f csr;f om,monfh vl@tzGŒJ tpnf;wnf aqmufa&;wd@k ukd trsK;d om;aoG;pnf;nD!w G rf t _ iftm;jzifo h m taumiftxnfazmfEikd f rnfjzpfonf? odk@ygI trsdK;om;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_ wnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;onf ,ae@umv wdkif;&if;om;aygif;pHkjynfolwdk@twGuf t"duusaom vkyfief;pOfjzpfonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf acgif;aqmifaom trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGŒJ csKyfonf wdkif;&if;om;udk,fpm;ðyygwDrsm;ESifh yl;wGv J #uf ,if;wm0efudk wufºupGmxrf;aqmifaeonfhenf;wl atmufwGifvufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;onfh tzGJ@ tpnf; (23) zGŒJ onfvnf; 1998 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmv (12) &ufae@rS (14) &ufae‹txd (3) &ufwikd w f ikd f aumfo;l avjynfe,f ol;rGu J vd;k wGif trsK;d om;aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &; ES;D aESmzvS,yf }JG uD;udk atmifjrif pGmusif;yI atmufaz:jyygtcsuftvufrsm;udk wnDw!Gwfwnf; oabmwlqHk;jzwf=uygonf? ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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292

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294

1 uGezf uf'a&;&Si;f ac: A[dt k pd;k &od@k tm%mtenf;i,fr#om ay;xm;jcif;tm;jzifh vufawG@vyk af qmif &mwGif t&mra&muf/ c&D;rwGif jzpfaecJhonf? aemufydkif;wGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpkyHko¾mefudk twk,lum 1874 ckESpfwGif jynfaxmifpk (Federation) tjzpf ajymif;vJzGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifcJhjcif; jzpfonf? qGpfZmvefEdkifiHwGif qGpfvlrsKd; 83 ² 5 &mcdkifE_ef;&SdI usefvlrsKd;rsm;tm;vHk;u 16 ² 5 &mcdkifE_ef;om&Sdonf? oHk;pGJajymqdkaom bmompum;rsm;rSm *smref 69 µ/ jyifopf 21 µ/ tDwvD 10 µ ESifh ±dkrm 1 µ jzpfonf? qGpfZmvefEdkifiHonf 'Drdkua&pDtqifhtwef; tjrifhqHk;EdkifiHwckjzpfonfhtjyif jynfwGif; +idr;f csr;f a&; tjynft h 0&So d nfEh ikd if w H ckjzpfonf? Edik if aH &;wnf+idrrf &_ o dS nf? wurBmvH;k u =um;aeEdik if H tjzpf todtrSwðf yjcif;cH&onf? ygwpD 'kH rD u kd a&pDpeH pfjzifh tkycf sKyf+yD; jynfe,frsm;tnDtr# ud, k pf m; ðyyg0ifonfh jynfe,fOya'ðyv$wfawmfESifh jynfolvlxkudk tcsKd;usudk,fpm;vS,fðyaom udk,fpm; vS,rf sm;yg0ifonfh trsK;d om;Oya'ðyv$waf wmf[I l v$waf wmfEpS &f yftm%mrsm; tyfEiS ;f xm;onf? =um;aeEdkifiHtjzpf vufcHxm;=uojzifh wurBmvHk;u,Hk=unf+yD;v#if b%fvkyfief;wGif rsm;pGm tm; udk;jcif;cH&I wdkif;jynfb¾mjzpfxGef;aponf? qGpZf mvefEikd if w H iG f twk,pl &mtaumif;qH;k rSm vufeufuikd w f yfz@JG xlaxmifjcif;udpjP zpf onf? ‚EdkifiHwGif t+rJwrf;wyfrawmf}uD;taejzifh r&Sd? t+rJwrf;tjzpf ppfAdkvfrsm;ESifhwyfom; toifhtwifhomxm;onf? t&G,fa&mufolwdkif; ppfr_rxrf;rae&pepf&Sdojzifh ta&;ay:rSom qifhac:onf? odk@jzpf wdkif;jynf.b¾mawmfrsm;pGmoufomap+yD; tusKd;ðyvkyfief;rsm;udk OD;pm;ay; Edkifonf?

295

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295

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296

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297

3? uae'gjynfaxmifpk yif&if;vlrsKd;rsm;rSm vleD (ac:) &uftif'D;,ef;rsm;jzpfonf? t*FvdyfESifhjyifopf pD;yGm;&Sm olrsm;u wpwp 0ifa&mufodrf;ydkuf+yD; ‚wdk@.udkvdkeDtjzpf usqif;oGm;onf? aemufqHk;wGif ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

297

t*Fvdyfbk&ifudkopPmcHaom udkvdkeDEdkifiHb0rS wqifh+yD;wqifh vGwfvyfa&;&&Sdvm+yD; +Adwdo# "eo[m,tzG@J 0ifEdkifiHwckjzpfvmonf? jynfe,f (10) ckESifh a'o (2) ck yg0ifzG@J pnf;xm;onf? jyifopfvlrsKd;rsm; }uD;pdk;aomtydkif;ESifh +Adwdo#wdk@}uD;pdk;aomtydkif;[lI ESpfrsKd;uGJae+yD;/ EdkifiHawmf taejzifh t*FvdyfESifhjyifopf bmompum;ESpfrsKd;pvHk;udk todtrSwfðyxm;onf? qD;edwfESifhjynfol@ v$wfawmf[lI Oya'ðytm%mydkifESpfck cGjJ cm;xm;onf? jynfe,f (10) ckonf qD;edwfv$wfawmfwGif tcsKd;us (tnDtr#r[kwf) yg0ifcGifh ay; xm;onf? tjcm;aomjynfaxmifpktrsm;Y txufv$wfawmf (c) qD;edwfwGif jynfe,f.t&G,f yrm%udkrvdkufbJ tnDtr# udk,fpm;ðycGifhay;xm;&m/ uae'gonf ¹cif;csufjynfaxmifpkwckjzpf onf? vlrsm;pk t*Fvyd w f @kd vuf0g;}uD;tkyo f nfukd rauseyfaom vlenf;pkjyifopfrsm;u cGx J u G f I oD;jcm;EdkifiHxlaxmif&ef qENrsm;xkwfazmfjyoavh&Sdonf? odk@aomf xdkqENrSm taumiftxnf ay:aygufvmavmufatmif }uD;xGm;jcif;r&SdbJ n‡dE_dif;aphpyfjcif;jzifh ajyvnfvsuf&Sd=uonf? 4? qdAk , D ufjynfaxmifpo k rRwEdik if H jynfe,f (15) ckESifh udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifha'orsm;/ trsKd;om;e,fajrrsm;ESifh zGJ@pnf;wnf axmifonf? ordik ;f a=umif;t& ‚if;jynfe,f (15) ckrmS oD;jcm;pDjzpf=uonf? ±k&jS ynf. Zmbk&ifrsm; vufxufu e,fcsif;qufpyfvsuf&Sdaom Oa&myEdkifiHi,fuav;rsm;udk e,fcs›J0g;òrcJhI/ aemufydkif;Y ta&St › m&Swu kd &f EdS ikd if rH sm;txd e,fcs@J vm+yD; }uD;rm;us,jf yef@aomEdik if w H ckjzpfvmonf? yxrurBm ppf}uD; +yD;qHk;cgeD; 1917 ckESpfwGif ±k&SypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;}uD;jzpfyGm;cJhojzifh vDeifOD;aqmifaom abmfvf&SDApfygwDu tm%modrf;cJh+yD; ±k&SEdkifiHawmf}uD;udk qufcH&&SdchJonf? 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;+yD;onfhaemuf tm%m&SifpwmvifacwfwGif abmvfwpfEdkifiH (3) ckjzpfaom vwfAD;,m;/ vpfoleD;,m;ESifh tufpfwdk;eD;,m;oHk;EdkifiHudk odrf;oGif;cJhjyefonf? qdkAD,uf,leD,HwGif aemufqHk;òyuGcJ sdef 1991 ckESpftxd jynfe,f (3) orRwEdkifiH (15) ckyg0ifI ‚wdk@.tus,ft0ef;ESifh qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpktwGif;okd@ pwifyg0ifvmaomckESpfwdk@u atmufygZ,m;wGif azmfjyygonf? jynfe,frsm; pwk&ef;rdkif yg0ifaomESpf 1? ±k&S (tus,fqHk;) - 6592850 - 1922 2? uZwfpwef - 1048306 - 1936 3? ,lu&def; - 233090 - 1922 rwdkifrD 4? wyfareDpwef - 188456 - 1925 5? OZbufupPwef - 173592 - 1925 6? bJv±kd &k S - 80155 - 1922 rwdkifrD 7? um*pfpwef - 76641 - 1936 8? wmZpfupPwef - 55251 - 1929 9? tZmbdkuf*sef - 33436 - 1922 rwdkifrD yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

298

10? a*smf*sD,m 11? vpfola,;eD;,m; 12? vwfAD;,m; 13? tufpfwdk;eD;,m; 14? armfvDa';AD;,m; 15? tmar;eD;,m; (tusOf;qHk;)

- 26911 - 27174 - 24595 - 17413 - 13012 - 11506

- 1922 rwdkifrD - 1940 - 1940 - 1940 - 1922 rwdkifrD - 1922 rwdkifrD

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299

vlrsKd;pk 1? ±k&S 2? ,lua&;eD;,ef; 3? OZbuf 4? bJvdk±k&S

vlO;D a& (oef;) - 173 ² 4 - 42 ² 3 - 12 ² 5 -9²5

vlrsKd;pk 13? wmhpfrif; 14? *smref 15? wm*Zf 16? *sL;

vlO;D a& (oef;) -2²3 -1²9 -1²9 -1²8

ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

299

5? uZwf 6? wmwm 7? tZmefbdkif*sef 8? tmar;eD;,ef; 9? a*smf*sD,ef 10? wm'fZpf 11? armfa';AD;,ef; 12? vpfola,eD,ef pkpkaygif;

-6²6 -6²3 -5²5 -4²3 -3²6 -2²9 -2²9 -2²9 -

17? csA,f 18? cga*pwef 19? vwfAD,ef 20? buf&SDum 21? armfvf'dk;AD;,ef; 22? ydkvef 23? tufwdk;eD;,ef; 24? tjcm; -

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300

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301

5? ,l*kpd vm;AD;,m; jynfaxmifpkorRwEdkifiH atmufygjynfe,f (6) ckwdk@ aygif;pyfzGJ@pnf;xm;onf? 1? qmAD;,m; 2? rmpD'dk;eD;,m; 5? u±dkat;&Sm; 2? refwDeD*±dk 4? pvdkaA;eD;,m; 6? abmhpeD;,m;ESifh [mpD*dkAD;em;? vlrsKd;pktm;jzifh atmufygtwdkif; (9) rsKd;cef@ yg0ifonf? (1) qmhAf 42µ/ ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

301

(2) '±k'f 23 µ/ (3) pvdkAuf 8 µ/ (4) rmpD'dk;eD;,ef; 6 µ/ (5) [efa*&D ,ef 2 µ/ (6) wl&uD 1 µ/ (7) t,fvfab;eD;,ef;/ abmpfeD;,ef;/ rGefwDeD*±dk 3 µ? bmompum;tm;jzifh (1) qmAdk-ua&&Sif;- 65 µ ESifh (2) pvdkaA;eD;,ef;/ rmpD'dkeD;,ef;/ [efa*&D;,ef;/ t,fvfaA;eD;,ef;wdk@u 35 µ oHk;pG=J uonf? qmAdkua&&Sif;bmompum;oHk;pGaJ omolrsm;teuf 42 µrSm qmhAfvlrsKd;jzpf+yD; 23 µ rSm u±dkat;&Sif;rsm;jzpf=uI ‚wdk@ vlrsdK;pktcsif;csif;vnf; &mpkESpf aygif;rsm;pGm &efapmifae=uaom vlrsKd;rsm;jzpf=uonf? udk;uG,fonfhbmomrsm;taejzifhvnf; (1) a&S;±dk;qmAD,ef 34 µ/ (2) ±dkrefuufovpf 24 µ/ (3) rlqvif 10 µ pojzifh uGjJ ym;r_&Sdonf? vuf&jdS ynfe,f (6) ckonf 1918 ckEpS rf wdik rf u D woD;wjcm;pD wnf&=dS uonf? qmAD;,m;/ r,fp'D ekd ;D ,m;ESirhf eG w f eD *D g±w kd @kd onf wl&*Datmuf ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGmaecJ&h onf? abmhpef ;D ,m;ESihf [mZD *dkAD;em;onf apmapmydkif;u wl&*Datmufusa&muf+yD; 1918 ckESpfwGif =op}wD;,m;atmufus a&mufonf? pvdkaA;eD;,m;ESifhc±dkat;&Sm;wdk@onf =op}wD;,m;ESifh[efa*&Dwdk@atmufwGif ESpfaygif; rsm;pGmaecJh&onf? yxrurBmppf}uD;+yD;aemuf 1918 ckESpfwGifrS vuf&Sd ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;EdkifiHtjzpf qmAD;,m;bk&if yxryDwmvufatmufwGif pkaygif;rd=uonf? 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;twGif;u emZD*smr%Datmufusa&mufcJhpOf c±dkat;&Sm;vlrsKd;rsm; onf emZD*smr%Duu kd n l cD &hJ I qmhAv f rl sK;d rsm;pGmudk ulno D wfjzwfco hJ jzifh rauseyfrr_ sm;&Scd =hJ uonf? odk@aomf rm&S,fwD;wdk;.acgif;aqmifr_jzifh ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;jynfaxmifpkudk uGefjrLepfwwpfygwD pepfjzifh wif;=uyfpGmtkyfcsKyfaomtcg +idrf0yfIoGm;onf? pvdkaA;eD;,m;ESifh c±dkat;&Sm;wdk@onf pufrx _ eG ;f um;aomjynfe,frsm;jzpfI Oa&mywdu k Ef iS hf vufawG@tm;jzifv h nf;aumif;/ pdw"f mwfa&; &mt&vnf;aumif; qufoG,fr_ydkrsm;onf? ‚jynfe,fESpfckonf trsKd;om;ukefxkwfvkyfr_ESifh 0ifaiGtrsm;qHk;&Smay;aomjynfe,frsm;jzpf=u+yD;/ pD;yGm;a&;tm;jzifh aemufusaom qmAD;,m;ESifh rGefwDeD*g±dk paomjynfe,frsm;odk@ r#a0cGJjcrf;axmufyHhae&ojzifh rauseyf=u? qmAD;,m;onf pD;yGm;a&;t& wd;k wufrr_ &So d nfw h ikd af tmif ,l*q kd vm;AD;,m; wyfrawmf ESihf tkycf sKyfa&;Xme}uD;rsm;wGif }uD;pd;k cGi&hf &Sx d m;=uonf? tdref ;D csi;f jynfe,frsm;jzpf=uaom c±dak t; &Sm;ESifh abmhpfeD;,m;/ [mpD*dkAD;em;wdk@wGif qmAD;,m;vlrsKd;rsm;pGm tajccsajymif;a&G@aexdkif=uojzifh a'ocHrsm;rauseyf=u? xdkrauseyfr_rsm;onf ta&S@Oa&myuGefjrLepfEdkifiHtrsm;wGif 'Drdkua&pDxGef; um;vmaomtcg acgif;axmifvm+yD; cGx J Gufr_rsm;/ òyuGrJ _rsm; jzpfay:vm&onf? tajccHOya'wGif cGx J u G yf ikd cf iG hf ryg0ifojzifh ,if;tcGit hf a&;a=umifh òyuGjJ cif;r[kwaf =umif; xif&mS ;onf? jynfe,frsm; wajy;nDwdk;wufa&;twGuf tajccHOya'wGif jyXmef;xm;aomfvnf; taumiftxnfazmf&ef aES; yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

302

auG;ojzifh txrajrmufao;jcif;/ qmAD;,m;wd@k . r[mvlrsK;d }uD;0g'udk vufcv H jkd cif;/ ordik ;f a=umif; t& rajyvnfr_rsm;udk tESpfom&tm;jzifh rajz&Sif;bJ tay:,Ha=um zmax;cJhjcif;wdk@a=umifh tcGifh ta&;&onfESifh òyuGJoGm;&jcif;jzpfa=umif; aumufcsufcsEdkifygonf? jynfe,f (6) ckteuf (4) ck cGx J u G o f mG ;&m qmAD;,m;ESihf rGew f eD *D g±Ekd pS cf o k m use&f pfonf? u±dkat;&Sm;ESifh abmhpfeD;,m;/ [mpD*dkAD;em;wkd@wGifaexdkif=uaom qmhAfvlrsdK;rsm;u cGx J Gufa&;udk oabmrwl=u? odk@jzpf cGJxGuf+yD;aom rdrdwdk@tajccs aexdkif&mjynfe,frsm;Y qENjyae=uonf? “aoG;oef@a&;”wdu k yf t JG rnfcu H m rdrw d @kd aexdik &f mjynfe,frsm;/ txl;ojzifh abmhpef ;D ,m;/ [mpD*Akd ;D em;wGif +idrf;csrf;pGm twlaexdkifa&;udkqef@usif+yD; vlrsKd;a&;cGjJ cm;r_/ rkef;wD;r_rsm; ðyvkyfvm=uonf? xdkodk@ e,fajrcGJjcm;r_atmifjrifv#if rdcifqmAD;,m;ESifhaygif;+yD; r[mqmAD;,m;EdkifiH xlaxmif&ef tmoDoudk azmfjyae=uonf? abmhpfeD;,m;/ [mpD*dkAD;em;wGif rlpvif 44 µ/ c±dkat;&Sm; 17 µ/ qmhAf 31 µ ESifh tjcm;vlrsKd;pkrsm; 8 µ cef@ pkaygif;aexdkif=uaomfvnf; “aoG;oef@a&;” wdkufyGrJ sm; a=umifh aemufqHk;tajctaet& e,fajr. 75 µ udk qmhAfwdk@uodrf;ydkufxm;Edkifonf? rGefwDeD*g ±dkonf qmAD;,m;ESifh jynfaxmifpkrScGJxGuf&ef jynfol@qENcH&,l&mrSm jynfolvlxktrsm;pkonf cGx J u G &f ef qENoabmxm;&&Sx d m;aomfvnf; qmAD;,m;ESihf ,ae@txd jynfaxmifpt k jzpf yl;aygi;f aexdkif=u+yD; tajctae±_yfaxG;vsuf&SdqJjzpfonf?

303

6? csufupkd vdAk ufu;D ,m;/ csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m;onf csuforRwEdkifiHESifh qvdkAuforRwEdkifiHESpfckudk yl;aygif;zGJ@ pnf;xm;onf? csufvlrsKd; (10) oef;ESifh qvdkAufvlrsKd; (5) oef;cef@ yg0ifonf? qvdkAuf (5) oef;xJwGif [efa*&DESifhtjcm; vlenf;pkrS (12 µ) cef@yg0ifonf? csufEdkifiHonf ordkif;a=umif;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;t& taemufOa&my/ txl;ojzifh *smreDEiS hf ydrk ekd ;D pyfonf? qvdAk ufw@kd onf oD;jcm;vGwf vyfpGmaevdk=uonf? csufESifhqvdkAufwdk@onf oD;jcm;vlrsKd;rsm;/ EdkifiHrsm;jzpf=u+yD; 1918 ckESpfwGifrS =op}wD;&m;-[efa*&Dtifyg,mwGif yg0ifvm+yD; csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m;EdkifiHjzpfvmonf? ‚ vlrsKd; ESpfrsKd;t=um; cg;oD;aom rkef;wD;r_&efòi;rsm; r&SdcJh=u? odk@aomf rdrdwdkbmom oD;jcm;&yfwnfum vGwfvyfpGmaevdkaomqENrsm; qvdkAufwdk@wGif&Sd=uonf? csufwdk@u pD;yGm;a&;tm;jzifh ydkrdkawmifh wif;+yD; qvdAk ufw@kd tm; ulnaD xmufyhH cJ&h onf? xd@k a=umifh jynfaxmifpòk yuGcJ &hJ v#if csuv f rl sK;d xuf qvdkAufwdk@u ydkrdkt±_H;ay:rnfjzpfonf? csufvlrsKd;rsm;u cGx J Gufa&;udk rvdkvm;=u? qvdkAufwdk@ bufurl vlxkqENraJ umuf,lcsuft& oD;jcm;uif;vGwfpGm aexdkifvdkol (14 µ)/ avsmh&pJ Gm zG@J pnf; rnfh uGefzuf'&,fa&;&Sif;yHkpHrsKd; vdkvm;ol (27 µ) &Sdonf? (75 µ) u tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk vdkvm;=uaomfvnf; csufESifhoD;jcm; uif;vGwfvdkr_xuf urBmhukvor*~wGif oD;jcm;ae&m &,lvdkr_udk vdkvm;=uonf? t±_H;xGuf&ef ydkrdkrsm;onfh=um;rSyif qvdkAufwdk@onf cGx J Guf&ef qHk; jzwfchJ=uonf? ta=umif;&if;rSm 1918 ckESpfu yl;aygif;cJh=u&jcif;rSm rdrdwdk@. vGwfvyfpGmoabm wlnrD a_ =umifrh [kwb f J txufEiS hf jyifytm%mydik rf sm;. =oZmtm%mudk rvGeq f efEikd I f omjzpf&m/ ,ckuo hJ @kd 'Dru kd a&pDenf;t& vGwv f yfpmG qH;k jzwfEikd cf iG &hf onfh tcgwiG f vGwv f yfpmG qH;k jzwfc=hJ ujcif; [kyif ,lq&onf? rcsrf;omcsifaeygap vGwfvyfpGmae&v#if awmf+yD? }uD;yGm;csrf;oma&;twGuf ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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udk,fh=urRmudk zefwD;,lrnf[k qHk;jzwf=u[ef&Sdygonf? xl;jcm;onfrSm ‚wdk@. tajccHOya'wGif cGx J u G yf ikd cf iG u hf kd jyXmef;xm;jcif;vnf;r&S?d cGx J u G jf cif;rðy&ef csuw f @kd bufrS Oya'tm%mudk toH;k ðyjcif; vnf;r&SdbJ at;csrf;pGmcGx J Guf=ujcif;udk awG@&Sd&onf? (*) tjynfjynfqkid f&mtawGŒtñuHrsm;rS &,l&efoifcef;pmrsm;/ Edik if aH ygi;f rsm;pGmteuf xif&mS ;+yD;v#if pmwrf;ESiv hf nf;aumif;/ rsuaf rSmuf acwfEiS v hf nf; aumif; udkufnDqDavsmfonfh wjynfaxmifpepfEdkifiH 3 EdkifiHESifh jynfaxmifpkpepfEdkifiH 6 EdkifiH/ aygif; 9 EdkifiHwdk@. aemufcHordkif;ESifhtajccHOya'wdk@udk tusOf;r#wifjycJh+yD;jzpfonf? ‚wdk@rS atmufyg oifcef;pmrsm;udk xkwfE_wf&,lEdkifygonf? (1) a,bk,stm;jzifh vlrsKd;pkta&twGufenf;+yD; vlrsKd;a&;jy\em txl;ray:ayguf aomEdkifiHrsm;Y wjynfaxmifpHepfudkoHk;avh&SdI/ vlrsKd;pkta&twGufrsm;+yD; vlrsKd;a&; jy\em&SdaomEdkifiHrsm;Y jynfaxmifpkpepfudk oHk;avh&Sdonf? (2) vlrsKd;a&;jy\emonf wjynfaxmifpepfwGif (Oyrm-+Adwdef/ w±kwf) Yvnf;aumif;/ jynfaxmifpkpepfwGif (Oyrm-qdkAD,uf±k&S/ ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;/ csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m;) Yvnf;aumif; &S=d uonf? od@k &mwGif Edik if zH @JG pnf;yHpk eH pfa=umifh vlrsK;d a&;jy\em ay:ayguf jcif;r[kwf? vlrsKd;a&;jy\em&Sdaoma=umifhom jynfaxmifpkpepfudk wnfaqmuf=ujcif; jzpfonf? jynfaxmifpkyHko¾mefzG@J pnf;+yD; vlrsKd;pktcsif;csif; tm%mudk r#wpGmcGaJ 0ay; xm;Edkifv#if jy\emajyvnfEdkifonf? qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk/ ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;wdk@wGif zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkpepfyHko¾mef rSefonf? okd@aomf 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;r&Sdonfh uGefjrLepfwygwD tm%m&Sifpepfa=umifhjy\emay:aygufa=umif; awG@&Sd&onf? (3) r[mvlrsKd;}uD;0g'ESifh usOf;ajrmif;aomvlrsKd;a&;0g'[laom tpGef;ESpfbufudk a&Smif Edkif&rnf? rdom;pkpdwf"gwftjynfht0xm;&Sd&rnf? vlrsKd;}uD;u vlrsKd;i,frsm;tay: Adkvf rus&/ tEdkifrusifh&/ iJhn‡maxmufxm;&rnf? vlrsKd;i,frsm;uvnf; usOf;ajrmif;aom vlrsKd;a&;0g' pGef@y,f&rnf? vdkwmxufydkI rSDcdktm;xm;jcif;udk a&Smif&rnf? a'opGEJ Sifh vlrsKd;a&;tpGJqdkonfrSm azsmufzsufIr&Edkif? tpGef;ra&mufatmif xdef;odrf;&rnf? (4) tajccHOya'wGif wef;wl&nfwljynfaxmifpkoabmaqmifonf? odk@aomf 'Drdkua&pD tcGifh ta&;ay;rxm;bJ wygwDtm%m&SifpHepfjzpfygu Oya'wGif ay;xm;aomtcGifh ta&; vufawG@wGif qHk;±_H;oGm;+yD; rauseyfr_rsm; udef;atmif;aewwfonf? (OyrmqdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk/ ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;/ zGJ@pnf;ykHwdk@jzpfonf)? (5) tm%mjzifhodrf;oGif;jcif;/ ppfa&;t& odrf;ydkufjcif;wdk@jzifh yl;aygif;zGJ@pnf;aomjynf axmifprk sKd ;wGif (Oyrm-qdAk , D uf,el , D /H ,l*pkd vm;AD;,m;/ csu*f pkd vdAk ufu;D ,m; ponf) wnfwHhcdkif+rJr_r&Sd? A[dkrS csKyfudkifr_avsmh&v J mv#if/ EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;t=uyf twnf;ñuH vmv#if òyuGJoGm;onf? tcsif;csif; wef;wl&nfwl jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHzGJ@pnf;&efoabm wlnDjcif;jzifhomv#if a&&SnfwnfwHhEkdifonf? (Oyrm- qGpfZmvef/ tar&duefwdk@jzpf onf)? yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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(6) cGx J GufydkifcGifhudk tajccHOya'wGif jyXmef;xm;jcif;jzifh wdkif;jynfòyuGEJ kdifonf[laom t,ltqrSm rrSefyg? xdkodk@rjyXmef;xm;aom jynfaxmifpkEkdifiHrsm;jzpfaom (Oyrm,l*pkd vm;AD;,m;/ csuu f pkd vdAk ufu;D ,m;) Edik if rH sm;ESihf wjynfaxmifEikd if jH zpfaom (OyrmygupPwefrS b*Fvm;a'h&pfS onf) wd@k òyuGo J nf? xk@d a=umifh cGx J u G yf ikd cf iG Ohf ya'onf t"du r[kw/f vlrsK;d a&;rauseyfrr_ sm;udk ajyvnfatmif rajz&Si;f Edik jf cif;omv#if t"dujzpfonf? jrefrmEdik if . H 1947ck zJ@G pnf;ykw H iG f cJx G u G cf iG yhf g&adS omfvnf; wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; w}udrw f cgr# awmif;qdjk cif;r&Syd J wef;wljynfaxmifpk wnfaqmufvjkd cif;jzpfonf? vlrsK;d }uD;0g' qJu G ikd f xm;aom Adkvfae0if;ppftkyfpku tm%modrf;&mY ta=umif;jycsuftjzpf azmfjyjcif;om jzpfonf? (7) jynfaxmifpktjzpf yl;aygif;yg0ifaomjynfe,frsm;onf rlvu tcsKyftjcmtm%m wnf&Sd&rnf? EdkifiHa&;a'otjzpf &nfwnfzl;&rnf? EdkifiHa&;a'oonf tkyfcsKyfa&;a'o ESihf uGjJ ym;onf? (Oyrm-1974 ck/ jrefrmEdik if zH @JG pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'ESihf e0w§etz twkta,miftrsKd;om;nDvmcHrS csrSwfaomzG@J pnf; tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya' tajccHxm; &Sd&rnfh rl (104) csufwGif jynfe,f (7) ckESifh wkdif; (7) wkdif;ukd wef;wlxm;&Sdjcif;onf EdkifiHa&;a'oESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;a'o a&maxG;xm;ojzifh wdkif;&if;om;rsm; wef;wla&;udk razmfaqmifay;Ekdif/ zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk[lIvnf; rac:qdkEdkifay? wjynfaxmifpepf omjzpf+yD; ArmvlrsK;d }uD;rS wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d i,frsm;tay: t+rJwrf;tay:pD;&,l xm;jcif; jzpfonf? (8) EdkifiHa&;a'o[laomt*FgESifhnD!Gwfv#if tus,ft0ef;/ vlOD;a&/ pD;yGm;a&;wdk@onf t"dur[kwf? wef;wl&nfwltrsKd;om;jynfe,frsm; pkpnf;xm;aom jynfaxmifpkjzpf& rnf? (qdkAD,uf,leD,H/ tar&duef ponf)? (9) jynfaxmifpkrSefv#if rJqEN&SifvlOD;a&tvdkuf a±G;aumufwifajr‡muf&aom jynfol@ v$wfawmfESifh jynfaxmifpk0ifjynfe,frsm;tvdkuf ta&twGuf nDwlnDr#yg0ifaom vl rsKd;pkv$wfawmf[lI v$wfawmfESpf&yf yg0if&rnf? jynfol@v$wfawmfonf vlwdkif;wlnD aomtcGifhta&;udk &&SdapaomygvDref'Drdkua&pDjzpfonf? vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmfonf vlrsKd; rsm;ESifhjynfe,frsm; wef;wlnDr#r_udk o±kyfaqmifonf? ¹cif;csuftaejzifh tcsKd@jynf axmifpkrsm;wGif jynfe,frsm;onf vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmfY ta&twGuftnDtr# r&&SdbJ tcsKd;usom&&Sdojzifh wef;wl&nfwl yl;aygif;jcif;rlESifh uGv J Go J nf? vlrsKd;pkrsm;/ jynfe,f rsm;udk wef;wl&nfwltcGifhta&; ay;jcif;onf jynfaxmifpk'Drdkua&pD[k ac:a0:onf? (10) jynfaxmifpv k w $ af wmfEiS hf vlrsK;d pkvw $ af wmfw@kd onf tcGit hf a&; tm%mwl&&Sad p& rnf? jynfe,frsm; wef;wl&nfwlqufqHonfh o±kyfjzpfonf? jynfol@v$wfawmfwGif vlrsKd;}uD;u tompD;&rnfomjzpfonf? vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmfwGif vlrsKd;pkrsm;u tompD; &rnfjzpfonf? xkdESpfcktm%mwlay;xm;jcif;jzifh vlrsKd;}uD;taejzifh vlrsKd;i,frsm;tay: tEdkifrusifhEdkifatmif umuG,fxm;jcif;jzpfonf? (11) 'Drdkua&pDpHepfatmufwGifom jynfaxmifpkpHepf&SifoefEdkifonf? wygwDtm%m&Sif ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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pHepfatmufwiG f jynfaxmifppk eH pfr&Sio f efEikd ?f ta=umif;rSm vlrsK;d a&; wef;wlnrD #rt _ cGihf ta&;udk tajccHOya'wGif rnfodk@a&;qGJxm;apumrl 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;r&&Sdygu toH;k ðycGirhf &&Sad oma=umifh jzpfonf? (Oyrm qdAk , d uf,el , D /H ,l*pkd vm;AD;,m;/ aemufq;Hk òyuGJoGm;onf?) (12) tajccHOya'udk a&;qGjJ yXmef;&mY jynfov l x l . k em;vnfoabmwlnrD _ tppftrSef &&SdrSomv#if wnf+rJonf? [efjyrJjzifh jyXmef;jcif;onf rwnf+rJEdkif? xkdif;EdkifiHwGif r=um ao;rDu tjzpftysuf/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif 1974 ckESpfu qENrJaumuf,ljcif;rsKd;onf T trsKd;tpm;wGif yg0ifonf? (13) jynfaxmifpk zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya' a&;qJ&G mwGif wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; wef; wl&nfwu l kd t"dutajccHxm;&S&d rnfjzpfojzifh vlrsK;d }uD;wck trsm;pktiftm;jzifh twif; t=uyfowfrSwfaom zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHonf rwnfjrJay? (Oyrm- qkdAD,uf,leD,HESifh ,l*kd pvm;AD;,m;Ekid if òH yuGjJ cif;/ jrefrmEkid if . H 1947 ckEpS Ef iS hf 1974 ckEpS f zJ@G pnf;ykt H ajccHOya' ysufqD;jcif;) jynfolrsm;ESifhwkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;tm;vkH; oabmwlnDjcif; tiftm; &&SdrSomv#if jynfaxmifpkwnf wHhckdif+rJrnfjzpfonf? (14) qkdAD,uf,leD,HESifh ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;EdkifiHwkd@onf zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkEdkifiHrsm;jzpf aomfvnf; 'Drkdua&pDtcGifhta&;r&Sdaom uGefjrLepfwygwDtm%m&Sifpepfa=umifh jynf axmifpòk y uGo J mG ;onf? xdek nf;wl 1974 ck/ jrefrmEkid if H zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccH Oya'onf wjynfaxmifpepfjzpfonfhtjyif rqv wygwDtm%m&Sifpepfa=umifh 'Drdkua&pDtcGifh ta&; vkH;0qdwfokOf;oGm;ojzifh 1988 ck/ (14) t=umwGif vkH;0ysufqD;oGm;onf? (*) jrefrmEdik if H 1947 ck/ zJG ph nf;ykt H ajccHOya'ESihf 1974 ck /zG‹pJ nf;ykt H ajccHOya'tay: oH;k oyfcsuf? 1947 zG‹J pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'ed'gef;wGif jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm;jzpf=uaom u|Efkyfwdk@onf/ tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif vGwfvyfaomjrefrmEdkifiHudk tcdkiftcHhtnDt!Gwf wnf axmif&ef oEMdXmefcsIvnf;aumif;/ w&m;r#wjcif;/ vGwfvyfjcif;/ nDr#jcif;wnf;[laom avmu ygv w&m;rsm;udktajcðyum/ vlowW0gcyfodrf;wdk@. +idrf;csrf;om,ma&;udk cdkif+rJwnfwHhatmif xdef;odrf;&ef oEMdXmefcsIvnf;aumif;/ vlr_qufqHa&;w&m;r#wr_/ pD;yGm;a&;w&m;r#wr_/ EdkifiHa&; w&m;r#wr_/ vGwfvyfpGm awG;=uHEdkifr_/ vGwfvyfpGm zGifh[a&;om;azmfjyEdkifr_/ vGwfvyfpGm,Hk=unf Edkifr_/ vGwfvyfpGmudk;uG,fEdkifr_/ vGwfvyfpGm bk&m;ausmif;uef ponfwdk@ oGm;vm0wfðyEdkifr_/ vGwf vyfpmG y&da,oe&SmrS;D Edik rf /_ vGwv f yfpmG pnf;±H;k Edik rf /_ vGwv f yfpmG ðyr_aqmuf&u G Ef ikd rf /_ tqift h wef; nDr#r/_ tcGit hf vrf;nDr#r/_ w&m;Oya't&mwGif nDr#rw _ @kd ukd Edik if o H m;tm;vH;k wd@k &&Scd pH m;Edik af pjcif;iSg tcdik t f rm cH0efðy&ef oEMXd mefcsIvnf;aumif;[lI ed'ge;f ydik ;f wGif tvGerf S em;0ifcsKo d m azmfusL;xm; aomfvnf; zGJ@pnf;yHktc%f;rsm;/ yk'frrsm;/ a&;qGJjyXmef;&mwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhwkdif;&if;om; acgi;f aqmifrsm; oabmwlcsKyfqx kd m;aom yifvpkH mcsKyf/ yifvpkH w d "f mwfjzpfaom wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; wef;wl&nfwl udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh&Sdaom 'Drdkua&pDzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkEdkifiH wnfaqmufa&; rlESifh rsm;pGmjcm;em;a=umif; awG@&Sd&onf? yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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1947 ck/ zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'a&;qG&J mwGif tajccHrrl sm;jzifh Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;. tajccHrl (4) csu/f vrf;!Gecf suf (7) csuf csrw S x f m;onft h jyif zqyvy%mrjyifqifa&;nDvmcHu vufcHcsrSwfxm;aom (14) csuf/ wdkif;ðyjynfðyvGwfawmfu jynfaxmifpkEdkifiH Oya'ðyudpPpm&if; (6) ykdif; ðypkxm;onf? odk@&mwGif vufawG@tajccHOya'a&;qJG&mrSm æ 1? Armjynfre,fajr (jynfaxmifpkA[kdtm%mESifhwJGxm;+yD; &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif;trsKd;om; e,fajrrsm;udk vufatmufceH ,ftjzpf owfrw S x f m;ojzifh wdik ;f &if;om; wef;wltcGit hf a&; qkH;¶_H;jcif;?) 2? trsKd;om;jynfe,f tqifhtwef;*k%ft*Fg&yfvuQ%mESifhjynfpkHaom u&if/ rGef/ &cdkif jynfe,fudk azmfxkwfray;jcif;? 3? oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom u&ifeDjynfudk apmzsmrsm;ESifh jynfolvlxkqENrygbJ vuf atmufjynfe,ftjzpfowfrSwfjcif; ponfhjy\emrsm;a=umifh jynfwGif;ppfrD; wqifh+yD; wqifh awmufavmifu|rf;oGm;onf?

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a'gufwmarmifarmifziG q hf x kd m;aom Ekid if aH wmftvH.t"dyg` ,f · tvHawmfudkv$ifhxlv#if =u,fjzL}uD;ESifhwuG =u,f&Hrsm;.a&mifjcnf vufwckpDonf txufbufodk@ rwfrwf!$efvsuf &dSap&rnf? · tvHawmf.twdik ;f twmrSm tvsm; 9 ay/ teH 5 ay/ vuf0t J xufa'gihf tjym&ift h cef;/ tvsm; 4 ay/ teH 2 aycGJ =u,f}uD;twGuf a'gifhzsm;rsm;udkjzwfI qGJxm;aom puf0dkif; .tcsif;rSm way 6 vufr/ =u,fi,ftwGuf 9 vufrjzpfonf? tvH}uD;i,fr[l ‚ tcsKd;tpm;twdkif; rSefuef&rnf? · tvHawmfonf awmfveS af &;rS jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if u H kd xlaxmifcahJ =umif; o¶kyaf qmif onf? teDcHESifh vuf0t J xufaxmifhY =u,f}uD;wyGifhxm;&dSjcif;rSm awmfvSefa&;tvHudk rwdrfaum ryaysmufap&ef xdef;odrf;jcif;oabmjzpfonf? · =u,f}uD;wyGifhudk =u,fi,fig;yGifh&Hxm;jcif;rSm jynfaxmifpktxdrf;trSwfjzpfonf? =u,f ig;yGifhrSm rGef/ jrefrm/ &cdkif/ u&if/ &Srf;/ ucsifESifhcsif;vlrsKd;wdk@ yg0ifaygif;pkI wnfaxmif aomjynfaxmifpk[laomt"dy`g,fudk aqmif.? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;vkH;onf ‚ vlrsKd;}uD;ig;pkwGif yg0if=u+yD;om;jzpfygonf? · tvHawmfudk teDcHjcif;oabmonf &J&ifhjcif;/ ZGaJ umif;jcif;/ aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfjcif;wdk@jzpf onf? =u,f}uD;. ta&mifjcnfvufrsm;t=um;wGif =u,fi,frsm;udkoGif;xm;jcif;rSm awmfveS af &;wGif jrefrmwdik ;f &if;om; tm;vk;H pnf;vH;k nDnm aqmif&u G v f maomoabm udk xif&Sm;apvdkaoma=umifhjzpf.? · vuf0b J uftxufa'gichf ef;wGif tjym&ifah &mifa&;jcnfxm;jcif;rSm/ aumif;uif.oabm/ eufeaJ om oabm/ pdwaf t;csr;f =unfvifaomoabm/ nOfah umif;uifrS tvif;a&mifay: aygufvmjcif;oabmwdk@udk xif&Sm;apvdkaoma=umifhjzpfonf? · tvHawmfwGif =u,fudktoHk;ðyjcif;rSm =u,f.oabmjzpfaom c&D;vrf;wGif r&yfrem; ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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oGm;wwfjcif;/ oGm;+rJc&D;udk rzsufrqD;rpGef@rv$wfoGm;wwfjcif;/ t+rJwap a&S@odk@wwf jcif;/ c&D;onfwdk@udkvrf;n$efjcif; paom *k%ft*Fgwdk@jzifh jynfpHkIjzpfonf? xdk@jyif=u,f onf urBmwnfonfrpS I aumif;uifY ud, k yf ikd f yuwdtvif;a&mifjzifh xif&mS ;ouJo h @kd jrefrmEdkifiHonfvnf; urBmay:wGif udk,fydkifvGwfvyfaom yuwdxif&Sm;csufjzifh wnf jcif; oabmudkjy.? =u,frsm;udktjzLa&mifjzifha&;jc,fxm;jcif;rSm jzLpifjcif;/ ajzmifh rwfjcif;/ rSefuefjcif;/ wnf=unfjcif;paom *k%ft*Fg&yfwdk@a=umifhwnf;[lI a'gufwm armifarmifu t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkxm;a=umif; awG@&Sd&onf? rSwfcsuf ? ? a'gufwmarmifarmif t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkcsuft& 1947 ck/ zG@J pnf;yHk tajccH Oya'wGif (&Srf;jynf/ ucsifjynf/ u&ifeDjynf/ csif;jynf/ Armjynfr) [lI e,fajr (5) ck ydkif;jcm;xm; ojzifh =u,fuv kd nf; (5) vH;k jcH&x H m;onf? xd@k a=umifh Ekid if aH wmftvHwiG f =u,f (5) vH;k t"dyg` ,af zmf jyxm;&mrSm wkdif;&if;om;e,fajrrsm; (5) cktwGuf azmf!$ef;xm;jcif;jzpfonf? u&ifjynfudk 1952 ckrS wnfaxmifay;onf? odk@aomf u&ifjynfe,f xlaxmif+yD;onfhaemuf tvHwGif =u,fwvHk; xyfrHrwdk;ojzifh ArmjynfrtwGuf tv,f=u,fr}uD;udk azmf!Gef;ovdk t"dy`g,foufa&mufoGm; onfhtay: rSm;,Gif;pGm ,lqjcif;jzpfonf? ed'gef;ydkif;wGif;vnf;aumif;/ tvHwGifvnf;aumif;/ rnfuJhodk@ ta=umif;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh az:nGef;xm;aomfvnf; 1947 ck/ zG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'wGif ArmtrsKd;om;twGuf jynfe,f wck razmfaqmifbJ jynfaxmifpkESifhwGx J m;ojzifh jynfe,frsm;onf Armjynfr. pdk;rdk; tm%mv$rf; jcif;cH&onf? jynfaxmifpk[kac:wGifaomfvnf; vlrsKd;wrsKd;u wdkif;jynf. tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk qGu J dkif+yD; tjcm;wdkif;&if; om;vlrsKd;aygif;pkH. b0uH=urRmudk pdwfóuufzefwD;ay;jcif;omjzpfonf? jynfaxmifp0k ef}uD;csKyfonf jynfe,f0ef}uD;rsm;udk wdu k ±f u kd cf ef@xm;onfh tm%mtyfEiS ;f xm;onf txd jyXmef;xm;onf? xdk@a=umifh jynfe,frsm;onf jynfrtpdk;&. vufatmufcHb0odk@ vHk;vHk; vsm;vsm; usa&mufomG ;onf? zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'oufwrf;ESiw hf òyifwnf; jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D onfvnf; wqif+h yD;wqifh avmifu|r;f oGm;onf? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf wdik ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmif rsm; wnfaqmufxm;aom yifvpkH w d "f mwf/ wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;onfvnf; wpwp ,drf;,dkifoGm;onf? jynfwGif;ppfrD;a=umifh aemufqHk; 1962 ckESpfwGif AdkvfcsKyfae0if;OD;aqmifaom zufqpfppftkyfpku wdkif;jynftm%modrf;,loGm;onftxd jzpfyGm;cJhonf? ,if;zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccH Oya'udk EdkifiHa&;ynm&SifwcsKdŒu zm;wydkif;/ ig;wydkif;jynfaxmifpk[lIvnf; ac:a0:=uonf? xdk@a=umifh wdkif;&if;om;rsm; wef;wla&;r&Sdaom 1947 ck/ zG@J pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya' onfvnf; (14) ESpft=umwGif ysufpD;oGm;avonf? 1974 ckESpfwGif rqvwygwDzufqpfppftkyfpku zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'wckudk ‚wdk@ pdwfóuufa&;qGjJ yXmef;vdkufonf? zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya'wGif wdkif; (7) ckESifh jynfe,f (7) ckudk jynf axmifp[ k k ac:xGicf ahJ omfvnf; trSerf mS wjynfaxmifpepfyifjzpfonf? zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya' ed'ge;f wGif wdkif;&if;om;rsm;tm;vHk;onf wajrwnf;ae/ wa&wnf;aomuf/ at;twlyltr#/ OruGJ odkufrysuf &moufyefyl;aygif;aexdkifa&;[lI pum;vHk;vSvSoHk;xm;aomfvnf; wdkif;&if;om;rsm; yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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wef;wltcGifhta&; r&Sd±Hkr#ru wdkif;&if;om;rsm; tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm;onfyifv#if tm;vHk;qHk;±_H; oGm;onf? rqvwygwDtm%m&Sif vlwpkwnf;u wdkif;jynf.tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk pGJudkif+yD; wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;pHk jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;tay: tm%m&Sifpepfjzifh tkyfpdk;jcif;yifjzpfonf? 1988 ck/ 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfykH}uD;a=umifh rqvtm%m&Sifpepf csKyf+idrf;oGm;onf? ppftkyfpku pdwfóuufa&;qGx J m;aom zJG@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'udkvnf; ‚wdk@udk,fwdkif zsufodrf;vdkuf&onf? xdk@ a=umifh 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;r&Sdaom 1974 ck/ zJG@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'onfvnf; (14) ESpft=umwGif ysufpD;oGm;awmhonf? xd@k a=umifh jrefrmEkid if . H tajccHjy\emonf zJ@G pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'jy\emjzpf+yD; zJ@G pnf;ykH tajccHOya'jy\emqdk&mrSm wdkif;&if;om;rsm; wef;wltcGifhta&;qkH;±_H;jcif;jy\emESifh 'Drdkua&pD qdwo f Ok ;f jcif;jy\emESp&f yfjzpfojzifh ,if;'Gew f aGJ eaom jy\emESp&f yfukd wòyifwnf;ajz&Si;f oGm;rS omv#if +idrf;csrf;om,m0aysmaom jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfopfudk wnfaqmufrnfjzpfonf? odk@jzpfygI a&S;ya'o&mZfacwfumvuwnf;u ,ae@txd udk,fydkife,fajrjzifh twl,SOfwGaJ exdkifvm=uaom ucsif/ u&if/ u&ifeD/ csif;/ rGef/ Arm/ &Srf;/ &cdkif ponfh Xmaewdkif;&if; om;rsm;onf }uD;i,fr[l wef;wl&nfwl yifvHkpdwf"mwf/ jynfaxmifpkpdwf"mwftjynfht0jzifh ppfrSefaom 'Drdkua&pDzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkEdkifiHudk wnfaqmufoGm;=u&rnfjzpfayonf?

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tcef; (14) ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pDzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk ikd if H wnfaqmufa&; (u) jynfov l x l k 'Dru kd a&pDvŒl tcGit hf a&; qdwo f Ok ;f jcif; 1962 ckESpfrSpI ,ae@xd zufqpfppftkyfpk tqufquftkyfpkd;onfh ESpfaygif; (40) ausmf umvwGif wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;pHk jynfolw&yfvHk;onf 'Drkdua&pDtajccHvl@tcGifhta&;[lor# vkH;0qdwfokOf;oGm;onf// rqv/ e0w/ etz zufqpfppftkyfpktqufquftkyfpkonf jynfolvlxkw&yfvkH;tay: 'Dru dk a&pDtajccHv@l tcGit hf a&;rsm;jzpfaom vGwv f yfpmG toif;tzG@J wnfaxmifyidk cf iG /hf pnf;±H;k a[m ajymydik cf iG /hf pmtkypf mayrsm;a&;om;xkwaf 0ydik cf iG /hf vGwv f yfpmG ynmqnf;yl;oif=um;ydik cf iG /hf vGwv f yf pGmpD;yGm;a&;y&da,oe &SmrSD;vkyfpm;ydkifcGifhESifh vGwfvyfpGmbmoma&;,kH=unfudk;uG,f0wfðyydkifcGifh ponfhtcGifhta&;rsm;tm;vkH;udk wif;=uyfpGm zdESdyfxdef;csKyfxm;onf? ppftkyfpktqufquftkyfpdk;onfhumvwGif EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;/ todynm&Sif/ t wwf ynm&Sifrsm;/ ausmif;om;/ ausmif;ol ynmwwfvli,frsm;wdk@udk zrf;qD;axmifcs+yD; enf;rsKd;pHk n‡if;yrf;ESdyfpufojzifh axmifESifhcsDI axmifxw J Gif aoqHk;oGm;=uonf? v$wfajrmufe,fajrESifh EdkifiH wumodk@ aomif;ESifhcsD+yD; a&muf&SdoGm;onf? ,ae@xdwdkif EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm; (1˜500) cef@ zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifxm;qJjzpfonf? rqv-e0w-etz ppftm%m&Sifa=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif wdkif;jynfpGrf;tm;rsm;jzpf=u aom EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;/ pmaytEkynm&Sifrsm;/ twwfynm&Sif todynm&Sifrsm; ponfh jynfo@l prG ;f tm;&Sirf sm; tvGeef nf;yg;oGm;onf? xd@k a=umifh ,ae@ wdik ;f oljynfom;rsm;/ ausmif;om; vli,frsm;wdk@. tawG;tac:/ t,ltq/ tod^m%fynmrsm; csKd@wJhoGm;onf// jrefrmhpmayta&; tom;tqifhtwef;onfvnf; rsm;pGmusqif;oGm;onf? jrefrmEdkifiHonf ta&S›awmiftm&SEdkifiH rsm;wGif tcsr;f omqH;k Edik if rH S urBmt h qif;&Jq;kH Edik if w H Edik if t H jzpfo@kd a&muf&o dS mG ;onf? u&ife/D u&if/ rGefrSxGufvmaom 'kuQonfrsm;onf xdkif;EdkifiH 'kuQonfpcef; (9) ckwGif 'kuQonf wodef;cJG &Sdae onft h jyif tvkyv f ufrhJ jrefrmEdik if o H m;rsm; woef;cJaG usmf tdref ;D em;csi;f Edik if jH zpfaom xdik ;f Edik if o H @kd xGuf+yD; jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;. pm;0wfaea&;onfvnf; twd'kuQrsKd;pHkjzifh cHpm;ae=u&onf? (c) wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pk tcGifhta&;rsm;qHk;&+;H jcif; 1962 ckESpfrSpI ,ae@xd zufqpfppftkyfpk tqufquftkyfpkd;onfh ESpfaygif; (40) ausmf umvwGif 'Drkdua&pDtajccHvl@tcGifhta&;[lor# vkH;0qdwfokOf;oGm;ouJhodk@ wkdif;&if;om;rsm; wef;wla&;udrk qkx d m;bd wkid ;f &if;om;rsm; tajccHrv l tcGit hf a&;rsm;onfyifv#if tm;vk;H qk;H ¶_;H oGm; onf? zufqpf.tkyfpktqufqufonf wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;ròyuGJa&;/ jynfaxmifpk ròyuGaJ &;/ tcsKyftjcm tm%mwnfwchH ikd +f rJa&; OD;wnfcsurf sm; csrw S x f m;+yD; wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;tm; yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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vHk;onf wajrwnf;ae/ wa&wnf;aomuf/ at;twlyltr# OruGo J dkufrysuf/ aumif;wlqdk;zuf/ &moufyefyl;aygif;aexdkifa&;qdkonfh pum;vHk;vSvS aºu;a=umfonf? odk@&mwGif vlrsKd;}uD;0g'pGJudkif+yD; wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; trsKd;ðzwfa&;udk pepfwus pDrH udef;csrSwfvkyfaqmifaea=umif; awG@&Sd&onf? (1) wdkif;&if;om; pmayoif=um;cGifh/ ESpfaygif; (40) ausmf vHk;0ydwfyifxm;jcif;? (2) wdkif;&if;om;e,fajrtcsuftcsmusonfh a'oe,fajrrsm;udk odrf;,ljcif;? (3) enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh twif;t"rR aoG;a&mpepfvkyfaqmifjcif;? (4) òrŒrsm;udo k rd ;f +yD; aus;vufawm&Gmrsm;udk rD;±_@d zsuq f ;D ajrvSepf epfusio hf ;kH +yD; wdik ;f &if; om; a'ocHjynfolvlxkrsm; odef;oef;ESifhcsD+yD; twif;t"rRajymif;a&G@apjcif;? (5) wdkif;&if;om;,Ofaus;r_udk ydwfyifxm;+yD; Armh,Ofaus;r_udk ‚.tm%mpufjzifh twif;t"rRow G o f iG ;f jcif;/ ponfv h rl sK;d }uD;0g'vuQ%m (5) &yfukd tirf;r& tawm rowfEdkif ae@pOfvkyfaqmifaea=umif; awG@&Sd&onf? xdk@a=umifh rqv-e0w-etzvufxufwGif Armpmayta&;tom;/ tqifhtwef; rsm;pGmusqif;aeonfhtcsdefrSm wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pk vli,frsm;tcsKd@onf rdrdpmaypum;rsm;udkyif v#if ajymqdka&;om;wwfajrmufjcif;r&SdawmhbJ vlrsKd;vuQ%maysmufrnfhtaetxm;txd qdkuf a&mufvmonf? xd@k tjyif wdik ;f &if;om;jynfow l &yfv;kH onf 'Dru kd a&pDtajccHv@l tcGit hf a&;rsm; qdwo f Ok ;f jcif; cHpm;ae&onft h csed w f iG f ppfwyfonf e,fpyfa'o&Sd wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;. aus;&Gmrsm;udk rD;±_@d zsuf qD;jcif;/ twif;t"rRajymif;a&$@apjcif;/ pdkufysKd;oD;ESHrsm; zsufqD;jcif;/ a&$aiGOpPmypPnfrsm; vk,ljcif;/ ppfwyfonf cGifhðycsuf&&Sdonfhtvm; wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pk trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: t"rRðyusifhjcif;/ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;tm; pdwfxif&m rw&m;zrf;qD;ESdyfpufowfjzwfjcif; ponfhppftkyfpk. zdESdyf tEdkifusifh±dkufESufjcif;rsKd;pHkudk ae@pOfESifhtr# cHpm;ae&onf? ,ae@txd &Srf;/ u&ifeD/ u&ifjynf e,fpyfwav#mufwGif&Sdaom wdkif;&if;om;rdom;pkrsm;onf etz. ppf'%fzdESdyfr_a=umifh aomif; odef;ESifhcsDI rdrdwdk@touf&Sifa&;twGuf tvGefacgifcdkufaom awmeufwGif;rSmyif vSnfhvnfwdrf; a&Smifae=u&+yD; tqif;&JqHk;vl@b0tqifhwGif 'kuQrsKd;pHkcHpm;ae=u&onf? jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if w H ikd ;f &if;om;jynforl sm;tm;vk;H onf txufygazmfjyyg 'Dru kd a&pD vl@tcGifhta&;qdwfokOf;jcif; jy\emESifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm; tcGifhta&;rsm;qkH;¶_H;jcif;jy\em tay: tjyeftvSef udk,fcsif;pm em;vnf=u+yD; tm%m&Sifppftkyfpkudk bkH&efoltjzpfowfrSwfum vufwJG wdkufyJG0if=u&rnfjzpfonf?

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(*) ppftyk pf t k m%mwnf_rJa&;twGuf ajcvSr;f jyifqifjcif; rqv/ e0w/ etz ppftkyfpktqufqufonf ESpfaygif; (40) ausmfumvwGif jynfol vlxkw&yfvHk;tay: 'Drdkua&pDtajccHvl@tcGifhta&;rsm; wm;qD;zdESdyfxm;Edkifojzifh ‚wdk@ tm%m puf wnf+rJaeonfudk tm;&auseyfv#uf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;tay: rsKd;ðzwfppfqifa&;pDrHudef; vkyfaqmif&mwGif atmifjrifonf[kjrifyHk&+yD; ydwdv$rf;aea=umif;oHk;oyfEdkifygonf? ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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xdkodk@ wdkif;jynfqif;&J+yD; jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;.pm;0wfaea&; vGefpGm=uyfwnf;aeonfh tcsed f tcgrmS ppftm%m&Sipf epf qufvuftm%mwnf+rJa&;ESihf jynfow l &yfv;kH tay: qufvuf }uD;pkd;Ekdif&eftwGuf ‚wdk@rdom;pkESifh jcHaygufvufoyfarG;xm;onfh vufudkifwkwftiftm;pkudk EdkifiHa&;tm%m/ ppfa&;tm%mtjyif tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mESifh pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHktwGufyg a&&Snfwnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;rsm; csrSwfxm;a=umif;awG@&Sd&onf? (*) (1) EdkifiaH &;jyifqifr+ etz ppftyk pf o k nf 1947 ck/ zJ@G pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'ESiyhf wfoufI wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;wef;wl tcGifhta&;qkH;¶_H;jcif;jy\ema=umifh jynfwGif;ppfrD; wqifh+yD;wqifh avmifu|rf;oGm;+yD; zJG@pnf;ykH tajccHOya'onf (14) ESpft=umwGif ysufpD;oGm;onfudkvnf;aumif;/ Adkvfae0if;OD;aqmifonfh rqv wygwDtm%m&Sifu pdwfóuufa&;qJGjyXmef;xm;aom 1974 ck/ zJG@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'onf 'Dru kd a&pDtcGit hf a&;[lor# qdwo f Ok ;f oGm;ojzifh 1988 ck/ 'Dru kd a&pDta&;awmfy}Hk uD;a=umifh rdrad &; qJx G m;aom zJ@G pnf;ykt H jccHOya'udk ud, k yf idk zf suq f ;D vdu k &f onfuv kd nf;aumif; t&Surf &Sd rsuu f , G f ðyxm;onf? etzppftkyfpk tm%mirf;irf;wuf+yD; zG@J pnf;ykHtajccHOya'udkqGJudkifI jynfolw&yfvkH; tay: qufvufu|efðyEdkif&ef rdrdwdk@pdwfóuuf vufaxmifacgif;ndwfa&G;cs,fxm;aom nDvmcH udk,fpm;vS,frsm;jzifh twkta,miftrsKd;om;nDvmcHudk '&Gwfwkdufusif;yv#uf&Sdonf? etz usif;yðyvkyfaom twkta,miftrsKd;om;nDvmcHusif;ya&;qdkif&m vkyfxHk;vkyf enf;wGif trsKd;om;nDvmcH. OD;wnfcsuf (6) csufrSm æ (1) jynfaxmifpkròyuGaJ &;/ (2) wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfr_ ròyuGaJ &;/ (3) tcsKyftjcmtm%m wnfwHhcdkif+rJa&;/ (4) ppfrSefaom ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepf xGef;um;a&;/ (5) Edik if aH wmfY w&m;r#wjcif;/ vGwv f yfjcif;ESihf nDr#jcif;wnf;[laom avmuygvw&m; rsm; ydkrdkxGef;um;a&;? (6) tem*wfEikd if aH wmf. trsK;d om;Edik if aH &;OD;aqmifrt _ cef;u¾wGif wyfrawmfu yg0if xrf;aqmifEdkifa&;wkd@ukd tpOfwpkdufOD;wnfonf[lI yg&Sdonf? txufyg OD;wnfcsuf 5 &yfonf 'Drdkua&pDwnfaqmufa&;ESifh tvGefoifhjrwfvSay onf? odk@aomf OD;wnfcsuf 6 onf txufygOD;wnfcsuf 5 &yfESifh vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; qef@usif+yD; rnfodk@rS aygif;pyfqufpyfIr&Edkifay? (Oyrmay;&aomf =uufom;'Haygufxrif;tdk;xJrSm tif'&if;tqdyf&nfwykvif;udka&m xnfh+yD; twif;pm;cdkif;vkdufouJhodk@ jzpfaeonf?) etz . twkta,mifnDvmcHrS OD;wnfcsuf (6) csufyg&Sdonfhtwdkif; EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;ykH tajccHOya'a&;qJG&mwGif yg0if&rnfhtajccHrl (104) csufESifh tao;pdwftajccHxm;&Sd&rnfhrlrsm; yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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csrSwf&mwGif 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawmfwnfaqmufa&; trsKd;om;wef;wl&nfwl zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk wnfaqmufa&;ESifh vkH;0qef@usifvsuf&Sdonf? tajccHrl (104) csuf 1? EdkifiHawmf. trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&;OD;aqmifr_tcef;wGif wyfrawmfu yg0ifxrf;aqmifEdkifa&; wdk@udk tpOfwpdkufOD;wnfonf? 2? EdkifiHawmf orRwt}uD;tuJonf EdkifiHa&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ ppfa&; ponfhtjrifrsm; &Sd&rnf? 3? jynfaxmifpjk ynfo@l vw $ af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm;/ jynfaxmifpt k rsK;d om;v$waf wmfu, kd pf m; vS,rf sm;/ jynfe,frsm;ESihf wdik ;f a'o}uD; jynfo@l vw $ af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm;wd@k wiG f wyfrawmf umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfu trnfpm&if;wifoGif;onfh wyfrawmfom;rsm; 25 &mcdkif;E_ef; yg0if onf? 4? jynfaxmifpk/ jynfe,frsm;/ wdkif;a'o}uD;rsm;/ udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& pD&ifpkESifh c¶kdiftkyfcsKyf a&;wd@k wiG f umuG,af &;/ vkðH cHa&;/ jynfxaJ &;ESihf e,fpyfa&;&m0ef}uD;rsm; wm0efrsm; xrf;aqmif &ef wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfu trnfpm&if;wifoGif;onfh wyfrawmfom;rsm;yg0if onf? 5? wyfrawmfonf EdkifiHawmfvkHðcHa&;ESifh umuG,fa&;wGif jynfolw&yfvkH;yg0ifa&;twGuf pDrHaqmif&GufcGifh&Sdonf? 6? Edik if aH wmf. tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk t"rRenf;jzif&h ,l&ef óu;yrf;tm;xkwjf cif;a=umifh tcsKyf tjcmtm%mvufvGwfqkH;¶_H;rnfh ta&;ay:tajctaeay:aygufv#ifjzpfap/ ay:ayguf&ef vkH avmufaomt=umif;&Sdv#ifjzpfap/ jynfe,frsm;/ wdkif;a'o}uD;rsm;ESifh udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& pD&ifpkrsm;Y jynfolrsm;. touftkd;tdrfpnf;pdrfudk xdyg;tEW&,fðyrnf tajctaeay:ayguf v#ifjzpfap/ odk@r[kwf ay:ayguf&ef vkHavmufaomta=umif;&Sdv#if wyfrawmfumuG,fa&; OD;pD;csKyfonf wm;qD;umuG,fapmifha&SmufcGifh&Sdonf?

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tao;pdwt f ajccH&rnfrh rl sm; 1? jynfo@l vw $ af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,Of ;D a& (440) OD;teuf wyfrawmfom; (110) OD;ESihf trsK;d om; v$wfawmf (224) OD;teuf wyfrawmfom; (56) OD;ukd wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfu a&G; cs,fyg0ifap&rnf? 2? trsK;d om;v$waf wmfaumfrwDrsm;wGif umuG,af &;ESiv hf ðHk cHa&;udprP sm;udv k nf;aumif;/ wyfr awmfqdkif&mudpPrsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ ta=umif;ay:aygufygu trsKd;om;v$wfawmfonf umuG,fa&;ESifh vkHðcHa&;aumfrwDudk wyfrawmfom; trsKd;om;v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,frsm; jzifh zJG@pnf;&rnf? 3? jynfe,frsm;/ wdkif;a'o}uD;rsm;/ a&G;aumufwifajrmufonfh v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f pkpk aygif;. av;ykHwykHESifh nDr#aom wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfu trnfpm&if;wifoGif;onfh ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;yg0if&rnf? 4? Edik if aH wmforRwonf jynfaxmifp0k ef}uD;rsm;ESihf 'k0ef}uD;rsm;udk v$waf wmfu, dk pf m;vS,x f J ujzpfap/ v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,fr[kwfoljzpfap cef@tyfjcif;ESifh &yfpJjcif; yg&Sdonf? 5? Ekid if aH wmforRwonf (jynfaxmifp/k jynfe,frsm;/ wkid ;f rsm;/ ud, k yf idk t f yk cf sKyaf &;wkid ;f / uk, d yf idk t f yk f csKyaf 'o) wGif umuG,af &;0ef}u;D / vkðH caH &;0ef}u;D / jynfxaJ &;0ef}u;D / e,fpyfa&;&m 0ef}u;D Xmersm; twGuf vdt k yfaom0ef}u;D rsm;ESihf 'k0ef}u;D rsm;cef@xm;&eftwGuf wyfrawmf umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyEf iS hf n‡Ed id_ ;f &rnf? 6? Edik if aH wmforRwonf jynfe,fEiS hf wkid ;f a'o}uD; v$waf wmfu a&G;cs,x f m;aom v$waf wmf ukd,fpm;vS,fukd 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf cef@tyf&rnf? 0ef}uD;csKyfESifhv$wfawmfu wifjyxm;aom (0ef}uD;rsm;/ udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;wkdif;OuUÏ/ ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa'oOuUÏESifh wkdif;&if;om;a&;&m wm0efcHukd orRwu cef@tyfjcif;ESifh &yfpjJ cif; yg&Sdonf? 7? jynfaxmifpkorRwonf jynfe,frsm;ESifh wdkif;a'o}uD;rsm;/ udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;wdkif;/ udk,f ydkiftkyfcsKyfa'owdk@wGif vkHðcHa&;ESifhe,fpyfa&;&m 0ef}uD;wm0efay;tyfEdkif&ef wyfrawmfum uG,fOD;pD;csKyfxHrS wyfrawmfom;rsm;. trnfpm&if;udk awmif;cH&rnf? 8? wyfrawmfumuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyo f nf ud, k yf idk t f yk cf sKyaf &;wkid ;f OD;pD;tzJ@G / ud, k yf idk t f yk cf sKycf iG ahf 'o OD;pD;tzJ@G wiG f tzJ@G 0ifppk ak ygi;f OD;a&. av;ykw H yku H kd wyfrawmfom;rsm;jzifh wm0efay;tyf&rnf? 9? ud, k yf ikd t f yk cf sKy&f wdik ;f (od@k ) ud, k yf ikd t f yk cf sKy&f a'oOD;pD;tzJ@G OuUÏonf oufqikd &f m jynfe,fEiS hf wdik ;f a'o}u;D 0ef}u;D csKyt f m;vnf;aumif;/ Edik if aH wmforRwtm;vnf;aumif; wm0efc&H rnf? 10? Edik if aH wmf orRwonf jynfaxmifpk w&m;v$waf wmfcsKyf w&m;ol}uD;/ jynfaxmifpw k &m; ol}uD;csKyfESifh jynfe,fESifh wdkif;a'o}uD; w&m;v$wfawmf w&m;ol}uD;csKyfwdk@udk cef@tyfjcif;ESifh &yfpJjcif; yg&Sdonf? txufazmfjyyg zJ@G pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'a&;qJ&G mwGif tajccHxm;&S&d rnfh tajccHrl (104) csuEf iS hf tao;pdwt f ajccHxm;&S&d rnfh tcsurf sm;udo k ;Hk oyfygu zufqpfppftyk pf o k nf wkid ;f jynfwiG f tm%m ok;H &yfjzpfaom Oya'ðytm%mtqifq h if/h tkycf sKyaf &;tm%mtqifq h ih/f w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%m tqihf qifw h @dk udk óu;ukid pf ;dk rk;d xm;+y;D orRwESiu hf muG,af &;OD;pD;csKyw f @dk onf ay:ayguv f mrnfh zJ@G pnf;ykt H ajccH Oya'udpk u GJ ikd +f y;D jynfov l x l w k &yfv;Hk tay: u|eðf yEdik af &;yifjzpfonf? xd@k tjyif ppftyk pf o k nf jynfe,frsm; . Oya'jyKtm%m/ tkycf sKyaf &;tm%mESihf uk, d yf idk t f yk cf sKyaf &;a'owkid ;f / uk, d yf idk t f yk cf sKyaf &;ao' tqifh qifw h ikd ;f udk csKyu f ikd x f m;onft h jyif wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsK;d pkrsm;. pmayoif=um;cGiu hf dk vk;H 0ydwyf ifxm;a=umif; awG@&&dS ojzifh tpDtpOf&&dS dS wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkrsm;tay: trsK;d ðzwfa&;udo k m OD;wnfomG ;rnfjzpfonf? xk@d a=umifh etzppf tkypf o k nf ‚.zG@J pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'ukd twif;'&Gww f u dk v f yk af qmif oGm;ygu jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D onf ykrd adk wmufavmifvmrnft h jyif vlwef;pm;aygi;f pk/H tv$maygi;f pkjH ynforl sm; onf zufqpfppftyk pf u k dk bk&H efot l jzpfowfrw S u f m qef@usiw f u dk yf rJG sm; ykrd jdk yif;xefvmrnfjzpfonf? vuf&dS xkid ;f e,fpyfwiG f 'kuo Q nf wode;f cG/J xkid ;f Ekid if w H iG f tvkyv f ufrjhJ y\em woef;cG&J adS eonfh jy\em onfvnf; ykrd rdk sm;jym;vmum jynfow l &yfv;Hk pm;0wfaea&;/ qif;&J'u k rQ sK;d pkH ñuaH wG@vmrnfjzpfojzifh wkid ;f jynfonf xde;f odr;f Ir&Ekid o f nft h ajctaeok@d qku d af &mufvmEkid rf nfjzpfonf? yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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(*) (2) vlr+a&;jyifqifr+rsm; urBmwGif jrefrmEdkifiHonf tqif;&JqHk; EdkifiHwEdkifiHtjzpfa&muf&Sd+yD; wdkif;oljynfom;rsm; pm;0wfaea&; twd'kuQa&mufaeonfhtcsdefjzpfonf? etz zufqpfppftkyfpkonf [efjywHcg;zGifh pD;yGm;a&;pepfusio hf ;kH aomfvnf; etz.azmufjyefonfv h yk &f yfrsm;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;pepfnzhH si;f r_a=umifh wdkif;jynfonf wESpfxufwESpf ydkIqif;&JwGif;eufxJ usqif;oGm;onf? jynfolvlxk. pm;0wfae a&;onfvnf; wae@+yD;wae@ ydkIydkI 'kuQrsdK;pHkñuHawG@ae=u&onf? odk@&mwGif etzppfacgif;aqmif rsm;ESifh taygif;tygrsm;wdk@onf om;pOfajr;jrpftqufquf pm;rukefoHk;rukef usyfoef;ukaÉaygif; rsm;pGm ydkifqdkifxm;onfru a':vmodef;oef;ESifhcsD+yD; csrf;omºu,f0aeonf? wdkufwmtaqmuf tOD;}uD;trsm;tjym;ESifh +cHajr{uaygif; &m§axmifESifhcDs+yD; ydkifqdkif&,lxm;=uonf? etzynma&;pepfa=umifh wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d aygi;f pHk jynfov l x l o k m;orD;rsm;/ ausmif;ol ausmif;om;vli,frsm;/ urBmhynma&;pepfESifhEd_if;,SOfv#if rsm;pGmatmufusaemufus usef&pfcJh onf? rdrw d @kd om;orD;rsm; ynmtwef;atmif&ef oli,fwef;rSpI wuUov kd b f ‹JG &&So d nftxd ynm a&;udk aiGa=u;jzifh 0,f,lae=u&onf? wdkif;jynfwGif oef;ESifhcsDaomvli,fvl&G,frsm; ausmif;rae Edik =f uawmhacs? od@k &mwGif etzacgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;ESit hf aygi;f tygrsm;. om;orD;rsm;twGuf txl; oD;oef@wuUokdvfausmif;rsm; zGifhvSpfay;xm;onf? EdkifiHwumrsm;odk@ bmom&yfrsKd;pHk ynmawmf oifrsm;udkvnf; apv$wfynmoif=um;aponf? TonfrSm ppftkyfpkonf EdkifiHa&;/ ppfa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ ynma&;/ tzufzufwGif jynfol vlxkw&yfvHk;tay: qufvuf u|efðypdk;rdk;ESdyfuGyfEdkif&eftwGuf a&&SnfpDrHudef;,EW,m;rsm; csrSwf vkyfaqmifv#uf&Sdonf?

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(C) ppfreS af om 'Dru kd a&pDzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&; u|Efkyfwdk@ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH. tajccHZpfjrpfrl&if;jy\emonf zJG@pnf;ykH tajccH Oya'jy\emjzpfonf? ,if;zJG@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'jy\emudk cJGjcrf;pdwfjzmygu 1947 ck/ zJG@pnf;ykH tajccH Oya'onf yifvkHpmcsKyf/ yifvkHpdwf"mwf tajccHrlvrf;pOftay: tm;enf;aoGz,foGm;ojzifh wdkif;&if;om;rsm;wef;wltcGifhta&; qkH;±_H;jcif;jy\emtajccHI jynfwGif;ppfrD; wqifh+yD;wqifh avmifu|r;f +yD; ,if;zJ@G pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'ysupf ;D oGm;onf? wdik ;f &if;om;wef;wla&;r&Sad om zJ@G pnf;ykH tajccHOya'onfvnf; (14) ESpf oufwrf;t=umwGif ysufpD;oGm;onf? Adkvfae0if;OD;aqmifaom rqvwygwDtm%m&Sifppftkyfpkonf rdrdwdk@pdwfóuuf 1974 ckESpfwGif zJG@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'wckudk a&;qJGjyXmef;vdkufonf? ,if;zJG@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'onf 'Drdk ua&pD vl@tcGifhta&;[lor# vkH;0qdwfokOf;oGm;ojzifh 1988 ck/ jynfolvlxk'Drdkua&pD ta&;awmf ykH}uD;a=umifh rqvwygwDtm%m&Sifpepf ðywfusoGm;jcif;ESifhtwl ,if;zJG@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'udk ‚wdk@udk,fwdkif zsufodrf;vdkuf&onf? 'Drdkua&pDr&Sdaom zJG@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'onfvnf; (14) ESpft=umwGif ysufpD;oGm;onf? xd@k a=umifh wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;wef;wla&;qk;H ¶_;H jcif;jy\emESihf 'Dru kd a&pDtcGihf ta&;qk;H ±Hj_ cif; ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmfopf wnfaqmufa&;qDoYdk

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jy\emESpf&yfudk wòyifwnf;ajz&Sif;oGm;rnfh ppfrSefaom 'Drkdua&pDzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkorRw jrefrmEdkifiHawmfudk wnfaqmufoGm;&ef vkdtyfonf? jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH&Sd wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;jzpf=uaom (ucsif/ u&if/ u&ifeD/ csif;/ rGe/f Arm/ &ckid /f &Sr;f ) ponfh wkid ;f &if;om;rsm;onf a&S;ya'o&mZfacwfuwnf;u oD;jcm;vGwv f yfpmG ukd,fykdife,fajrjzifh tkyfcsKyfaexkdifvm=uaom Xmaewkdif;&if;om;rsm;jzpf=uonf? xdkokd@ rdrdtpOf tvmESifhaexkdifvm=uaom vlrsKd;wrsKd; rSm tjcm;vlrsKd;wrsKd;.vufatmufcHb0 raevkdjcif;onf omb0usonf? t*FvdyfukdvdkeDe,fcsŒJ vufatmufwGifvnf; raevdk=uyg? oD;jcm;pDwnf&Sdaom e,fajrrsm; wòyifwnf;vGwfvyfa&;&,l+yD; wef;wl&nfwl jynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;onfom v#if wdkif;jynf. vkHðcHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ tiftm;awmifhwif;rnf[k ,kH=unfonf?/ xdkodk@ jynfaxmifpk wnfaqmuf&mwGif wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; wef;wltcGit hf a&;ESihf jynfow l &yfv;Hk 'Dru kd a&pD vl@tcGihf ta&;rsm;ukd taumiftxnf azmfaqmifomG ;ay;&rnfjzpfonf? TonfrmS Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf wdkif;&if;om;csrSwfxm;aom csrSwfxm;aom yifvkHpdwf"mwf/ jynfaxmifpkpdwf"mwf tppftrSefyif jzpfonf? tem*wf zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf zG@J pnf;ykHtajccHOya'a&;qGaJ &;ESifh ywf oufI jynfwGif;wGif&Sdaom jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;/ EkdifiHa&;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;wdk@onf tjynft h 0a&;qJG ykid cf iG &hf o dS nf? od@k aomf etzppftyk pf o k nf zG@J pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'ay:ayguaf &;onf jynfolvlxkwkdif;wm0ef&dSonf[k [efjyxkwfjyefaomfvnf; ‚wkd@. twkta,miftrsKd;om; nDvmcHukd xdyg;vmygu trdef@trSwf 5§96 t& axmif'%f 5 ESpfrS 20 ESpf txdcsrSwfEkdifa=umif; trdef@xkwfxm;jyefonf? ,if;trdef@a=umifh SNLD OuUÏ cGefxGef;OD;/ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; pkdif;!Gef@vGif/ AkdvfcsKyfaqxiftygt0if &Srf;acgif;aqmifrsm; axmif'%f 75 ESpfrS 106 ESpftxd cs rSwfjcif;cH&onf? xdk@a=umifh jynfwGif;wGif zG@J pnf;ykHtajccHOya'ukd a&;qJGEkdifonfhtcGifhta&;r&Sdyg? odk@aomf vGwfajrmufe,fajrESifh EkdifiHwumrSma&muf&dSae=uaom jynfol@v$wfawmf ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; 33 OD;wdk@onf zJG@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'a&;qGyJ kdifcGifh&dSonf? xdk@tjyif jynfolvlxkukd ukd,fpm;ðy+yD; zGJ@pnf;xm;aom 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pktzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;ukd ukd,fpm;ðyxm;aomtiftm;pktzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onfvnf; jynfolvlxkrsm;rS arG;zGm;ay;vdkufaom tzJG@tpnf;rsm;jzpfojzihf zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'udk a&;qJGykdifcGifh&Sd=uonf? xdk@a=umifh 2004 ckESpftwGif; jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh EkdifiHa&;tzG@J tpnf; rsm;wk@d onf tem*wfzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk zJ@G pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'a&;qJ&G mwGif tajccHrEl iS hf ywfouf I wESpftwGif; tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;nd‡Ed_if;=u+yD; 2005 ck/ azaz:0g&Dv (12) &ufae@ yifvkHpmcsKyf aom (57) ESpf ESpfywfvnfae@wGif jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh tzG@J tpnf;aygif; (42) zG@J rSukd,fpm;vS,frsm; (104) OD;wkd@onf tajccHrl (8) csuf oabmwlvufrSwfxdk;xm;=uonf? 1) tcsKyftjcm (Sovereign power) EkdifiHawmftcsKyftjcmtm%m [lor#onf jynfol@xHrS om qif;oufap&rnf? 2) wef;wla&; (Equality) wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;wkdif; EkdifiHa&;t&jzpfap/ vlrsKd;a&;t&jzpfap/ wef;wl&nfwl tcGifhta&;&dSap&rnf? yifvpHk w d "f mwf&iS o f efazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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3) ukd,fykdifjyXmef;cGifh (Self-determination) wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;wkdif;onf EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_ponfh u¾toD;oD;wGif uk, d yf idk jf yXmef;cGihf tjynft h 0&daS p&rnf? 4) zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkr_rsm; (Federal principles) ukd,fykdifjyXmef;cGifh tjynfht0&dSaom jynfe,frsm;jzifzh @JG pnf;xm;aom zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpjk zpf&rnf? jynfaxmifpv k w $ af wmf wGif tm%mwlv$wfawmfESpf&yf xm;&dS&rnf? 5) vlenf;pkrsm;tcGit hf a&; (Minority Rights) jynfaxmifpt k zG@J 0ifEidk if rH sm;twGi;f aexkid =f u aom wkid ;f &if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;. tcGit hf a&;rsm;tm; zG@J pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'wGif twdt vif; umuG,fjyXmef;&rnf? 6) 'Drkdua&pDtcGifhta&;/ tajccHvl@tcGifhta&;ESifh usm;rqkdif&m wef;wlnDr_ (Democracy Human Right and Gender Equality) bmomt,l0g'/ tom;ta&mifuGJjym;r_rsm;ukd tajccHaom cGjJ cm;qufqjH cif;r&daS pbJ tajccHv@l tcGit hf a&;rsm;/ 'Dru dk a&pDtcGit hf a&;rsm; ukd umuG,fjyXmef;&rnf? 7) bmoma&;ukd tajcrcHaomEkdifiH (Secular state) bmoma&;ukd tajcrcHaom EkdifiHjzpf& rnf? 8) ygwDpkH'Drkdua&pDpepf (Multi-party Democracy system) zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk. ygwDpkH 'Drkdua&pDpepfukd usifhokH;&rnf? xdEk ;SD aESmzvS,yf }GJ uD;wGif Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf wkid ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm; csrw S x f m;cJh aomtajccHrlrsm;onf txufyg (8) csuftjyif vGwfvyfpGmyl;aygif;jcif;ESifh vGwfvyfpGmcGJxGufcGifh yg&Sdonf? odk@aomf yl;aygif;vmonfrSm=um+yDjzpfaoma=umifh xnfhoGif;&efrvdka=umif;/ cGx J GufcGifh ESiyhf wfoufIvnf; xnfo h iG ;f &efrvdak =umif;/ cJx G u G cf iG x hf uf wef;wl&nfwo l nfomv#if yk+d yD;ta&; }uD;a=umif;/ xk@d a=umifh tajccH&xm;&S&d rnfrh w l iG f cGx J u G cf iG x hf nfo h iG ;f jcif;rðyyJ ppfreS af omzuf'&,f jynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufoGm;&ef ESD;aESmzvS,fyJGu oabmwlcsrSwfxm;=uygonf?

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txufygtajccHxm;&dS&rnfh tajccHrl (8) csufyg&dSonfhtwdkif; zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'udk a&;qJ&G mwGif æ (1) wkdif;&if;om;jynfolvlxkrsm; EkdifiHa&;t& 'Drkdua&pDtcGifhta&; azmfaqmifay;a&;? (2) wkdif;&if;om;rsm; wef;wl&nfwl EkdifiHa&;tcGifhta&; azmfaqmifay;a&;? (3) jynfow l &yfv;Hk tajccHv@l ciG t hf a&; azmfaqmifay;a&; ponfh tcGit hf a&;}uD; (3) &yfudk umuG,fjyXmef; a&;qJG&rnfjzpfonf?

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317

(1) jynfolvlxkrsm; 'Dru kd a&pDtcGifhta&;azmfaqmifay;jcif; jynfov l x l ak e@pOftyk cf sKyfa&;/

ta&;ay:umv tkyfcsKyfa&;/ orRw (EdkifiHOao#mif}uD;) ppfaoemywdcsKyf

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jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f aygi;f (500) OD;

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trsKd;om;v$wfawmf udk,fpm;vS,faygif; (60) OD;

vl wodef; v#if (1) OD;

wjynfe,f v#if (6) OD;

vlOD;a&;oef;aygif; (50) oef; jynfolvlxkrsm; 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&; azmfaqmifjcif;

wdik ;f &if;om;v•lrsK;d rsm; Edik if aH &; wef;wl&nfwt l cGit hf a&; azmfaqmifjcif;?

jynfe,faygi;f (10) jynfe,f?

txufazmfjyyg Oyrm -ykpH ZH ,m;onf jynfov l x l rk sm; 'Dru kd a&pDtcGit hf a&;azmfqmifjcif;ESihf wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsKd;rsm; wef;wl&nfwltcGifhta&;azmfaqmifjcif;Z,m;jzpf+yD; atmufygtwdkif; qufvuf&Sif;vif;azmfjyonf?

wdkif;jynfwjynfwGif jynfolvlxkonfomv#if tm%mt&yf&yfudk ydkifqdkifxm;aom tm%mydkif&Sif tppftrSefjzpfonf? tm%mt&yf&yfonf jynfol@xHrS qif;oufap&rnf? jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if w H iG v f nf; tm%mykid o f nf {&m0wDjrpf/ oHviG jf rpf/ yJc;l ¶d;k r/ &Sr;f ¶k;d r/ &efukefòrŒ/ rEWav;òrŒr[kwfyg? EkdifiHtwGif;aexkdif=uonfh oef; 50 aom jynfolvlxkonfomv#if rlvtm%mydkif&Sif tppftrSefjzpfonf? jynfolvlxkwOD;pD wef;wl&nfwlykdifqkdifxm;onfh tm%m ukd vufawG@usifhokH;Ir&yg? odk@jzpfI vlOD;a&wodef;ykdifqkdifxm;onfh tm%mukdpk+yD; ukd,fpm;vS,f wOD;odk@ tm%may;tyfa&G;cs,f&jcif;jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh vlOD;a& 50 oef;&dSaom tm%mudkwnf aqmuf&ef vlOD;a&;wodef;v#if jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fwOD;uspD a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufrnf qdkygu jynfol@vGwfawmfukd,fpm;vS,faygif; (500) OD; &&Sdrnfjzpfygonf? jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,f pm;vS,f (500) OD;onf jynfolvlxkxHrS tm%m&&dSxm;aomfvnf; vufawG@rusifhokH;Edkifyg? jynfol@v$wfawmfudkac:,lusif;y+yD;rS jynfol@v$wfawmfu 0ef}uD;csKyfukd a&G;cs,fwifajr‡muf&rnf? 0ef}uD;csKyfEiS hf 0ef}uD;rsm;onf zJ@G pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'ESit hf nD tkycf sKyfyikd cf iG &hf o dS nf? TonfrmS jynfol vlxkxHrS jynfolvlxkxHokd@ 'Drkdua&pDtkyfcsKyfa&;,EW,m; vnfywfjcif;jzpfonf? 1990 ck/ ygwpD aHk &$;aumufyrGJ mS jynfov l x l rk sm; ykid q f idk x f m;aom wkid ;f jynftm%mrsm;ukd jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;okd@ ,kH=unfpGmjzifhay;tyfxm;+yD;jzpfaomfvnf; e0w§etz onf jynfol@v$wfawmfac:,lay;jcif;r&Sdojzifh ,ae@txd wkdif;jynftkyfcsKyfa&;,EW,m; rwnf aqmufEkdifjcif;jzpfonf? jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHwGif vlOD;a& oef; 50 &dSonfhteuf Armwkdif;&if;om; oef; 30 &d+S yD; tjcm;wkid ;f &if;om;rsm;tm;vk;H rSm oef; 20 &drS nfq=dk uygp@dk ? jynfo@l vw $ af wmfu, dk pf m;vS,af &$; yifvkHpdwf"mwf&Sifoefazmfaqmifa&;rSS

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cs,f&mrSm Armwdkif;&if;om;jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,faygif; 300 OD;&&dS+yD; tjcm;wkdif;&if;om; vlrsKd;rsm;tm;vkH; jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,faygif; 200 OD;om&&dSEdkifrnfjzpfonf? wkdif;&if;om;rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,f 200 OD;om&+yD; Armwkdif;&if;om;wrsKd;wnf;rS v$wf awmfu, dk pf m;vS,af ygi;f 300 OD;&onfukd rw&m;bl;[k ajymIr&yg? TuJo h @kd ajymqdyk gu vlwOD;csi;f .EkdifiHa&; 'Drkdua&pDykdifcGifhudk qef@usif&ma&mufoGm;rnf? Armwdkif;&if;om; oef; 30 &dSI jynfol@ v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,faygif; 300 OD; &&Sdjcif;onf jynfolvlxkwOD;csif;. wef;wl&nfwltcGifht a&; taumiftxnfazmfaqmifjcif;yifjzpfonf? xkdenf;wlpGm jynfolvlxkrsm;ukd ae@pOfESifhtrSs pDrHtkyfcsKyf&ef jynfol@v$wfawmfu jynf axmifpktpkd;&tzGJ@ukd a&$;cs,fwifajrmuf&rnfjzpfonf? 0ef}uD;csKyfa&G;cs,f&mwGif Armwdkif;&if; om;jynfo@l vw $ af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm;ojzifh 0ef}uD;csKyfvnf; Armwkid ;f &if;om; jynfo@l vw $ af wmf udk,fpm;vS,fxrJ S trsm;qkH;jzpfEdkifygonf? xkdenf;wl 0ef}uD;csKyfu 0ef}uD;tzJG@ 30 OD;a&G;cs,f&mwGif vnf; Armwkid ;f &if;om; jynfo@l v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm;xJrS 0ef}uD; 20 OD;ESihf tjcm;wkid ;f &if;om; jynfol@ v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f (10) OD;om ygrnfjzpfEdkifygonf? TonfrSm jynfolvlxkxHrS 'Drkdua&pDusifhpOfESifhtnD jzpfonf? jynfaxmifpk0ef}uD;csKyfESifh 0ef}uD;rsm;onf tkyfcsKyfykdifcGifhom&onf? Oya'ðyykdifcGifhr&dSyg/ jynfol@v$wfawmfESifh trsKd;om;v$wfawmfyg0ifonfh jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmfu a&;qJGjyXmef;xm; aomOya'twkid ;f tkycf sKyfyidk cf iG &hf o dS nf? jynfo@l vw $ af wmfEiS hf trsK;d om;v$waf wmfwiG v f nf; xyfwl Oya'ðytm%m&Sdojzifh rnfonfhv$wfawmfurS vGrf;rdk;xm;jcif;r&Sdyg?

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