အေနာ္ရထာအရင္ကျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဗိုလ္မွဴးဘရွင္

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

1

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

2

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

AkdvfrSL;b&Sif\

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

3

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

'kwd,tBudrf 1975? azaz:0g&Dv/ tkyfa& 2000 yef;csDrsKd;nGefYxGef; bavmuf vGif tzkH;&kduf oZif a&mif;aps; ajcmufusyf

ykHESdyfol

xkwfa0ol

OD;ausmfckdif(NrJ-01638)&Jabmfa[mif; rkd;ausmfatmif ykHESdyfwkduf? 149-37vrf;? &efukefNrdKU/ OD;aiGqkdif (NrJ-01362) aqGaqGarmfpmay? trSwf 210? tcef; 2/ &efuif;-&efukef/

4

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

pma&;ol\ xkwfa0cJhNyD;aom tjcm;pmtkyfrsm; 1/ acwfopfrmC 1937 Ä 2/ jrefrmEkdifiH aus;vufjyKjyifa&;pmwrf; 1939 3/ Oa&my pD;yGm;a&;orkdif; 1942 4/ jrefrmEkdifiHawmforkdif; 1948 5/ Loka Htaikpan 1962 6/ yk*Hrifpmpk okawoDc&D; tpD&ifcHpm 1964 7/ ppfa&;? EkdifiHa&;ESifhvlrIa&;qkdif&m orkdif; pmwrf;rsm; 1969

Ä

a'gufwm OD;omqkdif? a'gufwmtef'&yfwkdYESifhyl;wGJ jyKpkonf/

5

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

rmwdum -AkdvfrSL;b&Sif -ed'gef; tydkif; 1 ta&SUawmiftm&S ausmufacwf tydkif; 2 orkdif;OD; bkHajracwf tydkif; 3 ya'o&mZf acwfOD;\tp tykdif; 4 ysLya'o&mZfacwf tydkif; 5 a&S;jrefrmrsm; 0ifa&mufcJhykH tykdif; 6 wrĂœ'DyEkdifiH wnfaxmifjcif;

6

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

AkdvfrSL;b&Sif (1914-1971) þpmtkyo f nf Akv d rf LS ;b&Sif aemufq;Hk vufpowfjyKpo k mG ;Ekid f cJhaom pmtkyfjzpfonf/ (vufpowf roGm;EkdifcJhaom pmtkyfrSm ]yk*H acwfjrefrmEkdifiH} jzpfonf/)þpmtkyfudk AkdvfrSL;b&Sifonf tcef;i,f rsm;cGv J suf ]ynmwefaqmif}r*¾Zif;wGif OD;pGm tcef;qufoabmrsK;d az: jycJhonf/ 1968 *RefvrS 1968 Ekd0ifbmtxd jzpfonf/ xkdaemuf þ pmtkyf\tqufjzpfaom ]yk*Hacwf jrefrmEkdifiH}udk qufvufa&;om; jyKpkcJhonf/ odkYaomf tqkH;rowfEkdifrDrSmyif ESvkH;a&m*gjzifh 1971 *sef e0g&Dv 7&uf nae 5;50em&DtcsdefwGif uG,fvGefcJhonf/ AkdvfrSL;b&Sifonf pmayavmuESifh 1935-ckESpf(wuúodkvf ausmif;om;b0)uwnf;u eD;pyfxad wGUcJo h jl zpfonf/ jrefrmhtvif;ESihf ol&d,owif;pmwkdY\,k'oefaumvdyfowif;axmuftjzpf 1935 rS 1941txd aqmif&GufcJhNyD; owif;ESifhaqmif;yg; trsm;tjym;udk a&; om;cJhonf/ wuúokdvfausmif;om;b0rSmyif aus;vufawm&Gm jyKjyif a&;vkyfief;twGuf Soerates of School trnf&Sdpmtkyfudk jyKjyif bmomjyefonfh]acwfopfrmC}trnf&Sd pmtkyfudk 1937 ü a&;om; xkwaf 0cJo h nf/ ,k'oefaumvdyrf *¾Zif;wGiv f nf; aqmif;yg;trsm;a&; cJNh y;D jrefrmpmt,f'w D mtjzpfvnf; aqmif&u G cf \ hJ / ]jcif}trnf&dS vuf a&;r*¾Zif;\t,f'w D mtjzpfvnf; wESpaf qmif&u G cf ahJ o;onf/ 1938 wGif *syfqifaumvdyfrS ta&SUwkdif;&mZ0ifjzifh 0dZÆm*kPfxl;&cJhonf/ 7

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

1939 wGif a'gufwmOD;omqkdif? a'gufwmtef'&yfwkdYESifhtwl ]jrefrmEkdifiH aus;vufjyKjyifa&; pmwrf;}udk a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonf/ *syefacwfwGif tm&Svli,ftpnf;t&kH;\ÓPAvrSL;tjzpf vnf;aumif;? umuG,af &;wyfrawmf ynma&;t&m&St d jzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&u G cf NhJ y;D zufqpfawmfveS af &;wGiu f m; wkid ;f 4 &JabmfwOD;tjzpf awmfvSefa&;wm0efudk xrf;aqmifcJhonf/ odkYxrf;aqmif&if;u ]wkdif; 4 owif;pm}udk OD;pD;xkwfa0ao;&kHru awmfvSefa&;&Jabmfrsm;twGuf t&if;&Sifpepf ay:aygufvmykHtaMumif; jzpfaom ]Oa&mypD;yGm;a&; orkdif;}trnf&Sd usrf;wapmifudk a&;om;xkwfa0cJhao;onf/ ppfNyD;acwf a&mufaomf wyfrawmfodkY 0ifa&mufvsuf ppfrSwf wrf; wyfrSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? NAdwdefEkdifiHqkdif&m jrefrmppfoHrSL;(Akdvf rSL;BuD;tqifh)tjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&Gufonf/ ]jrefrmEkid if aH wmforkid ;f }udk 1948 jrefrmEkid if v H w G v f yfa&;&onfh ESpw f iG f a&;om;jyKpx k w k af 0cJo h nf/ (aemifaomf xkpd mtkyu f dk wuúov dk f 0ifwef; ausmif;okH;pmtkyftjzpf ESpftwefMum jy|mef;okH;pGJcJhonf/) wyfrawmfwiG f trIxrf;aepOftwGi;f ]ppfEv S ;Hk *sme,f}ESi]hf jr0wD r*¾Zif;}wkdYwGif ,Ofaus;rI? orkdif;ESifhppfa&;qkdif&m aqmif;yg;trsm; a&; cJo h nf/ xkjYd yif ]cav;*sme,f? Armhacwfowif;pmESijhf refrmhtvif;owif; pm}wkdYwGif cav;oli,frsm;twGuf aqmif;yg;rsm;ESifh]ppfynm*sme,f} wGif ppfa&;aqmif;yg;rsm;udk tvsifrjywf a&;cJhonf/ wyfrawmfrS tNidrf;pm;,lNyD;onfhaemufwGif jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif; aumfr&Sifü usrf;jyKt&m&Sdtjzpf trIxrf;cJhonf/ (onfht&ifu ta&SU zsm;ESifhjrefrmhorkdif; uxdutjzpfvnf; &efukefwuúodkvfü trIxrf;cJh onf/) 8

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

orkdif;aumfr&Sifü usrf;jyKt&m&Sdtjzpf aqmif&GufaepOfü ]orkdif;wHcGef*sme,f}wGif t*Fvdyf jrefrm ESpfbmomwkdYjzifh okawoe pmwef;rsm;udkvnf;aumif;? tapmqkH;yk*H,Ofaus;rIESifhjrefrmpmt aMumif;udk az:jyaom ]avmuxdyfyef}pmtkyfudk t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh vnf;aumif;? yk*Ha&S;a[mif; rifpmrsm;taMumif;az:jyaom ]yk*Hrifpm pkokawoec&D; tpD&ifcHpm}trnf&Sdpmtkyfudkvnf;aumif; a&;om;jyK pkcJhonf/ ,if;ESpftkyfudk orkdif;aumfrD&SifrSyif ykHESdyfxkwfa0cJhonf/ xkjdY yif ]jrefrmhp, G pf u Hk sr;f }üvnf; vlrsK;d pkqidk &f m jynfe,fqidk &f m ESifhorkdif;qkdif&mtaMumif;t&yfrsm;udk a&;om;cJhonf/ wuúodkvfrsm;tkyfcsKyfa&;rS BuD;rSL;xkwfa0aom ]ynmya'om pmapmif? 0dZmÆ ESio hf yd w HÜ uúov kd f jrefrmpmtoif;? owåaA'toif;? rGwf pvifausmif;om;rsm;toif; ponfwkdYrS xkwfa0aom r*¾Zif;rsm;ESifh ]aiGwm&D? ynmwefaqmif? vkyfom;jynfolYaeYpOf(t*FvdyfESifhjrefrm) owif;pmwkdYüvnf; okawoeaqmif;yg;trsm; a&;om;cJhonf/ Akv d rf LS ;b&Sio f nf aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;&mü Akv d rf LS ;b&Si?f OD;b&Sif [laom uavmiftrnfrsm;tjyif pHatmif? Akv d rf LS ;ÓP? armifyifwnf? okawoD? wkdif; 4&Jabmfa[mif;? uif;axmufarmif? 0&D;pH[laom u avmiftrnfcGJrsm;jzifhvnf; a&;om;cJhonf/ Akv d rf LS ;b&Sirf mS tpövmrfomoem0if wkid ;f &if;om;jrefrmtrsK;d om;wOD;jzpfonfhtavsmuf jrefrmEkdifiHtpövmrf omoema&;aumifpD XmecsKyf\taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyftjzpfvnf; uG,fvGefcsdeftxd aqmif&GufchJonf/ uG,fvGefcsdefü AkdvfrSL;b&SifwGif ZeD;a':cifarBuD;(owåaA' Xme uxdu)ESifhom; armifÓPfxdef? orD; rÓPfopf? reDvm? rat; 9

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

at;? raxG;axG;wkdYu usef&pfcJhonf/ Akv d rf LS ;b&Sio f nf ysO;f rem;NrKd U &Gmaumuf&yfZmwdjzpfNy;D ausmif; tkyfq&mBuD;OD;[def;? a':apm&ifwkdYrS 1914wGif zGm;jrifcJhonf/ uG,v f eG cf sed 端f jrefrmEkid if o H rkid ;f aumfr&Siw f iG f ]tapmydik ;f jrefrm EkdifiHorkdif;}usrf;udk jyKpkaeqJ jzpfonf/

10

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

ed'gef; OD;wnf&nf&G,fcsuf t&nftjcif; wlnMD uaom ta0;ckef tm;upm;orm;ESpOf ;D wGif t&Sdefaumif;pGm ,lEkdifaom &Snfonfhtajy;vrf;aumif;&Sdolu ,if;uJh odkYaom ajy;vrf;rsKd;r&Sdolxuf ykdía0;a0; ckefEkdifrnfom jzpfonf/ tvm;wlyif Ekid if w H ck\wk;d wufrt I wGuv f nf; t&Sed af umif;udk ay;Ekid f rnfh tpOftvmvrf;aMumif;wnf;[laom aemufco H rkid ;f pOf&&dS efvadk y onf/ þacwfajymif;awmfveS af &; umvtwGi;f jrefrmhq&dk , S v f pfvrf; pOftm;jzifh uREyfk w f EYdk idk if H vkyo f m;jynfow l \ Ydk Bu;D yGm;wk;d wufa&;twGuf a&SUokcYd sw D ufpeG pYf m;aqmif&u G af erIrsm;udk t&Sed af umif;ay;Ekid rf nfh uREyfk f wkdY\aemufcHorkdif;pOfonf &SdcJhygoavm/ &SdcJhygu rnfrQ &Snf&Snfa0; a0;&Sdí rnfrQaumif;rGefaom orkdif;pOf jzpfygoenf;/ orkdif;pOf[lonf orkdif;pOfqkd&mwGif 'EÅm&DrqH? ,kHwrf;pum;vnf; r[kwf ckdif vkaH om taxmuftxm;&Sí d obm0usaom orkid ;f pOf? odyeHÜ nf;usus ppfaq;vmvQifvnf; cHEkdif&nf&Sdaom vkyfom;jynfolwkdY\orkdif;pOfudk qkv d ydk gonf/ uREyfk w f \ Ydk Ekid if u H kd NAw d o d Qe,fcsUJ wkYd Bu;D pk;d cJph Ofu a&;om; cJah om Oa&myom; orkid ;f q&mwk\ Yd jrefrmEkid if o H rkid ;f wkw Yd iG f taxmuf txm;&Sdí obm0usaom jrefrmEkdifiHom;wkdY\orkdif;pOfonf yk*H t aemf&xmrif;Bu;D (11&mpkEpS rf sm;)ESiphf cJo h nf[k qkMd uonf/ olwo Ydk o d rQ 11

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

&Ekid o f rQaom taxmuftxm;rsm;t&om qkcd MhJ ujcif; jzpfayrnf/ ol wk\ Yd tqkt d &qkv d Qif uREyfk w f \ Ykd orkid ;f pOfonf ESpaf ygif; 900rQom Mum anmif;cJhao;onf[k em;vnf&ygonf/

jrefrmEkdifiHom;wkdY\orkdif;tp a&S;acwf jrefrmEkdifiH&mZ0ifq&mwkdYurl uREkfyfwkdY\orkdif;pOf onf jrwfpGmbk&m;vufxufawmfrwkdifrD (6&mpkbDpD)uyifponf[k tpOftvmt& qkdjyKcJhMuonf/ ,if;tqkdjyKcsufxufyifapmí uREkfyf wdkY\orkdif;pOfonf rpcJhoavm/ ajrxJyifv,fta&SUydkif;&Sd tD*spf? abbDvkHpaom EkdifiHwkdYwGif vlwkdY\ordkif;pOfonf bDpD 4000 ausmfu pcJhaMumif; ckdifvkHaom t axmuftxm;rsm;t& odEkdifonf/ tvm;wlyif w&kwfjynf a0jrpf0Srf; wGiv f nf;aumif;? taemufygupöwefjynf tdEK´ jrpf0rS ;f wGiv f nf;aumif; vlwkdY\orkdif;pOfonf bDpD 3000 ausmfu pcJhaMumif; az:xkwfay; onfh taxmuftxm;rsm;udk awGUcJh&NyDjzpfonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;vufxufrwkdifrDuyif uREkfyfwdkY\orkdif;pOf pcJh onf[al om a&S;acwf&mZ0ifq&mwk\ Yd tqkrd mS odyeHÜ nf;uspmG ppfaq; jcif;udk cHEkdifrIr&Sdaom tqkdjzpfonf[k tcsKdUu apm'uwufcJhMu\/ odyÜHenf;uspGm avhvmod&Sd&aom a&S;OD;vlrsm;? ausmufacwfa[mif; ausmufacwfv,f ausmufacwfopfvrl sm;jzpfonfh orkid ;f rwifraD cwf vlw\ Ydk taMumif;udk tjcm;tjcm;aom Ekid if w H w Ydk iG f awGU&SEd idk o f vkd uREyfk f wkdYEkdifiHwGifvnf; rawGU&SdEkdifoavm/

12

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

vlwkdY\orkdif;pOf[l&mü touf&SifaerItwGuf ,if;vlwkdYu BudK;yrf;aqmif&GufcJhykHrsm; taMumif;yif jzpfonf[k &dk;&kd;yif em;vnf Ekdifayonf/ touf&Sifae&ef BudK;yrf;jcif;qkdonfrSm pm;0wfaea&;t wGuf zefw;D aqmif&u G rf rI sm;yif jzpfonf/ ,if;okaYd qmif&u G &f mwGif ukef xkwfpGrf;tm;rsm;? ukefxkwfu&d,mrsm;udk tenf;enf;tzkHzkHwDxGif t okH;jyKvmcJhMu&onf/ þwGif ukefvkyfqufqHa&;onf rvGJraoGay: aygufvm&onf/ ,if;ukefvkyfqufqHa&;\enf;ESifhtoGifwkdYudk tajc jyKí vlwkdY\pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;? EkdifiHa&;ESifh,Ofaus;rIwkdYonf ykHwnf ay:aygufvmcJhonf/ ajymif;vGJvmcJh&onf/ þjzpfpOf jzpf&yfwkdYrSm t qef;wMu,f tHhbG,fo&Jjzpf&yfrsm; r[kwf/ jzpf&kd;jzpfpOftwkdif; jzpfcJh onfhomrefjzpfpOf?obm0usaom jzpfpOf? &kd;&kd;uav; jzpfysufvmcJh aom jzpfpOfom jzpfonf/ þjzpfpOfonfyifvQif vlwkdY\orkdif; jzpf onf/

taemf&xmt&ifu Oa&mywkdufom; orkdif;q&mwkdYu ckdifvkHaom jrefrmEkdifiH\ orkid ;f pOfonf taemf&xmrif;Bu;D vufxufavmufurS ponf[k qkcd hJ onfjzpf&m taemf&xmrif;BuD; rwkdifrDu uREkfyfwkdY\orkdif;pOfonf rnfokdY&SdcJhoenf;/ uREkfyfwkdY\ukefvkyfpGrf;tm;? ukefvkyfqufqHa&;? pD; yGm;a&;pepfESifh,Ofaus;rIwkdYonf rnfodkY&SdcJhoenf;/ uREkfyfwkdYEkdifiHwGif rnfonfu h mvavmufupí vlwaYdk exkid v f mcJMh uoenf;/ orkid ;f rwif rDacwfu vlwdkY\pD;yGm;a&;ESifhvlrIa&;b0wkdYonf rnfokdY&SdcJhoenf;/ uREyfk w f EYdk idk if w H iG f orkid ;f wifacwfonf rnfonft h csed af vmufu pwif cJo h enf;/ orkid ;f wifacwfponfrS taemf&xmrif;Bu;D vufxuf(11&m pkat'D)txd uREkfyfwkdYEkdifiHom;wkdY\jzpfpOfonf rnfokdY&SdcJhoenf;/ þ tar;wkdY\ tajzrsm;udk odvkdMurnfom jzpfayonf/

13

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

odyÜHenf;usus ppfaq;jcif;udk cHEkdifaom ckdifvkHonfhrl&if; t axmuftxm;rsm;ESifhtudk;tum;rsm; &SdrSom ,if;tar;rsm;udk ajzqkd Ekdifcsdrfhrnf/ ,if;odkY ajzEkdifpGrf;&Sdaprnfh taxmuftxm;rsm; &Sdygovm;/ &Sdygonf/ ESHYESHYpyfpyf jynfhjynhfpkHpkH &SmazGavhvmjcif;? wl;az:avhvmjcif; rjyKEkdifao;onfhwkdifatmif ajrjyifvTmay:rS tvG,fwul aumuf,l& &SEd idk af om a&S;a[mif;taxmuftxm;rsm; tawmftoifh &Sad eygonf/ xkdYjyif qufpyf,l&rnfhbmomaA'ESifhrEkóaA'taxmuftxm;rsm; udkvnf; tawmftoifh &SmazGEkdifygonf/ vufvrS ;f rDo S rQaom taxmuftxm;rsm;udk tajcjyKí uREyfk f wkEYd idk if t H wGi;f aexkid o f mG ;cJMh uaom orkid ;f rwifraD cwfvrl sm;ESit hf aemf &xmrif;BuD;vufxuftxd jzpfaom orkdif;wifacwftwGif; aexkdifcJh Muaom a&S;vlwkdYtouf&SifaerItwGuf vkH;yrf;cJhMu&ykHwkdYudk az:jy&m jzpfaom xkda&S;a[mif;vlwkdY\ukefvkyfqufqHa&;ESifh,Ofaus;rIqkdif&m taMumif;jcif;wrsm;udk acwfajymif;awmfvSefa&; qifETJvsuf&SdMuukef aom vkyo f m;jynfow l x Ydk H tMurf;tm;jzifh wifjy&ef[al om OD;wnfcsuf jzifh ]taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH}(jrefrmEkdifiH acwfa[mif;orkdif;) pmwef;rsm;udk a&;om;jyKpk&jcif; jzpfygaMumif;/

14

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

tydkif;(1) ta&SUawmiftm&S ausmufacwf

15

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

jynfaxmifpkorkdif;[lonf jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if \ H orkid ;f qk&d mü vlrsm;pkjzpfaom jrefrm pum;udk ajymqkdol wkdif;&if;om;wkdY\orkdif;udkom qkdvkdonfr[kwfyg/ jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHtjzpfyg0ifzGJUpnf;xm;tyfaom jynfaxmifpk wkdif;&if;om;tm;vkH;wkdY tusKH;0ifaomorkdif;jzpfonf/ tjriftm;jzifh vnf;aumif;? ajymqkdaom bmompum;t&vnf;aumif; þwdkif;&if; om;wk\ Yd toGit f rsK;d rsK;d aqmifí uGjJ ym;oa,mif&\ dS / pD;yGm;a&;tajc taeESifh,Ofaus;rItoGifwkdYwGifvnf; qlMuKHedrfhjrifh tqifhtrsKd;rsKd;wGif a&mufvsuf&SdMu\/ ,if;odkY uGJjym;jcm;em;vifhupm; þwkdif;&if;om;tm;vkH;wkdY\ ,Ofaus;rIwo Ydk nfvnf;aumif;? orkid ;f pOfonfvnf;aumif;? wenf;qkd aomf jynfaxmifpk,Ofaus;rIonfvnf;aumif;? jynfaxmifpkorkdif;pOf onfvnf;aumif; wlnDaom t&Sdeft[kef odkYr[kwf tpOftvmay: wGif wnfaeonf[k qkdEkdifonf/ ,if;wkdY\tajccHrSmvnf; rl&if;tm; jzifh wlnDonfom jzpf\/ þwdkif;&if;om;wkdY\pD;yGm;a&;? vlaerIb0ESifh,Ofaus;rIwkdYudk ajymif;vJapcJah om taMumif;w&m;rsm;onfvnf;aumif;? tpOftvm wkdYonfvnf;aumif; xyfwlxyfrQom &SdcJhonfjzpf\/

16

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

tpudk &Smaomf jynfaxmifp, k Ofaus;rIEiS jhf ynfaxmifpo k rkid ;f pOf\tponf t b,fenf;/ rnfodkY pwifcJhí rnfodkYtqifhqifh ajymif;vJvmcJhoenf;/ þtaMumif;udk avhvm&mwGif jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHwck wnf;udk uGuí f avhvm&ef rjzpfEidk af y/ ,ckacwfwiG f tjynfjynfqidk f &m e,fedrdwfrsm;jzifh ydkif;jcm;xm;aom ta&SUawmiftm&SEkdifiHwkdYudk w uGw J jym;pD jrifawGUae&onf/ orkid ;f \acwfumv twkid ;f tqESiMhf unfh aomf ,if;odkYe,fedrdwfqGJí uGJjym;vmonfrSm raeYwaeYuudpörsKd;om jzpfonf/ yx0Dtaetxm;t& jrefrmEkdifiHonf ta&SUawmiftm&S&Sd avm? ,dk;',m;? rav;? uarÁm'D;,m;? awmifESifhajrmufAD,uferfEkdifiH wkdYESifha&? ajrwaMumwnf; wpyfwnf; wajy;wnf; jzpfonf/ þodkY wpyfwnf;&Sad om ta&SUawmiftm&SwiG f a&S;acwfa[mif;twGi;f u vl wkdY\vIyf&Sm;a&TUajymif;aexkdifrI? ,Ofaus;rIpwifykHwnfrI? jyefYESHYrIESifh ajymif;vJrIwkdYrSm EkdifiHudkvkdufí woD;wjcm;pDjzpfay:vmcJhjcif;r[kwf/ Murf;wajy;wnf; &Sdonfhtm;avsmfpGm wavQmuf wajy;wnf; jzpfay: ajymif;vJcJhjcif;om jzpfonf/ odjYk zpfí jynfaxmifpEk idk if \ H acwfO;D ydik ;f orkid ;f udk avhvm&mwGif ta&SUawmftm&Sw&yfvkH;ESifh[yfí qufpyfí avhvm&ef vkdtyfonf [kqkdjcif;jzpfonf/

17

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

ta&SUawmiftm&SESifhvltp vlonf t"dujzpfonf/ vlonf orkdif;udk zefwD;olvnf; jzpf onf/ jrefrmEkid if o H rkid ;f \tpudq k v dk Qif ta&SUawmiftm&Sorkid ;f \tp udk qkd&rnf/ ta&SUawmiftm&Sorkdif;tpudkqkdvQif xkda'o\vlwkdY\ tpESifhyif pwif&rnfjzpfonf/ AkdeD,kduRef; ta&SUawmiftm&SwGif urÇmOD;vl\tpudk awGUcJh&NyD;jzpfonf/ dS nf/ a&S;OD;vlwYdk Aked , D u dk Re;f \taemufyikd ;f wGif eDtm;1 [kac:aom*l&o aeoGm;cJah om*ljzpfonf/ þ*lwiG f wl;az:awGU&aom taxmuftxm; udk a&'D,kdumbGefenf;ESifhprf;oyfMunfhaomtcg c&pfray:rDESpfaygif; 2195 cefYu[k twefckdifvkHpGm od&onf/ *sm;0g;vl2 rS rEkóvlom;3 þxufapmonf[k ,lq&aom vl\tpudk *sm;0g;uRef;wGif awGU&onf/ *sm;0g;uRef; qkdvkd4jrpf0Srf;wGif urÇmOD;vl\ausmufjzpf&kyf <uif;udk awGUcJ&h onf/ xku d rÇmOD;vlukd *sm;0g;vl[k ac:onf/ xkjd rpf0rS ;f wGifvnf;aumif;? *sm;0g;uRef;awmifydkif; 0'fh*suf5a'owwGifvnf; aumif;? MopaMw;vswkduf r,fvbkef;NrdKUteD; uJavm6a'owGifvnf; aumif; urÇmOD;vltqifhrS rEkóvlom;tqifhodkY tqifhqifh ajymif; vJwkd;wufvmaomvlwkdY\ausmufjzpf&kyf<uif;rsm;udk awGUcJh&onf/ 1. Niah 2. Pithican-throid 3. Homo Sapien 4. Solo 5. Wadjak 6. Keilor 18

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

vlay:aygufNyD;aemuf tqifhqifhajymif;vJcJhykH ta&SUawmiftm&SwGif vlay:aygufcJhNyD;aemuf tqifhqifwkd; wufajymif;vJcyhJ u Hk o kd rkid ;f rwifraD cwf blrad A'ynm&Siw f u Ydk þodjYk zpf cJh[efwlonf[k ,lqMu\/ a&S;OD;pGm *sm;0g;vl\toGifrS qkdvkdvltoGif1? ,if;rS 0'f*suf uJavm rEkóvlom;toGifodkY a&mufvmcJh\/ ta&SUawmiftm&SwGif þa&S;tusq;Hk aom rEkóvlom;wkrYd S ajymif;vJvmaomtoGirf S ,aeY wkdif &Sdaeaom MopaMwvRduf2vl\toGifjzpfonf/ NrdwfuRef;pk&Sd qvkHrav;wkdYwGifvnf;aumif;? rav;uRef;qG,f tv,fydkif; awmeuftwGif;ae qudkif3vlwkdYwGifvnf; MopaMwvRduf vlwkdY\toGifudk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; awGUEkdifayonf/ a&S;OD;vlwkdYjyefYESHYcJhykH ,ckacwfwiG f tif'ekd ;D &Sm;uRe;f pkonf ta&SUawmiftm&Suek ;f r ESifhyifv,fjcm;vsuf &Sd\/ a&S;usvSaom acwfwacwfuaomf wpyf wajy;wnf; &SdcJhonf[k blrdaA'ynm&SifwkdYu qkdMu\/ a&S;OD;vlwkdY onf wae&mwnf;wGif pGJpGJNrJNrJaecJhjcif;r&Sd/ jyefYESHYí oGm;vmaecJhMu [efwo l nf/ taMumif;rSm þ*sm;0g;vlwx Ydk uf wk;d wufaeaom tjcm; vlwkdY\taxmuftxm;wkdYudk tjcm;a'orsm;ü awGUcJh&jcif;aMumifhjzpf ayonf/ w&kwjf ynf yDuif;NrKd UteD; csLudw k ,ef*w l w Ykd iG f awGU&aomurÇm 1. Solo Man 2. Australoid 3. Sakai 19

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

OD;vl\ausmufjzpf&kyf<uif;wkdYrSm *sm;0g;vlxuf wkd;wufaeaMumif;od& \/ þvludk yDuif;vl[k ac:Muonf/ xkdrSwyg; ,ckajrmufAD,uferf \ajrmufydkif;wGif yDuif;vlESifhqufonfhausmufjzpf&kyf<uif; vl\oGm; rsm;udk awGUcJh&jyefonf/ a&S;OD; vla&pD;aMumif;rsm; þtaxmuftxm;wku Yd kd tajcjyKí a&S;ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGmuwnf; u ta&SUawmiftm&SwGif vlrsm;ay:xGef;cJhonf/ a&TUajymif;oGm;vmcJh Muonf/ vlwkdY\a&TUajymif;oGm;vmrIwnf;[laom vla&pD;aMumif;wkdY tajrmuftjrm; &SdcJhonf/ ,if;a&pD;aMumif;wkdYrSm t&yfrsufESmwzuf wnf;odkYom pD;qif;onfr[kwf/ t&yfrsufESmtoD;oD;odkY &IyfaxG;pGm pDqif;cJhMuonf/ vla&pD;aMumif;wkdY awGUqkHaygif;pnf;rdonfvnf; &Sd onf/ wckudkwcku wGef;vSefy,f&Sm;ypfonfvnf; &Sdonf/ vrf;vTJypf onfvnf; &Sdonf/ vlom;wko Yd nf tpOfwpdu k f vIy&f mS ;a&TUajymif;cJMh uonfomjzpf \/ touf&iS Ef idk af &;ESib hf 0wnfwefrY t I wGuf cGet f m;udk tok;H jyKvsuf wDxiG f Muq H rIwu Ydk kd jyKc&hJ onf/ tawGUtMuKw H nf;[laom q&m\enf; vrf;jyrIaMumifh b0\vkjH cKrH t I wGuf topftqef;jzpfaom aqmif&u G f rIrsm;onf ay:aygufcJh&onf/ þodYkjzifh vlY,Ofaus;rI\tponf jzpf cJhonf/ vlom;\pGrf;yum;okH;rI þa&S;vlwdkYaMumifh ta&SUawmiftm&Sonf touf0ifí vIyf vIyf&Sm;&Sm; &SdcJh\/ xl;jcm;qef;us,faom vIyf&Sm;rI? us,fjyefYaom vIyf &Sm;rIrsm; &SdcJhonf/ þvIyf&Sm;rItrsKd;rsKd;wGif vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh,Of aus;rIqkdif&m vIyf&Sm;rItrsm; yg0ifvmcJhonf/ þonfwkdYum; vlay: xGef;í tpkvkduf a&GUvsm;vSnfhvnfMupOfuwnf;uyif jzpfonf/ þ 20

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

odYk urÇmOD;vlom;wk\ Yd vIy&f mS ;a&TUajymif;oGm;vmrIEiS v hf o l m;\pGr;f yum; udk tokH;jyKrIwkdYwGif ta&SUawmiftm&Sonf urÇmhtjcm;a'orsm;xuf ydkrkdvGefuJonf[k qkdbG,f&m&Sdayonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHESifha&S;OD;vl ta&SUawmiftm&Svlom;wkdY\ vIyf&Sm;rIESifh,Ofaus;rI\tp wGif jrefrmEkdifiHonf rnfodkYyg0ifcJhoenf;/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif urÇmOD;vl \ausmufjzpf&kyf<uif;udk rawGU&ao;yg/ orkdif;rwifrDacwf urÇmOD; wd&pämefwdkY\ausmufjzpf&kyf<uif;rsm;udkum; {&m0wDjrpf0Srf;wGif trsm; tjym;awGUcJh&onf/ vl\ausmufjzpf&kyf<uif;udk rawGU&aomfvnf; t xufwGif qkdcJhaom vla&pD;aMumif;rsm; pD;qif;onfhrlt& jrefrmEkdifiH wGif a&S;OD;vlrsm; &SdoGm;cJhonf[k qkdEkdifayonf/ txl;ojzifh xkdvlwkdY xm;&pfcahJ om oJveG pf taxmuftxm;rsm;udk awGU&Sx d m;&NyjD zpf&m jref rmEkdifiHü a&S;OD;vlrsm;aexkdifoGm;cJhMuonf[laom tcsufudk oHo, jzpf&efrvkday/ ausmufacwfOD; ,if;a&S;OD;vlwkdY xm;&pfcJhonfhoJvGefp taxmuftxm;rsm; qko d nfrmS xkv d w l b Ydk 0&yfwnfrt I wGuf tok;H jyKcMhJ uaom ausmufMurf; vufeufrsm;yif jzpfonf/ od&orQaomf vlwkdYonf þausmufMurf; vufeufrsm;ukd ukefxkwfu&d,mrsm;tjzpf trsm;tpm; a&S;OD;vufrGef okH;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí þausmufMurf;vufeuf tokH;jyKonfh vl wdkY\acwfumvudk ausmufacwfOD;[k ac:Muonf/ vufeuf[k qkdapumrl ykHoP²mef az:jyxm;jcif;r&Sd/ qkyfEkdif udik Ef idk t f &G,&f adS om yifu, dk t f wkid ;f jzpfonfah usmufw;Hk i,frsm;omjzpf onf/ omreftm;jzifh þvufeufudk &kd;&kd;ausmufwkH;i,fESifhcGJjcm;&ef 21

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

rvG,u f al y/ obm0tavsmufyg&Sad om tpGe;f bufwiG f qkwcf mG onfh enf;jzifh rnDrnm toGm;ozG,f az:xm;jcif;omvQif xl;jcm;onf/ MunfhwwfrS ,if;toGm;ygaMumif;? toGm;udk ckwfpOf;&mwGif tokH;jyK cJhaMumif; odomEkdifygonf/ þukefxkwfu&d,mausmufMurf;vufeufrsm;udk jyKvkyfaom ausmuftrsKd;tpm; 2-rsKd;&Sdonfudk awGU&onf/ wrsKd;rSm opfyif\ ausmufjzpf&kyf<uif;jzpfaom tifMuif;ausmuf jzpfonf/ ayyif? xef; yifrSjzpfaom ausmufjzpf&kyf<uif; vufeuftcsKdUudkyif awGU&onf/ t jcm;wrsK;d rSm qDvu D mygaom rD;awmufausmufrsK;d 1jzpfonf/ þausmuf rsKd;ESifhjyKvkyfaom ausmufMurf;vufeufrsKd;udk ydkíawGU&onf/ ausmufacwfO;D vlwYdk xm;&pfcahJ om þvufeufrsm;udk rk;d acgif a&&Sm;&yf0ef; {&m0wDjrpfrsm;\urf;yg;qifhrsm;wGif trsm;tpm;awGU& onf/ &Srf;jynfawmifydkif;üvnf; tenf;tusOf;awGU&onf/ odkYjzpfí jrefrmEkid if w H iG f ausmufacwfO;D vlwo Ydk nf rk;d acgifa&&Sm;&yf0ef; {&m0wD jrpf\urf;yg;qifhrsm;ESifh&Srf;jynfawmifydkif;wGif aeoGm;cJhMuonf[k qkd bG,f&m&Sdonf/ tnmom;(tnmoD,ef),Ofaus;rI2 þausmufMurf;vufeufrsm;udk tokH;jyKcJhaom jrefrmEkdifiH ausmufacwfOD;vlwkdY\,Ofaus;rIudk orkdif;rwifrDacwf ynm&SifwkdYu tnmom;(tnmoD,ef),Ofaus;rI[k uifyGef;wyfxm;Mu\/ ausmufvufeufrsm;udak wGU&onfah jrvTmtqifrh sm;udk blrad A' ynmt&qef;ppfívnf;aumif;? ausmufvufeufwkdY\t&G,fuGJjym;rI 1. Silicifide Tuff 2. Anyathian Culture 22

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

udkaxmufívnf;aumif;? tnmom;,Ofaus;rIudk tapmydkif;acwfESifh aemufydkif;acwf[k acwfESpfacwf cGJjcm;xm;onf/ wzef tvm;wlyif tapmydkif;acwfudk tqifhokH;qifh? aemuf ydkif;acwfudk tqifhESpfqifh xyfrHí cGJjcm;Ekdifonf/ aemufydkif;acwfwGif ausmufvufeufwkdYonf t&G,fi,fvm onf/ ok;H pGo J nfeh nf;vnf; ydrk rdk sm;jym;vmonf/ ydrk adk umif;rGev f monf/ vufESifhqkyfudkifíom okH;onf/ tydkvufudkif&kd;wyfí okH;jcif;rsKd;r&SdcJh ay/ pif;&ef? ckwf&ef? cGJ&ef? jcpf&efwkdYtwGuf okH;cJh[efwlaom vufeuf rsm;ygonf/ wpkwpnf;wnf;&SdcJhaom ta&SUawmiftm&S ausmufacwfOD;onf jrefrmEkdifiHwGifomru ,kd;',m;EkdifiH? r av;uRef;qG,f? *sm;0g;uRef;? qJvJADuRef;? AkdeD,kduRef;ESifhzdvdpfydkifuRef; wkdYwGifvnf; ay:xGef;cJh\/ þEkdifiHtoD;oD;wGif aexkdifcJhMuaom ausmufacwfO;D vlwo Ydk nf tcsi;f csi;f qufqrH &I MdS uonf[q k Edk idk \ f /t aMumif;rSm a'oyif a0;uGmjcm;aomfvnf; tokH;jyKaomausmufvuf eufwdkYrSm trsKd;tpm; ykHoP²mefESifhtxl;ojzifh toGm;az:eef;wkdYwGif vGepf mG wlaeonf/ ausmufvufeufwrYdk mS tm;vk;H obm0taetwkid ;f &Sdaom yifudk,fausmufwkH;i,frsm;om jzpfMuonf/ þtcsufu ta&SUawmiftm&SwGif tvGefa&S;usaom umv uwnf;u vla&pD;aMumif;rsm; pD;qif;aecJhonf/ vlwkdY\vIyf&Sm;a&TU ajymif; oGm;vmrI&SdcJhonf[laomtcsufudk axmufcHaeayonf/ xkdrS wyg; ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'oonf þausmufacwfOD;u wpkwpnf; wnf;usaom wrsKd;wnf;jzpfaom orkdif;toGifaqmifaeonfudk xif &Sm;apayonf/ 23

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

ta&SUawmiftm&S ausmufacwfOD;onf w&kwfjynftm&S t v,fyikd ;f wkEYd iS v hf nf; tquftoG,f &Scd [ hJ efw\ l / taMumif;rSm w&kwf jynfawmifydkif; ,DusifESifhcsKHuifpyfMum; ,efpDjrpfurf;yg;? w&kwfjynf ajrmufyikd ;f csLudw k ,ef*?l &Sepf ED iS &hf eJS pf pD yfMum; jrpf0gjrpf0rS ;f a'oESit hf m&S tv,fydkif; Moa'gh(pf)a'owkdYü awGU&aom ausmufacwfOD;vufeuf wko Yd nf ta&SUawmiftm&S ausmufacwfO;D vufeufwEYdk iS w hf al omaMumifh wnf;/ taemufESifhuGJjym;csuf f nf; tvm; taemufygupöwef? yef*syef ,f pdt k ef1jrpf0rS ;f wGiv wl ausmufacwfOD;vufeufwkdYudk awGUcJh&onf/ odkYaomf xl;jcm;aom uGJjym;rI&Sd\/ ,if;wkdYrSm ta&SUawmiftm&S ausmufacwfOD;vufeufwkdY udk ausmufwkH;\rsufESmwzufwGifom qwfcGmí toGm;az:onf/ aqmufoGm;\ oabmrsKd;jzpfonf/ pdktefausmufvufeuftcsKdUrSm ausmufwkH;\ rsufESmESpfzufvkH;udk qwfcGmí toGm;az:xm;onf/ ausmufykqdefoabm jzpfonf/ þvufeufrsKd;rSm Oa&myESifhtmz&du ausmufacwfOD;wkdY\xl;jcm;aom trSwftom; jzpfonf/ þtaemufa'o ausmufacwfO;D ESirhf wlaom tcsurf mS jrefrm EkdifiHESifhta&SUawmiftm&SwGif vufeufudkif ausmufykqdefrsKd; r&SdcJhjcif; yif jzpfonf/ ausmufacwfOD; ,Ofaus;rI ausmufacwfO;D wGif jrefrmEkid if üH tnmoD,ef(tnmom;),Of aus;rI pwifcJh\/ xkdacwfvlwdkY\b0&yfwnfrItwGuf vIyf&Sm;aqmif &GufrIrsm;ESifh,Ofaus;rItajctaeudk qkd&mü xkdacwf vlwkdY tokH;jyKcJh 1. Soan 24

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

aomausmufvufeufypön;f wdu Yk o kd mvQif taxmuftxm;jyKí cefrY eS ;f az:jyEkid af yrnf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh xifjrif,q l csuw f u Ydk kd csichf sed jf yKvyk f íom qkdEkdifayrnf/ tpm&SmazG pkaqmif;&onfh pD;yGm;a&;b0 vlwkdYonf tpmudk &SmazGpkaqmif;EkdifonfhtqifhwGifom &SdMu ao;onf/ tajcwpkduf aexkdifjcif;r&Sdao;/ vSnfhvnfoGm;vmí t ouf&iS af exkid rf u I kd vk;H yrf;Mu&onf/ rsm;jym;vSaom obm0tEÅ&m,f tMum;wGif olwkdYtrSDo[J jyKEkdifaom tultnDwkdYrSm ausmufMurf; vufeufrsm; rD;ESi, hf Ofyg;vmaom acG;wkaYd vmufom &Scd ahJ yrnf/ acwå em;ck&d mwGif rD;&IUd íawm&Si;f jcif;? om;&Jw&d pämefrsm;udk a0;&modEYk iS jf cif;? opfyifjrifrh sm;wGif todu k t f tkzH UJG í tdyjf cif;wku Yd kd jyKc&hJ ayrnf/ ausmuf *lrsm;? ausmufaqmif&dyfrsm;rSmvnf; olwkdYuGef;cdkcJh&m ae&mrsm;jzpfay rnf/ t0wftpm; 0wfpm;qif,ifrI[líum; &SdOD;rnfrxif/ 0g;yif? MuHyif? udkif; yifwkdYuJhodkYaom obm0ayguftyifwkdY\tokH;udkom olwkdYodcJhMu[ef wl\/ olwkdYydkifqkdifí tNrJwap xdef;odrf;xm;&rnfh yk*¾vduykdifypönf; rsKd;um; r&Sdao;[k qkdEkdifonf/ olwkdY\toufarG;rIrSm trJvkdufjcif;? opfoD;0vH&SmazGpm;aomufjcif;wkdYavmufom &SdcJhayrnf/ xkdacwfvl wkdYonf tom;tjyif ozef;oD;? wnfoD;? iSufaysmoD;? ydef;O? arsmuf O? jrufoD;ESifhrIdESifhMuHyif? yifv,furf;ESifha&em;wGif aeMuolwkdYonf ig;? c&k? a,mufoGm; paom a&owå0grsm;ESifhtkef;oD;avmufudkom pm;okH;cJhonf[k ,lq&\/

25

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

vlaerItzGJUtpnf; vkdtyfvmvQif pkaygif;aqmif&Gufí cGJa0pm;okH;MuonfrSty olw\ Ydk vlUtzGUJ tpnf;rSm tkypf o k abmrQom &Sad yrnf/ tdraf xmifonf b0? rdom;pkb0[lí &Sd[efrwlay/ olwkdY\b0rSm tvGefa&S;usvS aom 0dkif;vkyf0dkif;pm; bkHb0\tpjzpfonf[k qkdEkdifayonf/ ukefvkyfqufqHa&;ESifh,kHMunfrI olw\ Ydk ukev f yk q f ufqaH &;? olw\ Ydk ukev f yk u f &d,mESiu hf ek v f yk f pGrf;tm;wkdYrSmvnf; txufwGif qkdcJhonfhtwkdif; &kd;&kd;ESifh&Sif;&Sif;yifjzpf onf/ xl;jcm;aom ,kHMunfrIvnf; &Sd[efrwl/ tHhbG,fo&J&Sdí cefYnm; BuD;rm;onfhanmifyifuJhodkYaom tyifBuD;rsm;udk aMumuf&GHUav;pm;rI um; pwifcJhayNyD[k ,lq&\/ ausmufacwfO;D \umvtydik ;f tjcm;udk twdtus rqkEd idk af o; ay/ yvkdif;pwkd;pD;1uyf\tv,fydkif;ESifhtay:ydkif;umvwkdYwGif ay: aygufcJhonf[k cefYrSef;Mu\/ ausmufacwfv,f ausmufacwfOD;jzpfaom tnmom;,Ofaus;rIonf jrefrmEkdif iHwiG f axmifEiS chf sí D ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm Mumanmif;cJ\ h / b0tawGUtMuKH wkdYu olwkdY\todudk wkd;wufapcJhonf/ wDxGifrIudk jzpfapcJhonf/ vl onf b0wnfNrJa&;twGuf tajctaeESifhywf0ef;usifwkdYESifhpyf[yfrd atmif jyKjyifvmcJMh uonfom jzpfayrnf/ þodaYk jymif;vJrw I o Ydk nf jzpf cJh\/ ajymif;vJrIqkd&mü t"duajymif;vJrIrSm ukefxkwfu&d,mjzpfaom ausmufvufeufrsm; ajymif;vJvmjcif;jzpfonf/ 1. Pleistocene 26

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

vlb Y 0onf ydí k axGjym;vmonfEiS t hf rQ tok;H jyKaom ukex f w k f u&d,monfvnf; tokH;trsKd;rsKd;ESifhudkufnDatmif ajymif;vJvmonf/ ausmufvufeufwkdY\ykHoP²mef? tokH;ESifhpGrf;tm;wkdYonf wkd;wuf aumif;rGefvmcJh\/ ,if;odkYajymif;vJonfESifhtrQ vlwkdY\pD;yGm;a&;b0? vlraI &;b0onfvnf; ajymif;vmonf/ þodjYk zifh ,Ofaus;rIonfvnf; toGifopfudk aqmifvmcJhayonf/ ,if;odkY wkd;wufvmaom olwkdY\acwfudk ]ausmufacwfv,f} [kynwfMuonf/ ay:aygufcJh&ma'orsm; ausmufacwfv,fokH; ausmufvufeufypönf;rsm;udk plrmMw uRe;f ? zdvpfyikd u f Re;f ? rav;uRe;f pG,?f ,k;d ',m;Ekid if EH iS ahf jrmufA, D uferf EkdifiHwkdYwGif txift&Sm; awGUcJhMuNyD;jzpfonf/ w&kwfjynfawmifydkif;ü vnf; awGUcJhMuonf/ rkdif;yGefe,f jrefrmEkid if w H iG f ausmufacwfv,f taxmuftxm;rsm;udak wGU &NyD[k twdtus rqkdEkdifao;yg/ odkYaomf &Srf;jynfawmifydkif; rkdif;yGef e,f ausmufaqmif&yd w f ckatmufwiG f ausmufvufeuf tydik ;f tprsm; udk awGUcJh&\/ ,if;ausmufvufeuf tydkif;tpwkdYrSm ausmufacwf v,fvufeufw\ Ydk tydik ;f tp[k orkid ;f rwifraD cwf ynm&Siw f u Ydk ,lq Muonf/ odkYjzpfí &Srf;jynfawmifydkif; rkdif;yGefe,f&Sd tqkdyg ausmuf aqmif&dyfrSm wcsdefu ausmufacwfv,fvlwkdY aexkdifoGm;cJh&m uGef;ckd cJh&mae&m[k qkdbG,f&m&Sdayonf/

27

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

AD,uferfESifhrav;rS taxmuftxm; ajrmufA, D uferfEidk if H [EGKid Nf rKd Uawmifbuf&dS AufpH1k *lrsm;? ,if; *lrsm;teD;&Sd [dktmAif;2*lrsm;? rav;EkdifiHajrmufydkif; y&ufESifhy[ef*l rsm;wGif awGU&aom ausmufacwfv,fvufeufypönf;wkdY\taxmuf txm;wkdYrSm ausmufacwfv,fvlwkdY\b0ESifh,Ofaus;rIwkdYudk tawmf twef cefYrSef;od&Sd&onf/ ta&SUawmiftm&SwGif a&S;ya0oPDuyif vla&pD;aMumif;rsm; pD;qif;cJhonf[laomrlt& ausmufacwfOD;rSmuJhodkY ausmufacwfv,f wGifvnf; vla&pD;aMumif;wkdYonf pD;qif;cJhonfjzpf&m jrefrmEkdifiHwGif rawGU&ao;vifhupm; ausmufacwfv,f ,Ofaus;rIonf jrefrmEkdifiH wGifvnf; ay:aygufcJhonf[k ,lqbG,f&m&Sd\/ ausmufacwfv,f vlwkdY\tquftEG,frsm; ajrmufA, D uferfAufp*Hk w l iG ;f atmufq;Hk tvTmwGif awGU&aom ausmufacwfv,f vlw\ Ydk t&k;d pkwrYdk mS ,ckacwfe,l*eD u D Re;f &Sd r,fveD; &Si;f eD*&k;d wk\ Yd t&k;d pkrsm;ESiw hf n l aD Mumif; okawoDwu Ydk qko d nf/ odjYk zpf í þe,l;*DerD ,fveD;&Si;f vlrsK;d wkrYd mS ausmufacwfv,fvw l \ Ydk tquf tEG,f[k ,lq&onf/ tmoHe,fESifhjrefrmEkdifiHe,fpyf&Sd ukef;jrifhrsm; wGiv f nf;aumif;? tif'rifuRe;f awmifbuf&dS euAm&DuRe;f om;rsm;wGif vnf;aumif; þr,fveD;&Si;f vlrsK;d \taoG;ta&mifEiS Mhf ueftifvu©Pm rsm;ay:xGef;wwfonfudk awGU&\/ þonfwkdYuvnf; ausmufacwf v,fvlwkdYonf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif aeoGm;cJhbl;aMumif;udk axmufcHaeay onf/ 1. Baeson 2. Hoa-binh 28

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

eD*&GKdufrsm; vlrsKd;rEkóaA't& þvlrsKd;udk eD*&GKduf[k ac:onf/ eD*&GKduf wGif t&yf&Snfol t&yfykol[k ESpfrsKd;&Sdonf/ vlrsKd;rEkóaA'ynm&Sif wkdYu ykaomeD*&GKduf(eD*&pfwkdeD*&kd;vlyk)rsm;onf eD*&kd;vl&Snfrsm;xuf ydkíapmonf[k qdkMu\/ r,fveD;&Sif;wkdYrSm eD*&kd;vl&Snfrsm; jzpfMu\/ &SdESifhNyD;aom MopaMwvGKdufrsm;ESifheD*&pfwkdwkdY aoG;aESm&mrS r,fveD; &Sif;rsm; ay:xGef;vmjcif;jzpfonf[kqkdMuonf/ odkYjzpf&um; ausmuf acwfv,frS qif;oufaygufzGm;í ,aeYwkdif&Sdaeao;aom tjcm;t quftEG,fwkdYrSm wuRef;ac: tif'rifuRef;&Sd eD*&kd;ykrsm;? rav;uRef; qG,ftv,fykdif;ae qDrefrsm;1 auvefwefe,f&Sd yef*ef2rsm;? zdvpf ydkifuRef;&Sd ttDw3rsm; paom eD*&dk;vlykrsm; jzpfMuonf[kqkd&ayrnf/ olw\ Ydk ,aeY,Ofaus;rItajctaerSmvnf; ausmufacwfv,f,Ofaus; rItajctaexuf rsm;pGmomvGefjcif; r&Sdao;ay/ ausmufacwfv,f\umv ausmufacwfv,f\a&S;tusqkH;tydkif;onf c&pfray:rDESpf 10000-cefYwGif pwifcJh[efwlaMumif; ynm&SdwkdYu cefYrSef;Muonf/ xkdacwfvlwkdY tokH;jyKcJhaom vufeufrsm;? tokH;taqmif ypönf;rsm;? olwkdYrS qif;oufonf[k,lq&aom ,ckacwf&Sd rwkd;wuf ao;aom vlrsK;d pkw\ Ydk rl&if;a0g[m&rsm;? ,if;vlw\ Ydk a&S;usaom tavh txrsm;udk tajcjyKí ausmufacwfv,fvlwkdY\b0udk cefYrSef;od&SdEkdif ayonf/ 1. Semang 2. Pangan

3. Aeta

29

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

pD;yGm;a&;b0 ausmufacwfv,fvlwkdYonf ausmufacwfa[mif;vlwkdYuJhodkY yif tajcwpku d af eMujcif; r&Sad o;ay/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh vSnv hf nfomG ; vmaeolrsm; jzpfonf/ ausmufacwfa[mif;vlwkdYuJhodkYyif tpm;tpm udk &SmazGpkaqmif;onfhpD;yGm;a&;b0ü&Sdaeí trJvkdufjcif;? a&owå0g rsm;udk zrf;qD;jcif;? opfoD;opfOESifhtoD;tESHrsm;udk &SmazGpkaqmif;jcif; jzifh toufarG;Muonf[k omreftm;jzifh qk&d ef&adS omfvnf; [dt k mAif; *lwGif awGU&aom ausmufacwfv,ftaxmuftxm;wkdYu xkdvlwkdY onf tpmpkaqmif;&onfhb0udk ausmfvGefpjyKum tajcpkdufaexkdif jcif;ESiw hf &d pämefrsm;udk ,Ofyg;atmif arG;jrLjcif;wku Yd kd pwifaeNy[ D k ,lq &ef&Sdayonf/ vlESifheD;pyfaom owå0grsm; ,Ofyg;aomacG;wkdYrSm olwkdY\taz:jzpf\/ ausmufacwfv,f vlw\ Ydk tquftEG,jf zpfaom qDrefw\ Ydk ,Ofaus;rIqidk &f m rl&if;a0g[m &wku Yd kd bmomaA'enf;t& qef;ppfMunfah omtcg ausmufacwfv,f vlwkdYESifheD;pyfaeNyDjzpfaom ouf&Sdowå0gwkdYrSm 0uf0H? 0uf? &SOfh? zGwf? zm;? a>r? iSuf? ,if? ig; ponfwkdYjzpfaMumif; od&\/ rav;uRef;qG,f tv,fyikd ;f &Sd ausmufacwfv,fvw l \ Ydk *lrsm;wGif c&k? a,mufomG ;cGrH sm;? qif? MuHh? pdkif? orif? awmifqdwf? 0uf? jzL? &SOfh? arsmuf? ukef;vdyf? a& vdyfponfhowå0gwkdY\t&dk;rsm;? ig;&kd;ESifha<uaphrsm;udk awGU&jcif;jzifh vnf; ausmufacwfv,fvw l \ Ydk b0? owåavmuESiq hf ufo, G af eykw H Ydk udkvnf; cefYrSef;Ekdifayonf/

30

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

tpm;tpm ausmufacwfv,fvlwkdYwGif *ludk trSDjyKaom vlrsm;&Sdonf/ vGifjyifudk trSDjyKaom vlrsm;vnf; &Sdonf/ yifv,furf;ajcudk trSDjyK aomvlrsm;vnf; &So d nf/ olwaYdk exkid &f ma'oudv k u kd í f olw\ Ydk b0wGif uGmjcm;csufrsm;&Sdonf/ tpm;tpmwGifvnf; uGJjym;Muonf/ txuf wGifqkdcJhaom,Ofaus;rIqkdif&m rl&if;a0g[m&rsm;t& olwkdYonf om; aumifwkdY\tom;rsm;tjyif opfoD;0vHtrsKd; tawmfrsm;rsm;udk pm; okH;wwfaMumif; odEkdif\/ rav;uRef;qG,fbufwGif aeMuolwkdY\t pm;tpmwkdYrSm om;ig;tjyif jrufrsKd;wkdYrS taphtqHrsm;? arsmufO? iSuf aysmoD;? tkef;oD;wkdYjzpfonf/ olwkdYonf qm;udkvnf; okH;pGJwwfMuNyD jzpfonf/ tkd;vkyfief;ESifhcsufjyKwfpm;aomufrI tkd;xdef;puftokH;udk rodao;aomfvnf; vufvkyftkd;rsm;udk jyKvkyfwwfMuonf/ BudK;rQifrsm;udk tokH;jyKí tpif;taMumif;av; a'gifhuGufponfjzifh tkd;tjyifbufydkif;udk tvSty ykHaz:xm;wwfMu onf/ olwkdYonf tpm;tpmudk tkd;jzifh csufjyKwfpm;wwfMuNyD[k ,lq bG,&f adS yonf/ xkt d ;dk rsm;ESi*hf w l iG ;f rD;zkad e&mrsm;u þtcsuu f kd axmuf cHaeayonf/ ukefxkwfu&d,mrsm; ausmufacwfv,fvlwkdYonf ausmufacwfa[mif;vlwkdYxuf todEiS t hf wwfwiG f wk;d wufvmMuNy;D jzpfonf/ olw\ Ydk ukex f w k u f &d,m rsm;rSm ausmufvufeufrsm;yif jzpfaomfvnf; ausmufacwfa[mif;rSm uJo h Ykd ausmufMurf;vufeufrsm; r[kwaf wmhay/ ykaH z:xm;aom ausmuf vufeufrsm;jzpfonf/ ausmufrsm;udk qwfícGmjcif;jzifh vufeuf\ykH 31

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

oP²mefudk zefwD;,lMuonf/ aoG;ítacsmudkifxm;onfh vufeufrsKd; r[kwfao;onfhwkdifatmif twefyifykHusí oyf&yfayonf/ vuf powfrIrsKd;&Sdonfudk awGU&\/ av;jrm;\tp tokH;rsm;aom pOf;"m;? yJuGyfponfwkdYtjyif vSHoGm;rsm;? jrm; oGm;rsm;udkvnf; ausmufrsm;jzihf jyKvkyfEkdifMuavonf/ ausmufacwf v,foaYkd &mufaomtcg ta&SUawmiftm&Svw l o Ydk nf av;ESijhf rm;udk ok;H pGJwwfMuNyD[k qkdEkdifayonf/ olwkdY\tEG,ftqufjzpfaom tif'rif uRe;f eD*&k;d vlyw k rYkd mS av;ESijhf rm;udk wDxiG o f rl sm;[k ynm&Siw f , Ydk q l Mu onf/ 0wfqifrI qDrefvlrsKd;\,Ofaus;rIrl&if;a0g[m&wGif ukd,fwkH;vkH;ESifhcg; pnf;[laom a0g[m&ESpfckudk awGU&onf/ þa0g[m&rsm;tm;jzifh xkd acwfvlwkdYonf udk,fwkH;vkH;raejcif;ESifhudk,fwkH;vkH;aejcif;udk cGJjcm;odcJh NyD[k qkd&ayrnf/ þonfudk axmufí ausmufacwfv,fwGif vlwkdY onf udk,fwkH;vkH;aeonfhb0udk pGefYvTwf&ef pwifcJhMuNyD[kqkdEkdif\/ odaYk omf t0wftpm;0wfMuNy[ D u k m; rqkEd idk af o;ay/ olwo Ydk nf t&Suf udk zkH;Ekdif&ef aygifcsdefzkH;onfhtodkif;rsKd; odkif;qifjcif;avmufom jyKcJh onf[kqkd&ayrnf/ olwkdY\tquftEG,frsm;jzpfMuaom qDrefrsm;ESifh uyÜvDvlykrsm;u þtcsufudk vufawGUaxmufcHaeayonf/ udk,fw ud, k v f ;Hk udk tvSty wefqmqifaomtm;jzifh xkad cwfvw l o Ydk nf uyÜvD vlyrk sm;uJo h Ykd ta&mif&adS om &GUH rsm;jzihf ud, k u f kd tpif;aMumif;ay:atmif vdrf;jc,fjcif;rsKd;udk tcgtm;avsmfpGm jyKvkyfaumif; jyKvkyfcJhMuayrnf/

32

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

a<uaphrsm;? c&kcGHrsm;udkazmufí oDukH;um udk,fwGif tvSty qGcJ MhJ ujcif;vnf; &So d nf[k qkEd idk o f nf/ xkad &S;vlwYdk aexkid cf ahJ om rav; uRef;qG,fajrmufydkif; *lwkdYwGif ,if;odkYBudK;jzifhoD&ef azmufxm;aom a<uaphrsm;? c&kcGHrsm;udk awGUcJhMu&ayonf/ uGrf;pm;"avh ausmufacwfv,fvlwkdYonf uGrf;&Gufudk aumif;pGm odaeMu NyjD zpf\/ odaYk omf tvGeaf &S;usaom uGr;f pm;"avhonf xkad cwfu ay: aygufaeNyD[kum; rqkdomay/ <,kH,kHMunfrI tpm;tpm pkaqmif;&onfh pD;yGm;a&;b0üyif &Sdaevifhupm; ausmufacwfv,fvw l \ Ydk b0rSm ausmufacwfa[mif;rSmxuf wk;d wuf cJh\/ qef;us,fvmcJh\/ ,kHMunfrIwnf;[laom pdwfydkif;qkdif&m cH,l csufwkdYvnf; wkd;wufvmonf/ ausmufacwfa[mif;rSmuJhodkYyif BuD; rm;aom anmifyifrsm;udk tav;*&kjyKMu&\/ ,if;anmifyifukdvnf; zGUH NzKd ;rI\txdr;f trSw[ f k oabmxm;Muonf/ þoabmxm;rIrmS vGef pGma&S;usonf/ ,ckacwfeD*&kd;vlykuav;rsm;\a'owGifomru a&S; tcgu tdE, d´ ? tmz&du? Oa&myESiyhf pdzw d u f Re;f rsm;txd þt,ltq jyefYESHYcJhayonf/ wrvGef,kHMunfrI xkdrSwyg; þvlwdYkonf wrvGefb0udkvnf; ,kHMunfcJhMu[ef wl\/ aooludk av;pm;í tavmif;udk w&kdwaojr§KyfESHonfh"avh&Sd Muonf/ txufwGif qkdcJhaom xdkvlwkdYaexkdifcJh&m rav;uRef;qG,f*l wkdYwGif rD;zkd\atmufü vl&dk;rsm;udk awGU&SdcJhayonf/ aooludk aexkdif 33

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

&ma'o\tywGif rjrK§ yyf J tdrw f iG ;f ü jrK§ yEf jHS cif;rSm aool\0dnmOftm; tdrfwGif;ü aeapvkdonfhoabm? txl;ojzifh rD;zkdatmufü jr§KyfESHjcif; rSm pm;aomufMuaomtcgwGif wygwnf;0ifa&mufpm;apvkdaom o abmrsKd;jzpfayonf/ ,ckacwfwkdifatmif jynfaxmifpkukef;jrifhom;t csKdUwGif aooltdrfom;udk tdrfwGif;üyif jr§KyfESHonfh"avh &Sdaeayao; onf/ vlYtzGJUtpnf; omreftm;jzifh vSnv hf nfomG ;vmí 0rf;aMumif;rIjyKaomolrsm; yif jzpfvifhupm; *lrsm;wGif uGef;ckdí ajrtkd;rsm;jzifh csufjyKwfpm;wwf Mujcif;? aoolukd rD;zkdatmufwGif jr§KyfESHjcif;wkdYudk axmufí ausmuf acwfv,fvlwdkYonf pkpkpnf;pnf; aexkdifonfhvlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk pwifvmMuNyD[k qkd&ayrnf/ tdrfaxmifonf odkYr[kwf rdom;pkb0 rsKd;ukd tpjyKvmNyD[k ,lqbG,f&m\/ jrefrmEkdifiH ausmufacwfv,f &Srf;jynfawmifydkif; rkdif;yGefe,fwGif ausmufacwfvufeuf t ydik ;f tprsm;udk awGU&jcif;? jynfaxmifpk uke;f jrifo h m;tcsKUd wkw Yd iG f ausmuf acwfv,fvw l \ Ydk Mueftifvu©Pmrsm; ay:xGe;f wwfjcif;wkaYd vmufukd om taxmuftxm;jyKí jynfaxmifpktwGif;ü ausmufacwfv,fvl rsm;ESifh ,Ofaus;rI &SdcJhonf[k omreftm;jzifh qkdEkdifjcif; jzpfygonf/ ausmufacwfv,fvlwkdY aexkdifcJh&m ae&mrsm;udk pepfwus &SmazGí orkdif;rwifrDacwf a&S;a[mif;okawoeenf;t& avhvmokawoe jyKEkdifaomtcgwGif jynfaxmifpk\ausmufacwfv,f ,Ofaus;rIudk ydk rkd xif&Sm;pGm xkwfaz:ay;Ekdifrnf jzpfayonf/

34

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

wkd;wufajymif;vJvmaom ,Ofaus;rItopf ausmufacwfv,fvw l Ydk aecJ&h m Aufp*Hk rl sm;ESirhf av;uRe;f qG,f y[ef*lrsm;wGif ausmufacwfv,f ausmufvufeufESifhypönf;rsm;awGU &S&d m ajrvTm\txufyikd ;f wGif aumif;pGmaoG;í ykaH z:xm;aom ausmuf acsmvufeufypönf;rsm;udk awGU&Sd&onf/ þuJhodkY acsmarGUoyf&yfpGm ykH az:xm;aom ausmufvufeufwrYdk mS ausmufacwfopfvufeufrsm; jzpf onf/ wae&mwnf;wGif ausmufacwfESpfacwfrS vufeufrsm;awGU& onfukd axmufí ausmufacwfv,fvw l o Ydk nf wjznf;jznf;ESiahf usmuf acwfopfoYkd wk;d wufu;l ajymif;cJMh uoavm? odrYk [kwf ausmufacwfv,f vlwYdk aexkid &f modYk ausmufacwfopfvrl sm; a&muf&BdS u;D pd;k vmMuoavm [k awG;awmbG,f&m &Sdayonf/ ausmufacwfO;D vlwo Ydk nf ,Ofaus;rIukd pwifay;cJ\ h / ausmuf acwfv,fvw l u Ydk ydrk w dk ;dk wufqef;us,af pcJo h nf/ ukev f yk u f &d,mrsm; wkd;wufaumif;rGefvmaomfvnf; ukefvkyfqufqHrIwnf;[laom vlwkdY \pD;yGm;a&;pepfwGifrl xl;jcm;odomavmufaom ajymif;vJrIrsKd; rjzpf ay:ao;ay/ a&S;OD;bkHvlaerIpepf ausmufacwfv,fvw l \ Ydk vlraI &;ESiphf ;D yGm;a&;b0wGif yk*v ¾ u d ykid q f idk rf I ray:aygufao;ay/ þvlw\ Ydk b0onf ausmufacwfa[mif; rSmuJhodkY ]a&S;OD;bkH vlaerIpepf}ay:wGifom rlwnfqJ &Sdayonf/ xl;jcm;pGm ajymif;vJvmaom vufeuf u&d,m? ukefvkyfpGrf; tm;? ukev f yk q f ufqrH EI iS phf ;D yGm;a&;pepf? ,if;wku Yd kd taMumif;jyKí ajymif; vJw;dk wufvmaom,Ofaus;rIwu Ydk kd ausmufacwfopfwiG af wGU&ayonf/

35

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

tydik ;f (2)

orkdif;OD; bkHajracwf

36

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

ausmufacwfaESmif;vlwdkY\tajctae ausmufacwfOD;wGif vlonf ausmufMurf;vufeuf? rD;? ,Of yg;vmaom acG;wdkYavmufudkom trSDo[JjyKí tpkvkduf vSnfhvnfae cJhaMumif;? tajcwpdkuf raecJh? rdom;pkb0&Sd[efrwl/ opfoD; opfO om;aumifrsm;udk pkaygif;&SmazG pkaygif;cGJa0 pm;aomuf&onfh a&S;OD; bkHvlaerIpepfwGif &SdcJhaMumif;? ausmufacwfv,fodkYa&mufaomf vSnfh vnfí tpm&Sm&onfhpD;yGm;a&;b0üyif &Sdvifhupm; tajcpdkufaexkdif rIEiS t hf pm;tpm xkwv f yk o f nfph ;D yGm;a&;b0odYk a&SU&IaeNyjD zpfaMumif;udk qkdcJhNyD;jzpfayonf/

37

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

a&S;tusqkH;aom ukefypönf;xkwfvkyfrIawmfvSefa&; ausmufacwfa[mif;vlwkdY\a&S;OD;bkHvlaerIpepfonf bpD 10000-ceft Y xdvnf;aumif;? ausmufacwfv,f\a&S;OD;bkv H al erIpepf onf bDpD 3000-cefYxdvnf;aumif; toD;oD; wnfcJhonf[k ,lqMu ayonf/ xkdbDpD 3000-avmufrSpí ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'ovlaerI pepfESifhukefvkyfqufqHa&;pepfwkdYonf xl;jcm;pGm ajymif;vJvmcJhay onf/ þa'ovlw\ Ydk ukev f yk q f ufqaH &; orkid ;f wGif a&S;tusq;Hk aom ukefypönf;jyKvkyfrI awmfvSefa&;jzpfcJhonf[k qkdEkdifonf/ ajymif;vJvmaom ukefvkyfqufqHa&;ESifhvlaerIb0 a&S;acwfa[mif;umvu ukev f yk u f &d,mrsm; xl;jcm;pGmajymif; vJvmonfEiS t hf rQ ukex f w k v f yk rf pI epf? ukev f yk q f ufqaH &;wko Yd nfvnf; xl;jcm;pGm ajymif;vJvmcJhonf/ þajymif;vJrIudk tajcjyKí vlaerIzGJU pnf;yk?H vlraI &;,Ofaus;rI ponfwo Ydk nfvnf; ajymif;vmcJí h vlo Y rkid ;f wGif vlwkdYonf u@opfw&yfudk zGifhEkdifcJhayonf/ rnfuo hJ aYkd om wk;d wufaumif;rGeo f nfu h ek x f w k u f &d,mrsm;udk vlwkdYonf wDxGif jyKvkyfvmcJhoenf;/ ,if;wkdYudk taMumif;jyKí ukef vkyfqufqHa&;ESifhvlrIa&;b0wkdYonf rnfokdYajymif;vJvmcJhoenf;/ ausmufacwfaESmif; tapmydkif; þajymif;vJrIwkdYonf &kwfjcnf;ay:aygufcJhonfr[kwf/ txl; ojzifh jrefrmEkdifiHwGif tcsdefMumjrifhpGm jzpfay:ajymif;vJcJh&onf/ pepf wusavhvmNyD;jzpfaom ausmufyef;awmif; rD;&xm;blwm&kH awmif bufteD;ESirhf auG;anmifO;D pyfMum; ausmufacwfopfpcef;wkw Yd iG f awGU &aom taxmuftxm;rsm;t& ausmufacwfaESmif; tapmydkif;wGif 38

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

ok;H cJo h nfh ausmufvufeufypön;f wk\ Yd toGio f P²mefwrYkd mS acsmarGUjcif; r&Sv d aS o;? tawmftwefyif Murf;aeonfukd awGU&\/ toGm;az:enf; ESifhausmuftvTm cGmenf;wkdYwGif wDxGifrIrsm;&Sdvmojzifh ausmufvuf eufwkdYrSm ododomom ao;i,fvmayonf/ tifMuif;ausmufudk jyK vkyfxm;aom ausmufvufeufwkdYrSmrl toGifajymif;vJrI tenf;i,f om &Sdayonf/ þodkYykHrusao;aom ausmufacwfaESmif; tapmydkif; vufeufwkdYESifhtwl aoG;í usepGm ykHaz:xm;aom ausmufacsmvuf eufrsm;ESifhtpif;aMumif;rsm;? zsm&mykHrsm;ygaom tkd;jcrf;uGJwkdYudkyg þ ausmufacwfaESmif;pcef;wkw Yd iG f awGU&ojzifh tapmydik ;f umv ,Ofaus; rIonf aemufyikd ;f umv ,Ofaus;rItjzpfoYkd wjznf;jznf; ajymif;vJvm onf[k qkdEkdifayonf/ ausmufacwfaESmif; aemufydkif; ausmufacwfaESmif; aemufydkif;vlwkdY tokH;jyKcJhaom ausmuf acsmvufeufrsm;udk jrefrmEkdifiHtESHYtjym;wGif ajray:üyif omreftm; jzifh awGUcJh&ayonf/ jrpfBuD;em;c&dkif Bwd*Ha'o? a&Tbkdc&kdif? rkH&Gmc&kdif? rEÅav;? ausmufqnf? &rnf;oif;? rauG;? o&uf? jynf? armfvNrdKif p onfhc&kdifwkdYwGif tawmfrsm;rsm; awGUcJh&NyD;jzpfonf/ ausmufrmtrsKd; rsK;d jyKvyk x f m;í yko H P²meftzkzH Hk ta&miftoG,o f , G &f adS om vufeuf rsm;jzpfonf/ ,if;wkdYudk aq;buf0ifaom rkd;BudK;oGm;rsm;jzpfonf[k tcsKdUaomolwkdYu ,kHMunfpGm tokH;jyKcJhMuonf/ tpGrf;xufaom vufeufrsm; þausmufvufeufrsm;rSm aoG;í ykaH z:xm;aomvufeufrsm; jzpfí acsmarGUvSonf/ vufudkif&kd;wyf&ef trif;az:xm;onfvnf; &Sdonf/ trif;rygonfvnf; &Sd\/ toGm;az:&mwGif ykqkdefoGm;uJhodkY 2-zufaoG;í toGm;az:jcif;rsK;d r&S/d aqmufomG ;uJo h Ykd rsuEf mS wzufudk 39

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

om aoG;í toGm;az:xm;onf/ þtcsurf mS xl;jcm;onf/ þxl;jcm; csufrSm Oa&myESifhtdE´d,ausmufacwfaESmif; vufeufwkdYESifhrwlonfh xl;jcm;csufjzpfonf/ xkda'o ausmufacwfaESmif; vufeufwkdYwGif 2zufaoG;í toGm;az:xm;aom vufeuftrsm; yg0ifonf/ awGU&NyD;jzpfaom jrefrmEkdifiHausmufacwfaESmif; vufeufwkdY rSm a,bk,stm;jzifh t&G,fao;onf/ t&G,fBuD;aom vufeufrsm; vnf; &So d nf/ trif;rJv h ufeufww Ydk iG f tBu;D qk;H rSm 7ƒ vufr&Sno f nf/ 7 ti,fqkH;rSm 1 8vufrom&Snf\/ trif;&SdvufeufwkdYwGif tBuD;qkH;rSm 11‡ vufr&Snfí tenf;qkH;rSm 2-vufr &Snfonf/ t&G,ftpm;pm; ykHoP²meftrsKd;rsKd;&Sdonfhtavsmuf ,if;vufeufwkdY\tokH;rSmvnf; axGjym;vSonf/ opfyifckwfvSJ&m? opfcGJ&m? tdrfaqmuf&m? avSxGif; &mwkw Yd iG o f ;Hk aom vuform;vufeufrsm;? ajrxGe&f m? ajrwl;&m? ajrmif; azmuf&mponfwkdYwGif okH;aom awmifolv,form;okH; vufeufrsm;? ckw&f m? xk;d &m ypfcwf&mwkw Yd iG o f ;Hk &aom rkq;dk vufeufrsm;? omreftrd f axmifokH; vufeufrsm;rSpí xkdacwfvlaerIb0twGuf tzufzufrS 0ifqHhtokH;usaom vufeufypönf;rsm; yg0ifayonf/ pD;yGm;a&;pepf ajymif;vJcsuf þuJhokYd ydkrkdpGrf;tm; xufjrufvmonfh ukefxkwfvufeufu&d,mrsm;udk ydkifqkdifaom ausmufacwfaESmif;vlwkdY\b0wGif xl;jcm; aom ajymif;vJcsuf 3-&yfudk awGU&\/ (u) tpm;tpm &SmazGpkaqmif;&onfh pD;yGm;a&;b0udk ausmfvGefum tpm;tpmudk xkwfvkyfEkdifonfhpD;yGm;a&;b0okdY a&mufvmcJhMu\/ (c) xkdodkYtpm;tpmESifhvlokH;ypönf;rsm;udk xkwfvkyfMu&mwGifvnf; wOD;wnf;ydik x f w k v f yk jf cif;rsK;d xuf pkaygif;xkwv f yk Mf ujcif;? pkaygif;pm; aomufMujcif;wkdYudk jyKvkyfonfhpD;yGm;a&;pepfudk usihfokH;Mu\/ xkdpepf 40

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

udk ]orkdif;OD;bkHajrpepf}[kac:onf/ (*) xkwv f yk o f nfyh pön;f wkw Yd iG f t"durSm vlwpYdk m;ok;H &efjzpfaom toD; tESrH sm;jzpfonf/ ,if;wku Yd kd awmifuek ;f rsm;ay:wGif awmif,mpepfjzifh pdkufysKd;Muí ajrjyefYwGif v,f,mpepfjzifh pdkufysKd;Muonf/ txl;ojzifh rkd;aumif;v,frsm;? qnfa&aomufv,frsm;wGif pyg;udk pwifpdkufysKd; vmMuNyDjzpfonf/ rkqkd;? awmif,morm;? v,f,morm; pm;ukefypönf;xkwfvkyfwwfonfhtqifhodkY a&mufaomfvnf; rkqkd;tvkyfoufoufjzifhvnf;aumif;? rkqkd;vkyfief;ESifhpkdufysKd;rI? arG;jrL rIvyk if ef;udk yl;wGaJ qmif&u G jf cif;jzifv h nf;aumif;? pku d yf sK;d jcif;? arG;jrLjcif; jzifhomvnf;aumif; toufarG;Muolrsm; &SdcJhayonf/ ausmufacwfaESmif;vlwkdY\vlrsKd;tEG,frsm; þodaYk om toufarG;rIrsm; &Scd ahJ om ausmufacwfaESmif;vlwYkd rSm trsm;tm;jzifh MopMwpfac: awmifydkif;bmompum; tEG,fBuD;0if pum;rsm;udk ajymolrsm; jzpfMuonf/ vlrsKd;EG,ftm;jzifh a&S;usaom awmifyikd ;f tEG,(f y&kw d Mdk opaMwvGKu d )f ESirhf eG *f v dk KG u d t f EG,0f ifrsm;jzpfMu onf/ rGe*f v dk KG u d t f EG,0f ifwo Ydk nf y&dw k Mdk opaMwvGKu d f tEG,0f ifwx Ydk uf aemufusolrsm; jzpfonf/ ydkíwkd;wufolrsm;vnf; jzpfonf/ tm;vkH; rSm MopMwpfbmompum; tEG,fBuD;0ifrsm;jzpfMuí xkdacwf tm&St a&SUawmifydkif; vlwkdY\,Ofaus;rIudk MopMwpf,Ofaus;rI[kvnf; orkdif; rwifrDacwf ynm&SifwkdYuac:a0:Muonf/ xkdpOfu ,aeYvlrsKd;pkjzpf aom wdAuf w&kwfbmompum;tEG,fBuD;0ifwkdY ta&SUawmiftm&SodkY ra&mufMuao;ay/

41

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

tapmydkif; tvTmrS vlrsm; y&dw k Mdk opaMwvGKu d rf sm;jzpfaom ausmufacwfaESmif; tapmydik ;f tvTmvlwkdYonf tpm;tpmudk xkwfvkyfwwfNyDjzpfaomfvnf; t"du tm;jzifh trJvu dk jf cif;? awmif,mvkyif ef;wkjYd zifo h m toufarG;Muonf/ rav;uRef;qG,ftv,fydkif; awmeuftwGif;ae qudkifvlrsKd;pkrsm;rSm xkdacwf ukefvkyfqufqHa&;b0üyif &SdaeMuao;onf/ olwkdY\vuf&Sd ukefvkyfqufqHa&;ESifh,Ofaus;rIwkdYudk taxmuftxm;jyKí ausmuf acwfaESmif;tapmydik ;f tvTmolw\ Ydk b0udk jyefvnfwnfaqmufjcif;jyK Ekdifayonf/ pkdufysKd;rI olw\ Ydk pku d yf sK;d rIrmS rus,jf yefaY o;yg/ pkaygif;awmeufr;D &IUd jcif; jzifh awmif,mudk &Sif;vif;az:xkwfí pl;xkd;pdkufysKd;onfhpepfwGifom &SMd uao;onf/ awmif,ma&TU&onfEiS t hf rQ a&TUajymif;aexkid Mf u&ojzifh tajcwpkduf aexkdifjcif; r&Sdao;[kqkdEkdif\/ tpm;tpm bmomaA' taxmuftxm;rsm;t& olwpYdk u dk yf sK;d cJo h nf[k ,l qEkdifaom oD;ESHyifwdkYrSm pyg;? ajymif;? yJBuD;? yJvGef;? c&rf;? ausmufz&kH? ydef;O? arsmufO? MuHyifponfwkdY jzpfonf/ ,if;pdkufysKd;oD;ESHrsm;tjyif trJvkdufí&aom om;aumifrsm;rSm olwkYd\tpm;tpm jzpfonf/ aetdrf olwkdY\aetdrfwkdYrSm oufi,f odkYr[kwf udkif;jrufrkd;tdrfrsm; jzpfonf/ 42

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

t0wftxnf avQmfawt0wf? iSufaysmavQmft0wfwkdYudk rJe,fqkd;í 0wf wwfMuNyD[k ,lq&\/ vufeuf vufeufwkdYrSm av;? jrm;? rIwfajymif;? qdyfvl;jrm;? yJuGyf? pOf; "m;ponfwkdY jzpfcJh[efwl\/ aysmf&TifrI yavGrIwfjcif;? oDqkdjcif;? ujcif;wkdYjzifh tem;,laysmf&TifcJhonf [k qkdEkdifonf/ uGrf;yif? uGrf;oD;yifwkdYudkvnf; pdkufMuonf/ uGrf;pm; "avhudk olwkdYu pwifchJMuonf[k awG;xif&onf/ yifv,ful;avS olwo Ydk nf jrpfrsm;wGio f mru yifv,fwiG f oGm;vm&ef txde;f ygaom avSi,frsm;udk wDxGifokH;pGJcJhMuonf[k qkdEkdifonf/ taxGaxGESifh,kHMunfrI a&wGu&f mwGif 3 txdom a&wGuEf idk Mf u\/ 4 udk ajymvkv d Qif taygif; 1? 5 qkdvQif 3 taygif; 2 ponfjzifh a&wGufMuonf/ t xdrf;trSwftjzpf jyKvkyfxm;aom wkdwrfrsm;udk ukd;uG,fMuonf/ wr vGefb0udkvnf; ,kHonf/ vlaovQif wapäo&Jjzpfonf[k ,kHMunfMu onf/

43

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

ausmufacwfaESmif; tapmydkif;tvTmvlrsm; ausmufacwfaESmif; tapmydik ;f tvTmvlrsm;rS qif;oufí ,aeY wkdifatmif xkdacwf,Ofaus;rIESifhukefvkyfqufqHa&;rsm;udk txkduft avsmuf qufvufusifhokH;aeMuolrsm;rSm qkdcJhaom qudkifrsm;? oD[kdVf uRe;f &Sd aA'´rsm;jzpfayonf/ jrefrmEkid if w H iG ;f ae u,m;rsm;? A&ufu&if rsm;? 0rsm;wGif y&kdwkdMopaMwvGKdufvlwkYd\Mueftifvu©Pmrsm; ay: xGef;wwfonfudk awGU&ojzifh xdkvlwkdY\a&S;a&S;u bdk;bGm;BuD;wkYdrSm ausmufacwfaESmif; tapmydik ;f tvTmvlw\ Ydk tquftEG,rf sm;jzpfonf [k qkdbG,f&m &Sdayonf/ ausmufacwfaESmif; aemufydkif;tvTmvlrsm; bDvl;rsm; þausmufacwfaESmif; aemufyikd ;f tvTmvlrsm;\tquftEG,f rsm; ,aeYwkdif tawmfrsm;rsm; &Sdonf/ rGefcrmbmompum;rsm;udkajym Muaom AD,uferfEkdifiH? tmeef awmif&kd;ae pudif? rGKdifuJhodkYaom ukef; jrifhom;rsm;? rJacgifjrpf0uRef;ay:ajrmufykdif;&Sd csif;rsm;? jrefrmEkdifiHNrdwf uRef;pk&Sd qvkHrsm;rSm xdkacwf vlwkdY\tquftEG,frsm; jzpfonf/ &mZ0ifusrf;rsm;ESifh'EÅm&D('@m&D)wkdYwGif vm&SdaombDvl;ac: vlMurf;rsm;rSm þvlrsm;yifavm[k awG;awmbG,f&m &Sdonf/ þvlwkdY rSm vlrsKd;EG,ftm;jzifh awmifydkif; rGef*kdvGKdufrsm; r[kwfMuay/ ausmufacwfaESmif;tEG,f awmifydkif;rGef*kdvGKdufrsm; þacwfvw l \ Ydk tEG,t f qufrsm;jzpfaom awmifyikd ;f rGe*f v dk KG u d f rsm;vnf; &Sdonf/ þolwkdYrSm jrefrmEkdifiHESifh,kd;',m;EkdifiH&Sd rGefrsm;? uarÁm'D;,m;EkdifiH wkdif;&if;om;rsm;jzpfaom crmrsm;? &Srf;jynfajrmuf ydkif;&Sd yavmifESifhyav;rsm;? &Srf;jynfta&SUydkif;&Sd 0ESifhv0rsm;? &Srf;jynf 44

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

awmifydkif;&Sd ,if;Mum;? ,if;eufrsm; jzpfonf[k tMurf;tm;jzifh qkdEkdif \/ þvlwkdY\,ckacwf,Ofaus;rI? ukefvkyfqufqHa&; ponfwkdYrSm wnDwnmwnf; wajy;worwfwnf; r&SMd uay/ ywf0ef;usiq f ufo, G f rItvkduf tqifhqifhuGJjym;aeMuayNyD/ þvlwkdYaemuf jyify,Ofaus;rI vTrf;rkd;csufenf;aom vlwkdY\ xl;jcm;aom ,Ofaus;rItcsuftvufrsm;? ukefvkyfqufqHa&;pepfrsm; udk taxmuftxm;jyKí a&S;ausmufacwfaESmif; aemufydkif;tvTmvl wdkY\b0udk jyefvnfwnfaqmuf,lEkdifrnf[k ,lq&ygonf/ r[maovm ,Ofaus;rI þvlwkdY\a&S;usí trsm;vkdufemMuonfh xkH;pH"avhwckrSm tquftpyfr&Sd? wwkH; wqkdif wcJwnf;jzpfaom ausmufwkH;BuD;rsm; udk av;pm;udk;uG,fonfh"avh jzpfonf/ þ,kHMunfrIudk taMumif;jyK í þacwf,Ofaus;rIudk r[maovm(ausmufwkH;BuD;),Ofaus;rI[k vnf;tcsKdU orkdif;rwifrDacwfynm&SifwkdYu ac:a0:Muonf/ a&S;u ta&SUawmiftm&SwGif vGefpGmjyefYESHYcJhaom ,kHMunfrIw&yfjzpfcJhonf[k qkdEkdifonf/ tdE´d,tv,fydkif;&Sd a&S;usvSaom rkefursm;? tmoHe,f cgqDawmifrsm;wGifaeaom cgqDrsm;? tif'kdeD;&Sm;EkdifiH&Sd a&S;a[mif;vl rsm;? tmeefawmif&kd;ae a&S;a[mif;vlrsm;rSm ,aeYwkdif r[maovm uk;d uG,rf &I í dS ,if;ESiq hf ufpyfaeaom"avhx;Hk pHrsm;udk vku d ef musio hf ;Hk qJ&SdMuonf/ aemufrS a&mufvmaom wdAuf jrefrm bmompum;t EG,f0if rGef*kdvGKdufrsm;jzpfMuaom em*rsm;? csif;vlrsKd;tcsKdUESifhaysmuf uG,o f mG ;NyjD zpfaom ysLwküYd yif r[maovm,Ofaus;rI&o dS nfjzpf&m ,if; ,Ofaus;rIukd þausmufacwfaESmif; aemufyikd ;f tvTm vlrsm;xHrS quf cH&&SdcJhavoavm[k awG;bG,f&mjzpfayonf/

45

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

v,fpyg;pdkufysKd;rI ausmufacwfaESmif; aemufydkif;tvTmvlwkdYonf v,fpyg;pkduf ysK;d rIukd tm&Sta&SUawmifyikd ;f ü a&S;OD;pGm wwfoo d rl sm;jzpfonf/ þa' oü v,fpyg;pdkufysKd;rIudk wwfodaqmif&GufvmonfESifh wNydKifeuf vl rsKd;pkwpkonf ,Ofaus;rIe,fedrdwfudk jzwfausmf0ifa&mufvmNyD[k qkd& ayrnf/ &Sd&if;ukefxkwfvkyfrIpepftwGif;odkY v,fpyg;pdkufysKd;rI a&muf&Sd vmonfESifhukefvkyfqufqHa&;rSpí vlaerIb0 ,Ofaus;rIponfwkdY yg ajymif;vJvm&onf/ orkdif;OD; bkHajrpepf xif&Sm;vmjcif; v,fpyg;pdkufysKd;&mwGif a&S;uxufydkí vkyftm;vkdvmonf/ v,frsm;udk wDxGif&jcif;? a&oGif;&ef a&xkwf&ef ajrmif;azmuf&jcif;? xGe, f ufpu dk yf sK;d &jcif;? &dwo f rd ;f jcif;wkt Yd wGuf vkyt f m;ydí k vkv d monf/ þwGif vlwkdYonf pkaygif;um bkHpepfjzifh ukefxkwfvkyfrIudk jyKvkyf& onf/ bkpH epfonf ydí k ta&;ygvmonf/ bkaH jrpepfxeG ;f um;rIukd tm; ay;axmufulcJhayonf/ tm&Sta&SUawmifydkif;wGif orkdif;OD;bkHajrpepf xif&mS ;vmaomumv jzpfonf/ ausmufacwfaESmif; tapmykid ;f tvTm vlrsm;ESiahf emufyikd ;f tvTmvlw\ Ydk ukev f yk q f ufqaH &;ESiv hf al erIb0 uGm jcm;csufrSmvnf; þv,fpyg;pdkufysKd;rIudk wwfodaqmif&Gufvmaom aMumifhyif jzpfayonf/ tajcwpdkuf aexkdifvmjcif; rkd;aumif;v,fESifha&oGif;v,fwkdYwGif pyg;udk trsm;tjym;pkduf ysKd;NyD; tpm;tpmudk tajrmuftjrm; xkwfEkdifcJhMu\/ pyg;udk tajcjyK aom us,jf yefo Y nfh ukev f yk q f ufqaH &;pepfonf vlO;D a& tajrmuft jrm;udk axmufyHhauR;arG;Ekdifonf/ pdkufcif;aumif;aomae&mteD;wGif 46

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

vlwkdYonf tajcwpdkuf aexkdifvmMu\/ pkaygif;aqmif&GufMu&onfh twGuf pkaygif;aexkdifvmMuum aus;&Gmrsm; ay:aygufcJhayonf/ vlOD;a& wkd;wufjcif;ESifha&TUajymif;jcif; tpm;tpmudk aygrsm;pGm xkwfvkyfEkdifí vlOD;a&vnf; rsm;pGm wk;d wufvmonf/ rsm;vGe;f vmaomtcg ydv k QaH omvlwo Ydk nf v,fpyg; pdkuf&ef ae&mopfudk &Smí a&TUajymif;cJhMuonf/ þrkd;aumif;a&oGif; v,fpyg;pkdufysKd;onfhpepfudk tm&Sta&SUawmifydkif;wGif ajrmufAD,uf erfwkHuifjrpf0uRef;ay:a'oü pwifcJhonf[k ,lq&\/ ,if;a'orS wqifh pkdufcif;aumif;aom rkd;ajrjyefYa'ojzpfonfh rJacgifjrpf0uRef; ay:a'o(awmifA, D uferfEiS u hf arÁm'D;,m;)? ,if;rSwqifh acsmifzsrehJ ef (areef)jrpf0Srf;awmifydkif;a'o(,dk;',m;EkdifiHawmifydkif;)? ,if;rSwqifh *sKdif;? tw¬&Hjrpf0Srf;rsm;ESifhoHvGifjrpf0uRef;ay:a'o? ,if;rSwqifh ppf awmif;jrpf0Srf;awmifydkif;ESifh{&m0wDjrpf0Srf;awmifydkif;wkdYodkY wacwfNyD; wacwf tqifhqifh a&TUajymif;cJh[efwlayonf/ awmifydkif; rGefcrmtEG,f0ifwkdY\a&TUajymif;rIrSm v,fpyg;ysKd; EkdifrIudkvkdufí þuJhodkY wkHuifa'orS jrefrmEkdifiH& mrna'otxdd a&mufcJhonf[k qkd&ef&Sdayonf/ ajymif;vJvmcsufrsm; þuJhodkY ukefvkyfud&d,m? ukefvkyfqufqHa&;wkYdajymif;vJvm aomaMumifh ausmufacwfaESmif; aemufydkif;tvTm vlwkdY\vlaerIb0? vlrIqufqHa&;? pDrHcefYcGJrI? ,kHMunfrI? ,Ofaus;rIponfwkdYonf rsm;pGm ajymif;vJvmcJ\ h / topfwo Ydk nf ay:aygufc\ hJ / wk;d wufrv I nf; &Sv d m cJh\/ orkdif;pOfajymif;í orkdif;OD;bkHajrpepfonf xGef;um;vmcJh\/

47

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

wd&pämefvkyftm;udk okH;vmjcif; ,cifu pm;okH;&eftwGufESifhtaz:o[JtwGufom wd&pämef rsm;udk ,Ofyg;atmif vkyfí arG;jrLcJhMuonf/ ,ckaomf v,fpyg;pkduf ysKd;a&;wGif tultnD&&ef wd&pämefrsm;udk arG;jrLvmMuonf/ 0efqGJ wd&pämefwkdYteuf tm&Sta&SUawmifydkif;wGif a&S;OD;pGm tokH;csonf[k ,lq&aomwd&pämefrSm uRJjzpfonf/ xkdYaemufrS EGm;rsm;udk arG;jrLokH;pGJ Muonf[k qkdbG,f&m&Sd\/ qifESifhjrif;wkdYudkvnf; vlokH;wd&pämefrsm;tjzpf arG;jrLvmMu onf/ xdkacwfvlwkYd\tquftEG,frsm;jzpfaom v0ESifhcrkufvlrsKd;wkdY rSm ,aeYwkdif qifzrf;aumif;? qifOD;pD;aumif;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ ]jrif;} twGujf zpfaom rGecf rma0g[m&rSm ta&SUawmiftm&S\awmifyikd ;f wcGif wGif tjyefEY q YHS ;Hk jzpfaeonfukd axmufí þacwfval [mif;rsm;jzpfaom rGefESifhcrmwkdYrSm jrif;udk pwifarG;olrsm;jzpfaMumif; odEkdifayonf/ ukefzvS,frI rdrdwdkYxkwfvkyfí ydkvQHaeaom ukefypönf;rsm;udk rdrdwdkYtvkd&Sd aom tjcm;olxkwf ypönf;rsm;jzifh xnfcsif;zvS,fcJhMuonf/ tcsKdUa' owGif a<uaphrsm;? &Sm;yg;aomyifv,fc&kcGHrsm;udk ypönf;vJvS,frIwGif tokH;jyKcJhonfhpepfvnf; &SdcJh[efwlonf/ þonfudk ausmufacwf aESmif;aemufydkif;tvTmvlwkdY\ ukefoG,frIpepf[k qkd&ayrnf/ ajrtkd;ajrcGufvkyfief; ausmufacwfv,fuwnf;u tm&Sta&SUawmifydkif;&Sd a&S; a[mif;vlwkdYonf ajrtkd;rsm;udk jyKvkyfwwfaMumif; qkdcJhNyD; jzpfonf/ ausmufacwfaESmif; aemufydkif;wGif ajrtkd;ajrcGuf vkyfief;onf ykdrkd aumif;rGefvmonf[k qkdEkdif\/ tkd;rsm;udk vufcwfESifh&kdufí ydkrkdckdifrm 48

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

aponf/ &mZrwfuu G ?f av;axmifu h u G &f ;dk &k;d ? zsmykw H u Ydk t kd jyif qef;us,f aom tpif;aMumif;wkdYjzifh tkd;\jyifyudk tvStywefqmqifMuonf/ ausmufacwfaESmif; ukefvkeD;aomf vlwkdYonf tkd;xdef;puf\tokH;udk odvmMuNyD[k ,lq&onf/ tkd;xdef;pufESifhjyKvkyfonf[k ,lq&aom tkd;rsm;\tkd;jcrf;uGJrsm;udk jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif; ausmufacwfaESmif; pcef;wkdYwGif xkdacwf ausmufvufeufrsm;ESifhtwl awGUcJh&NyD; jzpfay onf/ udk;uG,f,kHMunfrI r[maovm(ausmufw;Hk Bu;D )ud;k uG,, f MHk unfrt I aMumif;udk t >rufrQ qkcd NhJ y;D jzpfonf/ ausmufw;Hk Bu;D rsm;udk wpkwa0;wnf; pepfwus pdkufxljcif;? ausmufjym;BuD;rsm;udk ajray:wGif wckay:wck pepfwus xyfí ae&mcsxm;jcif;wkdYudk jyKvkyfMuonf/ ,if;odkYjyKvkyfxm;jcif;rSm a&S;OD;zcifBuD; odkYr[kwf uG,fvGefoGm;Muaom a&S;bdk;ab;BuD;rsm;udk txdrf;trSwf&&ef jzpfonf/ tcsKdUrSmrl ,if;ausmufwkH;BuD;rsm;yifvQif a&S;bd;k ab;Bu;D rsm; jzpfonf[k ,kMH unfu;dk uG,Mf uonf/ þonfu a&S; bdk;ab;BuD;wkdYudk &kdaoav;pm; ukd;uG,fonfhtpOftvm\tp[k qkd bG,&f m &Sad yonf/ aojcif;w&m;ESiw hf rvGeb f 0udk ,kMH unfMuaMumif; udkvnf; odomEkdifonf/ a&SUjzpfzwfjcif; a&SUwGif jzpfvwåHYaom taMumif;&yfrsm;\tqkd;taumif;udk wifBuKd o&d adS tmif jyKvyk Ef idk o f nfuv kd nf; ,kMH unfMu\/ a&SUjzpfzwfenf; tzkHzkH &SdcJhonf/ pDrHxm;aom ysOfjym;ay:wGif MuufOudk azmufcGJNyD; aemuf tum tESpfESifhtcGHwkdY wnfaeykHudk Munfhum a&SUjzpfzwfjcif;?

Muuf? iSuf? 0ufponfwkdY\tludk cGJMunfhNyD; a&SUjzpfzwfjcif;ponfwkdY&Sd cJo h nf/ ,aeYwidk f a&S;usaom jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if o H m;wko Yd nf enf; 49

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

trsKd;rsKd;jzifh udpöwckckudk aqmif&Gufoifh raqmif&Gufoifh? aqmif&Guf vQif atmifjrifrnf ratmifjrifrnfudk wifBudKod&Sd&atmif aA'ifar; onfhES,f ,kHMunfpGm twdwfedrdwfudk zwfvsuf &SdMuayao;onf/ wm;jrpfcsufrsm; vlrsKd;\tpOftvmudk vkdufí rvkyf&[k wm;jrpfxm;aomt csurf sm;udv k nf; ,kMH unfpmG vku d ef mcJMh u[ef wl\/ bmoma&;,kMH unf csuu f o hJ yYkd if av;pm;&rnfyh nwfcsurf sm;tjzpf vufcMH uavonf/ þ onfrSmvnf; þa&S;a[mif;vlwkdY\,kHMunfrIw&yf jzpfayonf/ vludk ,ZfylaZmfjcif; olpdrf;wkdY\OD;acgif;udkjzwfí aoG;jzifh odkYr[kwf OD;acgif;jzifh yl aZmfvQif toD;tESHydkí xGufrnf[k ,kHMunfcJhMuonf/ ,ckacwf a&S; usaom cgqD? v0? em*wkw Yd iG f ,cifu vlacgif;jzwfí ,Zfyal Zmfonfh "avh&SdcJhonf/ þ"avhrSm vlom;pm;onfh"avhum; r[kwfay/ ewfudk;uG,frI a&S;jzwfzwf&mwGif tqkH;tjzwfay;ol? wm;jrpfrIudk usL;ausmf vQif 'Pfcwfo?l vlowfí ,Zfyal ZmfvQif ESpo f ufí toD;tESt H xGuf rsm;atmif vkyfay;ol[lí wefcdk;&Sifewfrsm; &Sdonfudk ,kHMunfcJhMuay onf/ ,if;wkt Yd jyif tdraf xmifpek wf? v,fewf? awmif,mewf? awmif ewf? awmewf? opfyifewfrsm;udv k nf; ,kMH unfMu\/ ewfu;kd uG,rf t I wGuf pDpOfay;&aom ewfq&m 0wf0ifonfponfhorkdif;OD;bkHajracwf a&S;tusq;Hk acgif;ykjH zwfvw l ef;pm;onfvnf; ay:aygufvmcJah yonf/

50

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

e*g;udk;uG,frI a>re*g;udk;uG,frIonfvnf; ausmufacwfaESmif;vlwkYdESifhyif pwifcJh[ef wlonf/ rGefcrmtEG,f0ifrsm;wGif a>re*g;udk udk;uG,frIESifh qufpyfaeaom ,kMH unfr?I "avhx;Hk pHrsm; &Sad eayao;onf/ jrefrmEkid if H waumif;&mZ0ifvm armifaygufusKdif;'EÅm&D('@m&D)rSm þudk;uG,frI ESifhqufpyfcJh[ef wl\/ tkyfcsKyfpDrHcefYcGJrI vlwkdYonf rdom;pk? aqGrsKd;pktvkduf pka0;í tajcwpdkufae vmMuojzifh vlaerIjyóemrsm;? vlraI &;jyóemrsm; ay:aygufco hJ nf/ aus;&Gmrsm;omru aus;&Gmrsm;tcsif;csif; qufoG,fzGJUpnf;tyfaom a'orsm;wGif ,if;jyóemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;ay;Ekdifrnfht&nftcsif; t ajrmftjrif&Sdaom acgif;aqmifrsm; ay:aygufcJhavonf/ rsm;aomtm; jzifh rdom;pkrsm; aygif;pyfxm;aomaqGrsKd;pk\tBuD;tuJrsm; jzpfonf/ wcgw&H tBuD;tuJwOD;om&Sdí wcgw&H ESpfOD;&Sdwwfonf/ þtBuD; tuJwkdYonf udk;uG,f,kHMunfrI? vlrIa&;ESifhxkH;wrf;pOfvm"avhwkdYt& om BuD;uJtkyfcsKyfMu&onf/ vlpk\ tpOftvmESifh"avhrSm xkdvlpktwGuf Oya'rsm; jzpf onf/ tjiif;yGm;rI&SdvQif a&ikyfjcif;uJhodkYaom tNydKifjyKvkyfrIrsKd;udkap ckdif;í tqkH;tjzwfay;onf[k qkdEkdifonf/ a&S;usaom vlpkwkdYwGif ,if;tpOftvmonf ,aeYwkdif usef&Sdaeayao;onf/ trdBuD;pkd;aom vlYtzGJYtpnf; vlYtzGJUtpnf;wkdYwGif tz BuD;pkd;onfvnf; &SdcJhonf/ trdBuD; pkd;onfvnf; &SdcJhonf/ rGefcrmtEG,f0if cgqDvlrsKd;wkdYwGif ,cktxd trdBuD;pdk;onfhpepf&Sdaeonf/ tcsKdUumv tcsKdUa'owGif trsKd;orD; 51

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

wkdYonf trsKd;om;wkdYxuf ydkíta&;yg t&ma&mufcJhMuonf/ ausmuf acwfaESmif;twGif;u trsKd;orD;wkdYonf trsKd;om;wkdYxuf tqifht wef; redrfh&kHomru vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifhtkyfcsKyfa&;wkdYwGif a&SUwef;rS OD;aqmifcJhonfrsm; &Sdayonf/ ukef;jrifha'oae wkdif;&if;om;vlYtzGJU tpnf;wGif trsKd;orD;wkdY\0wfpm;wefqmonf vlrsKd;owfrSwf&m t rSwftom; jzpfaejcif;? trsKd;orD;wkdYonf trsKd;om;wkdYxuf ydkíwm0ef ,laqmif&Gufaejcif;wkdYu þtcsufudk axmufcHaeayonf/ t0wftxnfESifhaq;rifxkd;jcif; avQmrf sm; rIrYd sm;udk ,ufvyk af omt0wftxnfrsm;udk 0wfqif cJhMuonf[k qkdEkdif\/ txl;ojzifh t0wftxnfrsm;udk aq;a&mifqkd; í 0wfwwfMuayNyD/ trsKd;orD;wkdYonf a&mifpkHykwD;rsm;udkvnf; qif ,ifwwfMuNyD[k ,lq&\/ a<uaphrsm;? usdwfoD;rsm;ponfwkdYjzifh ykwD; jyKvkyfcJhayrnf/ trsKd;om;wkdYonf aq;rifaMumif xkd;vmNyD[k ,lq&\/ udk,f udk tvSty wefqmqif&ef t0wftxnf0wfonhfae&mwGif tpm; xkd;onfh"avh[k ,lq&\/ aysmf&TifrIESifhtyef;ajzrI ausmufacwfaESmif; vlwo Ydk nf aot&ufukd azmufvyk af omuf ok;H wwfMuNy[ D k ,lq&onf/ ewfyal Zmf&mwGiv f nf; aot&ufyg&onf/ 0g;? opf? ponfjzifh jyKvkyfaom wl&d,m*Dwypönf;rsm;udk wD; rIwí f tyef;ajzcJMh u[efw\ l / rsuEf mS jyifrnDaom opfw;Hk udk tacgif; jzpfatmif xGif;um wD;acgufcJhMuonf/ aysmf&TifrItwGufomru t csuaf y;&ef? owday;&eftwGuyf g ok;H cJ[ h efw\ l / þopfom;pnfrsK;d rSm aMu;udk oGef;vkyftyfaom zm;pnfwkdY\a&SUajy;yif jzpfonf[k,lq& onf/ 52

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

aMu;jzifh zm;pnfudk oGef;vkyfum tokH;jyKvmwwfaomtcsdef wGif ta&SUawmiftm&Sü ausmufacwfa[mif;vlwkdYonf aMu;acwfodkY csOf;eif;0ifa&mufvmNyD jzpfayonf/ owåK\tokH;ukd odvmonfESifh acwfvnf; ajymif;vmcJhonf/ þacwfonfum; jrefrmEkdifiHESifhta&SU awmiftm&StwGuf orkdif;wifacwftp odkYr[kwf orkdif;acwfOD;yif jzpfayonf/ orkdif;acwfOD; jrefrmEkdifiH orkdif;rwifrDacwf vlYabmifb0taMumif;udk orkdif;OD;bkHajr pepf tajccHaom vlrpI ;D yGm;a&;b0taMumif;xd qkcd NhJ y;D jzpfonf/ orkid ;f rwifraD cwftwGi;f pmaya&;om;rItwwfay:aygufvmaomf? odrYk [kwf xkdacwfu vlwkdYtaMumif; pmayjzifh acwfNydKifrSwfwrf; wifvmaomf orkdif;rwkdifrDacwfrSonf orkdif;wifacwfokdY ajymif;vJonf[k EkdifiH orkdif;ynm&SifwkdYu a,bk,stm;jzifh rSwfom;Muonf/ orkdif;acwfodkYajymif;apcJhaom tajctaersm; jrefrmEkid if H ta&SUawmiftm&StaMumif; acwfNyKd irf w S w f rf;wif rI a&S;OD;pGm awGU&onfrSm c&pfESpfrsm;ay:NyD;pumv wenf;qkdaomf yxr&mpk at'DEpS rf sm; ywf0ef;usiaf vmufwiG f jzpfonf[k qkEd idk o f nf/ þonfukd axmufí jrefrmEkid if EH iS t hf a&SUawmiftm&Sa'owkw Yd iG f c&pf ESpfrsm; ay:OD;umvw0dkufwGif orkdif;acwfOD;pwifcJhonf[k omref tm;jzifh qkEd idk af vonf/ þumvwGif tajctaeopfrsm; jzpfay:cJ\ h / odkYyif jzpfvifhupm; þa'owGif &SdaecJhaom orkdif;OD;bkHajrpepfonf qufvufwnfqJjzpf\/ orkdif;acwfOD;twGif;odkYvnf; trQifwef;í ygvmcJhayonf/ xl;jcm;aom tajctaeopfwkdYum; tb,fwkdYenf;/

53

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

(1) pmayrSwfwrf;wifrIudk jzpfapaom EkdifiHjcm;rSvlrsm; þa'oodkY a&muf&Sdvmjcif;/ (2) Ekid if w H iG ;f odYk wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d opfrsm; a&TUajymif;0ifa&mufvmjcif; ESifh (3) vlokH;vufeufu&d,mrsm; jyKvkyfonfh0w¬Kypönf;opfudk awGU&SdokH; pGJcJhjcif;wkdY jzpfonf/ EkdifiHjcm;om;rsm; a&mufvmjcif; pmayrSww f rf;wifru I kd jzpfapEkid o f nfh Ekid if jH cm;om;rsm; a&muf &ykHudk ESpfydkif;cGJEkdifonf/ yxrwydkif;rSm jrefrmEkdifiHajrmufydkif;rS jzwf oef;oGm;aom ukefoG,fvrf;rBuD;udk ydkrkdwkd;csJUtokH;jyKvmrIESifh'kwd, ydik ;f rSm jrefrmEkid if aH wmifyikd ;f yifv,furf;wavQmufwiG f ta&SUtaemuf ukefonfrsm; ydkrkda&muf&Sdvmjcif;wkdY jzpf\/ ajrmufydkif;ukefoG,fvrf;rBuD; c&pfEpS f ay:OD;umvywf0ef;usiw f iG f Oa&myawmifyikd ;f ü a&mr tifyg,mBuD; wefcdk;xm;aeonf/ tm&SwkdufwGif w&kwf[eftifyg,m BuD; wefcdk;xGm;aeonf/ a&mrESifh[efwkdYonf tm&Stv,fydkif; ukef; vrf;c&D;jzifh ukepf nfa&mif;0,fazmufum;cJMh uonf/ [eftifyg,m wef ckd;xm;cJhaomfvnf; tapmydkif;acwfwGif ,leefe,fudk ydkifqkdifjcif; r&Sd ao;ay/ tapmydkif;[efrif;quf(206bDpDrS 25at'D)? [efplwd{u&mZf (140-87bDp)D vufxufwiG f tm&Swu dk t f v,fyidk ;f &Sd vlrsK;d wko Yd nf [ef w&kwudk ykefuefwkdufckdufojzifh ukefoG,fvrf;ydwfcJhonf/ xdkwkdufckduf olwkdY\taemufzuf&SdEkdifiHrsm;odkY w&kwfoHrsm; oGm;a&mufqufoG,f Mu&mrS jrefrmEkdifiHajrmufydkif;udkjzwfí tdE´d,rSwqifh tm&Staemuf ydkif;odkY a&mufaom ukefoG,fc&D;vrf;wck&SdaMumif; odcJhMu&onf/ þ 54

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

wGirf S [efw&kww f o Ydk nf jrefrmEkid if aH jrmufyidk ;f qDoYkd c&D;vrf;azmuf&ef BudK;pm;cJhMuonf/ aemufydkif; [efrif;qufvufxuf(25-220at'D) a&mufrS ,leefe,f [efw&kww f Ydk ,m,DBu;D pd;k Ekid cf í hJ ,aeYjrefrme,fpyf ESifhrkdif 70-uGm ,leefe,ftaemufzufydkif;&Sd ,kifcsef(,aeY aygif&Sef) wGif tkyfcsKyfrIe,fwckudk 69-at'DwGif zGifhvSpfum ukefoG,fvrf;rBuD; udk xdef;odrf;csKyfudkifcJhMuavonf/ þvrf;BuD;ukd vkdufí a&mrtifyg ,mbufrS oHtzGJYrsm; w&kwfjynfodkYa&mufcJhMu\/ ukefonfrsm;vnf; tjyeftvSef ul;vl;qufqHcJhMu\/ þodjYk zifh jrefrmEkid if aH jrmufyikd ;f &Sd þukeo f , G v f rf;ESiq hf ufo, G f aeaom vlwt Ydk aMumif;udk [efacwfw&kw&f mZ0ifww Ydk iG f rSww f rf;wif vmcJhayonf/ tkdifavmifvlrsKd; ,kifcseftkyfcsKyfa&;e,fwGif aexdkifolrsm;rSm tkdifavmifvlrsKd; jzpfaMumif;? vSyqef;us,fpGm xkd;xm;aomZmt0wf? yef;xkd;t0wfwkdY udk 0wfqifí a&mifpOHk ;D aqmif;t0wfukd qif,ifaMumif;? pOfY odrYk [kwf zef vlo;Hk ypön;f rsm;udk ok;H pGaJ Mumif;? ykvEJ iS yhf ifv,fowå0gwk\ Yd tcGrH sm; udk tokH;jyKMuaMumif;? tkdifavmifwkdY\taemufzuf jrefrmEkdifiHajrmuf ydkif;&Sd vlwkdYrSm vlykrsKd;jzpfaMumif; ponfjzifh [efacwf &mZ0ifusrf;wkdY u qkdonf/ þvlwkdYrSm ,Ofaus;aom urÇmhEkdifiHBuD;ESpfckudk qufoG,f ay;xm;aom ukefoG,fvrf;rBuD;ESifhqufpyfaeolrsm;jzpfí jrefrmEkdifiH wGif urÇm, h Ofaus;rIEiS ahf &S;OD;pGm xdawGUcJ&h olrsm;[k qkEd idk af yonf/ tdik f avmif[al om trnfuakd xmufí xdt k rnf&o dS w l rYdk mS a&S;OD; xdik ;f trsK;d om;rsm;avm[k ynm&SiftcsKdUu awG;xifcJhMuayonf/ vlykrsKd;wkdYrSm rGef*kdvGKdufr[kwfaom rl&if;wkdif;&if;om;rsm;[k qkdbG,f&m&Sd\/

55

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

awmifbufyifv,fc&D;vrf; a&mrESi[ hf efwo Ydk nfvnf;aumif;? tm&StaemufEiS t hf a&SUydik ;f wkdYonfvnf;aumif;? xkdacwfavmufwGifyif yifv,fc&D;jzifh ul;vl; qufqcH MhJ u\/ yxraomf a&mr&Guo f abFmwko Yd nf yifv,fjyifoYkd &Guf rvTifhcJhMuao;/ urf;&kd;wef;udkvkdufíom tdE´d,EdkifiHtxd ul;oef;cJh Muonf/ aemufydkif;wGif rkwfokefav\tokH;udk odNyD;aemuf tma&As yifv,fudk jzwful;um tdE´d,awmifydkif;odkY wkduf&kdufa&mufcJh\/ tm&S ta&SUydkif;rS w&kwfESifhrav;ukefonfwkdYonf ta&SUawmiftm&SrS ukef ypönf;rsm;udk tdE´d,awmifydkif;ESifhoD[dkVfuRef;odkY o,faqmifí a&mif; 0,fazmufum;Muonf/ þodkYaom ul;vl;qufqHrIrsm; ay:aygufcJh&m rS þa'owkdYtaMumif;onf acgr? a&mrESifhtdE´d,pmaywkdYwGif yg0if cJhayonf/ [eftifyg,m ysuo f Ok ;f Ny;D aemuf w&kwjf ynf 0lEidk if rH S oHwo Ydk nf zleef(,ck uarÁm'D;,m;)EkdifiHodkY a&mufcJhí ta&SUawmiftm&SEkdifiHrsm;? tdE´d,EkdifiHESifhjrefrmEkdifiHwkdYtaMumif;udk rSwfwrf;wifcJhMujyefonf/ awmfvrD\yx0Dusrf; acgrrSwfwrf;wkdYwGif awmfvrD\yx0Dusrf;udk todrsm;Mu onf/ tdE´d,pmayrsm;jzpfaom 550-edygwfawmfrsm;? rdvdE´yO§mponfh Ak'¨0g'pmayrsm;? &mrm,eponfh [dE´L0g'pmayrsm;wGif jrefrmEkdifiHESifh ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'otaMumif;udk awGU&onf/ w&kw?f acgrrSww f rf; rsm;ESit hf Ed , d´ pmayvm tcsut f vufwrYdk mS rsm;pGmuGjJ ym;jcif;r&Sad y/ t xl;ojzifh tdE, d´ pmayESiahf wmfvrDyx0Dusr;f vm a'otrnf? odrYk [kwf trnf\t"dyÜg,fwkdYrSm vGefpGmeD;pyfonf/ awmfvrDonf tdE´d,ukef onfxrH &S aom owif;tcsuw f u Ydk kd rlwnfí olyY x0Dusr;f udk a&;cJ[ h ef wl\/ rnfodkYyifjzpfap þtaxmuftxm;rsm;wGif yg&Sdcsufrsm;udk jcKH í aumufcsucf sMuaomtcg atmufygtaMumif;jcif;&mrsm;udk od&\/ 56

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

orkdif;acwfOD; jrefrmEkdifiHtajctae bDvl;rsm; jrefrmEkdifiHurf;&kd;wef;wavQmufwGif ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; pcef;rsm;jzpfaom qdyu f rf;NrKd Ursm; &Scd o hJ nf/ txif&mS ;qk;H rSm ok0PÖbrl d jzpfonf/ qdyfurf;NrdKUrsm;wGif tdE´d,EkdifiHom;ukefonfrsm; pwnf;cs aexkid cf MhJ uonf/ wkid ;f &if;om;wkrYd mS ykíwkwcf idk o f nf/ qHyifvidI ;f xae ouJhodkY wGefYonf/ ESmacgif;jym;í tarT;trQifxlonf/ þvlpkrSm Mop aMwvGKdufvlrsKd;EG,f0if a&S;usaomvlrsm; jzpfwef&m\/ a&S;usaom MopBwKdat;&Sm;wpf pum;udk ajymMuaom a&S;OD;rGefcrm tEG,fcGJ0if rsm;[k qkb d , G &f m&S\ d / jrefrmpmtkyrf sm;? ykjH yifrsm;wGif yg0ifaom bDv;l wdkYrSm þolrsm;ukdyif qkdavoavm[k awG;bG,f&mjzpfonf/ ajrmuf ydkif; w&kwfe,fpyfteD;ae vlykrsKd;wkdYonf w&kwfjynfxGuf ukefypönf; rsm;udk o,f,lykdYaqmifay;jcif;jzifh ta&SUtaemuf ukeful;rIudk ulnDcJh Muonf/ AdóEkd; ok0PÖbrl (d w&kwrf w S w f rf;wGif usiv f ifac:onf/ a&Te,ferd w d f [k t"dyÜg,f&onf/)rkwårauGUw0dkufwGif &SdEkdifaumif;\[k rSwfwrf; rsm;rS wGufcsuf,lEkdifonf/ w&kwfrSwfwrf;ESifhacgryx0Dusrf;wkdYu ok 0PÖbrl \ d ajrmufzuf(jrefrmEkid if t H v,fyikd ;f )wGif NrKd UBu;D wNrKd U &Sad Mumif; qkd\/ w&kwfrSwfwrf;wGifrl Ak'¨0g'xGef;um;aomEkdifiH[k qkdonf/ xkdEkdifiHrSm ta&SUtaemuf ukef;aMumif;ukefoG,f&m c&D;vrf;cGJ jzpfaom {&m0wDjrpfteD;&Sd AdóEkd;NrdKUudkyif nTef;jcif;jzpfwef&monf/ þNrdKUa[mif; wl;az:&mwGif 2-&mpkat'DokH; tdE´d,awmifydkif; jA[®D tu©&mESifhwHqdyfwckudk awGUcJhbl;onfjzpf&m xkdacwfu pma&;onfh twwfonf jrefrmEkdifiHodkYa&mufaeNyD[k ,lqbG,f&m&Sdayonf/

57

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

ya'o&mZfpepf\tp þonfwkdYudk axmufí orkdif;OD;bkHajrpepfESifhaexkdifvsuf&Sd aom jrefrmEkdifiHESifhta&SUawmiftm&Sa'o&Sd rl&if;wkdif;&if;om;wkdY\ vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif;odkY wrlxl;jcm;aomvlaerIpepfwckonf orkdif; acwfO;D twGi;f u a&muf&v dS mcJo h nf[k ckid cf idk v f v Hk Hk qkEd idk af yonf/ ,if; pepfopfrSm tckdiftrm t&Hwefwkdif;? usKH;NrdKU&kd;wkdYjzifh wnfaqmuftyf aom NrdKUBuD;jyBuD;wGif wkdufwmtkd;tdrfESifhaexkdifvmonfhpepf? vlYtzGJU tpnf;wGif tkyfcsKyfoltBuD;tuJESifhtkyfpkd;olvlwef;pm;? ttkyfcsKyfcH vlwef;pm;wkdYyg0ifvmaompepf? pkaygif;aqmif&Guf pkaygif;tusKd;cHpm; rIraS oGznfí trdeaYf y;tcGit hf a&;xl;cHol vlenf;pku tvkyv f yk af om vlrsm;pkudk appm;onfhtjrwfxkwfonfhvlaerIpepfrsKd; jzpfonf/ tdE, d´ Ekid if o H m;wkaYd &mufvmí OD;aqmifzUJG pnf;cJah om olwx Ydk H rS enf;,lzGJUpnf;cJhaom ya'o&mZfpepfyif jzpfonf/ þodkYaom ya' o&mZfpepfusio hf ;Hk onfrmS ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; tcsut f csmae&mrsK;d üomjzpfí vlrsm;pkrSmrl &Sd&if;pGJ bkHajrpepf pD;yGm;a&;udkyif qufvuf usifhokH;qJ[k qkd&ygrnf/ vlrsKd;opfrsm; 0ifa&mufvmjcif; awmifbufyikd ;f wGif Ekid if jH cm;ukeo f nftpki,fuav;rsm; a&muf &SdtajcpkdufaevmrIonf orkdif;acwfOD;\xl;jcm;csufw&yf jzpfonf/ þtcsdefavmufwGif ajrmufydkif;rS wkdif;&if;om;opfwkdY tifESifhtm;ESifh wokwfNyD;wokwf qkdovkd wqifhNyD;wqifh 0ifa&mufvmMuonf/ þ onfrSm orkdif;acwfOD;\'kwd,xl;jcm;csufjzpfonf/ þwdkif;&if;om; opfwkdY 0ifa&mufvmrIonfvnf; orkdif;acwfOD;vlwkdY\orkdif;pOfudk t oGifajymif;apcJhonf/ wkdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;opfwkdY ra&mufvmrDu tm&Sta&SUawmif ydik ;f rSm MopBwKad t&Sm;wpftEG,0f if rGecf rmbmompum;rsm;udk ajymol 58

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

wk\ Yd a'ojzpfaMumif; qkcd NhJ y;D jzpfonf/ olwrYdk mS ausmufacwfaESmif; ,Of aus;rIEiS o hf rkid ;f OD;bkaH jrpepft& tajcwpdu k f aexkid Mf uolrsm;jzpfonf/ xdkvlwkdY\a'ookdY wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;opfwkdY a&TUajymif;azmufxGif;vm Muaomtcg &S&d if;pGv J t Yl zGUJ tpnf;wkrYd mS wuGw J jym;pDjzpfMuí wkid ;f &if; om;opfvt Yl zGUJ tpnf;wkYd ay:aygufvmcJjh cif;jzpfonf/ þonfuakd jymif; vJrIw&yf[k qkdjcif;jzpf\/ ysL? ouf? em*? csif;? u&if ajrmufzufqDrS topf0ifa&mufvmolwkdYrSm wdAufjrefrmEG,f 0ifpum;rsm;udk ajymolrsm; jzpf\/ wdAufjrefrmEG,0f ifvw l \ Ydk a&TUajymif; rIwnf;[laom vla&pD;aMumif;wGif wyfO;D rS ygvmolwrYkd mS a&S;OD;ysLrsm;? oufrsm;? em*rsm;? csif;rsm;ESifhu&ifrsm;[k ,lq&ayonf/ a&S;OD;ysLwko Yd nf ta&SUajrmufqrD S 0ifvmí 1-&mpkat'Davmuf wGif ,ckAdóEkd;[kwGifaeaom od&orQ a&S;tusqkH;NrdKUBuD;udk wnf axmifcMhJ uolrsm; jzpfonf/ uomc&dik &f dS ,ck u'l;? ueef;wkid ;f &if;om; wk\ Yd a&S;bd;k ab;Bu;D rsm; jzpfMuonf/ oufwo Ydk nf taemufajrmufzuf rS {&m0wDjrpftxd jyefYESHYaecJhMu\/ olwkdY\a'oodkY em*vlrsKd;rsm;0if vmMu\/ em*wkdYonf taemufzufydkif;wGif aexkdifvmMuí oufwkdY \taemufzufydkif;a'oudk azmufxGif;cJhMuonf/ csif;wkdYonfvnf; taemufajrmufrS 0ifvmí csif;wGif;jrpf&kd;wavQmufwGif aexkdifvm Muojzifh oufwkdY\tpkrSm xyfrHí uGJoGm;&jyefonf/ awmifbufodkY vnf; wqifhwkd;í a&TUoGm;cJh&[ef wlonf/ þouf? em*ESichf si;f wkYd 0ifvmMuojzifh rlvu&Scd ahJ om rGecf rm tEG,f0ifwkdYrSmvnf; a0;vHpGm wuGJwjym;pD jzpfcJh&ayonf/ tvm;wlyif orkdif;acwfOD;avmufu u&iftrsKd;om;wkdYonf ta&SUajrmufzufqrD S oHviG jf rpfaMumif;wavQmufwiG f vIy&f mS ;a&TUajymif; aeNyD; jzpfcJh[efwl\/ olwkdYonf &Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;&Sd rGefcrmtEG,fcGJ 0ifwkdYae&mudk azmufxGif;cJhí Nidrf;csrf;at;aq;pGm awmifbufodkYa&TU 59

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

ajymif;vmcJ\ h / &Sr;f jynfawmifyikd ;f avmufoYkd a&mufrS taemufoq Ykd uf vuf a&TUajymif;cJhMu[efwlonf/ þodkYjzifh &Srf;jynfESifh,ck,dk;',m;Ekdif iH&Sd rGefcrmtEG,fcGJ0ifwkdYonf wuGJwjym;jzpfcJhMu&onf[k qkdbG,f&m &Sdayonf/ ajymif;vJrIrsm; &Sd&if;rlvwkdif;&if;om;wkYdrSm rdrdwkdYykdif vlaerIpepf? ,Ofaus;rI ESifhpD;yGm;a&;pepfwkdY&SdMuonf/ ,if;wkdYteuf tenf;pkrSm EkdifiHjcm;rS a&mufvmaom tdE´d,om;vlpkwkdY\,Ofaus;rIpepf ponfwkdYESifh awGU xd&onf/ ,ck wzef wdAufjrefrmtEG,f0ifwkdY a&mufvmjyefonf/ t opf0ifvmaom vlpkrSmvnf; olwkdYpepf olwkdY,Ofaus;rIESifhjzpfonf/ &Sd&if;vlpkESifhawGUxda&maESmrdMuaomtcg vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh,Of aus;rIwkdYonf tjyeftvSef tusKd;jyKjcif;&Sdí txkduftavsmufajymif; vJrIrsm; &Sdrnfomjzpfrnf/ NrdKUjyjynf&Gm wnfaxmifí tdE´d,pepftm;aumif;aom ae&m wkdYwGif ya'o&mZfvlrIa&;pepfopf? pD;yGm;a&;pepfopfwkdY ykHwnfay: aygufrnfomjzpfonf/ odkYjzpfvifhupm; vlrsKd;rsm; a&TUajymif;rI? pD;yGm;a&;ESifhvlrIa&; pepftoGifajymif;rIwkdYrSm &ufcsif;? vcsif;? ESpfcsif;jzpfonfh jzpf&yfrsm; r[kw/f ESp&f n S v f rsm; vltqufqufMumatmif wa&GUa&GUwjznf;jznf; jzpfay:ajymif;vJvmonfhjzpf&yfrsm;jzpfonf/ a&TUajymif;jcif;rjyKbJ csef ae&pfcJhjcif;? vlrIa&;ESifhpD;yGm;a&;pepfa[mif;üyif pGJNrJpGmusefae&pfjcif; rsm; trsm;yif &Sdonfudk owdcsyfzdkY vdkayonf/ vlrIpD;yGm;a&;udk xl;jcm;pGm ajymif;vJapcJhaom orkdif;acwfOD; jzpf&yfwckrSm vlokH;ukefxkwfvufeufrsm;udk aMu;owåKESifhjyKvkyfwwf vmjcif;yif jzpfonf/ þtaMumif;udkum; oD;jcm;az:jy&ef vkdayrnf/

60

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

tydkif;(3)

ya'o&mZfacwfOD;\tp (aMu;acwf)

61

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

ukefxkwfu&d,majymif;vJrI orkid ;f OD; bkaH jracwfrS ajr&Siyf a'o&mZfacwfO;D \tpodaYk jymif; vJvmcJhykHudk txufwGif qkdcJhNyD; jzpfonf/ ukefvkyfqufqHa&;ay:wGif tajcjyKaom vlaerIb0ajymif;vJrIudk zefwD;onfh taMumif;t&mwkdY wGif ukefvkyfu&d,m ajymif;vJvmrIonf taMumif;w&m;w&yf jzpfay onf/ orkid ;f OD;bkaH jracwftwGi;f u ukev f yk u f &d,mrsm; ajymif;vJvm rIaMumifh ukex f w k v f yk ef nf;ESiphf epfrsm;yg ajymif;vJcyhJ ?Hk ,if;wku Yd kd tajc jyKí vlaerIb0 wkd;wufcJhykHudk awGUcJh&NyD;jzpf\/ 62

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

a&S;OD;ya'o&mZfrsm; c&pfESpfay:OD;umvwGifrl ta&SUawmiftm&S vlwkdYonf aMu; \tokH;udk odcJh\/ aMu;oGef;twwfudk wwfodvmMu\/ aMu;owåK rSm ausmufavmufraygrsm;? vG,fulpGmvnf; r&Ekdif/ tzkd;wefypönf; jzpfonf/ odYkjzpf&um; aMu;oGef;twwfudk odMuNyDqkdonfhwkdifatmif vlenf;pkavmufom aMu;jzifjh yKvyk af om ukex f w k u f &d,m vufeufrsm; udk ydkifqkdifMuonf/ trsm;pkurl tpOftvmausmufacsmvufeufrsm; udo k m ok;H Ekid cf MJh uonf/ xufjrufaom aMu;vufeufrsm;udo k m ok;H Ekid f cJhMuonf/ xufjrufaom aMu;vufeufydkifolwkdYrSm tjcm;olrsm;xuf tcGifhta&; ydkomvmMu\/ tcGifhta&;ydkí ,lEkdifMu\/ tjcm;olrsm; ay: vTrf;rkd;vmEkdifMu\/ þodkYjzifh vTrf;rkd;BuD;pdk;vmolvlrsm;ESifhtvTrf;rkd;cHvlrsm;[k uGJ jym;vmMu\/ vTrf;rkd;EkdifolwkdYonf tjcm;olrsm;udk appm;í udk,fusKd; &SmvmMu\/ þodjYk zifh a&S;OD;acgif;ykjH zwfrrI sm; ay:vmcJo h nf/ þacgif; ykjH zwfow l o Ydk nf ukex f w k v f ufeufrsm;ESiw hf uG pdu k yf sK;d ajrponfh tjcm; ukefxkwft&if;tESD;rsm;udkyg ydkifqkdifvmcJhMu\/ þolwkdYum; ta&SSU awmiftm&S\a&S;OD;ya'o&mZfrsm;aywnf;/ þodkYajymif;vJrI&Sdvmaom umvavmufwGifyif tdE´d,om; rsm;ESit hf wl tdE, d´ ,Ofaus;rIEiS yhf a'o&mZfpepfrsm; ta&SUawmiftm&S odaYk &mufvmcJ\ h / ,if;wk\ Yd vTr;f rk;d rIaMumifh ta&SUawmiftm&SwiG f tdEd´ ,toGifaqmifaom ya'o&mZfEkdifiHrsm; ay:aygufvmcJhavonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ay:aygufcJhaom tdE´d,toGifaqmifonfh y a'o&mZfEkdifiHi,frsm;taMumif;udk rqkdrD jrefrmEkdifiHESifhta&SUawmif tm&SwGif awGUcJh&NyD;jzpfaom aMu;vufeufrsm;? ukefxkwfu&d,mrsm;? vlokH;ypönf;rsm;taMumif;ESifh,if;wkdYrS od&SdEkdifaom aMu;acwfvlwkdYt aMumif;udk tusOf;tm;jzifh az:jyvkdonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHü aMu;vufeuf u&d,mrsm;ESifhvlokH;ypönf;rsm;udk ucsijf ynfe,f Bw*d aH 'o? rk&H mG c&dik ?f &rnf;oif;c&dik ?f yJc;l &k;d rawmifp, G f 63

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

rsm;? o&ufNrdKU? &Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;ESifhawmifydkif;a'orsm;wGif tEHYSt jym; awGUcJ&h Ny;D jzpf\/ rk;d rdwEf iS Bhf w*d aH 'owkw Yd iG f aMu;eDvuf0wfwefqm rsm;udkyg awGU&onf/ vufeuftrsm;pkrSm ykqdefoGm;ESifhvSHpGyfrsm;jzpf onf/ vufuikd t f &k;d pGy&f ef tacgif;aygufrsm;ygonfvnf; &So d nf/ ryg onfvnf;&Sdonf/ {&m0wDjrpf0Srf;wGif awGU&aom aMu;ykqdefoGm;rsm; rSm tcsKd;usí a&SUaemufnDonf/ &Srf;jynfbufwGif awGU&aom aMu; ykqdefoGm;wkdYrSm toGm;aemufydkif;wkdYü a&SUydkif;&SnfNyD;vQif txufodkY aumhwufae\/ ajcykHESifhwlaom toGm;rsKd;jzpfonf/ þykHrsKd;udk w&kwf jynfawmifyikd ;f ,leefe,fEiS Ahf , D uferfEidk if aH jrmufyikd ;f wkw Yd iG f awGU&onf/ jrefrmEkdifiH aMu;vufeufud&d,mrsm;onf acsmarGUí vuf&m ajrmufvSonf/ aMu;oGef;twwfudk aumif;pGm wwfajrmufolwkdY\ vuf&mrsm;jzpfonf/ þvufeufwo Ydk nf tdE, d´ Ekid if b H ufü awGU&aom vufeufrsm;ESifhrwl/ ,leefe,fwGif awGU&aom vufeufrsm;ESifhqif onf/ odkYjzpfí tdE´d,om;rsm; ra&mufrDuwnf;u jrefrmEkdifiHü aMu; oGef;twwf&SdaeNyD[k qkdEkdifonf/ xkdrSwyg; wdAuf-jrefrma&SUajy;vlrsm; r0ifa&mufrDuwnf;u yif jrefrmEkdifiHü aMu;oGef;twwf&SdaeNyD[kvnf; qkdEkdif\/ taMumif;rSm AD,uferfEidk if aH jrmufyikd ;f 'kiaf pmifoif;csKid ;f *lrsm; wGif awGU&aom vufeufwrYdk mS wdAufjrefrmr[kwo f w l \ Ydk vufeufrsm; jzpfaomaMumifhwnf;/ xkda'owGifawGU&aom aMu;zm;pnfrsm;ESifhajc ykHykqdefoGm;rsm;ay:wGif xkdacwfvlwkdY\ykHrsm;? avSrsm;ESifhyifv,fc&D; ppfcsDykHrsm;? uckefwD;rIwfaeykHrsm;udk awGU&\/ ,if;ykHwkdYudk axmufí aMu;acwfvlwkdYwGif rkqkd;rsm;? wHigrsm;? v,form;rsm;? ppfonfrsm;yg0ifonfudk awGU&onf/ 'kifapmif aMu; ypön;f wkw Yd iG f v,form;tok;H taqmifypön;f rsm;vnf; yg0ifonf/ at 'D 100-cefYu w&kwfaMu;ypönf;rsm;vnf; awGU&onf/ 'kifapmifaMu; ypönf;rsm;onf oyf&yfí csyfcsyf&yf&yf &Sdonf/ w&kwfypönf;rsm;rSm yG a,mif;a,mif;ESifhxlydef;ydef; &Sdonf/ w&kwfvuf&mESifhrwlaomypönf; rsm; jzpfonf/ 64

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

'kiaf pmifaMu;acwfvw l \ Ydk zm;pnfrsK;d ukd avm? ,k;d ',m;ESijhf ref rmEkdifiHwkdYwGifvnf; awGU&onf/ olwkdY\Al;cg;yavGrSm &Srf;jynfawmif ydkif; wkdif;&if;om;ukef;jrifhom;wkdY\uJef;ac:Al;cg;yavGrsm;ESifhtvGefwl onf/ ,leefjrefrme,fpyfwiG f 'kiaf pmifajcykyH q k ed o f mG ;ESiw hf al om ykqed f oGm;rsm;udk awGU&onf/ odjYk zpfí 'kiaf pmifaMu;acwf,Ofaus;rIrsK;d onf jrefrmEkdifiHbufwGifvnf; ay:aygufcJhonf[k qkdEkdifonf/ c&pfay:OD;avmufu[k cefYrSef;&aom {&m0wDjrpf0Srf; rauG; c&kdif AdóEkd;NrdKUa[mif;wGif oHypönf;tcsKdUudk awGU&onf/ odkYjzpfí jref rmEkdifiHwGif aMu;acwftwGif;u oH\tokH;udkvnf; odaeMuNyD[kqkd& ayrnf/ a&S;OD;ya'o&mZfEkdifiHi,frsm; orkid ;f acwfO;D wGif ta&SUawmiftm&Sü ya'o&mZfEidk if iH ,frsm; ay:aygufcahJ omfvnf; orkid ;f OD;bkaH jrpepfval erIb0ESiahf exkid o f t l rsm; qufvufí &SdaecJhayonf/ pepfopftwGif;odkY pepfa[mif;trQifwef; í ygvmjcif;onf obm0w&m;twkdif; jzpfonf/ jrefrmEkid if w H iG f a&S;OD;ay:aygufcahJ om ya'o&mZfEidk if w H t Ydk euf ok0PÖblrd? AdóEkd;? waumif;ESifha0omvDEkdifiHi,fwkdY xif&Sm;onf/ ok0PÖblrd ,ckppfawmif;ESio hf v H iG jf rpfEpS o f , G pf yfMum; rkwrå yifv,fauGU ay:&Sd urf;ajrmifa'orSm ok0PÖblrdEkdifiHwnfcJh&m a'ojzpf\/ NrdKU awmfrSm xkda'o&Sd auomvawmifajcwGif &Sdonf/ tdE´d,awmifydkif; rav;uRef;qG,f? oD[kdVfuRef;wkdYESifhukefoG,f&m qdyfurf;NrdKUBuD;jzpf\/ xkNd rKd Uonf weoFm&D&;dk rudk jzwfausmu f m ,d;k ',m;Ekid if b H uf&dS 'Gg&m0wD EkdifiHESifhukef;vrf;ukefoG,f&m pcef;NrdKUvnf; jzpfonf/

65

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orkdif;acwfOD;u þNrdKUudk &wemokdufBuD;tjzpf odcJhMu\/ w&kw?f a&mr? acgr? tdE, d´ ukeo f nfrsm;u þNrKd Uudk ]a&Tajr}[k t"dygÜ ,f &aom rdrw d b Ykd mompum;jzifh trnfay;í rSww f rf;wifcMhJ u\/ ok0PÖ blrEd ikd if \ H e,ftus,rf mS taemufzuf {&m0wDjrpf? ta&SUbuf aomif &if;jrpftxdjzpfaom {&m0wD? ppfawmif;? oHviG jf rpfw\ Ydk jrpf0uRe;f ay: a'o[k ,lqEkdifonf/ þa'owGif c&pfay:OD;avmufu aexkdifoGm;MuolwkdYrSm Mo paMwvGKdufvlrsKd;EG,f0ifrsm; jzpfonf/ jrefrm'EÅm&D('@m&D)wkdYwGif bD vl;[kac:aeolrsm;rSm þvlrsm;yif jzpfonf[k ,lq&\/ bDvl;wkdYae &modkY a&S;OD;rGefrsm; a&mufvmaomtcg bDvl;wkdYonf yifv,fwGif;odkY qkwcf mG ay;cJ&h [efwo l nf/ rdrw d aYkd e&ma[mif;udk jyef&a&;twGuf bDv;l wkdYonf urf;odkYwufí a&S;OD;rGefwkdYESifhtcgtm;avsmfpGm ppfqifcJhMu onf/ rEkdifonf\tqkH;ü tcsKdUyifv,fwGif;&Sd uRef;rsm;odkY a&TUajymif; cJhonf/ tcsKdUrSm ,ck oxkHjzpfaom&u©yl&NrdKUudk wnfaxmifcJh\/ a&S; OD;rGefwkdYtiftm;rsm;vmaomtcg bDvl;wdkYonf xkda'orSmyif awmif bufodkY a&TUajymif;cJhMu[efwl\/ bDpD 250-cefY &SifaomeESifh&SifOwå&rax&f 2-yg;onf ok0PÖ blrdodkY omoemjyKa&mufcJhum ax&0g'omoem\tpudk þEkdifiHwGif ysK;d axmifco hJ nf[k tqk&d o dS nf/ þa'o&Sd auvmoawmifrmS yk*aH cwf usefppfom;rif;BuD;ESifh[Hom0wD "r®apwDrif;wkdY txGwftjrwfxm;&m Ak'¨omoem\tcsuftcsma'owck jzpfayonf/ ok0PÖblrdEkdifiHom;wkdYonf qifzrf;0goemygí qifudk pD;eif; MuaMumif;? qifrsm;aovQif qifpG,fudk Ekwf,lMuaMumif;? xkdNrdKUrS t wGif;ydkif;odkY oGm;aom ukef;vrf;c&D;udkvkdufvQif ]vif,ef}ac:EkdifiHwck &Sad Mumif;? þEkid if w H iG f vlO;D a&pnfum;í Ak'o ¨ moemxGe;f um;aMumif; ESifh at'D 300-cefYu a&;aom w&kwfrSwfwrf;wGifawGU&\/

66

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AdóEkd;NrKdU þrSwfwrf;vm taxmuftxm;rsm;t& ]vif,ef}rSm ,ck AdóEkd;NrdKUa[mif;[k ,lq&ef&Sdayonf/ AdóEkd;NrdKUa[mif;onf rauG; c&kdif {&m0wDjrpf\ta&SUbuf vufwufi,fwckjzpfaom ,if;acsmif; 0Srf;\taemufpGef;wGif &Sdonf/ þNrdKU\pD;yGm;a&; ausmaxmufaemuf cHe,frmS þ,if;acsmif;0Sr;f yifjzpf\/ ,if;acsmif;0Sr;f rSm ajrMoZmaumif; í pyg;pku d yf sK;d Ekid o f nf/ yk*aH cwf a&S;OD;jrefrmwkYd wnfaxmifcí hJ orkid ;f pOfwiG f xif&mS ;cJah om awmifwiG ;f Bu;D NrKd Uonf þacsmif;0Sr;f \ta&SUpGef wGif &Sdonf/ AdóEkd;NrdKUrSm at'D 1-&mpkxufaemufrusbJ wnfcJhaom NrdKU jzpf\/ NrdKUom;wkdYrSm rGef*kdvGKdufvlrsKd;EG,f wdAufjrefrmtEG,f0ifbmom pum;udk ajymaom a&S;OD;ysLrsm;jzpfMuonf/ þEkdifiHi,frSm ysLya'o &mZforkdif;\tpyif jzpfonf/ w&kwEf iS t hf Ed , d´ udk qufo, G af y;xm;aom ukeo f nfuek ;f vrf; rBuD;wGif {&m0wDjrpfudk jzwfonfhae&mrS {&m0wDjrpfudk vdkufonfh awmifbufvrf;cGw J ck &Scd o hJ nf/ ,if;vrf;cGt J wkid ;f vku d af omf waumif; ESifhAdóEkd;udk jzwfí yifv,furf;odkY a&mufEkdif\/ ,if;rSwqifh tdE, d´ Ekid if aH wmifyikd ;f odYk qufomG ;Ekid o f nf/ tdE, d´ awmifydkif;rS ukefonfwkdYonf þawmifbufvrf;ckvyf ysLwkdY\a'o jzpfaom AdóEkd;wGif ukefonfpcef;zGifhcJh[ef wl\/ þNrdKUa[mif;wGif awGU&aom ,Ofaus;rIqidk &f m taxmuftxm;wkrdY mS tdE, d´ Ekid if aH wmif ykid ;f ESiq hf ufo, G af eonfukd awGU&\/ oa&acwå&m,Ofaus;rIvu©Pm rsm;udkvnf; AdóEkd;wGifawGU&\/ AdóEk;d NrKd Ua[mif;rSm av;a'gifrh uswus? NrKd U&k;d wefwidk ;f ESiu hf sK;H rsm; &Hvsu&f o dS nf/ NrKd UaeNrKd Ucif; us,0f ef;onf/ NrKd UwGi;f ü awmifajrmuf wef;aeaom wefwkdif;BuD;wckonf NrdKUudk ta&SUjcrf; taemufjcrf;[k ESpfjcrf;cGJxm;\/ ta&SUjcrf;wGif NrdKUwGif;om;wkdY\&du©mtwGuf pdkufysKd; cif;rsm;om &Sd\/ 67

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taemufjcrf;wGif eef;awmfa[mif;ESifhomoemtaqmufttkH rsm;&Sdí vlae&yfuGufjzpfonf/ a&S;a[mif;acwf ppfqifrIwGif NrdKUudk 0ef;&HwkdufckdufMuonfjzpf&m þwdkufckdufrIudk Mum&SnfckcHEkdif&ef NrdKUudk us,f0ef;pGm wnfaqmufí NrdKUwGif;üyif pm;a&&du©mxkwfvkyfEkdif&ef pDpOfxm;csufjzpfonf/ NrdKUwGif;aevlwkdYrSm tkyfpkd;olya'o&mZfrsm;ESifholwkdYudk tvkyf tauR;jyKolrsm;jzpf[ef wl\/ omrefwkdif;oljynfom;? tvkyform;? v,form;wkdYrSm ,if;acsmif;vGifjyifü jyefYESHYaexkdifcJhonf/ AdóEk;d Ekid if o H m;wko Yd nf oH\tvk;H udk aumif;pGmodcMhJ u\/ Ekid if H om;wkdY\t"duukefxkwfvkyfief;rSm pyg;pkdufysKd;rIjzpfonf/ yef;&H? yef; bJ? yef;wOf;? yef;xdrf? yef;warmh? ajrtkd;vkyfief;? a&mifpkHykwD;vkyfief; i,fwkdYudk jyKvkyfwwfonfhtEkynmADZ&SdaeMuNyDjzpf\/ ,ufuef;twwfuv kd nf; wwfoMd uNy;D [k ,lqbG,&f m&So d nf/ at'D 2-&mpku tdE´d,awmifydkif;wGif tokH;jyKcJhonfhjA[®Dtu©&mESifh &kdufESdyfxm;aom ajrwHqdyfwckudkvnf; awGU&ojzifh xkdacwfuyif t u©&mESifhpmaya&;om;rItwwf a&mufcJhNyD[k qkdEkdif\/ tdE´d,EkdifiHawmifydkif;rS &kyfyGm;qif;wkawmfrsm;udk ukd;uG,f,kH MunfrrI &Sad o;aom Ak'o ¨ moem*kP d ;f \ud;k uG,, f MHk unfro I nf AdóEk;d NrdKUodkYa&mufcJhNyDjzpfaMumif; tckdiftrm od&ayonf/ AdóEk;d Ekid if iH ,f\vkyo f m;jynfow l rYdk mS tkypf ;dk aom ya'o&mZf rsm;ESio hf w l \ Ydk cHwyfNrKd UBu;D wku Yd kd rdrw d \ Ydk b0vkjH cKH a&;twGuf t"dutm; jzifh trSDjyKcJhMu&onf/ þEkdifiHrSm at'D 1-&mpkcefYwGif a&S;OD;ysLwkdYonf axmifcJhaom tdE, d´ toGiu f kd aqmifonfEh idk if jH zpf\/ ESp&f n S v f rsm; aexdik cf NhJ y;D aemuf NrdKUonf wBudrfysufcJh&onf/ wzef jyefvnfwnfaxmifí aexkdifvm cJhMu&m at'D 5-&mpkavmufwGif oa&acwå&mysLwkdYESifhppfrufjzpfí ysufokOf;cJh&ayonf/ AdóEkd;NrdKU\tcef;rSm jrefrmEkdifiHysLwkdY\orkdif;pOfwGif a&S;OD; vufrGeftcef;jzpfonf[k rSwfom;&ayonf/ 68

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waumif; uomc&kdif {&m0wDjrpf\ta&SUbufurf;ay:wGif&SdcJhaom w aumif;rSmvnf; ya'o&mZfvlYtzGJUtpnf;\a&S;usvSaom tcsuft csmNrdKUBuD;wNrdKU jzpfonf/ waumif;rSm wdAufjrefrmbmompum; t EG,f0ifoufwkdY\NrdKUawmfjzpf\/ waumif;Ekid if o H nf taemufzuf rPdy&l jynf? ta&SUbuf &Sr;f ukef;jyifjrifh\tajc? awmifbuf jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif; yk*HNrdKUavmuf xd us,fjyefYcJh[efwl\/ tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmpufonf þa'orsm;txd jyefYESHYonf[k twdtusrqkdEkdifonhfwkdifatmif a&S;oufwkdYonf þa' orsm;txd jyefYESHYa&mufcJhaMumif;udkum; qkdEkdifayonf/ rPdyl&jynfukdjzwfí tdE´d,jynfudk oGm;aom a&S;ukefonf vrf;ESifhawmifbufyifv,fodkYoGm;aom c&D;vrf;wkdYay:wGif wnf&Sdae ojzifh waumif;onf tdE, d´ ESiw hf &kwjf ynf,Ofaus;rIrsm;udk &&SEd idk o f nfh ae&mwGif &SdcJhayonf/ cefYnm;aom NrdKU&kd;NrdKUwmrsm; &Sdonfhya'o&mZf NrdKUwNrdKU jzpfonf/ þNrdKUudk pepfwus wl;az:jcif; r&Sdao;ojzifh þ NrdKUtaMumif;udk AdóEkd;NrdKUavmuf rod&ao;ay/ þa'owGif yk*Hacwfu BuD;pdk;cJholwkdYrSm oufbmompum; tpk0if u'l;rsm;jzpfonf/ yk*HacwfwGif oif;wGJNrdKU[kxif&Sm;onf/ yk*H acwfysufonfh (1300-at'D)xdyif ta&;ygaom NrdKUwNrKdUjzpf\/ a&S; u woD;wjcm;&SdcJhaomfvnf; yk*Hem;a#mif;rsm; rif;vufxufrSpí yk*H Ekid if EH iS w hf yl;waygif;wnf;jzpfco hJ nf/ yk*t H aemf&xmrif;vufxufwiG f waumif;udk txl;ta&;xm;cJhí waumif;udk A[dkjyKaom u'l;wkdYESifh &if;ESD;pGm qufqHcJh[ef wl\/ a0omvDEkdifiH &ckid w f idk ;f ukvm;wefjrpfEiS ahf vhNrKd Ujrpf0rS ;f wkw Yd iG f ay:aygufaom a0omvDEkdifiHonf rnfrQa&S;usonfudk twdtusrqkdEkdifao;ay/ t 69

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

csuftcsmjzpfaom a0omvDNrdKUa[mif;rSm ajrmufOD;ac:NrdKUa[mif;\ ajrmufzuf 6-rkdifcefYtuGmwGif &Sdonf/ NrdKUaeNrdKUxm;rSm t0ef;t0kdif; ykjH zpfonf/ AdóEk;d NrKd UuJo h yYkd if us,0f ef;onf/ þNrKd Uudk wnfaxmifco hJ l wkdYrSm tif'dktma&,eftEG,f0if tdE´d,ajrmufydkif;om;wdkY jzpfonf/ xdkNrdKUwGif a&S;OD;pGm xGef;um;cJhaom udk;uG,f,kHMunfrIrSm od0 ewfudk;uG,faom [dE´L0g'jzpfonf/ aemufydkif;wGif Ak'¨omoema&muf cJo h nfh taxmuftxm;rsm;udk awGU&onf/ xko d rkid ;f acwfO;D avmufu ukvm;wefEiS ahf vhNrKd Ujrpf0rS ;f wGi&f cdS ahJ om wkid ;f &if;om;wkrYd mS ]r*k}d rsm;jzpf [efw\ l / a0omvDNrKd Uudk tajcjyKaom ya'o&mZfwo Ydk nf pyg;aumif; pGmxGuo f nf/ þjrpf0rS ;f rsm;ae vlrsm;udk Bu;D pd;k tkycf sKycf í hJ tdE, d´ ajrmuf ydik ;f pmay,Ofaus;rIEiS u hf ;kd uG,, f MHk unfrw I u Ydk kd usio hf ;Hk cJo h rl sm; jzpfonf/ a0omvDjynfonf a&S;OD;jrefrmrsm;(&ckid rf sm;)a&TUajymif;a&muf &Sdvmonfh 10-11-&mpkESpfrsm;txd &SdcJhonf[k ,lq&ayonf/ ok0PÖblrd? AdóEkd;? waumif;ESifha0omvDwkdYrSm ya'o&mZf EkdifiHi,frsm; jzpfonf/ xdkEkdifiHi,fwkdY\tokdif;t0kdif;twGif; aexkdifcJh Muaom wkdif;oljynfom;wkdY\vlaerIb0udk zefwD;csKyfudkifcJhaom tzGJU tpnf;jzpfonf/ þtzGJUtpnf;wkdYxuf BuD;rm;aomya'o&mZfvlYtzGJUtpnf; udk at'D 5-&mpkavmufrSpí jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif;wGif awGUEkdifay onf/ þvlt Y zGUJ tpnf;rSm oa&acwå&mudk tajcjyKonf'h w k , d ysLacwf \ya'o&mZfvlYtzGJUtpnf;aywnf;/ ààààààààà

70

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

tydkif;(4)

ysL ya'o&mZfacwf

71

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

orkdif;OD;bkHajracwfrS ya'o&mZfodkY ul;ajymif;rIjyóem ysLacwftaMumif;udk rqkdrD jrefrmEkdifiHESifhta&SUawmiftm&S EkdifiHwkdYwGif vlaerIb0onf ya'o&mZfodkY ajymif;vJcJhjcif;ESifhpyfvsOf; í tcsufESpfcsufudk az:jyvkdonf/ yxrtcsufrSm þa'ovlYorkdif;wGif orkdif;OD;bkHajracwfrS ya'o&mZfacwfoYkd wku d &f u dk af jymif;vmcJ&h oavm? pyfMum;wGif Oa&my EkdifiHrSmuJhodkY aus;ydkif uRefydkifpepf&SdcJhoavm[laomtcsuf jzpfonf/ 'kwd,tcsufrSm ya'o&mZfpepf ay:aygufvmykHrSm aus;ykdif uReyf ikd pf epfwiG rf S odrYk [kwf ,if;pepf\ya,m*,SOrf jI zifh ay:aygufvm &jcif;avm odkYr[kwf rnfokdYay:aygufvmcJhoenf;/ uRefvlwef;pm; yk*Hacwf vlYtzGJUtpnf;wGif uRefvlwef;pm; twefrsm;rsm;&Sd aMumif; tckid t f rmod&onf/ ysLacwfysupf Of(835-at'D)u eefausmuf wkdYonf ysLtrsm;udk okYHtjzpfzrf;oGm;í uReftjzpf apxm;aMumif;od& onf/ ysLtxufwef;vTmwkdYwGif udk,fvkyfuRefrsm;&SdaMumif;vnf; od& onf/ þxufapmí uRefvlwef;pm; &Sd r&Sdudk taxmuftxm; tckdif trmESifhrod&ao;ay/ 72

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

odkYaomf yk*HESifhysLacwfwkdYwGif uRef&Sdonfudk axmufí ya' o&mZfacwfOD;tpydkif;jzpfaom aMu;acwfwGifvnf;aumif;? v,f,m pdu k yf sK;d rIukd od&v dS mNy;D aemuf bkyH ikd q f idk rf rI S yk*v ¾ u d ydik q f idk rf o I Ykd ul;ajymif; onfu h mvwkw Yd iG f uRev f w l ef;pm; &Scd NhJ y[ D k oG,0f u dk í f ,lqEkid af yonf/ taemufEkdifiH uRefpepfESifhrwlykH uRefvlwef;pm;yif &Sdvifhupm; yk*Hacwf uRefwkdY\vlrIa&; t ajctaeESifhvlrIqufqHa&;tajctaeudk axmufí ta&SUawmiftm&S uRepf epfonf Oa&myESit hf aemufEidk if w H w Ykd iG f acwfwacwf[k cGjJ cm;qkd &avmufatmif rsm;jym;í tjcm;vlwef;pm;wku Yd wd&pämefwrQ oabm xm;qufqHaom uRefpepfrsKd;um; r[kwfay/ vlvlcsif;n§mwmrI? t Muifemw&m; xm;wwfrIwkdYrSm ta&SUawmiftm&Som;wkdY\a,bk,sADZ p&dkufjzpfonf/ xkdrSwyg; u&kPmarwåmESifhapwemt&if;cHrIudk ydkrkd&ifhoefap onfhAk'¨0g',Ofaus;rIudk &vmMuolrsm;jzpfonf/ yk*Hacwf uRefwkdY\ tajctaersm;udk axmufívnf;aumif;? txufwGifqkdcJhaom t aMumif;rsm;udk axmufívnf;aumif;? ta&SUawmiftm&Sü Oa&myESifh taemufEidk if w H w Ydk iG af y:aygufcahJ om aus;ydik f uReyf ikd pf epfrsK;d r&Scd w hJ ef &m[k ,lqjcif;jzpfayonf/ tdE´d,rS wifoGif;vmaom ya'o&mZf 'kwd,tcsufjzpfaom ya'o&mZfpepf ay:aygufvmykH t aMumif;udk txufwGif &Sif;vif;az:jycJhNyD; jzpfygonf/ jznfhpGufaz:jy vkad omtcsuf tenf;i,f&ydS gonf/ ajymif;vJvmaom tajctaet& yk*¾vduykdifpepfay:cJhonf/ aMu;vufeufydkifolwkdYu BuD;pdk;vmonf/ þodjYk zifh a'oduya'o&mZftoGiaf qmifaom ya'o&mZfpepf pwifco hJ nf/ pepfqo dk nfw h idk af tmif tpOftvmESix hf ;Hk wrf;enf;emt& 73

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

pepfwusjzpfaomya'o&mZfpepf[k rqkdomay/ þumvwGif tdE, d´ om;rsm; a&muf&v dS monf/ olwo Ydk nf ya' o&mZfpepfjzifh aevmcJhonfrSm umvMumjrifhMuNyDjzpfonf/ olwkdYxHrS &&Sdaom topftqef;jzpfonfhvlrIpD;yGm;a&; tcsuftvufwkdYwGif þ ya'o&mZfpepfvnf; ygvmonf/ þpepfvrT ;f rk;d rIaMumifh ta&SUawmiftm&SwiG f ya'o&mZfpepf onf ckid Nf rv J mcJ\ h / okjYd zpfívnf; tdE, d´ toGiaf qmifaom ya'o&mZf EkdifiHrsm;[laom tac:ta0:udk okH;pGJxm;jcif;jzpfayonf/ vlYabmifb0 acwfajymif;vJvmykHrSm taemufESifhxyfwlr[kwf jrefrmEkid if EH iS t hf a&SUawmiftm&Sa'owGif ya'o&mZfpepfay: aygufcJhonfrSm tajccHtm;jzifh rSefaomfvnf; pepfwusjzpfaom ya' o&mZfpepfrSmrl tdE´d,EkdifiHrS oGif;,lvmaom pepfjzpfonf[kqkdvkday onf/ odjYk zpf&um; ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'oorkid ;f rwifraD cwfEiS o hf rkid ;f acwfO;D umvtwGuf vlaY bmifb0ESiahf cwfajymif;vJyo Hk nf Oa&mywku d f ESiahf jrxJyifv,fywf0ef;usiaf 'o vlaY bmifb0acwfajymif;vJyrHk sK;d ESihf xyfwlxyfrQjzpfonf[k rrSwf,ltyfay/ ysLya'o&mZfacwf jrefrmEkdifiH od&Sd&orQaom taxmuftxm;rsm;t& 1-&mpkat'DcefYrS 9&mpktv,fyikd ;f avmuftxdjzpfaom umvudk jrefrmEkid if o H rkid ;f wGif ysL ya'o&mZfacwf BuD;pdk;cJhaomumv[k omreftm;jzifh ac:qkdEkdif\/ ppfawmif;jrpf0uRe;f ay:ESio hf v H iG jf rpf0uRe;f ay:wkw Yd iG f ok0PÖbrl Ed ikd if H ukvm;wefEiS ahf v;NrKUd jrpf0rS ;f wGif a0omvDEikd if w H o Ydk nf þysLya'o&mZf acwfESifhtNydKif xGef;um;cJhonf[k rSwf,l&ef&Sdayonf/

74

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

ysLEkdifiH 2-EkdifiH 1-&mpkcefrY S 9-&mpkEpS rf sm;tv,favmufxd Mumanmif;cJah om ysLya'o&mZftapmydik ;f ESit hf aemufyikd ;f (okrYd [kwf yxrysLEkid if EH iS 'hf w k , d ysLEkid if )H [k ESpyf ikd ;f cGjJ cm;Ekid \ f / tapmykid ;f udk 1-&mpkcefrY S 5-&mpkcefx Y [ d k vnf;aumif;? aemufydkif;udk 5-&mpkcefYrS 9-&mpk tv,fcefYxdvnf; aumif; cGjJ cm;owfrw S Ef idk \ f / tapmydik ;f jzpfaom ysLyxrEkid if \ H NrKd Uawmf rSm AdóEkd;NrdKUjzpfonf/ aemufydkif;jzpfaom ysL'kwd,EkdifiH\NrdKUawmfrSm oa&acwå&mjzpfonf/ ysLNrKd Uawmfwckjzpfonf[k od&o dS wfrw S x f m;aom a&Tbdkc&kdif [efvif;BuD;NrdKU\acwfumvudk twdtusrqkdEkdifay/ [efvif;jyóem [efvif;rSm oa&acwå&m ysufNyD;aemufrS wnfaxmifcJhaom ysLNrdKUjzpfonf/ [efw&kwfjynfESifhqufoG,fcJhaom ysLNrdKUrSm [efvif; jzpfonf/ at'D 832-wGif eefausmufwkdY wkdufckdufí ysufcJh&aom ysL NrKd UrSmvnf; þ[efvif;yifjzpfwef&m\[k q&mBu;D vk(pf)u ,lqonf/ þysLNrKd Ua[mif;ok;H NrKd UwGif wl;az:awGU&Scd surf sm;udk EIid ;f ,SOMf unfh NyD;aemuf [efvif;onf ,Ofaus;rI tcsuftvufwkdYü AdóEkd;ESifhydkí eD;pyfaMumif; a&S;a[mif;okawoeXmeu awGU&SdcJhonf/ tjcm;tjcm;aom taxmuftxm;oufaorsm;udk tajcjyKNy;D aemuf þysLNrKd UBu;D ok;H NrKd U ay:aygufxeG ;f um;cJah omtpOfrmS yxrAdó Ekd;? 'kwd,[efvif;? wwd,oa&acwå&mjzpfonf[k ,lqbG,f&m&Sd onf/ [efvif;onf AdóEk;d ysuNf y;D aemuf odrYk [kwf AdóEk;d acwfaemuf ydkif;wGif ay:aygufcJhaomNrdKUjzpfonf/ AdóEkd;ESifhtquftoG,frsm;cJh aom NrdKUjzpfzG,f&m &Sdayonf/ a&S;a[mif;okawoeXmeonf [efvif;NrdKUa[mif;udk tawmf twef wl;az:&SmazGí okawoejyKcJhNyD; jzpfonf/ ,if;okawoevkyf ief;qkid &f m tpD&ifcpH may:xGuv f maomtcgwGif [efvif;taMumif;udk 75

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Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

rSwfzG,f&m jzpfonf/ a&S;a[mif;okawoe taxmuftxm;ESifhacwfNydKifEkdifiHjcm; pmaytaxmuftxm;rsm;t& cefrY eS ;f od&&dS aom þNrKd U\orkid ;f tusO;f rSm þodkYjzpfonf/ oa&acwå&mNrdKUawmfESifhysLya'o&mZfrsm; jynfNrdKU\ta&SUawmif 5-rkdifcefYuGm ,ckarmfZmrD;&xm;blwm &kHrSm ]oa&acwå&mNrdKU}a[mif;\tv,fA[dkavmufwGif &Sdonf/ oa& acwå&m(toa&&Sad om v,fajr)[laomtrnfrmS tdE, d´ Ekid if H Mo&dó e,f r[me'Djrpf0&Sd yl&DNrdKU\a&S;trnfjzpfonf/ þonfudk axmufí 'kwd,ysLEkdifiHESifhMo&dóe,f\qufpyfrIudk cefYrSef;Ekdifonf/ ,ckaomf yifv,fESifhrkdifESpf&mausmf uGmaeaomfvnf; 5-&mpk at'Dcefu Y aomf þrQumG a0;onf r[kwaf y/ xkpd Ofu NrKd Uonf {&m0wD jrpf0uRef;ay:xdyfavmufwGif {&m0wDjrpfcGJESpfck &Hxm;aom uRef;ay: wGif &Scd [ hJ efw\ l / NrKd U\ta&SUajrmufzuf tif;Bu;D udk ,aeYwidk f yifv,f [kac:aejcif;rSm pdwf0ifpm;bG,f jzpfonf/ NrdKU\tpDt&if NrdKU\taemufzufwGif jrifAm[kawmif&Sdonf/ ,if;\aemuf zufwiG rf S {&m0wDjrpf&o dS nf/ AdóEk;d ESi[ hf efvif;wku Yd o hJ yYkd if jrpfEiS v hf uf vSrf;a0;&mwGif awmifjcm;í wnfaeonf/ NrdKU\yHkoP²mefrSm puf0kdif; ruswus jzpfonf/ tus,ft0ef;rSm pwk&ef; 5-rkdifausmf&Sdonf/ NrdKU \rsufESmjyifonf taemufawmifrS ta&SUajrmufzufodkY qifajcavQm wjznf;jznf; edrfhqif;oGm;onf/ NrKd Uajrmufyikd ;f rSm v,f,mpku d yf sK;d a&;twGuf oD;oefx Y m;onf/ awmifbufydkif;wGif eef;awmf&m? vlae&yfuGufESifhomoemhtaqmuf ttkHrsm;&Sdonf/ NrdKUwGif; tzufzufwGif a&wGif;a&Ekwfajrmif;rsm;?

77

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

aomufa&okH;a&uefrsm;? usKH;rsm;&Sdonf/ þtpDt&ifrsm;rSm AdóEkd; tpDt&ifrsm;uJhodkYyif jzpfonf/ NrdKUawmfrSm AdóEkd;xuf us,f0ef;aom cHwyfBuD;jzpfonf/ þ NrdKUBuD;rS þacwfjrefrmEkdifiH ya'o&mZfvlYtzGJUtpnf;\tcsuftcsm jzpfonf/ ya'o&mZfacwfppfrIa&;&mESifhudkufnDatmif pD&iftyfaom ya'o&mZfwkdY\tpDtpOfjzpfonf/ EkdifiHtus,ft0ef; NrKd U\awmifbufEiS ahf jrmufzsm;wGif cHNrKd Ui,frsm;&Sad o;onf/ NrKd U umuG,rf t I pDtpOfrsm;jzpfonf/ ,if;wkt Yd jyif NrKd UBu;D \tcsKUd ae&mwGif NrdKU&kd; 2-xyfxm;onfvnf; &Sdonf/ 3-xyfxm;onfvnf; &Sdonf/ xk x,fBuD;rm;í jrifhvSaom tumtuG,f ukef;wef;BuD;rsm;jzpf\/ om reftm;jzifh Munhfaomf ,cktcgwGif awmif&kd;wef;rsm;ESifhwlaeonf/ þrQBuD;us,fcrf;em;aom aejynfawmfrS tkyfpkd;aom ysLwkdY\ 'kw, d Ekid if o H nf w&kwrf w S w f rf;rsm;tqkt d & vGepf mG us,0f ef;onf/ jrpf BuD;em;avmufrS oHvGifjrpf jrefrmEkdifiHudk jzwf0ifonfhae&mavmuft xd qufay;xm;aomae&mrSm 'kwd,ysLEkdifiH\ta&SUajrmufe,fedrdwf jzpfaMumif; w&kwfrSwfwrf;rsm;u qkdonf/ þe,fedrdwfrSm eefapm(eefausmufÄ)EkdifiHESifhtpyfjzpfonf/ 'k wd,ysLEkdifiH\MoZmvTrf;rkd;rIonf taemufzuftdE´d,jynfta&SUydkif;? ta&SUbufuarÇm'D;,m;EkdifiHawmifbufyifv,ftxd a&mufaMumif; w&kwfrSwfwrf;rsm;u qkdonf/ Ä

]eefausmuf}[lonfrSm &Srf;toHxGufjzpfonf/ ]eef}rSm w&kwfpum;jzpfí ]awmif buf}[k t"dygÜ ,f&onf/ ]ausmuf}rSm &Sr;f pum;jzpfonf/ ]tBu;D tuJ? t&Sio f cif} [kt"dygÜ ,f&onf/ odaYk omf ]ausmuf}[laomtoHxu G u f akd &;aom &Sr;f a0g[m&ESihf a&S;jrefrma0g[m&wkdYrSm ]p0f}jzpfonf/ þ]p0f}udk &Srf;wkdYu tokH;rrsm;rD a&S;jrefrm wkdYu ydkí okH;pGJcJhonf/ (p0f?apm)rSm jrefrma0g[m&]pdk0f(pkd;)}ESifhxyfwljzpfonf/ rl &if;usí ydrk rdk eS u f efonf[k ,kMH unfojzifh ]eefausmuf}udk ]eefapm}[kjyifqifa&;om; ygonf/ 78

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

vufatmufcHEkdifiHaygif; 18? cHNrdKUaygif; 9? wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd; pkaygif; 298-yg0ifonf[kqkdonf/ þtqkdwkdYrSm us,f0ef;vSonf/ w&kwt f axmuftxm;udk axmufco H nft h jcm;taxmuftxm;rsm;udk vnf; rawGU&ao;ay/ a,bk,stm;jzifhqkdaomf ysLEkdifiHonf ajrmufzufeefapmEkdifiH ESifhtpyf? awmifbuf yifv,ftxd us,fjyefYí ta&SUtaemufe,fed rdwfwkdYrSm obm0e,fedrdwfrsm;jzpfaom taemuf&kd;rESifhoHvGifjrpfwdkY xdom a&mufrnf[k cefYrSef;Ekdifayonf/ ya'o&mZfrsm; jrefrm&mZ0ifusr;f rsm;wGif oa&acwå&mü tkypf ;dk cJah omrif;Bu;D rsm;taMumif;udk qkd&mü plVmorÇ0? r[morÇ0? 'Gwåaygifrif;BuD;wdkYESifh pí okynmem*&qdEérif;ESifhqkH;xm;onf/ a&S;a[mif;okawoe t axmuftxm;rsm;jzpfaom rif;wkdY\ausmuft&kd;tkd;pmrsm;t& oa& acwå&mwGif at'D 673 rS 710_txd tkyfpkd;cJhaomrif;wkdYrSm... ol&d,0du&r...eef;ouf 15-ESpf [&d0du&r.....eef;ouf 7-ESpf oD[0du&r....eef;ouf 23-ESpfwkdY jzpfaMumif;od&onf/ þ0du&rrif;qufESifhtNydKif tkyfpkd;cJhonf[k,lq&aom 0g&f refrif;qufvnf; &Sdao;onf/ EkdifiH 2-ckuGJaecJh[efwl\/ uGJaeaom tjcm;Ekid if rH mS rnfonfyh sLEkid if jH zpfonfukd rod&ay/ 0g&frefrif;qufyif Z,pE´&0g&frefrif;om;onf [&d0u d &rrif;om;\tudjk zpfaMumif; oD&d y&bk0g&frefrif;ESirhf zd &k m; oD&yd &bka'0Dwv Ydk nf; &Scd ahJ Mumif; od&onf/ _

t&kd;tkd;pmwGif ysLckESpfouú&mZfudk ay;xm;onf/ w&kwfrSwfwrf;rS a&S;a[mif; ypönf;ESifhpmwkdYudk axmufí ysLouú&mZfrSm 638 rSpaom aumZmouú&mZfyifjzpf wef&m\[k ynm&Sifrsm;u ,lqMuonf/

79

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

[efw&kwf&mZ0ifa[mif;wGif ysLrif;\trnfrSm r[m&mZm? eef;&if;0ef\trnfrSm r[maoemjzpfaMumif; omrefrQom az:jyxm; onf/ 'kw, d ysLEkid if \ H ya'o&mZfpepfrmS yxrEkid if \ H ya'o&mZfpepf xuf rsm;pGmBu;D xGm;us,jf yefaY eNyjD zpfonf/ þumvwGif ysLya'o&mZf pepfonf txGwftxdyfodkY a&mufcJhonf[k qkdEkdifayonf/ 'kwd,ysLEkdifiH pD;yGm;a&; pD;yGm;a&;tajccHrmS v,f,mpdu k yf sK;d rIyif jzpfonf/ AdóEk;d acwf rSmxuf ydkrkdus,fjyefYonf/ ysLEkdifiHwGif pyg;? ESHpm;ajymif;? ajymif;ESifhyJ rsKd;pkHjzpfxGef;onf/ *sKHESifh*kHavQmfyifrsm; rjzpfxGef;/ MuHyifrsm;rSm ajco vk;H &k;d avmufBu;D atmif jzpfxeG ;f onf[k w&kwaf cwfNyKd irf w S w f rf;u qkd onf/ v,fpyg;pkdufysKd;rIonf wkd;wufjzpfxGef;cJhonf/ us,fvnf; us,fjyefYcJhonf/ wl;ajrmif;ESifha&oG,fpkdufysKd;rIudkvnf; odcJhMuNyD;jzpf onf/ Ekid if jH cm;qufqrH I rsm;jym;vmonfEiS t hf rQ oD;ESyH if topftqef; rsm; a&muf&SdpdkufysKd;cJhMuNyD[k ,lq&onf/

vufrIynm awmifov l ,form;vkyif ef;tjyif vufryI nmvkyif ef;rsm;vnf; &Sdonf/ vlokH;ypönf;rsm;? omoeduypönf;rsm; jyKvkyfrIwGif rsm;pGmus,f jyefYvmcJhonf/ tEkynmvuf&mvnf; tHMh obG,af umif;avmufatmif ajymif ajrmufcJhonf/ yef;bJ? yef;xdrf? yef;yk? yef;&H? yef;warmh? yef;wsOf;? Adok um? ajrtk;d vkyif ef;? pOfv h yk if ef;? (w&kwrf w S w f rf;t&)rSpí toufarG; 0rf;ausmif; ynm&yfrsm;xGef;um;cJhonf/ a&T? aiG? ausmufrsuf&wem 80

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

xkwfvkyfonfhvkyfief;? ,if;wkdYudk vlokH;ypönf;tjzpfodkY a&mufatmifjyK vkyfonfhvkyfief;rsm;vnf; &SdcJhonf/ ukefoG,frI a&TaiG? ausmufoyH wåjrm; <u,f0vSaomEkid if jH zpfonf/ vkyo f m; jynfolwkdY\xkwfvkyfrI pGrf;tm;aumif;jcif;? EkdifiHjcm;rsm;ESifhul;oef; a&mif;0,fxGef;um;jcif;? EkdifiHtwGif; ul;oef;a&mif;0,frI aumif;rGef jcif;wkdYaMumifh þodkY<u,f0csrf;omjcif;jzpfonf/ EkdifiHwGif;wGif ysLwkdY onf tjcm;wkdif;om;wkdYtm; {&m0wDjrpf0Srf;xGuf ajrtkd;? txnft 0wf(csnfxnf[k,lq&\/)pOfhtkd;? pOfhcGufrsm;udk a&mif;MuaMumif;? ysL wkdYonf a&T'*Fg;? aiG'*Fg;rsm;jzifh ta&mif;t0,fjyKMuaMumif; w&kwf &mZ0ifusrf;rsm;wGif qkdonf/ ysL'*Fg;rsm; ysLaiG'*Fg;trsKd;rsKd;udk jrefrmEkdifiHtESHYtjym;wGif awGU&NyD;jzpf onf/ tcsKdUa'owGif &mESifhcsDí awGUcJhMu&onf/ t&G,ftpm; 3-rsKd; &Sdonf/ odkYjzpfí w&kwf&mZ0ifusrf;wkdYu qkdxm;onfhtwkdif; aiG'*Fg; udk oGef;vkyfí tojymtjzpf tokH;jyKonfrSm ,kHrSm;bG,f&mr&Sday/ odkY aomf a&T'*Fg;udkum; rawGUbl;ao;yg/ a&Tcsxm;aom aiG'*Fg;rsKd;udkom awGUbl;onf/ EkdifiHjcm;ukefoG,frI ysLaiG'*Fg;rsm;udk ,ck ,dk;',m;EkdifiHawmifydkif;wGif xGef;um;cJh aom 'Gg&0wDreG Ef idk if w H iG v f nf; awGUcJ&h onf/ 'kw, d ysLEkid if aH cwfu ysL wk\ Yd ukeo f , G af &;onf tdE, d´ awmifyikd ;f 'Gg&0wDEidk if ?H rav;uRe;f qG,f ESifhta&SUtdE´d,uRef;pkrsm;txd tjyeftvSefa&mufcJhonf/ us,fjyefYcJh 81

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

onf[kqkdbG,f&m &Sdayonf/ ajrmufzuf&Sd eefapmEkdifiHESifhum; txl; qkdbG,f&m r&Sday/ ya'o&mZfpD;yGm;a&; þuJhodkY ukefoG,frIxGef;um;jcif;? tzkd;wef&wemrsm;aygjcif;? vlaerItqifhtwef;jrifhjcif;(vlrIa&;ykdif;udk&Iyg)wkdY&SdcJhí 'kwd,ysLEkdifiH udk <u,f0csrf;omaomEkdifiHjzpfonf[k qkd&ef&Sdonf/ ,if;odkY <u,f0 onfrSmrSefaomfvnf; 'kwd,ysLEkdifiH\pD;yGm;a&;wGif <u,f0csrf;omí tqifhtwef;jrifhpGm aeEkdifMuolwkdYrSm ya'o&mZfrsm;? ya'o&mZfwkdY\ todkif;t0kdif;rsm;jzpfaom tkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm;ESifhukefonfBuD;rsm;om jzpfcJhonf/ vlrsm;pkjzpfí tajccHuek Mf urf;ypön;f ? vlo;Hk ypön;f xkwv f yk af y; &aom vkyo f m;jynfol ttkyt f csKycf v H w l ef;pm;wkrYd mS um; þukex f w k f vkyfay;rI\tusKd;tjrwfudk tenf;tusOf;rQom cHpm;Mu&aom ya' o&mZfpD;yGm;a&;om jzpfaMumif; owdcsyf&ef vkdtyfayonf/ vlrIa&;tajctae qkcd NhJ y;D onfwu Ydk kd axmuf&v I suf ysLwk\ Yd pD;yGm;a&;tajctaerS ysLacwfvrl aI &;tajctaeudk omreftm;jzifh cefrY eS ;f od&EdS idk yf gonf/ tkyf pk;d jc,fv, S o f l vlwef;pm;ESit hf tkyt f pk;d tjc,ftvS,cf H vlwef;pm;[k vlwef;pm;ESpf&yf&Sd&m jc,fvS,folvlwef;pm;wGif {u&mZfya'o&mZf rsm;? ukefonfBuD;rsm;ESifhajrydkif&SifBuD;rsm; yg0ifí tjc,fvS,fcHvlwef; pm;rsm;wGif uRefrsm;? awmifolv,form;rsm;? tvkyform;rsm;ESifhtEk ynmonfrsm; yg0ifonf/ pD;yGm;a&;onf ajr&Sifya'o&mZfpD;yGm;a&;jzpfonfhenf;wl vl rIa&;ESifhvlaerItzGJUtpnf;? vlrIqufqHa&;wkdYonfvnf; ajr&Sifya' o&mZfpepfay:wGif tajcwnfaeonfomjzpfonf/ 82

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

aetdrfrsm; ya'o&mZfwkdY\eef;awmfESifhtaqmifrsm;rSm crf;em;qef;us,f vSaMumif; acwfNydKifw&kwftaxmuftxm;wkdYu qkd\/ Murf;rsm;ay: wGif yef;aumfaZmBuD;rsm;ukd cef;vkH;jynfh cif;xm;í eH&Hay:wGif [oFm jy'g;ponfhta&mifawmufajymifonfh aq;rsm;jzifh jc,frIef;xm;onfh jyif a&T? aiGwkdYjzifh rGrf;rHwefqmqifxm;\/ Ak'¨bmomzkef;awmfBuD; ausmif;rsm;udkvnf; þenf;ESifESif rGrf;rHxm;onf/ omrefNrdKUwGif;om; wkdY\aetdrfrsm;udk opf0g;wkdYjzifh aqmufvkyfcJhí cJ odkYr[kwf oHjzLjym; rsm;jzifh rkd;xm;onf/ NrdKUwGif;ü omrefvlwkdY\aetdrfrsm; axmifESifhcsD&Sd í zkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;rsm;rSm &mESifhcsDí&SdaMumif; az:jyxm;onf/ vlrItpOftvm ysLtrsm;pkrSm Ak'¨0g'Drsm; jzpfonhftm;avsmfpGm uav;oli,f rsm;onf usm;rçra&G; touf 4-ESpft&G,fodkYa&mufygu OD;jynf;&dwf í zkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;odkY 0if&onf/ ausmif;wGif &[ef;awmfwkdY\oGef oifq;Hk rrIukd cH,í l pmayoifMum;&\/ toufEpS q f ,ft&G,o f aYkd &muf aomtcg omoem\tqkH;trwGif oabmaygufolwkYdonf &[ef; abmifwGifqufaeMuí w&m;oabmraygufEkdifolwkdYonf vl0wfvJ Muonf[k w&kwftaxmuftxm;rsm;rS od&onf/ &SifjyKjcif;? yOöif;cH jcif; tpOftvmudk qkdvkd[efwlonf/ þw&kwt f axmuftxm;rsm;udk ud;k pm;axmufxm;í ysLacwf u trsKd;om;rsm;omru trsKd;orD;wkdYyifvQif omoemhabmifodkY0ifcJh MuonfhtpOftvm&SdcJhonf[k qkd&ayonf/ yk*Hacwfüyif bdu©KeDr(t rsKd;orD;&[ef;)&SdcJhonfudk axmufí þtqkdudk ,kwådwefonf[k vuf cHEkdifbG,f&m &Sdonf/

83

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

0wfpmqif,ifrI ysLacwfwiG f yd;k xnfukd odMuNy;D jzpfonf/ yd;k xnf&ufvyk &f mwGif ygPmwdygwuH usL;vGefrI ruif;aom ydk;wkH;vkH;udk owfjzwfrIygaeo jzifh Ak'¨0g'Drsm;jzpfMuaom ysLwkdYonf ydk;xnf0wfqifjcif;udk a&SmifMuOf Muonf/ tdE, d´ ESit hf quftoG,&f adS eNyjD zpfí 0g\tok;H ukv d nf; odae MuNyD[k ,lq&onf/ odkYaomf tckdiftrmum; rqkdEkdifay/ vufyHrdIYrS& aom csnfjzifh jyKvkyfxm;aomtxnfrsm;udk 0wfaMumif;um; od&\/ trsKd;om;wkdYonf ykqkd;jzLudk cg;ykHpcsí 0wfaMumif;? a&Tyef;yGifh wkdYjzifh tvSqifxm;aom OD;xkyf? ykvJoG,frsm;udk wGJ&&GJqGJxm;aom oHyk&mcGHOD;xkyfrsKd;udk aqmif;aMumif;? trsKd;orD;wdkYonf xrDjymudk 0wf í yk0gyg;rsm;ESifhudk,fudk okdif;jcKHum tprsm;csxm;MuaMumif;/ tdrf axmifusNyD;trsKd;orD;wkdYonf qHxkH;udk cyfjrifhjrifhxkH;aMumif;? vrf; avQmufxGufvQif ,yfawmifudkudkifaMumif;? txufwef;vTm trsKd;o rD;wOD; vrf;avQmufvQif aemufrS ta>ct&H ig;OD; ajcmufOD; ygwwf aMumif; w&kwftaxmuftxm;wkdYwGif awGU&\/ ,Ofaus;rI"avhrsm; ysLtcsif;csif;awGUvQif vufarmif;udkqkyfudkifNyD; EIwfqufMu onf/ *g&0jyKaomtcg vufESpfzuf,Sufí OD;nTwfMuonf/ oefY&Sif; pifMu,fr?I oyf&yfr?I wifw h ifw h ,fw,f&rdS w I u Ydk kd ESpo f uforl sm;jzpfonf/ ysLwkdYonf pum;enf;Mu\/ at;at;aq;aq; aewwfonf/ oabm jzL tlpif;olrsm; jzpfonf/ pnf;urf;ao0yfol? w&m;Oya'udk &kdao vkdufemMuolrsm; jzpfonf/ w&kwfacwfNydKiftaxmuftxm;wGifvm aom þt&nftaoG;rsm;t& qkdvQif ysLwkdYonf vlrIa&;wGif pHxm; xkdufolrsm;jzpfonfudk awGU&ayonf/ ysLwkdYonf acwfESifhavsmfnDpGm t,lonf;olrsm; jzpfonf/ ol wkdYonf aA'ifudk tvGef,kHMunfMuonf/ ysLNrdKUawmftwGif;ü a&SUjzpf 84

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

zwfq&m? aA'ifq&mtajrmuftjrm;&Sad Mumif; w&kwt f axmuftxm; wkdYu qkd\/ bk&if{u&mZfonfyifvQif wdwfedrdwfaumufNyD; wkdif;a&;jynf &mudk aqmif&u G o f nf/ eef;awmfwiG ;f ü a&Tacgif;avmif;wvk;H ? aiGacgif; avmif;wvkH; qGJxm;onfqkd\/ NrdKUawmfudk wkdufckdufrnfh&efol ay: aygufvmaomtcgwGif bk&if{u&mZfonf ,if;acgif;avmif;rsm;udk wD; í &efoltm; wGef;vSefEdkifrnf rwGef;vSefEkdifrnfudk wdwfedrdwf,lonf/ w&m;Oya' ysLwkdY\w&m;Oya'wdkYrSm vG,fulí&Sif;vif;onf/ ysLwkdYonf &kyfykdif;xuf pdwfydkif;wGif wkd;wufzGHUNzdK;rI&Sdaeolrsm;[k qkdbG,f&m&Sd\/ olwkdYonf Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;\tqkH;trrsm;udk w&m;Oya'tjzpfvkduf emolrsm;jzpfonf/ jypfrIusL;vGefoludk vufxdyfcwfjcif;? xl;cwfjcif;? wkyaf ESmifjcif;jyK&rnf[k olw\ Ydk w&m;Oya'wGif ryg&Sad y/ &kyu f dk tjypf ay;jcif;xuf pdwfudk tjypfay;onfhpepf jzpf[efwl\/ jypfrIudk wBudrf wcg usL;vGefolrsm;tm; ajymqkdqkH;ríom vTwfvkdufonf/ 'kwd,t BudrfusL;vGefvQifrIum; ausmjyifudk ig;csuftxd &kdufESuf\/ ig;csuf xuf rydkap&[k qkdonf/ olwkdYonf olYtoufowfjcif;udk vGefpGm rkef;wD;&GH&SmMuonf/ NrKd UawmftwGi;f olt Y oufowfjcif; vk;H 0r&Sad p&[kqo dk nf/ odaYk omf vl \toufudk owfolwOD;tm; ysLwkdY\w&m;Oya't& aopm;aoap onf/ w&m;pD&ifrI udk,fusifhw&m; vGefpGmaumif;vSaom ysLwkdY\w&m;pD&ifykHrSm vnf; pdwf0ifpm;bG,f&m aumif;\/ &kyfykdif;xuf pdwfydkif;wGif oefae olrsm; jzpfonhftm;avsmfpGm w&m;wabmif jzpfvmvQif trSefw&m; 85

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

udk jyefvnfo;Hk oyfapjcif;jzifh trIukd Ny;D jywfaponf/ w&kwt f axmuf txm;rsm;t& ysLwkdY\w&m;pD&ifykHrSm þodkYjzpf\/ ysLESpOf ;D w&m;wabmifjzpfvQif rif;{u&mZfxH wkid Mf um;&onf/ rif;{u&mZfonf Mum;emNyD; w&m;vkdw&m;cHESpfOD;pvkH;tm; eef;awmf a&SU&Sd &kyfyGm;awmfBuD;a&SUarSmufodkY oGm;ap\/ &kyfyGm;awmfBuD;\a&SU arSmufonf ysLwkdY\w&m;&kH;jzpf\/ &kyfyGm;awmfa&SU a&mufaomf ESpfOD; om; tarT;wkdifrsm;udk rD;n§dí bk&m;udk tm&kHjyK&onf/ xkad emuf rdrw d Ydk tjiif;yGm;&onfjh yóemudv k nf; jyefvnfpOf; pm;&onf/ þjyóemwGif rdrdwkdYygaeonfhtykdif;wGif rdrdwkdY rSef rrSef udkvnf; okH;oyf&onf/ rdrdwkdY\tjypfrsm;udk jyefvnfpOf;pm;rdMuaom tcg ESpfOD;ESpfzuf ajyat;Ekdifonfhenf;vrf;udk awGUMuonf/ þodkYjzifh NyD;ajyrIudk &oGm;Muawmhonf/ bk&m;a&SUarSmufawmfwGif ysLwkdY pdwft wGif;üyif rvdrf0HhMuay/ Edik if aH wmftwGi;f uyfq;dk rsm; usa&mufvmaomtcgwGiv f nf; bk&if{u&mZfudk,fwkdif tqkdyg &kyfyGm;awmfa&SUodkYoGm;í tarT;wkdifrsm; rD;n§dNyD;vQif bk&m;udk tm&kHkjyKonf/ uyfqkd;usa&muf&onfrSm rif;{u &mZf\cRw, f iG ;f csurf sm;aMumifh jzpfonf[k ,kMH unfojzifh bk&if{u&mZf onf &kyyf mG ;awmf\a&SUarSmufwiG f rdr\ d jypfrrI sm;? 'kp&ku d rf rI sm;? rw&m; rIrsm;? cRwf,Gif;csufrsm;udk jyefvnfa0zefokH;oyfonf/ xdak emuf rdr\ d rSm;,Gi;f rIrsm;udk trSew f u,f aemifw&í jrwf pGmbk&m;\a&SUarSmufwiG f 0efcsawmif;yefjcif;? 0efcjH cif;jyK&onf/ þodYk jyKvkyfvQif uyfqkd;rsm;udk ausmfvGefEkdifonf[k ysLwkdY,kHMunfMuonf/ þonfrSm ya'o&mZftkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk csKyfudkifay;onfh ysLwkdY\t pOftvmw&yfjzpfonf[k ,lqbG,f&m&Sdayonf/ udk;uG,f,kHMunfrI ysLwkdYonf bmomw&m;udk vGefpGmudkif;&Idif;Muolrsm;jzpf\/ &kd; &m,kHMunfrItjyif jA[®P0g'? r[m,meAk'¨0g'ESifhax&0g'? Ak'¨0g'wkdY 86

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

udk ouf0if,kHMunfMuolrsm; jzpfMuonf/ &k;d &m,kMH unfr?I wrvGeb f 0udk ,kMH unfjcif;? aoolukd rD;oN*KØ [f ít&dk;jymrsm;udk tkd;rsm;wGifxnhfum w&kdwao odrf;qnf;xm;jcif;? r[maovm(ausmufwkH;BuD;)udk tav;tjrwfxm;íudk;uG,fjcif;? oH \tpGrf;tmedoifonf wrvGefb0wkdifxufjrufjcif; ponfwkdYrSm ysL wd\ Yk &k;d &m,kMH unfrt I pjzpfí wdwef rd w d zf wfjcif;? a&S;jzpfa[mjcif;ponf wkdY taMumif;udk vlrIa&;tydkif;wGif qkdcJhNyD; jzpf\/ AdóEkd;udk;uG,frI tdE, d´ wGif rlwnfay:aygufcí hJ tdE, d´ om;wkrYd w S qif&h &Sad om jA[®P0g'wGif AdóEkd;ewfbk&m;udk ukd;uG,fonfh"avhonf ysLEkdifiH wGif xif&mS ;cJ\ h / AdóEk;d ewfrif;ESiMhf uif,mawmfw\ Ydk ausmufqpfvuf &m &kyf0ufaz:ykHrsm;udk awGU&onf/ r[m,me*kdPf; r[m,me*kdPf;qkdif&m bk&m;tavmif;awmfrsm;jzpfaom tm avmuDawoGm? rOÆLoD&d? t&drdawå,sbk&m;avmif;ESifhwm&ma'0Dac: trsKd;orD;bk&m;avmif;wkdYudk udk;uG,fMuaMumif; awGU&Sd&aom &kyfyGm; awmftaxmuftxm;rsm;t& od&ayonf/ ax&0g'*kdPf; jA[®P0g'ESifhr[m,me*kdPf;Ak'¨0g'wkdYonf oa&acwå&modkY tvGefapmpGm a&mufcJh[efwl\/ odkYaomf ax&0g'*dkPf;qkdif&m Ak'¨0g' onf oa&acwå&mwavQmuf xGef;um;cJhaom 0g'jzpfonf/ þ*dkPf; qkdif&m omoemhtaqmufttkHrsm;? omoeduypönf;rsm;ESifhpmayrsm; udk oa&acwå&mwGif tajrmuftjrm;awGUcJh&ayonf/ ysLtrsm;pkrSm 87

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

ax&0g'*kdPf;0ifrsm; jzpfonf[k qkdEkdif\/ oa&acwå&mwGif awGU& aom a&TayvTmwkw Yd iG f ysLtu©&mESiahf &;om;onfh yd#uwfawmfaumuf EkwfcsufwkdYrSm eufeJodrfarGUvSaom w&m;udk,frsm; jzpfonf/ ,if;wkdYudk axmufí ysLax&0g'onf okwåefyd#uwfxuf t bd"r®myd#uwfukd ydí k tav;ay;onf[k qkb d , G &f m&S\ d / yk*AH 'k o ¨ moem ax&0g'*kdPf;onf okwåefyd#uwfvm vG,fulaom Zmwfawmfrsm;ESifh tpjyKonf[k qkdEkdif\/ oa&acwå&mwGifrl eufeJaom oabmw&m; jzpfonfh ]a, "r®m a[wkyÜb0g}tpcsDaom *gxmjzifh jyKonf[kqkd& ayrnf/ ysLtEG,f bmompum;ESifhpmay vlrsK;d EG,t f m;jzifh ysLwko Yd nf rGe*f v dk KG u d rf sm;jzpfMu\/ ,aeYjynf axmifpkom;wkYd\vlrsKd;EG,fyif jzpfonf/ bmompum;tm;jzifh ysLbmomonf wdAufjrefrmEG,f0ifjzpf onf/ ,aeYjynfaxmifpktwGif; ajymqkdaeMuaom jrefrm? u&if? csif;? ucsifponfhpum;wkdYrSm tEG,fwljzpfonf/ jrefrmbmompum;rsm;ESifh tvSr;f ruGmvSay/ ,cktcgwGif ysLpum; ajymolwrYdk &Sad wmhaomfvnf; yk*&H mZukrm&f\av;rsuEf mS bmom ausmufpmvm ysLrsuEf mS udk jrefrm rsufESmESifhwkdufqkdifí qkdjcif;jzpfayonf/ ysLausmufpm? a&Taypm? aiGMuKwfpm? tkyfcsyfpmrSpí ysLpmt awmfrsm;rsm;udk awGUcJh&NyD;jzpfonf/ ysLtu©&mwkdYonf at'D ig;&mESpf rsm;t&ifu tdE, d´ Ekid if aH wmifyikd ;f wGif ok;H cJah om tu©&mwkrYd S qif;ouf onfhtu©&mrsm;jzpfonf[k omreftm;jzifh qkdEkdif\/ odkY&mwGif oa& acwå&mwGifawGU&aom ysLtu©&mwkdYrSm ae&mvkdufí ykHoP²mefrsm;uGJ jym;aeonfudk awGU&onf/ þonfudkaxmufí oa&acwå&modkY a&mufaomysLtu©&m wkdY\ rl&if;a'orSm wae&mwnf;r[kwf a&mufonfhumvrSmvnf; umvwckwnf; r[kw[ f k qkEd idk o f nf/ ysLtu©&mtrsK;d tpm;rsm; ae&m 88

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

a'oESit hf csed u f mvuGjJ ym;aerIuakd xmufí 'kw, d ysLEkid if o H nf tvGef MumjrifhpGm wnfwefYcJhaMumif; odEkdifayonf/ Adokumynm jrefrmEkid if AH o d u k mESit hf Ekynmorkid ;f wGif topftqef;wDxiG f rIudk &SmazGvQif tapmqkH;ESifhtxl;jcm;qkH;aom wDxGifrIudk oa&acwå &mysLwkdY\umvwGif awGU&ayrnf/ vkHjcKHa&;twGuf xkx,fBuD;rm;ckdifcefYpGm vlwkdYwnfaqmufcJh aom a&S;NrdKUa[mif;BuD;rsm;udk AdóEkd;ESifh[efvif;wkdYwGif awGU&NyDjzpf onf/ oa&acwå&mysLwkdY wnfaqmufcJhaom NrdKU&kd;NrdKUwmrSm xl;jcm; onf/ pwk*HykHr[kwfbJ t0ef;t0dkif;ykH jzpfonf/ NrdKU&kd;BuD;rsm;onf xk x,fBu;D rm;vS\/ NyKd ysuí f awmzk;H useaf eaom NrKd &;dk ydik ;f wko Yd nfyif ,ck tcgwGif awmifukef;wef;[k xif&avmufatmif jrifhí xkx,fBuD;ae ayonf/ &efolvmrnf[k ,lq&mbufjzpfaom NrdKU\taemufajrmuf ESit hf a&SUawmifbufww Ydk iG f NrKd U&k;d ESpx f yfrS ok;H xyftxd&\ dS / rlvu euf &Idif;aomusKH;jzifh &Hxm;onf/ NrdKUawmifbufteD;wGifvnf;aumif;? (AdóEkd;NrdKU)cyfvSrf;vSrf; wGifvnf;aumif;(ysLwkdufrsm;)? cHNrdKUi,frsm;[k ,lq&aom tkwfNrdKU&kd; ESifht&Htwm;ae&mrsm; &Sdonf/ taqmufttkHrsm; vlrIqkdif&m taqmufttkHrsm; rusefr&Sdawmhjzpf\/ eef;awmf rSm atmufccH aHk vmufom useaf wmhonf/ vGerf if;pGm ysupf ;D jcif;r&daS o; bJ rlvykHudkzrf;í &Ekdifao;aomtaqmufttkHwkYdrSm omoemqkdif&m xlyg? apwD? *lbk&m; ponfwkdYjzpf\/

89

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

xlyg xif&mS ;aom oa&acwå&mysL xlygwkrdY mS abmabmBu;D ? bk&m; BuD;ESifhbk&m;rmwkdYjzpfonf/ xlygwkdY\ykHrSm ,aeY tawGUtjrifrsm;aom acgif;avmif;ykH vk;H ywfygonfah pwDyrHk sm;ESirhf wl/ tkyaf qmif;ykH odrYk [kwf wkdifvkH;BuD;(qvif'g)toGifaqmifaom ykHrsKd;jzpfonf/ edrfhvnf; edrfh? usOf;vnf; usOf;aom ypö,HwkdYtay:wGif tcsKd; tm;jzifh tqrwefjrifhaom xlygvkH;udk t"dutom;ay;um rm;rm; rwfrwf xifxif&Sm;&Sm; &Sdatmif aqmufvkyfxm;ykHjzpf\/ ,if;xlygwkdYrSm tjriftm;jzifh twGif;ydwf tkwftjynfhpDxm;ykH ay:aomfvnf; twGif;ü |myemwkduftwGuf ae&mvGwfxm;í wnf aqmufxm;aom ]twGif;acgif;yg}xlygrsm;jzpfonf/ abmabmBuD;ESifh bk&m;BuD;wkdYwGif þtwkdif; txift&Sm; awGU&onf/ apwD xlygykH r[kwb f J acgif;avmif;ykH vk;H ywf&adS om apwDyu Hk v kd nf; oa&acwå&mwGif awGU&\/ ,if;apwDrmS ]aomifjynfu h ek ;f }wGif wl;az: awGU&aom ay:awmfrlapwDjzpfonf/ rl&if;twkdif; awGU&aom apwD wkdYwGif þapwDawmfrSm jrefrmEkdifiHwGif a&S;tusqkH;jzpf\/ xlygESiahf pwDwo Ydk nf jrwfpmG bk&m; y&deAd mÁ efp0H ifawmfrjl cif;udk txdrf;trSwfjyKaom taqmufttkHjzpf\/ *lbk&m; tapmqkH;[k qkd&rnfh*lbk&m;taqmufttkHudk oa&acwå&m wGif awGU&onf/ twGif;wGif Ak'¨&Sifawmf\&kyfyGm;awmfudef;atmif;í vlrsm;0ifa&mufylaZmfEkdifatmif *E¨uk#Dtcef;zGJUum tkwfjzifh wnf aqmufxm;aom taqmufttkHjzpfonf/ (jrwfpGmbk&m; oufawmf 90

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

xif&mS ;&Sí d oDwif;ok;H aeawmfro l nfukd txdr;f trSwjf yK&ef)tcsKUd rSm 0if aygufESifh*E¨uk#Domygaom *li,frsm;jzpf\/ tcsKUd wGif 0ifayguftm&kcH *H E¨u#k yD gonf/ wqlwiG rf l av;rsuf ESmü 0ifaygufav;aygufygí twGif;av;rsufESm A[dkwkdifBuD;wGif eH&H uyf &kyfyGm;awmfrsm; xnfhxm;onf/ ,if;A[dkwkdifudkywfí ylaZmfEkdif &ef aMumifvdrfpBuøxnfhay;xm;onf/ ysLwkdYwDxGifcJhaom Adokumenf; ,if;*lw\ Ydk 0ifaygufrsm;udk jyKvyk &f mwGif ab;wzufcsurf S tkyf csyrf sm;udk twGi;f odw Yk ;dk um wvTmNy;D wvTmpDNy;D ck;H az:jcif;rsK;d rjyKbJ tkwf udk tjym;vkdufwzufrS wzufaxmifuyfum ckH;az:vmNyD;aemuf ESpf zufrS uyfvmaom tkwjf ym;wkq Yd rHk &d m ae&mxdyw f iG f Bw*d yH aHk z:í usef aeaom uGufvyfwGif oyftkyfxnfhay;&\/ þodkYjzifhpDxm;aom tkwfwkdYudk ydkíusyfapí ckdifaponf/ þ odkYoyfjzifh tqkH;owfpD&aom ckH;wkdYudk ]oyfpDckH;}[kac:onf/ txuf wGif a&SUodYk wvTmNy;D wvTm wk;d um pDjcif;jzifh ck;H udk ]wk;d pDc;Hk }[kac:onf/ oyfpDenf;jzifh tkwfudk wvTm;NyD;wvTm; uyfpDum &Snfvsm;aom vkdPf udk jzpfapEkdifonf/ þckH;rsKd;tay:wGif xyfwkd;í aqmufvkyfvkdvQif tav;csdefydojzifh ckH;onf ckdifonfxuf ydkckdifonf/ wkd;pDckH;rSmrl ,if;odkY Mum&SnfrcHEkdif? uGJjym;wwfonf/ oyfpDckH; enf;t& *E¨uk#Dtrkd;udk a'gifvkduftkwfpDum tkef;av;bufcsí ,l onf/ ,if;trkd;ay:wGif ypö,Hrsm; odu&(uGef;awmif)apwDtxGwfukd xyfwifonf/ oyfpDckH;? oyfpDtkef;? av;bufcs? trkd;ckH;zGJUenf;udk ydkrkdus,fjyefY BuD;us,fpGm tokH;jyKjcif;tm;jzifh tHhcsD;bG,fjzpfaom tmeE´m? oAÁnK? plVrPd? xD;vkrd if;vku d o hJ aYkd om Bu;D us,cf efjY im;vSonfyh *k t H aqmuft tkHBuD;rsm; ay:aygufvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ ta&SUawmiftm&SwGif þAdok umenf;udk a&S;OD;pGm wDxGifay;olwkdYrSm oa&acwå&m ysLrsm;jzpfonf/ 91

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

wDxGifxm;aom þAdokumenf;ESifhaqmufvkyfcJhí ESpfaygif; 1200-ausmf 1300-Mumonfhwkdif wnfaeao;aom ysL*ltaqmuft tkHwkdYrSm bJwJ*lbk&m;? ta&SUaps;*l? av;rsufESm*lbk&m;wkdY jzpfonf/ þ *lb&k m;i,fwrYdk mS yk**H b l &k m;Bu;D wk\ Yd a&SUajy;ykpH iH ,frsm;yif jzpfayonf/ vufrItEkynmrsm; tEkynmvuf&mbufwiG v f nf; ysLwk\ Yd wDxiG rf I trsm;yif&\ dS / oa&acwå&monf tdE, d´ toGiaf qmifí tdE, d´ ,Ofaus;rIukd tajcjyK aom ya'o&mZfEidk if jH zpfonf/ tdE, d´ ,Ofaus;rIEiS t hf pOftvmwko Yd nf NrKd UawmfEiS Nhf rKd Uawmfywf0ef;usiaf 'owkaYd vmufwiG o f m xif&mS ;aomvTr;f rkd;rIudk jyKEkdif\/ wjcm;a'owkdYwGif xdxda&mufa&muf jyefYESHYcJhjcif; r&Sd ay/ NrdKUawmfüyifvQif ysLwkdYonf tpyxrüom tdE´d,,Ofaus;rI ESifhvufrItEkynmwkdYudk tdE´d,[ef? tdE´d,ykHpHtwkdif; vufcHtokH;jyK cJhMuonf/ aemufydkif;wGif rdrdwkYdudk,fydkif[efESifhtoGifodkY ajymif;,l\/ Oyrm &kyfyGm;awmf ykHoGif;jyKvkyfrI? xkvkyfrIwkdYwGif ysLwkdYonf tdE´d,ykHtwkdif; tif'dktm&d,efrsufESmoGifjyifawmfrsKd; ESmacgif;cRefcRef rsufESmawmf oG,fykHrsKd;udk xkvkyfcJhMu\/ oGef;vkyfcJhMu\/ xkdaemuf ,if;toGiEf iS [ hf efrS rGe*f v dk KG u d rf suEf mS awmfoiG jf yifrsm;? ESmacgif;ykt H ae awmfrsuEf mS 0dik ;f 0dik ;f ykaH wmfrsK;d odYk ajymif;vJoeG ;f vkyx f v k yk v f mMuonfukd awGUEkdif\/ 'kwd,ysLEkdifiHwGif wwfuRrf;vdr®mí xl;cRefpGm vuf&majrmuf vSaom vufrItEkynmonfrsm; ay:xGef;cJh\/ ,if;vuf&mwkdYonf yk*HtEkynmvuf&mxufyif ydkíomonf/ aumif;onf/ Ekonf/ vuf &majrmufonf[kyif qkdEkdifayonf/ awGU&Sd&NyD;aom taxmuftxm;rsm;ukd tajcjyKí ysLvufrI tEkynmonfwkdYudk(u) yef;warmh(ausmufopf)tEkynmonfrsm;/ 92

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

(c) yef;bJ? yef;xdrf? yef;wOf;ponfhowåKtEkynmonfrsm;/ (*) yef;&HtEkynmonfrsm;/ (C) ykwD;vkH;? vnfqGJponfwkYdukd jyKvkyfonfhausmufaoG;tEkynm onfrsm;/ (i) ajrtk;d ? ajr&kypf onfwu Ydk kd jyKvyk o f nfah jrrD;zkwf tEkynmonfrsm; [k ig;rsKd;cGJjcm;Ekdif\/ yk*w H iG f awGU&aom yef;csED iS yhf ef;yktEkynmonfrsK;d oa&acwå &mwGif &SdcJhaMumif;udk oufaoxlEkdif&ef taxmuftxm;rsm; rawGU& ao;ay/ ,if;odkY rawGU&ojzifh yef;csD? yef;yktEkynmonfrsm; r&Sd[k um; rqkdEkdifacs/ yef;warmh awGU&aom vufrItEkynmypönf;rsm;udk az:jyí ysLwkdY\tEk ynmtaMumif;udk aqG;aEG;rnfqkdvQif us,fjyefY&Snfvsm;vSawmhrnf/ þae&mwGif tusOf;rQom qkdEkdifayrnf/ yef;warmhvuf&mwkYdwGif &kyf0ufaz: eH&Huyf&kyfyGm;awmfrsm;? &kyv f ;Hk rsm;? Ak'K¨ yw Ü Edå iS phf yfvsO;f onfh &ky0f ufaz:ausmufqpfvuf&mrsm;? zGm;awmfrlcef;? "r®pMuma[mawmfrlcef;ponfrsm;? AdóEkd;ewf *VKefpD; aeyk&H yk 0f ufaz:? r[m,me*kP d ;f 0if bk&m;tavmif;awmfrsm;yk?H xlyg&kyf 0ufaz: |myemwku d zf ;Hk ausmufjym;Bu;D rsm;? Mumyef; MumcufwjYdk zifh wef qmqifxm;aom ausmufyv’ifrsm;? wHcg;apmifhewf&kyf? ausmufjcaoFh? ausmuft&k;d tk;d ? ausmufpm? ausmufavSum;wkrYd mS ysLwkx Yd m;cJ&h pfaom ausmufqpftEkvuf&mrsm; jzpfonf/ owåKtEkynm oa&acwå&mwGif awGU&aom oHacsmif;? oHaumuf? oHcRef? oHacsmif;rsm;pGm vQKdxm;aom oHjym;ayguf? "m;oGm;? oHuGif;ponfwkdY 93

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

u ysLwkdYonf yef;bJvkyfief;wGif uRrf;usifaMumif; axmufcHaeonf/ xkdrQruao; ysLwkdYonf oH&nfoGef;twwfudkvnf; aumif; pGm wwfajrmufaMumif; rMumrDESpfrsm;twGif;u awGU&aom oHbDvl;r &kyfESifh&Sdckd;aeaomoH&kyfi,fwkdYudk axmufí odEkdif\/ yef;wOf; aMu;owåKuv kd nf; ydik Ef idk pf mG tok;H cswwfaMumif;udk ysLwkx Yd m; &pfco hJ nft h csK;d usí oyÜg,fvaS om aMu;qif;wkawmfi,ftrsK;d rsK;d ? aMu; zvm;? vifAef;? MuKwfESifhvufudkifyg aMu;rkHwkdYrS od&SdEkdif\/ tkwfcGuf bk&m;jyKvkyf&ef aMu;ykHpHrsm;udkvnf; jyKvkyfcJhMuonf/ yef;xdrf ysLwkYdonf a&Tyef;xdrf? aiGyef;xdrfwkYdwGifvnf; wzufurf;cwf olrsm;[k qkdEkdif\/ acgif;yG a&Tqif;wkrsm;? azmif;<ua&TayvTmrsm;? a&T yef;yGifhi,frsm;? a&TykwD;vkH;? a&Tacgif;avmif;? a&TMuufO? a&TvufpGyf ponfhvuf0wfwefqmrsm;? aiGqif;wk? aiGxlygi,f? MumcGufyg Mum yGifhBuD;rsm;? aiGjcif;vkH;i,f? aiGvifAef;? aiGcGuf? av;axmifhMuKwf? aiG qDr;D cGu?f aiG'*Fg;rsm;onf ysLyef;xdrw f \ Ydk oyf&yfaumif;rGev f aS omvuf &mrsm; jzpf\/ txl;ojzifh yGiahf wmfrNl y;D bk&m;av;qltm; om0ursm;&Hvsuf &SdykHudk azmif;<uykHaz:um a&T&nfoGef;íxm;aom MuKwf0kdif;BuD;wGif t zk;H tv,frS anmifyifaygufxm;ay;ykrH mS vuf&majrmufvaS omyef;xdrf vufpGrf;yif jzpfonf/ azmif;<upaomenf;jzifh cwfxm;aom Ak'¨&kyfyGm;ykHyg a&Tjym; aiGjym;rsm;? wHcg;apmifh&kyfaiGjym;rsm;udkvnf; awGU&\/ ysLwkdYonf a&T &nfpdrf odkYr[kwf a&Tcsonfhynmudkvnf; wwfuRrf;olrsm; jzpfMu\/ jrefrmEkid if w H iG f a&S;tusq;Hk [kq&dk rnfh zefqif;wkawmfwqlukd 94

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

oa&acwå&mwGif awGU&\/ ,if;wkt Yd jyif zefyw k ;D vk;H rsm;udv k nf; awGU cJh&\/ þypönf;wkdYrSm EkdifiHjcm;rSoGif;,laom ypönf; odkYr[kwf ysLwkdYjyK vkyfonfh ypönf;[ktwdtuscGJjcm;í rqkdEkdifao;ay/ ausmufaoG;tEkynm MuKwt f csKUd wkw Yd iG f ausmufoyH wåjrm;udk jrK§ yx f m;\/ vlo;Hk vnf qGaJ usmufrsu&f wemrsm;udv k nf; awGU&\/ tok;H jyKcahJ om ausmufrsuf &wemwkrYd mS qkcd NhJ y;D onft h wkid ;f ywåjrm;? eDvm? aMumif? ausmufe?D r[l &m? a*:rkwf? a*:'ef? ausmufovif;? ausmufpdrf;? Oóz,m;ponf wkdYjzpf\/ acsmarGUnDnmpGm vkH;aeaom t&G,ftpm;(tcsKdUrSmoQpfoQm; oD;cefBY u;D onf/)&Sd ykw;D vk;H rsm;? &Spaf jrm§ if?h ajcmufajrm§ ufyg ykw;D aphrsm;? tv,fwkwfí ab;odkYoG,foGm;aom pnfykHykwD;aphrsm;? qif? orif p onfhwd&pämefykHwkdY ykHay:atmif xkvkyfxm;onfhausmufpdrf;wkH;i,frsm; yg0ifonf/ þuJhodkY ykHtrsKd;rsKd;ay:atmif aoG;jcif;? qpfjcif;jzifh jyKvkyf pGrf;&SdonfhvufrIynmonfrsm; jzpfonf/ ajrrD;zkwftEkynm Ak'¨&kyfykHawmf? r[m,mebk&m;avmif; ykHawmfygí ykHtrsKd;rsKd;? ykHpHtrsKd;rsKd;&Sdaom tkwfcGufrsm;? Xmyemcef;eH&Hywfvnfudk eH&Hjynfhwef qmqif&ef jyKvkyfxm;aom obm0usvSonfh &kyf0ufaz:jrif;? jcaohF? toD;? yef;? wkdif? &aoh&kyf? rif;&kyfrsm;u ajrap;udk tEkynmajrmufpGm ykaH z:í Mum&Sncf aH tmif rD;zkwo f nfv h yk if ef;ü ysLwd\ kY xl;cRerf u I dk ouf aocHaeayonf/ tkwfvkyfief;wGifvnf; awmfMuolrsm;jzpfonf/ NrdKU&kd;twGuf zkwv f yk x f m;aom tvsm; 18-vufr? teH 9-vufr xk3-vufr&St d w k f BuD;rsm;rSm ESpfaygif; 1200-ausmf? 1300-Mumonfhwkdifatmif aumif; rGefvsuf &Sdao;onf/ 95

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

ajrtkd; ajrcGufvkyfief;wGifvnf; vuf&majrmufMu\/ ajymif tkd;rsm;tjyif tkd;tjyifyudk ykHpHtrsKd;rsKd; wefqmqifxm;aomtkd;rsm;udk jyKvyk Ef idk Mf uonf/ aool\t&k;d jymxnf&h ef ajrtk;d rsm;udk txl;wvnf tqef;wus,f jyKvkyfMuonf/ tkd;ykHpHtrsKd;rsKd; &Sdonf/ pOfhvkyfief; w&kwfacwfNydKifusrf;rsm;u ysLwkdYonf pOfhtkd; pOfhcGufrsm;udk a&mif;csaMumif;? NrdKU&kd;\jyifyrsufESmtkwfwkdYudk pOfhudkifxm;aMumif;az: jyMu\/ odaYk omf oa&acwå&macwfu pOft h axmuftxm;rsm;udk oa& acwå&mwGif rawGU&ao;ay/ ysLobifynm wl&, d m*DwESio hf bifynmwGiv f nf; ysLwk\ Yd wk;d wufatmifjrif rIrSm tHhMobG,fyifjzpfaMumif; w&kwfacwfNydKifusrf;wkdYu qkd\/ 800 ESifh 802-at'DESpfrsm;wGif eefapmrSwqifh ysL,Ofaus;rI cspfMunfa&; tzGJUwkdYonf xefw&kwfeef;awmfodkY a&mufcJhMuí xkd,Ofaus;rItzGJUt aMumif;udk tao;pdwfa&;rSwfxm;aom w&kwfrSwfwrf;wkdYrS od&Sd&\/ wl&d,mypönf; ysLwk\ Yd wl&, d mwD;0kid ;f wGif wl&, d mypön;f 22-rsK;d yg\/ þypön;f wkdYjzifh toH&SpfrsKd; wD;rIwfEkdifonfqkd\/ þwl&d,mypönf; 22-rsKd;wGif owåKESifhNyD;aom u&d,m 2-rsKd;? BudK;wyfu&d,m 17-rsKd;? 0g;u&d,m 2-rsKd;? Al;cGHu&d,m 2-rsKd;? om;a&u&d,m 2-rsKd;? qifpG,fu&d,m 1rsKd;? OD;csKdu&d,m 2-rsKd;? c&kcGHu&d,m 1-rsKd;ponfwkdY yg0ifonf/ wl&d,mypönf;wkdY\trsKd;trnf? ykHoP²meft&G,ftpm;wkdYudkyg w&kwfrSwfwrf;u az:jyonf/ acgif;avmif;? vif;uGif;? apmif;jym;? rd 96

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

ausmif;? ,ckacwf 'kHrif;[kac:aeaom BudK;trsm;wyfxm;aom ysyf apmif;wrsKd;? ysyfapmif;0dkif;? yavG? wH>rm? ,aeY &Srf;jynfukef;jrifhom;wkdY okH;aeaom uJef;ac:Al;cg;yavG? a>ra&usufxm;í rsufESm 3-bufyg aom AkHESifhpnf? oHvufckwfrsm; yg0ifonf/ BuKd ;wyfu&d,mwkw Yd iG f BuKd ;rnfrQ? toHncd§ vkwrf nfrQ? BuKd ;wyf 1 wkH;i,f rnfrQponfwkdYudkyif az:jyxm;\/ þu&d,mypönf;rsm;udk axmufí ysLu&d,m*DwrnfrQ wkd;wufaeNyDudk cefYrSef;Ekdifayonf/ oDcsif;rsm; xefeef;awmfwiG f ysL,Ofaus;rItzGUJ onf oDcsi;f 12-yk'q f cdk \ hJ / oDcsif;tm;vkH;rSm Ak'¨0g'ESifhpyfvsOf;í oDukH;xm;aom oDcsif;rsm;jzpf onf/ oDcsi;f wku Yd v kd nf; Ak'\ ¨ wHqyd af wmf? tifMuif;yef;bGUJ ? csK;d jzL? psmef \Nidrf;csrf;rI? Oa'gif;rif; ponfjzifh trnfrsm; ay;xm;onf/ uacsonfwkdY\qef;us,faom 0wfpm;qif,ifrI? tvSjyifrI? o&kyfaz:í uMuykH? twD;ESifhtu yeH&í nufnufanmanmNidrfhNidrfh ajimif;ajimif;&SdykH? rurD tcrf;tem;rSL;u tutaMumif;udk &Sif;vif; wifjyí bmomjyefay;ykH? uNyD;aomtcg tEkynmonfwkdYu OD;nTwf í tav;jyKykH? xef{u&mZfukd,fwkdif ysLwl&d,m*DwESifhujyajzazsmfrI wGif pdwf0ifpm;pGm tm;ay;onfudk w&kwftEkynmonfwkdYuyif 0efwkd vmykHwkdYudk w&kwfrSwfwrf;rsm;wGif tao;pdwfaz:jyxm;\/ vGefpGm wkd;wufatmifjrifí w&kwfeef;awmfwGif yg0ifcJhaom tqifhtwef;jrifhvSonfh wl&d,m*DwESifhobifynm jzpfonf/ ysLEkdifiHysufokOf;&jcif; ysLwkdY\,Ofaus;rIonf tqifhtwef; jrifhvS\/ xl;cRefatmif jrifrIrsm; &Sd\/ þuJhodkY ,Ofaus;rIwGifom wzufowfxl;cRefojzifh ysL 1. Bridge 97

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

wkdYrSmEl;nHhaysmhavsmhaomtajcodkY a&mufrSef;rod a&mufcJhMu\/ tEkynmwGifom epfarsmaeMuojzifh wkdif;jynfwnfwefYckdifNrJ a&;ESiu hf muG,af &;wkb Yd ufwiG f avsmn h v hH mMuNy[ D k qk&d ef&o dS nf/ txuf wef;usaom ,Ofaus;rIESifhMumjrifhpGm aevmcJhMuojzifh ysLwkdYonf ,Of aus;El;nH&h nfreG v f eG ;f onfh wzufpeG ;f odaYk &mufcMJh u\/ vkt d yfonfrh Zösrd y#y'gvrf;aMumif;rS vGJz,faoGznf&m a&mufcJhMuayonf/ rSe\ f / ysLwk\ Yd vlt Y zGUJ tpnf;onf jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if o H rkid ;f wGif od&orQ txufwef;usí crf;em;vSaom jrwfE;dk bG,&f mjzpfaom ,Ofaus;rIESifhodrfarGUnufanmvSonfhvlrIqufqHa&;wdkY &SdcJhaom a&S; tusqkH;aom ya'o&mZfvlYtzGJUtpnf;jzpfonf/ odkYaomf aysmhnHhrI? El;nHhodrfarGUrIwnf;[laom wzufpGef;odkY a&mufcMhJ uojzifh 832-at'DwiG f rarQmv f ifb h J eefapmwyfrsm; 0ifa&muf wku d cf u dk v f maomtcg rckcEH idk b f J tnHch v H u dk Mf u&&Smonf/ eefapmwyf wko Yd nf ysLNrKd Uawmfukd wku d cf u dk v f , k ufzsuq f ;D &ko H mru ysL 3000-ausmf udk okHYtjzpf zrf;qD;oGm;Muonf/ okHYwkYdudk eefapm\ta&SUykdif; NrdKUawmfjzpfaom auswkif1(,ck ,leefzl)teD;wGif uReftjzpf ae&mcsxm;ay;\/ uReftjzpf apckdif;Mu aomfvnf; olwb Ydk mom toufarG;0rf;ausmif;rIukd jyKvyk af ponf/ eef apmocifwkdYu auR;arG;jcif; rjyKMuay/ txufwef;usvaS om ysL,Ofaus;rIonf wzufpeG ;f odaYk &muf cJhojzifh þuJhodkY tqkH;owfum wpcef; odrf;cJh&&Smonf/ 1. Chetung

_________________

98

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

tydkif;(5)

a&S;jrefrmrsm; 0ifa&mufcJhykH

99

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

umvysufcsdef tajctae

jrefrmEkdifiH ta&SUajrmufzuf ,leefe,fudk A[dkjyKaomeefapm EkdifiHu 0ifa&mufwkdufckdufzsufqD;ojzifh 832-at'DwGif ysLEkdifiHysufpD; í ysLacwfjrefrmEkid if H vlt Y zGUJ tpnf; z&kzd &Jjzpfc&hJ yku H kd qkcd NhJ y;D jzpfygonf/ {&m0wDjrpf0uRef;ay:ta&SUpGef ppfawmif;jrpf0ywf0ef;usif *sKid ;f ESio hf v H iG jf rpf0uRe;f ay:a'owGif &Scd ahJ om a&S;&mrna'o(ok0PÖ blrd)udkvnf; 835-at'DwGif eefapmwkdY wkdufzsufí vl 2000-ausmf udk okHYyef;tjzpf zrf;qD;ac:aqmifoGm;cJhonf/ þodkYjzifh xdkacwf jrefrmEkdifiHom;wkdYrSm pkpnf;rIr&Sd? ttkyft csKyfr&SdbJ tcgysuf&onfhumvESifhMuKHBudKufcJh&onf/ þumvavmuf wGif jrefrmEkdifiHajrmufydkif; {&m0wDESifhcsif;wGif;qkH&m a'oavmufü txufydkif;jzpfaom jrefrmEkdifiHajrmufydkif;wGif oufrsm;? ppfawmif;jrpf 0Sr;f tv,fyikd ;f avmufwiG f u&ifrsm;? ppfawmif;jrpf0rS ;f atmufyikd ;f wGif a&S;rGefrsm;? {&m0wDjrpf0Srf;tv,fykdif;ESifhawmifbufydkif;wGif ysLrsm;? aZmf*sDESifhyef;avmifjrpf0Srf;a'owGif(u&ifwdkY 0ifa&mufcJhNyD;jzpfí ppf awmif;jrpf0rS ;f awmifyikd ;f &Sd a&S;rGew f EYdk iS t hf qufjywfc&hJ aom)a&S;rGerf sm; toD;oD; &SdaecJhMuonf[k ,lq&\/ ,if;wkt Yd jyif yavmif? 0 paom rGecf rm tEG,cf 0JG ifrsm;? ouf tpk0if *'l;rsm;onfvnf; {&m0wDjrpf0rS ;f tv,fyikd ;f ESiahf Zmf*syD ef;avmif jrpf0Srf;wkdYwGif tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;wkdYESifha&maESmaexkdifvsuf&Sdonf[k qkdEkdifayonf/

100

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

ukef;jrifhom;wkdY ajrjyefYodkY a&TUajymif;EkdifonfhtcGifhtvrf; ysLEkid if yH suo f nf(h 835-at'D)rS yk*w H iG f taemf&xmrif;Bu;D tkyf pd;k vmonfu h mv(11-&mpktv,favmuf)txd þacwfysuu f mvysuf or,twGuf jynfwGif;ausmufpmponfh pmaytaxmuftxm;rsm; udk rawGU&ao;ay/ þumvwGif xll;jcm;aom rnfonfhorkdif;jzpf&yf rsm; jzpfay:cJhoenf;/ vlt Y zGUJ tpnf;onf ysupf ;D vsu&f \ dS / wkid ;f &if;om;wko Yd nf pnf; vkH;nDnTwfrIr&Sd/ jyifytiftm;udk wGef;vSefumuG,fEkdifaom tiftm;pk vnf; r&Sdaom umvjzpf&m þumvrSm jrefrmEkdifiHajrjyefYtwGif;odkY uke;f jrifah 'owkrYd S tiftm;Bu;D aom tjcm;wkid ;f &if;om;wkYd tvk;H t&if; ESi0hf ifa&mufvmEkid af om? a&TUajymif;vmEkid af om tcGiahf umif;ESit hf ajc taeudk zefwD;ay;aeaom umvjzpfayonf/ jrefrmtpk0if pum;rsm;udk ajymolrsm; jrefrmEdik if w H iG f wkid ;f &if;om;wkdY jyefEY aYHS eykH vuf&t dS ajctaeESihf a&S;a[mif;jrefrmausmufpmwku Yd kd taxmuftxm;jyKí þumvtwGi;f ukef;jrifhrS ajrjyefYodkY a&TUajymif;qif;oufvmMuaom wkdif;&if;om;wkdY rSm a&S;a[mif;jrefrmrsm;? wenf;qk&d aomf wdAufjrefrmtEG,0f ifjrefrm tpk0ifbmompum;udk ajymqkad om wkid ;f &if;om;rsm;jzpfonf[k ckid v f Hk pGm qkdEkdifayonf/ jrefrmtpk0if pum;ajymaom wkdif;&if;om;wkYd\,aeYjyefYESHYae xkdif&m a'orsm;udk avhvmvQif ,if;tqkdonf ydkrkdxif&Sm;apEkdifrnf jzpfonf/

101

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

jrefrmtpk0ifpum;rsm; bmomaA'enf;t& avhvmvQif jrefrmEdkifiHom; 10-OD;wGif 8-OD;onf jrefrmtpk0if pum;rsm;udk ajymolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ jrefrm tpk0ifpum;wkdYrSm... (u) trsm;pkajymaeaom jrefrmpum;rsm;/ (c) ,if;jrefrmpum;ESifhtoHESifhav,lavodrf;wGif tenf;i,fuGJjym; rI&Sdaom ]toHuGJ}jrefrmpum;rsm;/ (*) ,if;pum;rsm;tm;vkH;wkdYESifhtajccHwGif wlnDaom ]a&S;OD;jrefrm pum;}rsm;jzpfonf/ jrefrmpum;ajymolwkdY\tcsuftjcma'orsm; trsm;pkajymaeaom jrefrmpum;udk wEkid if v H ;Hk wGif tESt YH jym; ajymqkdMuonf/ odkYaomf jrefrmpum;ukdom trsm;qkH;ajymaomae&m rSm csif;wGif;jrpfESifh{&m0wDjrpfqkH&m w0dkufjzpfaom rEÅav;? a&Tbkd? ppfudkif;? yckuúL? jrif;jcH? ausmufqnfESifhrdw¬Dvmc&kdifrsm;jzpfonf/ ,if; a'orSm jrefrmpum;ajymolw\ Ydk tcsut f jcma'ojzpfonf/ ,if;a'o rS tjyifoaYkd 0;a0;oGm;avav jrefrmpum;ajymolwYdk wjznf;jznf;avsmh enf;vmavav jzpfonf/ odkYaomf a&S;uwnf;u jrefrmpum;ajymolwkdY a&mufí tajc pdkufaexkdifcJhMuonfh a0;vHaoma'otcsKdUwkdYwGif toHuGJjrefrmpum; ajymolwkdYu vlrsm;pkrsm; jzpfonfukd awGUEkdifayonf/ toHuGJ jrefrmpum;ajymolrsm; ,if;uJhodkY jrefrmEdkifiHtv,fydkif;rS jyefYESHYa&muf&SdoGm;í toH uGJjrefrmpum;udk ajymqkdaeolwkYdukd taemufzufwGif &rf;NAJc&kdifESifh ppfawGc&kdif(&ckdifpum;)? yckuúLc&kdif xD;vif;ESifhaqma'orsm;(a,m 102

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

pum;)? csi;f 0daoowkid ;f awmifyikd ;f ukvm;wefjrpf&;dk wavQmuf(acsmif; om;pum;)? ta&SUygupöwef(taemufzufom;wkdYajymMuaom &ckdif pum;? ajrmufzufom;rsm; ajymMuaom acsmif;om;pum;)wkdYwGif awGU Ekdif\/ awmifbufwGif xm;0,fc&kdif(xm;0,fpum;)ESifhNrdwfc&kdif(Nrdwf pum;)wkdYwGif awGUEkdif\/ þtoHuGJ jrefrmpum;ajymolwkdYrSm jrefrm EkdifiHtv,fydkif;&Sd vlwkdYESifh,Ofaus;rI? 0wfpm;qif,ifrIwkdYwGif rsm;pGm uGJjym;jcif; r&SdMuay/ csefae&pfcJholrsm; jrefrmEkid if t H v,fyikd ;f \ta&SUbuf &Sr;f uke;f jyifjrif\ h taemuf pGefwGifvnf; toHuGJjrefrmpum;udk ajymolrsm; &SdMuonf/ xkdwkdif;&if; om;wkrYd mS ajrvwf\taemufpeG w f avQmufaeol "Ekrsm;? olw\ dYk ta&SU bufwGif awmif&kd;rsm;? tif;av;uefw0dkufwGif tif;om;rsm; jzpfMu onf/ þwkdif;&if;om;wkYdae&mrSm ajrjyefYaevlwkdYESifhrsm;pGm ruGma0; vSaomfvnf; toHwGifomru ,Ofaus;rI? "avhxkH;? 0wfpm;qif,if rIwkdYüyg ajrjyefYom;wkdYESifhuGJjym;rI &Sdaeonfudk axmufxm;jcif;tm;jzifh þwkdif;&if;om;wkdYrSm txufwGif qkdcJhaom &ckdifwkdif;? weoFm&Dwkdif; ae toHuGJjrefrmpum; ajymolrsm;uJhodkY jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif;rS a&TU ajymif;oGm;cJholrsm; rjzpfEkdifaMumif;? jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif; ajrjyeYfodkY a&TUajymif;vmcJhpOfu vkdufygrvmbJ csefae&pfcJholrsm;om jzpfaMumif; odomEkdifayonf/ rnfonfhbufrS vmoenf; awmif&kd;ESifh"EkwkdYonf csefae&pfolrsm; jzpfvQif xkda&S;jrefrm wkdYonf rnfonfha'orS vmonf[k qkdEkdifrnfenf;/ &Srf;jynfbufrS[k om ajz&ef&Sdonf/ 103

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

a&S;OD;jrefrmpum;ajymolrsm; þtqkdtaMumif;udk rpOfpm;rD txufwGifqkdcJhaom a&S;OD; jrefrmpum;ajymol wkdif;&if;om;wkdYaexkdif&ma'orsm;udk az:jyvQif oifhrnfxifonf/ &Srf;jynfajrmufydkif; er®wlw0dkufwGif aexkdifMuaom r&lwidk ;f &if;om;rsm;? &Sr;f jynfajrmufyikd ;f uGwcf idk ef ,f ajrmufzuf w&kwf jrefrme,fpyfwavQmufwGifawGU&aom tZD;ac: ZD;wkdif;&if;om;rsm;?

Aef;armfe,fwiG f tenf;i,fawGU&í ,leefe,f [ko d mESiv hf ome,fwiG f aeMuaom rkid ;f omac:tcse;f rsm;? ucsijf ynfe,f {&m0wDjrpfta&SUbuf qrm;e,fw0du k &f dS tZD;ac: ZD;rsm;? olw\ Ydk ajrmufzuf q'keH ,fEiS ahf vm acgife,f awmifyikd ;f wGi&f MdS uaom v&Sw D idk ;f &if;om;rsm;? olw\ Ydk ajrmuf zuf avmacgife,fESifhaxma*gw0dkuf arcjrpf0Srf;ae r&lwkdif;&if;om; rsm;? Aef;armfc&dkifESifhjrpfBuD;em;c&kdifqkH&m {&m0wDyxrjrpfusOf;wGifae Muolrsm; jzpfonf/ r&lESifhv&SDwkdYudk jrpfBuD;em;w0dkufwGifvnf; awGU& onf/ a&S;OD;jrefrmwdkY jyefYESHYaeykHudk qufpyfavhvmjcif; þwkid ;f &if;om;wkYd jyefEY aYHS eyku H kd &Sr;f jynfawmifyikd ;f ajrvwfa' oü "EkEiS afh wmif&;dk wkid ;f &if;om;wkEYd iS q hf ufpyfMunfyh gu a&S;a[mif;jref rmwkdYonf ajrmufzufucsifjynfe,fta&SUydkif;ESifh,leefe,ftaemuf ydkif;rS awmifbuf&Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;? ,if;rSwqifh &Srf;jynfawmifydkif; ajrvwfa'oodkY wqifhNyD;wqifh a&TUajymif;cJhaMumif; cefYrSef;od&SdEkdifay onf/ þajrvwfa'orSwqifh jrefrmEkid if t H v,fyikd ;f ajrjyefo Y aYkd jymif; a&TUvmcJhjcif; jzpfonf[k em;vnfEkdifayonf/

104

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

tb,fhaMumifh csif;wGif;ESifh{&m0wDjrpfESpfoG,fMum;odkY rqif;cJhoenf; ,ck ucsifjynfe,fwGif;a&mufaecJhaom a&S;OD;jrefrmwkdYonf xkdjynfe,ftwGif; tb,fhaMumifh {&m0wDjrpfudkjzwful;í ajrjyefYodkY rqif;cJhoenf;[k ar;&ef&Sdygonf/ trSepf ifppf olwo Ydk nf {&m0wDjrpfukd jzwfu;l um awmifbuf odkY a&TUajymif;&ef BudK;pm;cJhMu[ef wl\/ odkYaomf xkdpOfu {&m0wDjrpf ESifhcsif;wGif;jrpf pyfMum;a'owGif oufwkdYBuD;pdk;aom waumif;EkdifiH&Sd aecJhí a&S;OD;jrefrmrsm; þbufrS ajrjyefYqDodkY rxkd;azmufEkdifbJ a&S;OD; qkH;a&TUvmcJholwkdYonf {&m0wDjrpfusOf;wGif zGef;rsm;tjzpfjzifh &yfwefY cJhMu&jcif; jzpfonf/ awmawmifa&ajr tajctaeuvnf; cufcJvSonf/ odkYjzpf í wyde?f a&TvjD rpfaMumif;rsm;? ,if;wkrYd w S qifh {&m0wDjrpfaMumif;vrf; udk rvkdufcJhMujcif;jzpfonf[k qkd&ygrnf/ &Srf;jynfodkY oufwkdY BuD;pdk;aom waumif;EkdifiHudk ta&SUbufrS yef;í jrpf i,fjrpfaMumif;udkvkdufum &Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;wGif pwnf;cscJhMu\/ ,if;rSwqifh &Srf;jynfawmifydkif; &yfapmufESifhajrvwfa'oodkYwqifh ajymif;a&TUcJhMujcif; jzpfayonf/ tb,fhaMumifh ppfawmif;jrpf0Srf;odkY tqif;cJhoenf; tb,fhaMumifh awmifbufodkYqufqif;um ppfawmif;jrpf0Srf; twGif;odkY rqif;Muoenf;[k wenf;awG;&ef &Sdao;\/ ,if;odkYawmif bufodkY rqufEkdifjcif;rSm xdkpOfu ajrvwfa'oawmifbufwGif u&if wkdif;&if;om;wkdY tifESifhtm;ESihf a&muf&SdaeNyDjzpfaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ 105

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

þc&D;vrf;wGif yx0DrsufESmjyif tajctaerSmvnf; cufcJvS \/ u&ifwkdif;&if;om;wkdYonf ,ck rkd;NAJe,f? u,m;jynfe,fESifhu&if jynfe,fajrmufyikd ;f wkw dY iG f ajcuky, f rl Md uNy;D jzpf&o Hk mru taemufzuf ppfawmif;jrpf0Srf;twGif;odkY tcGifhomvQif omovkd oufqif;a&muf&Sd aecJhNyD;jzpfonfudk txufwGif qkdcJhNyD; jzpfygonf/ tvG,fqkH;ESifht[efYtwm; tenf;qkH;vrf; þuJhodYkaom tajctaewGif a&S;a[mif;jrefrmwkdYtwGuf c&D; vrf;vnf; vG,ful? t[efYtwm;vnf; enf;yg;aom ajrvwfa'o ajrmufydkif;ESifhajrjyefYquf&m ausmufqnfc&kdifavmufqDrS ajrjyefYodkY 0if&efom &Sdawmhonf/ &yfapmufESifhyif;w,qDrS ajrjyefYqDodkY bmomaA't& toHuJG jrefrmpum;ajymolawmifay:om;"Ek ESifhawmif&kd;wkdYaexkdif&ma'oESifhyg qufpyfí pOf;pm;vQif txufwGif qkcd ahJ om ajrvwfa'oajrmufyikd ;f &yfapmufEiS yhf if;w,qDrS ajrjyefo Y Ykd qif;cJhMuonf[laomtqkdkudk ydkrkdvG,fulpGm xifjrifEkdifMurnf jzpfay onf/ pdwful;ESifhtawG;rQomavm txufwiG f qkcd o hJ nfwrYkd mS jrefrmtpk0if pum;ajymolwYdk ,aeY jyefEY aYHS eyku H kd bmomaA'EIid ;f ,SOcf suaf y:wGif tajcwnfí aumufEw k f csufcsxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ tjcm;orkdif; taxmuftxm;rsm; r&Sdygo avm/ a&S;a[mif;jrefrmwkdYonf ,leefe,ftaemufykdif;ESifh&Srf;jynf ajrmufydkif;wkdYwGif tajcpdkufaecJhMuonf[kqkdaom tqkdudk axmufcH 106

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

Ekid rf nfh ckid v f aHk om tud;k tum;rsm; &Syd goavm/ &Sv d Qif xkpd Ofu[kqcdk hJ aom 8-&mpk 9-&mpkESpfrsm;twGif;u þa'orsm;wGif aecJhMuaom a&S;a[mif;jrefrmwkdYtaMumif;udk odEkdifygrnfavm ponfh tar;wkdYudk pOf;pm;rdMuayrnf/ þtar;wkdYudk rajzEkdifygu txufwGifqkdcJhaom a&S;a[mif; jrefrmwkdY jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif;odkY qif;oufa&TUajymif;vmykHtpOfrSm pdwful;rQom tawG;rQom jzpfcsdrfhrnf/ taxmuftxm;r&SdvQif EkdifiH orkdif;r&SdEkdif[k qkdxm;onfhtwkdif; þawG;awm,lqcsufwkdYudk EkdifiH orkdif;jzpf&yfrsm;[k qkd&ef vG,fulrnf r[kwfay/ acwfNydKifw&kwfpmay taxmuftxm;rsm; 8-&mpk ESifh 9-&mpkat'DESpfrsm;twGif;u ,leefe,ftaemuf ydkif;ESifh&Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;wGif tajcpdkufaexkdifcJhMuaom a&S;a[mif; jrefrmrsm;taMumif;udk acwfNyKd iaf &;om;cJah om w&kw&f mZ0ifusr;f rsm; ESifha'oqkdif&m rSwfwrf;wkdYrS tckdiftvkH od&onf/ aexkdif&ma'o? vkyfudkifpm;aomufrI? 0wfpm;qif,ifykH? t&nftcsif;rSpí tkyfpkvkduf cGJjcm;az:jyxm;onfudkyif od&onf/ a&S;a[mif;jrefrmorkdif;onf eefapmorkdif;\wpdwfwa'o xkda&S;jrefrmtkyfpkwkdYonf eefapmppfrsm;wGif ta&;ygaoma &mrS yg0ifxrf;&Gucf MhJ u&í eefapmEkid if w H efc;kd tiftm;Bu;D rm;a&;twGuf yg0ifaqmif&u G cf o hJ rl sm;? eefapmorkid ;f wnfaqmuf&mwGif yg0ifco hJ rl sm; jzpfaMumif; od&\/ eefapmwkYd ysLNrKd Uawmfudk wku d Mf u&mwGif ok0PÖbrl ad 'oudk wku d f Mu&mwGif [EGKdifudk wkdufMu&mwGif wdAufrsm; w&kwfwyfrsm;udk wkduf Mu&mwGif olwkdYyg0ifcJhMuonf/ wenf;qkdaomf eefapmorkdif;\wpdwf wa'oonf xkad &S;a[mif;jrefrmwk\ Yd orkid ;f yif jzpfonf[k qk&d csrd rhf nf/ 107

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

xkda&S;a[mif;w&kwf&mZ0ifusrf;rsm;? a'oqkdif&mrSwfwrf;rsm ESiw hf uG ,if;wkrYd S od&aom eefapmEkid if w H iG ;f ,leeftaemufyikd ;f ESi&hf rS ;f ajrmufydkif;wkdYwGif 8-&mpkESifh9-&mpkat'DESpfrsm;twGif;u aexdkifcJhMu aom a&S;a[mif;jrefrmvlYtzGJUtpnf;wkdY\vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifhppfa&; orkdif;udk atmufwGif qufvufzwf&IEkdifMuygonf/ ,if;odkYaz:jy&mü ydkrkdvG,fulpGm em;vnfoabmaygufEkdif&ef eefapmEkdifiHtaMumif;ESifhorkdif;pOftusOf;udk az:jy&ef vdkrnfxifyg onf/ xef1w&kwf rvTrf;rkd;Edkifaoma'o w&kwjf ynfukd at'D 618 rS 907-xd tkypf ;kd cJah om xefrif;quf onf w&kww f \ Ydk orkid ;f wGif acwfaumif;Bu;D wckjzpf\/ Edik if w H iG f pD;yGm; a&;? ,Ofaus;rI? pmay? tEkynm wkd;wufonf/ tm&StaemufEkdifiH rsm;ESifhul;oef;a&mif;0,frI wkd;wufwnfwefYap&ef tm&Stv,fydkif;odkY e,fcsJUí ukefoG,fvrf;rsm;udk xdef;odrf;cJhonf/ þodkYjzifh xeftifyg,monf taemufzuf tm&Stv,fydkif; wGif rsm;pGmus,jf yefcY o hJ nf/ odyYk ifjzpfvifu h pm; ,efpjD rpf\awmifbuf ,ckacwf ,leef? avGcsK?d vGrpf ?D uGrw f ek pf onfah 'orsm;udk vufatmufcH Ekid if rH sm;[k oabmxm;&ko H m xm;Ekid o f nf/ ppfa&; Ekid if aH &;wkjYd zifh wku d f &kdufvTrf;rkd;Ekdifjcif; r&SdcJhay/ wdAufjrefrm tEG,frsm;\a'o xdkpOfu w&kwfjynf ,efpDjrpfawmifydkif;ae vlrsm;pkrSm w&kwf rsm; r[kwfMuacs/ wdAufjrefrm tEG,f0ifbmompum; ajymolrsm;ESifh &Srf;tpk0if bmompum;ajymolrsm;rSm xkda'owkdY\vlrsm;pk wkdif;&if; om;rsm;jzpfMu\/

1. T'ang

108

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

xkad 'owkw Yd iG f xefw&kww f \ Ydk vufatmufcH r[kwaf omwkid ;f &if;om;wkdY\EkdifiHrsm; ay:aygufcJhonf/ ,if;EkdifiHwkdYteuf tm;[kdif (tm;yifv,f)1 ywf0ef;usifwGif ay:aygufcJhaom EkdifiHi,f 6-EkdifiHwkdY onf xif&Sm;\/ ,if;EkdifiHi,fwkdYü aexdkifolwkdYwGif armapmrsm;2? a&S; a[mif;jrefrmrsm;? avmavmrsm;3 paom wdAufjrefrmtEG,f0ifrsm; ESifh&Srf;tpk0ifrsm; yg0ifMuonf/ eefapmEkdifiH ,if; 6-EkdifiHteuf awmifbufpGefusaom rkifa&Sapm4onf tiftm;taumif;qk;H jzpfonf/ at'D 739wGif rkiaf &SapmEkid if o H nf usef EkdifiHi,f 5-ckukd odrf;oGif;í tiftm;awmifhwif;aom jynfaxmifpkudk wnfaxmifonf/ NrdKUawmfudk tm;[kdiftaemufurf; ,ck wmvDzlNrKdU awmifbufteD;wGif wnfaqmufcJhonf/ awmifbuf tusqkH;apm (rif;)u OD;pD;wnfaxmifí w&kwfwkdYu eefapmEkdifiHÄ [k ac:a0:a&; om;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ eefapmjynfaxmifpkudk wnfaxmifaom eefapm{u&mZf &SJifh 5 avmfzD \aemuf qufpHaom rif;wyg;jzpfonfhaumfavmfzGJifh6vuf xufwGif eefapm\tiftm; vGefpGmwkd;wufcJhonf/ xefw&kwfEkdifiH\ av;pm;jcif;udkyif cH&onf xdkpOfu w&kwfjynftaemufzuf&Sd wdAuf EkdifiHrSmvnf; tiftm;BuD;EkdifiHwck jzpfcJhonf/ tm&Stv,fykdif;udk BuD; 1. Erh Hai 2. Mo-so(rkd;qkd;[k odMuonf/) 3. Lo-lo(vkdvkd[k odMuonf/) 4. Meng-she Chao Ä a&S;u eefapmudk &Srf;EkdifiH[k owfrSwfcJhMu\/ aemufxyf okawoe jyKcJhaom ynm&SifwkdYu &Srf;rsm;yif &SdcJhonfrSefaomfvnf; &Srf;EkdifiH[k ac:&avmufatmif rrsm;cJh[k ,lqMuonf/ 5. Sheng-lo-pi 6. Ko-lo-feng

109

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

pkd;Ekdifa&;twGuf wdAufESifhxefw&kwfwkdYonf tjyeftvSef ppfqifETJae MuqJjzpfonf/ ,ck tiftm;BuD;EkdifiHwck ay:vmojzifh wdAufESifhw&kwfwkdY onf eefapmEkdifiHjzpfaom xdktiftm;BuD;EkdifiHESifhyl;aygif;í tcsif;csif; wku d cf u dk &f ef tajctaersm;jzpfay:cJo h nf/ eefapmuvnf; rdr\ d tusK;d udk Munfhí wcgw&H wdAufESifhaygif;NyD; xefw&kwfudk wkdufonf/ wcg w&H xefw&kwfESifhaygif;í wdAufudk 0ifwkdufonf/ þodkYjzifh þya'o&mZf 3-EkdifiH\ 3-yGifhqkdifppfonf jzpfay: cJhonf/ þppfrsm;udk taMumif;jyKí eefapmonf pGdusKdESifha0SYxkifNrdKUudk odrf;ydkufcJhonf/ taemufzufwGif ,ckaygif&SefrS arcjrpftxd ,if;rS wqifh jrefrmEkdifiHajrmufpGef a&cJawmifBuD;rsm;txd cHNrdKUudk aqmuf EkdifcJh\/ ysLEkdifiHESifhvnf; tquftoG,f&cJh\/ a&S;a[mif; jrefrmppfonfrsm; þppfww Ydk iG f a&S;a[mif;jrefrmwyfrsm; yg0ifqifEcJT \ hJ / txuf wGif qkdcJhaom &SJifhavmfzDrif;vufxufrSpí a&S;a[mif;jrefrmwkdYonf eefapmjynfaxmifpk\rkifa&SapmEkdifiHi,fwGif yg0ifcJhMuonf/ xdka&S;a[mif;jrefrmwkdYrSm rnfolwkdYenf;/ olwkdY\taMumif;udk acwfNydKifa&;cJhaom ref&I1usrf;? xef&mZ0ifusrf;a[mif;2ESifhxef&mZ 0ifusrf;opf3wkdYwGif awGU&SdEkdifayonf/ (tao;pdwftnTef;rsm;udkum; rqkdawmhNyD/) xkad &S;a[mif; jrefrmvlrsK;d pkwu Ydk kd xefacwf&mZ0ifq&mrsm;ESihf tjcm;olwkdYonf xkdvlrsKd;pkwkdYu rdrdwkdY\tBuD;tuJrsm;udk ac:aom bGUJ trnfjzifh odcMhJ uonf/ a&;rSwaf c:a0:Muonf/ tBu;D tuJuakd c: onfh tac:ta0:jzifh vlrsKd;pk\ trnfudk rSwfom;wwfonfh tavh

1. Man Shu 'Book of the Southern Barbarians' translated by Gordon 11, Luce 1961.

2. Chiu-t'ang-Shu 3.Hsin-t'ang-Shu

110

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

aMumifhyifjzpfonf/ dS nfh ref&u I sr;f u ,ckoEd eDé ,fwiG f rmif;apm1ESiphf aom trnf&o 2 vlrsKd;pkrsm;? ,ckaygif&Sef\taemufajrmufzufwGif a0gif0kduf,l vlrsKd; pk? aygif&Sef\taemufzufwGif zl3rsm;? rJaygifjrpftaemufzufwGif 0gifh usL4rsm; toD;oD;&Sdonf[k az:jyxm;\/ þtrnfww Ydk iG f ]apm}ESi]hf usK}wko Yd nfvnf;aumif;? ]rmif;}]a0gif} ]0gif}h wko Yd nfvnf;aumif; tajccHtoHwal om pum;vk;H rsm; jzpfMuonf/ þ rmif;? a0gif? 0gifhwkdYrSm ,ckacwfokH; jrefrma0g[m& rif;(tkyfpkd;ol?

BuD;ol)\a&S;OD; a0g[m&rsm; jzpfEkdifayonf/ tvm;wlyif ]apm}ESifh]usK}wkdYrSmvnf; acwfokH;jrefrma0g[m& ]apm}odrYk [kw]f pd;k }ESix hf yfwl jzpfEidk o f nf/ odjYk zpfí f þvlrsK;d pkwo Ydk nf rdrd wk\ Yd tBu;D tuJrsm;udk rif;apm? rif;pd;k [laom t"dygÜ ,fEiS ahf c:a0:cJMh u onf[k em;vnfEkdifayonf/ þonfudk axmufí ,if;vlrsKd;pkwkdYudk a&S;a[mif;jrefrmrsm;[k qkdjcif;jzpfonf/Ä t&nftaoG;ESifh"avhxkH;pHrsm; vlrsKd;pkwkdY\"avhxkH;pH? 0wfpm;qif,ifykH? t&nftaoG;wkdYESifh pyfvsOf;í tqkdyg ref&Iusrf;ü az:jyxm;csufwkdYrSm pdwf0ifpm;bG,f aumif;vSayonf/ rif;apm tpkrsm; a&S;a[mif;jrefrmrsm;[k az:jycJah om rmif; odrYk [kwf rmif;apm vlrsKd;pkwkdY\taMumif;udk qkd&mü þtrnfESifhqifwl,dk;rSm;trnfrsm;&Sd 1. Mang-Chao 2. Wang-wai-yu 3. P'u 4. Wang-Chu

Ä odaYk omf ]zl}ESi]hf a0gif0u kd , f }l wk\ Yd trnfurkd l tvm;wl qufpyf,&l ef rvG,u f al y/ odaYk omf olwu Ydk olw\ Ykd tBu;D tuJEiS q hf ufo, G f ajymqkad omtcgwGif ]pk;d }toHxu G f ESifhwlaom pum;udk okH;aMumif; xkdusrf;rSyif od&\/

111

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

aom tjcm;vlrsKd;pktrsm;&SdaMumif;? olwkdYonf ajcwH&Snftdrfrsm;ESifhae aMumif;? teDa&mifydk;pjzifh OD;acgif;udk &pfywfwefqmqifum acgif; aygif;pudk aemufwiG cf saMumif;? trsK;d orD;wko Yd nf ta&mif 5-rsK;d ygaom vJykd;xnfudk 0wfaMumif;? ,if;t0wfudk acgif;ay:xd jcKHEkdifaMumif;? olwkdYonf tdrfteD;opfyifrsm;ay:wGif a'gif;rsm;udk arG;jrLxm;aMumif; ponfjzifh az:jyxm;\/ ydk;acgif;aygif;eDudk tpaemufcsíaygif;jcif;? ajcwH&Snftdrfrsm; ay:wGif aejcif;? jrefrmwkdYtav;tjrwfxm;aomtvHwGif a'gif;&kyfyg jcif;wkrYd mS þa&S;a[mif;vlw\ Ydk tpOftvm tqufyifavm[k awG;xif bG,f&m&Sd\/ rmif;vlrsKd;pktm;vkH;yif abmif;bDjym0wfí BudrfacG? 0g;ESD; rsm;jzifh cg;udk ywfxm;Muonf[v k nf;qk\ d / uke;f jrifo h m;rsm;jzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;ayonf/ eefapmwyf wyfOD;rS yg&olrsm; 0gifu h sKwo Ydk nf wku d cf u dk af &;wGif 0goemxko H rl sm;jzpfonf/ aygh yg;vsifjref zswfvwfonf/ jrif;pD;pOf vSHudk usifvnfpGm okH;wwfonf/ pD;&mwGif ukef;ESD;ryg/ tjyif;wkduf&ef 'kH;pD;aomtcgrsm;wGif ysHaeonf [kxif&onf/ olwkdY\trsKd;orD;ysKdwkdYonfvnf; jrif;a&;wGif tvm;wl pGrf;&nf&Sdolrsm;jzpf\/ eefapmrif;NrdKUESifhwyfNrdKUtoD;oD;rS ppfolBuD;rsm; wyfxGufMuaomtcg 0gifhusKwkdYonf wyfOD;rS yg&onf/Ä þwGiv f nf; jrif;pdik ;f ? jrif;ckw H idk ?f jrif;cif;obif? jrif;Muefusr;f rS pí NrdKUrnfrsm;? a&S;jrefrmwkdY\jrif;a&;uRrf;usifrI ponfwkdYESifhquf pyfowd&rdMuayvdrfhrnf/ olrcHEkdifaom ppfonfrsm; wzef a0gif0kduf,lwkdYtaMumif;udk MunfhMuygOD;pdkY/ olwkdYonf vSH&Snf? um&SnfBuD;rsm;udk udkifaqmifonf/ olwkdY csDwufvmNyDqkdvQif Ä Man Shu rsufESm 41

112

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

rnforl S rckcEH idk /f jrm;wkEYd iS o hf pfom;av;('l;av;avm)ukv d nf; ok;H onf/ jrm;oGm;udk tqdyfvl;xm;ojzifh jrm;csufxdol &kwfcsif;aoonf/ trsKd;orD;wkdY\t0wftxnfrSm tjyma&mifjzpfonf/ pyg;BuD; a>roGm;rsm;? c&kcGHrsm;? ykvJppfrsm;ESifhukH;xm;aom ykwD;rsm;udk udk,fwGif enf;trsK;d rsK;d ykpH t H rsK;d rsK;d jzifh odik ;f Muonf/ qGx J m;Muonf/ tdraf xmif r&Sdao;olonf xdyfwGif qHxkH;wxkH;om xkH;í tdrfaxmif&Sdolonf csKd apmif;ae&mwGif wxkH;pDcGJí ESpfxkH; xkH;onf/ Ä Avaumif;olrsm; zlwkdYonf t&yftarmif; aumif;onf/ cGeftm;BuD;onf/ jyif; xefíaMumufrufzG,f aumif;onf/ &J&ifhonf/ 0g;cReftypf tvGef usifvnfonf/ awmeuftwGif; vif;EdkYudkyif xdatmifypfEkdifonf/ t vGev f ufajzmifí h vGo J nfr&S/d olwo Ydk nf iSuaf ysm&Guw f iG f tpmykí H pm; onf/ cGufa,mufr&Sd/ ajrmufzuftusqkH; vlpkjzpfonf/ tHhbG,fZGJESifhowåd&SdykH ZGJ? owådESifhopöm&SdrIwkdYwGif tHhbG,fo&J&SdvSonf/ w&kwfwkdYESifh jzpf&aom ppfyGJwckwGif zlppfonftcsKdUudk w&kwfwdkYu rdoGm;&m trsKd; rsK;d ESyd pf ufnO§ ;f yef;í ppfaq;onf/ pum;wcGe;f rQ r[acs/ vufaumuf 0wfrS vufudkjzwfypfí ppfar;jyefonf/ rajym/ atmf[pfjcif;yif rjyK Mu/ÄÄ jrefrmEkdifiHajrjyefYodkY ra&mufrDu a&S;a[mif;jrefrmrsm; rmif;apmESirhf if;apmtrnf qifw, l ;dk rSm;&Sad om a&S;a[mif;jref rmwkdYonf at'D 7-&mpkESpfrsm;avmufwGif ,leeftaemufydkif;ESifhodEéD ajrmufydkif;a'oodkY a&muf&SdaexkdifcJhNyD;jzpfonf/ tOD; a&TUajymif;olwkdY Ä,if; - rsufESm 42 ÄÄ Man Shu rsufESm 39

113

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

jrefrmEkdifiHajrjyefY ysLEkdifiHwGif;odkYyif a&mufESifhNyD;[k ,lqEkdif\/ eefapm jynfaxmifpkEkdifiH wnfaxmifvmaomtcg xkda&S; a[mif;jrefrmvlrsK;d pkwo Ykd nf tjcm;wdAufjrefrmpum;ajymolwEYdk iS w hf uG yl;aygif;yg0ifcJhMuonf/ wdAuf? w&kwf? eefapm(3)yGifhqkdif ya'o&mZf ppfwkdYwGif jrif;onfausmf? ppfonfausmftjzpf yg0ifqifETJcJhMuonf/ atmifyGJrsm;udkvnf; &cJhMuonf/ ya'o&mZfeefapmEkdifiHorkdif;udk zef wD;cJh&mwGif olwkdYyg0ifcJhMuonf/ ya'o&mZf vlrIpD;yGm;a&; ppfonfrsm;tjyif awmif,m v,f,m pdkufysKd;vkyfudkifolrsm; vnf; &SdcJhonf/ wl;ajrmif;rsm; azmufí v,f,mpdkufysKd;onfhtwwf udv k nf; wwfoMd uolrsm;jzpf\/ vlrsK;d pkH tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;udk tBu;D tuJ (rif;)wkdYu tkyfcsKyfonf/ tajccH ya'o&mZftkyfcsKyfa&;udkvnf; wwfMuolrsm; jzpfMu \/ olwkdY\xl;jcm;aom pGrf;&nfrSm jrif;pD;usifvnfí vsifjrefpGm a&TU ajymif;vIyf&Sm;um ppfwkdufEkdifonfh t&nftcsif;yif jzpfonf/ ukefxkwfvkyfief;rsm; eefapmjynfaxmifpkwGif yg0ifvifhupm; rdrdwkdYvlrsKd;pktvkduf udk,fhrif;ESifhudk,f oD;jcm;zGJUpnf;aecJhonfh ya'o&mZfpepfwGif aecJhMu olrsm; jzpf\/ odkYaomf eefapm\MoZmcH vlYtzGJUtpnf;jzpfonf/ eefapmwyfwiG f ppfrrI xrf;vko d w l o Ydk nf eefapmEkid if \ H ukex f w k f vkyfief;wkdYudk aqmif&Gufay;Mu&\/ rdrdwkdY0rf;pmtjyif rif;wkdif;aMu; ay;&ef pkdufysKd;vkyfukdifMuonfh oD;ESHpkdufysKd;a&;vkyfief;tjyif {&m0wD txufydkif;wGif a&Tusifjcif;? rvdcjrpftaemufzuf awmifrsm;ay:wGif a&TwiG ;f wl;jcif;? aygif&eS t f aemufzuf (10)pcef;tuGm ,ck jrefrmEkid if H ajrmufydkif;wGif e,fpyfMum;wGif qm;csufjcif;ponfh ukefxkwfvkyfief; 114

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

wkdYudk aqmif&GufMu\/ wd&pämefarG;jrLrI a&S;jrefrmwkdY\xl;jcm;aom toufarG;rIvkyfief;w&yfrSm jrif; rsm;udk arG;jrLavhusifhjcif;yif jzpf\/ OD;csKd&SnfEGm;wrsKd;? xGef,uf&ef qifykrsm;? tarG;&Snf],uf}ac:EGm;wrsKd;ESifha'gif;wkdYudk arG;Mu\/ ukefoG,frI taemufzufoYkd eefapmwkYd e,fcsUJ cJo h jzifh taemufEiS u hf ek o f , G f vrf;vnf; yGichf o hJ nf/ wkid ;f &if;om;wko Yd nf tcsi;f csi;f vlo;Hk ukeyf pön;f rsm;udk a&mif;0,fMuaomtcg tav;csdefowfrSwfxm;aom qm;cJrsm; udk tojymtjzpf okH;Muonf/ uRefrsm;ESifhya'o&mZfpD;yGm;a&; olwkdY\vlaerIpepfrSm ya'o&mZfpD;yGm;a&;pepfay:wGif wnf ae&um; olwkdY\ukefxkwfpGrf;tm; trsm;pkudk ya'o&mZfwkdYtzkdY tokH; jyKcJh&onf/ ppfEkdifí zrf;qD;&rdcJhaom okYHyef;wkdYudk ]uRef}tjzpfxm;í {&m0wDjrpfzsm; acG;awm iSufawmodkYydkYum a&Tusifaponf/ tvkyf Murf;vkyfaponf/ olwkdY xkwfvkyfaom ypönf;wkdY\ 70 odkYr[kwf 80 &mEIef;udk ya'o&mZfwkdYu ,lonf/ oD;ESHpdkufysKd;olwkdYtzkdYrSmvnf; 0rf;pmavmuf udkomcsefí tm;vkH;udk ya'o&mZfwkdYtm; tcGeftjzpf qufo&onf/ ppfrIxrf;olwkdYom þrif;wkdif;aMu;rS vGwfMuonf/

115

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

oD;ESHpkdufysKd;a&; pdkufysKd;aomoD;ESHwkdYwGif pyg;? ESHpyg;ajymif;? ajymif;icsdwf? yJ trsKd;rsKd;? rka,m? *sKHwkdYjzpfonf/ ,if;wkdYudk eefapmEkdifiHajrjyefYa'oü pkdufonf/ a&S;a[mif;jrefrmtrsm;pkrSm ukef;jrifhom;rsm;jzpfí rdrdwkdYa' oESifhudkufnDrnfhoD;ESHyifwkdYudkom pkdufcJhMuayrnf/ olwkdYonf eefapmta&SUydkif;vlrsm;? NrdKUawmfaevlrsm;avmuf wkd;wufcJhjcif; r&Sdao;ay/ ajrjyefY&Sd olwkdYavmufom a&oGif;í pyg; pdu k yf sK;d jcif;udjk yKMuNy;D uke;f jrifah wmifay:aeolwrYdk mS rl awmif,mpku d yf sK;d enf;udkom tm;ukd;cJhMuonf/ oD;ESyH ifrsm;tjyif w&kwq f ;D oD;? uGr;f oD;? tke;f ? omulyif? awmif yde;f eJ? yJvif;a>r? ausmufz&k?H usw d ?f zefcg;? vufy?H av;udik ;f vky&f onfh ydk;pmyifwrsKd;(ydk;arG;onhftyifrsKd; r[kwf)wkdYudkvnf; pdkufMuonf/ okH; Muonf/ MuahH &? a<u? za,mif;? b,aq;ESit hf 0wftxnfrsm;ukv d nf; xkwfvkyfMuonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;odkY a&Tajymif;Mujcif; olw\ Ydk a&SUajy;vlwo Ydk nf jrefrmEkid if aH jrjyefo Y Ykd a&mufEiS Nhf y;D jzpf Ekid af Mumif; qkcd yhJ gNy/D xdak emufaomf rdrw d u Ydk o hJ yYkd if w&kwjf ynftaemuf ajrmufpGefrS ta&SUbufaMumif; a&TUajymif;qif;vmcJhonf/ rdrdwkdYESifhtEG,fwl tjcm;wdAufjrefrmtEG,f0if wkdif;&if;om; wkdYESifha&S;a[mif;jrefrmwkdYonf eefapmjynfaxmifpkwGif wyl;waygif; wnf; aecJhMu\/ eefapmrif;wko Yd nf wcgw&H a&S;a[mif;jrefrmvlpu k kd zdEydS w f u dk f ckdufcJhjcif;&Sd\/ ppfa&;udk tajccHonfh ya'o&mZfpepfatmufwGif ae &onfrSm aysmfarGUbG,f r[kwf/ xkdrSwyg; jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;odkY eefapmwkdY ESit hf wl 0ifa&mufwu dk cf u dk cf jhJ cif;(ysLEkid if NH rKd Uawmf 832ESio hf 0k PÖbrl Nd rKd U awmf835)ü yg0ifcJh&í a&S;a[mif;jrefrmEkdifiH\tajctaeudk odcJh& 116

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

aomtcg w&Gmajymif;rS olaumif;jzpfrnfqkdonfhoabmvnf; ayguf vmcJhMuayrnf/ odjYk zpfívnf; ,cifu qkcd o hJ nft h wkid ;f wa&GUa&GUESiahf &TUajymif; a&muf&NdS y;D olaY &S;jrefrmrsm;&S&d m jrefrmEkid if t H v,fyikd ;f odYk ysLEkid if t H ysuf wGif tajrmuftrsm; tvkH;t&if;ESifh a&TUajymif;0ifa&mufcJhMujcif; jzpf onf/ þodkY 0ifa&mufvmaomtcg rGef? u&if? ysLwkdYtjyif w&kwf jynftaemufajrmufzufrS taemufzufajymif;0ifvmcJhMuaom ouf? csif; ponfwkdYESifhawGUqkHyl;aygif;cGifh&cJhMuonf/ a&muf&SdNyD;jzpfaom rGefcrmtEG,f0if rGef? yavmif? 0rsm;? ysL rsm;? u&ifrsm;? taemufaMumif; wdAuf? jrefrmrsm;jzpfaom ouf? csif; rsm;ESifh,ckta&SUaMumif;rS 0ifvmaom a&S;a[mif;jrefrmwkdY yl;aygif;rd Muaomtcg yk*HEkdifiHopfudk wnfaxmifEkdifcJhMujcif; jzpfonf/ a&S;a[mif;jrefrmwkdY rl&if;a'orS eefapmodkYa&TUajymif;vmcJhykH 8-&mpkESifh9-&mpk at'DESpfrsm;twGif; eefapmzufrS jrefrmEkdifiH wGif;odkY 0ifvmolwkdYrSm a&S;a[mif;jrefrmrsm;jzpfMuav&m olwkdYonf eefapmwkEYd iS t hf rsK;d tEG,f ,Ofaus;rIrpS í qufo, G af eonfukd az:xkwf Ekdifonfh tjcm;taMumif;rsm; &Sdao;oavm/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;odkY taemufzufaMumif;rS 0ifvmaom wdAuf jrefrmbmompum; tEG,f0ifrsm;? ta&SUbufaMumif;rS 0ifvmaom a&S;a[mif;jrefrmwkt Yd ygt0ifjzpfonfh wdAufjrefrmbmompum;tEG,f 0ifrsm;\rl&if;a'oESifhxkdpOfu&SdcJhaom ,Ofaus;rI? eefapmodkY a&muf vmykw H t Ydk wGuf taxmuftxm;rsm; &Syd goavm[laom ar;cGe;f ESp&f yf udk þwGif ar;bdkYvkdvmygonf/ xdktcg þar;cGef;ESpf&yfwGif orkdif;pOf rSefap&ef 'kwd,ar;cGef;udk yxr &Sif;vif;az:jyvkdygonf/

117

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

rl&if;a'o w&kwfjynf taemufajrmufydkif; ,ckuefpke,fudk jzwfoef;í taemufqrD S pD;qif;aom jrpf0gac: 0Smif[jkd rpfzsm;ydik ;f wGif awmifbuf rS pD;qif;vmaom ]axmif}ac: jrpfvufwufwck&Sd\/ þaxmifjrpf0Srf;wGif wl;azmfokawoejyKcJhaom orkdif;rwif rDacwf a&S;a[mif;okawoe ynm&SifwkdYonf xkdjrpf0Srf;twGif; vGefcJh aom ESpfaygif;av;axmifcefY(bDpD 2000)u ausmufacwfopftqifh odkY a&mufaeNyDjzpfaom a&S;vla[mif;wkdY\&kyf<uif;rsm;ESifh,Ofaus;rI qkdif&m ypönf;trsm;tjym;udk awGUcJhMu\/ þjrpf0gjrpf0Srf;\tv,fykdif;ESifhatmufydkif;wkdYwGif bDpD 3000 cefu Y vla[mif;wk\ Yd &ky<f uif;rsm;ESi, hf Ofaus;rIqidk &f mypön;f rsm;udk awGU cJhMu\/ xkdynm&SifwkdY\aumufcsufcsrIrsm;udk axmufxm;í axmif jrpf0Srf;om;wkdYrSm olwkdYta&SUbuf jrpf0gjrpf0Srf;om;wkdYESifhrwl/ oD;jcm; ,Ofaus;rIESifhtpOftvm&SdcJholrsm; jzpfonf/ jrpf0gjrpf0Srf;tv,fydkif; ESifhatmufydkif;ae a&S;a[mif;vlwkdYrSm w&kwfwkdY\a&S;bkd;ab;BuD;rsm; jzpfonf/ axmifjrpf0Srf;ae vlwkdYrSm ,ck wdAufjrefrmbmompum; tEG,f0ifwkdY\a&S;bdk;ab;BuD;rsm; jzpfcJhonf[k od&onf/ csd,efrsm; axmifjrpf0Srf; a&S;a[mif;wdAufjrefrm ausmufacwfopf,Of aus;rIonf jrpf0gjrpf0Srf;tv,fESifhatmufydkif;&Sd a&S;a[mif;w&kwf ausmufacwfopf ,Ofaus;rIESifhtNydKifjzpfonf/ tqifhtwef;vnf; r edrfhus/ txufwef;usvSaom ausmufacwfopf,Ofaus;rIjzpfonf/ þwdAufjrefrm bmompum; a&S;tEG,f0ifwkdYonf Nidrf;csrf;at;aq; pGm vkyfudkifpm;aomuf aexkdifMuolrsm; jzpfonf/ a&S;a[mif;w&kwf wkrYd mS rl tiftm;Bu;D vQif Bu;D ovkd wjcm;vlrsK;d rsm;udk wku d cf u dk v f o dk rl sm;? &efvkdolrsm; jzpfMuonf/ 118

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

olwo Ykd nf jrpf0gjrpfauGUBu;D \ta&SUbufatmufaxmifch sK;d wGif pD;0ifaom a0jrpf0Srf;rSonf taemufzufodkY wjznf;jznf; wkdufckdufí olwkdYydkifeufudk csJUxGifcJhMuonf/ þenf;jzifh olwkdYonf axmifjrpf0Srf; om;wkdYudk wkdufckdufvmMuonf/ okHYtrsm;udkvnf; uRefjyK&ef zrf;qD; oGm;Muonf/ okYHtcsKdUudk OD;acgif;jzwfí ,Zfewf ylaZmfMuonf/ w&kww f u Ydk axmifjrpf0rS ;f om;wku Yd kd cs, d ef[k ac:Muonf/ ok;d arG;ol? qdwfarG;ol[k t"dyÜm,f&onf/ bDpD 2000cefYwGif wd&pämefarG; jrLjcif;jzifh tpm;tpmudk xkwfvkyfcJhMuolrsm;? w&kwf,Ofaus;rIESifht NydKif txufwef;usaom ,Ofaus;rItqifhodkY a&mufcJholrsm; jzpfonf/ csd,efrsm; a&TUajymif;&jcif; w&kww f u Ydk taemufzufoYkd csw D ufwu dk cf u dk v f mMuaomaMumifh olwkdYonf taemufzufodkY a&TUajymif;cJhMu&onf/ bDpD 1500cefYESifh 1000cefYpyfMum; w&kwfjynfajrmufydkif;wGif wefckd;BuD;vmaom &Sef odkY r[kwf ,ifrif;qufvufwGif w&kwfwkdYonf csd,efwkdYudk ydkrkdwkdufckduf Muonf/ olwkdY\ykdifeufudk taemufzufodkY wkd;ícsJUxGifvmMuonf/ b0om,ma&;xuf vGwfvyfa&;udk jrwfEkd;olrsm; ausmufacwfopfcsd,efwkdY\b0rSm Nidrf;csrf;om,mí acwf tvkduf wkd;wufaom ,Ofaus;rI&Sdaeolrsm; jzpfMuonf/ odkYaomf ol wku Yd kd w&kww f u Ydk wku d cf u dk Ef ydS pf ufí uRejf yKvyk v f maomtcg olwo Ydk nf b0om,mat;csrf;rIESifhwkd;wufaeaom ,Ofaus;rIwkdYudk axmufxm; rufarmjcif;r&SdbJ olwkdY\vGwfvyfa&;twGuf rl&if;a'oudk pGefYvTwf xGufcGmcJhMu\/ þonfudk axmufí a&S;a[mif;jrefrmwkdY tygt0if jzpfaom wdAufjrefrmbmompum; a&S;tEG,0f ifwo Ydk nf b0om,ma&;ESi, hf Of aus;rIwkdYxuf vGwfvyfa&;udk ydkrdkckHrifrufarmolrsm; jzpfMuonf[k 119

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

ygarmu©vkpfu aumufcsufcscJhonf/ ]jzpfvkd&m jzpfygap? vGwfvyfa&;udkjzifh txdrcH}[laom ,aeY jynfaxmifpkom;wkdY\pdwf"mwfonf þorkdif;jzpf&yfESifhþaumufcsuf csru I kd axmufcaH eonf/ &S&d o dS rQwx Ydk uf vGwv f yfa&;udk ydrk jdk rwfE;dk aom þpdwf"mwfonf e,fcsJUudk awmfvSefaomtcgrS jynfaxmifpkom;wkdY wGif &Sv d maompdw"f mwf r[kw?f a&S;ya0PDuwnf;u ude;f atmif;vm cJhaom ADZpdwf"mwf jzpfonfudk aumif;pGmodomEkdif\/ wdAufEkdifiH ay:aygufwefckd;BuD;vmjcif; rl&if;a'orS w&kww f \ Ydk &efaMumifh xGucf mG vmcJ&h Ny;D aemuf bDpD 500cefYwGif csd,efwkdYonf w&kwfjynftaemufydkif;wGif pnf;vkH;rdjyefí tiftm;BuD;rm;vmcJhjyefonf/ w&kwfjynfudk bDpD 1000cefYrS 300cefY xd tkyfpdk;aom usKdrif;qufvufxufwGif olwkdY\a'oonf w&kwf wkdY\ wkdufcdkufjcif;udk cH&jyefonf/ txl;ojzifh csifNrdKUpm;BuD;\wyfwkdYonf bDpD 350cefYwGif csd ,efwkdYudk tvkH;t&if;ESifhwkdufckdufojzifh csd,efwkdY xyfrHa&TUajymif;cJh& onf/ csifNrdKUpm;BuD;\tEG,f0if rif;wyg;rSm aemiftcgwGif w&kwf jynf\yxrtifyg,m[k xif&Sm;aom csiftifyg,mESifhcsifrif;qufudk wnfaxmifonfhcsif&SDa0Smifwd{u&mZf jzpf\/ aemufxyfay:aygufcJhaom qif?[ef?pGD w&kwfrif;qufrsm; vufxufwkdYwGifvnf; csd,efwkdYonf qufvufzdESdyfjcif;udk cHcJh&\/ csd,efwkdY awmifbufodkY a&TUajymif;&m c&D;\taemufzufwGif wdAufukef;jrifh&Sd\/ csd,efwcsKdUonf wdAufukef;jrifhodkYwufum vlY abmifb0opfudk wnfaxmifcJhMuonf/ þvlYtzGJUtpnf;opfonf at'D ckepf&mpkESpfrsm;twGif; tif tm;Bu;D vSaom wdAufEidk if u H kd wnfaxmifEidk cf \ hJ / xkt d csed w f iG f w&kwf jynfüvnf; tiftm;Bu;D rm;aom xeftifyg,mBu;D pd;k vsu&f o dS nf/ xef 120

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

tifyg,m\pD;yGm;a&;aoG;aMumrSm tm&Swkduftaemufydkif;EkdifiHrsm;ESifh qufoG,fxm;aom tm&Stv,fydkif;ukefoG,fvrf;rBuD; jzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí xef\EkdifiHjcm;a&;0g'rSm xkdvrf;rBuD;udk ydkifqkdifBuD; pkd;rIwGif tajcwnfcJhonf/ w&kwfudk tHwkvmEkdifaom wdAufonf xkd vrf;BuD;udk aESmifh,Sufxdyg;EkdifcJh\/ w&kwfxef{u&mZf\orD;wyg;udk rdzk&m;ajr§muf&ef awmif;qkd cJo h nf/ Ekid if jH cm;qufo, G af &;wGif y&d,m,f<u,fvaS om xef{u&mZf onf w&kwfrif;orD;wyg;udk ydkYapí wdAuf\&efudk Nidrf;apcJh&onf/ þumvavmufrSmyif a&SUydkif;wGif azmfjycJhaom eefapmEkdifiH wefc;dk tiftm;Bu;D vmcJo h nf/ useaf e&mwGif wdAufEiS ehf efapmtcef;udk acwå&yfxm;um usef cs, d ef(wdAufjrefrmbmompum;tEG,0f if)wk\ Yd qufvufa&TUajymif;rIudk azmfjyvkdygonf/ awmifbufodkY qufvufa&TUajymif;olrsm; wdAufukef;jrifhodkY rwufcJhaom usef csd,efwkdYonf oHvGif? rJ acgifESifh,efpDjrpfaMumif;rsm;twkdif; awmBuD;jrufrnf; acsmufurf;yg; a'orsm;udk jzwfí awmifbufodkY qufvufa&TUajymif;Mu\/ ,if;odYk ajymif;a&TMu&mwGif tcsKUd onf wdAufuek ;f jrifEh iS ehf ;D uyf í Murf;wrf;vSonfh taemufzufaMumif;ukd vkduf\/ tcsKdUonf ,Of aus;rIwkd;wufaeaom w&kwfjynfESifheD;uyfí taemufzufaMumif; avmuf rMurf;wrf;vSonfh ta&SUbufaMumif;udk vkdufí a&TUajymif;cJh Muonf/ taemufzufaMumif;vkdufolwkdYonf cufcJMurf;wrf;aomc&D; vrf;udk vku d Mf u&onf/ ,Ofaus;rI xGe;f um;&ma'oESit hf vSr;f a0;onf/ odkYjzpfí olwkdYonf a&TUajymif;&mvrf;wGif ,Ofaus;rItcsuftvuf topftqef;rsm;udk &oifhoavmuf r&cJhMuacs/ odkYaomf yifyef;qif;&JcHEkdifrI? pGefYpm;rI? &JpGrf;owåd&SdrI? tcuft cJudk MuHhMuHhcH &ifqkdifrI? usef;rmawmifhwif;oefpGrf;rIpaom t&nft 121

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

jcif;aumif;rsm;udk &&SdcJhMuonf/ ta&SUbufaMumif;vku d o f w l rYdk mS taemufbufaMumif;vku d o f l wkdYavmuf tMurf;ywrf;cHEkdifrI? usef;rmawmifhwif; oefpGrf;rI ponf wkdYr&SdMuacs/ odkYaomf ,Ofaus;aom w&kwfEkdifiHESifheD;uyfpGm a&TUajymif;Mu ojzifh vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh,Ofaus;rItwGuf tcsuftvufrsm;udk a&TUajymif;&mvrf;c&D;wavQmufwGif &&SdcJhMuonf/ ouf? em*? csif;wkdY a&TUajymif;&mvrf; taemufzufaMumif;vkdufolwkdYonf jrefrmEkdifiH\ajrmufzuf tpGefavmufodkY a&mufaomtcg ,ckjrefrmEkdifiHESifhwdAufjynfwkdYpyf Mum;avmufrS taemufzufov Ykd rf;cGu J m jA[®yw k &å jrpf\vufwufwck jzpfaom vl[pfjrpfaMumif;udk vkdufcJhMu\/ jrefrmEkid if \ H taemufajrmufzufoYkd a&mufaomtcg xkad 'o &Sd awmifMum;vrf;rsm;udv k u kd í f ,ckjrefrmEkid if w H iG ;f odYk taemufajrmuf zufrS 0ifvmcJhMuonf/ ,if;wkdif;&if;om;wkdYwGif ,cifu qkdcJhonfht wkdif; ouftpk? em*tpkESifhcsif;tpkrsm; yg0ifcJhMu\/ rlvu oufwkdYonf ,ck rPdyl&jynfrS ta&SUbuf {&m0wD jrpftxd jyefYESHYaecJhMu[efwl\/ em*wkdYa&mufvmaomtcg rPdyl&&Sd oufwkdYonf ta&SUbuf&Sd oufwkdYESifhtqufjywfcJhMu[efwl\/ em* trsm;pkonf taemufzuf tmoHjynfwGif;odkY 0ifa&mufcJhMuonf[k qkdEkdifonf/ csi;f tpk0ifrsm; 0ifvmaomtcg olwo Ydk nf csi;f wGi;f jrpfaMumif; udk vkdufcJhMu\/ csif;tpk0ifrsm; 0ifa&mufvmí csif;wGif;jrpfaMumif; wavQmufESifhtaemuf&kd;rudk pkd;rkd;vmojzifh em*wkdYonf taemufzuf odkY wkd;í a&TUajymif;cJhMuonf/ taemufESifhta&SUwGif &Sdaeaom ouf tpk0ifwkdYrSmvnf; ydkí a0;uGmoGm;cJhMu&\/

122

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

avmuavm? u&if ta&SUbufaMumif;vkdufolwkdYteuf ta&SUbuftpGefusaom olwo Ydk nf ,efpjD rpftwkid ;f vku d í f wjznf;jznf; ,leefe,fta&SUajrmuf ydkif;odkY a&mufoGm;Mu\/ þolwkdYrSm avmavmtpk0ifrsm;jzpfMuonf/ tv,fusaom rJacgifjrpfESifhoHvGifjrpfwkdYudk vkdufolwkdYwGif u&iftkyf pk0ifrsm;ygMu\/ olwo Ydk nf oHviG jf rpftwkid ;f vku d í f &Sr;f jynfawmifyikd ;f wGif t aemufodkYcsKd;um ,ck rkd;NAJe,f? u,m;jynfe,fESifh,ck u&ifjynfe,f ajrmufydkif;txda&mufcJhMu\/ olwkdYonf tcGifhomvQif omovkd ppf awmif;jrpf0Srf;ajrjyefYodkY qif;oufa&TUajymif;aexkdifcJhMu\/ ysL oHvGifjrpfaMumif;udk vkdufolwkdYteuf tcsKdUonf ,leefe,f taemufydkif;odkYa&mufvmaomtcg wydefa&TvDjrpfaMumif;wkdYudk vkduf í {&m0wDjrpfaMumif;odkY qif;cJhMuonf/ ,if;wkdYteuf a&S;tusqkH; [k,lq&olwkdYrSm AdóEkd;NrdKUudk wnfaxmifcJhaom yxrysLEkdifiHom; ysL rsm;jzpfcJhonf[k qkdEkdif\/ oa&acwå&mudk wnfaxmifaom ysL 'kw, d tokwo f nfvnf; þvrf;rsm;udkyif vkdufcJhMuonf[k ,lqbG,f&m&Sdayonf/ a&mufESifh NyD;aom oufwkdYESifhawGUxdMu[ef wl\/ odkYaomf xkdpOfu ajrmufzuf ydkif;odkY a&mufaeaom oufwkdYudk a&SmifuGif;um awmifbufodkY a&TU ajymif;cJhMuonf[k qkd&ygrnf/ armapm(emcD)rsm; tv,faMumif; oHvGifjrpfudk vkdufolwkdYwGif a&S;a[mif;jrefrm rsm;vnf; ygMu\/ armapmrsm;vnf; ygMu\/ armapmwkYdonf rdrdwkdY udk,fudk emcD[k ac:Mu\/ 123

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

a&S;a[mif;jrefrmwkt Yd aMumif;uku d m; azmfjycJNh y;D jzpfonf/ arm apm(emcD)ESifhta&SUbuf avmavmwkdYonf eefapmjynfaxmifpkwGif yg 0ifolrsm;jzpfMu\/ a&S;a[mif;jrefrmwkdY eefapmrS xGufcGma&TUajymif; aomtcgwGif xdktEG,fwlvlrsKd;wkdYonf eefapmüyif usef&pfcJhMuonf/ a&S;OD;jrefrmrsm; a&S;a[mif;jrefrmwkt Yd euf oHviG jf rpftaemufzuf {&m0wDjrpf rsm;wpk? wrkid jf rpfrsm;? xkad emuf arcjrpfEiS v hf ufwufrsm;udv k u dk í f a&TU ajymif;cJhol rsm;cJhonf/ þtaMumif;ukdvnf; NyD;cJhonfhtcef;wGif qkd cJhNyD; jzpfonf/ þvlprk sm;udk a&S;OD;jrefrmrsm;[kac:onf/ olwo Ydk nf oufEidk f iHudk azmufxGif;a&SmifuGif;jcif; rjyKEkdifí {&m0wDjrpfaMumif;wGif Aef; armfc&kdifavmuftxdom a&mufcJhMu\/ ,if;wkdYwGif r&l? v&SD? tZD? rkdif;omESifhzGef;ac: wkdif;&if;om;rsm;ygMuonf/ txufazmfjycsufwkdYrSm at'D 7-&mpkESpfrsm;txd jrefrmEkdifiH ESiahf jrmufzufywf0ef;usiw f iG f a&S;a[mif;vlwaYdk &TUajymif;a&muf&cdS yhJ u Hk kd orkid ;f jzpfpOfEiS o hf w l v Ykd uf&dS jyefEY aYHS exkid yf w Hk t Ykd & azmfjyjcif;jzpfayonf/ eefapmodkY a&S;a[mif;jrefrmrsm; a&mufvmykH a&S;a[mif;jrefrmwkdYonf at'D 7-&mpkaemufydkif;wGif eefapm a'oodkY a&muf&SdvmykHudk tusOf;tm;jzifh qufvufazmfjyvkdayonf/ txufwGif qkdcJhonfhtwkdif; wdAufEkdifiHESifhxefw&kwfwkdYonf 7-&mpk ESpfrsm;tv,favmufwGif tNydKiftqkdif wefckd;BuD;vmcJhMuí tm&St v,fykdif;udk BuD;pdk;Edkifa&;twGuf tjyeftvSef ppfqifETJcJhMu\/ þtcsdefavmufrSmyif ,leefe,ftaemufydkif;ü eefapmEkdifiH wefckd;BuD;vmcJh\/ aumfavmfzJifhrif;vufxufwGif tiftm;tBuD;qkH; jzpfonf/ wdAufonfvnf;aumif;? xefw&kww f o Ydk nfvnf;aumif; ppf 124

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

tiftm;wck jzpfaom eefapmudk rdrdwkdYbufodkYygatmif tjyeftvSef odrf;oGif;cJhMu\/ þodkYjzifh eefapmonf yxrw&kwfbufu ygcJhonf/ aumf avmfziJ v hf ufxufwiG f wdAufEiS ahf ygif;í w&kwu f kd wku d o f nf/ ,Dr, dk eG f vufxufaemufydkif;wGif w&kwfbufodkYygoGm;í wdAufudk wkdufjyef onf/ ,Drkd,Gefudk qufcJhaom rif;wkdYvufxufrsm;wGif wdAufbufodkY jyefa&mufcJhjyefonf/ at'D 822-wGif wdAufESifhw&kwfwkdY ppfajyNidrf;vkdufaomtcg eefapmwEkid if w H nf; w&kwu f kd qufíwdu k o f nf/ ta&SUawmiftm&Syikd ;f &Sd EkdifiHrsm;udkvnf; wkdufcJhonf/ okH;yGifhqkdif ya'o&mZfppf þuJhodkYaom yxrwdAufESifhw&kwfESpfyGifhqkdif ya'o&mZfppf rsm; jzpfMuaomtcg a&S;a[mif;jrefrmESifhtEG,fwl wdAufjrefrmpum; ajymolwkdY a&TUajymif;&m oHvGif? rJacgifESifh,efpDjrpfaMumif;wkdY ,SOfrd&m a'owGiv f nf;aumif;? ,if;awmifbufa'orsm;wGiv f nf;aumif; wku d f yGrJ sm;udk qifEcJT o hJ jzifh a&S;a[mif;jrefrmESit hf EG,w f w l \ Ydk a&TUajymif;rIukd vsifjrefapcJhonf/ wzef eefapmyg ygvmí okH;yGifhqkdifya'o&mZfppf rsm;jzpfvmaomtcg olw\ Ydk a&TUajymif;rIonf ydí k yif vsijf refvmcJo h nf/ a&S;a[mif;jrefrmwkdY\a&TUajymif;rIc&D;tpOfrSm wefckd;BuD;vm aom eefapmudk a&SmifuiG ;f Edik &f ef taemufzufrS yef;í a&TUajymif;aom c&D;pOfjzpfonf/ eefapmwkYd wefc;kd rBu;D rDuaomf vGwv f yfpmG a&TUajymif; Ekdifojzifh a&TUajymif;rI\a&SUykdif;onf &Srf;jynfawmifydkif;? ,if;rSwqifh jrefrmEkdifiHajrjyefYodkY at'D 8-&mpkESpfrsm;avmufuwnf;u a&mufcJh [efwl\/ eefapmrif;&SeJ af vmfzv D ufxuf(at'D 713)wGif rkiaf &Sapmtif tm;Bu;D vmí taemufzufoYkd ydik ef ufcsUJ &ef wku d cf u dk v f maomtcg a&S; a[mif;jrefrmrif;apmwpkwkdYonf a&SUodkYqufvuf ra&TUajymif;Ekdifawmh 125

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

acs/ eefapmvufatmufodkYa&mufí eefapmya'o&mZfwkdYtwGuf trI xrf;Mu&awmhonf/ þodkYjzifh a&S;a[mif;jrefrma&TUajymif;rItpOfwGif aemufydkif;vl rsm;ESit hf v,fyikd ;f &Sv d rl sm;onf ,leefe,ftaemufyikd ;f ESi&hf rS ;f jynfajrmuf ydik ;f wkw Yd iG f &yfwefcY MhJ u&jcif;jzpfonf/ eefapmEkid if w H iG f a&S;a[mif;jrefrm wdkYta&;ygcJhykH? olwkdY\vlrIa&;? pD;yGg;a&;b0ESifhtqifhtwef;wkdYudk qkd cJhNyD;jzpfí xyfrHazmfjy&ef rvkdawmhyg/ olwkdYonf eefapm\ta&;yg aom tiftm;pk jzpfonf/ eefapmppfrsm;wGif yg0ifqifETJcJhMuonf/ eef apmEkdifiHorkdif;udk zefwD;&mwGif yg0ifcJhMuolrsm; jzpfonf/ wkd;wuf&&SdcJhaom vlaerItqifh eefapmwGif aepOftwGif; olwdkYonf ppfa&;? tkyfcsKyfa&;? pdkuf ysKd;a&;? pnf;urf;ponfwkdYbufü tawGUtMuKHtavhtxESifhenf;vrf; opfrsm;udk &cJhMuonf/ wkd;wufrIvnf; rsm;pGm&SdcJhonf/ txl;ojzifh jrif;udkarG;í aumif;pGmtokH;cswwfolrsm;jzpfí ppfa&;wGif tjcm;vl rsKd;pkxuf rsm;pGmomMuolrsm;? ppfqifenf;opfudk xGifcJhMuolrsm;jzpf onf/ vGwfvyfa&;udk txdrcH ,Drkd,Gefvufxuf wdAufESifhtqufjzwfí w&kwfESifhaygif; onfh Ekid if jH cm;qufo, G af &; ajymif;vJco hJ nf/ jynfwiG ;f qufqaH &;vnf; ajymif;vJr&I cdS o hJ nf/ ,cifu r[mrdwjf yKcí hJ w&kww f u Ydk kd wyl;waygif; wnf; ckcHwkdufckdufay;cJhaom a&S;a[mif;jrefrmtkyfpkrsm;udk rdwfaqGt jzpfrS &efoltjzpfodkY ajymif;vJoabmxm;um pwifzdESdyfwkdufckdufcJh onf(at'D 794)/ ADZuwnf;u vGwv f yfa&;udk txdrcHEidk af om a&S;a[mif;jref rmwkdYonf ya'o&mZfpepf jyif;xefpGm BuD;pdk;aeaom rdrdwkdYa'orsm; 126

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

udk pGefYvTwfum tcGifhomonfESifh wNydKifeuf jrefrmEkdifiHajrjyefYtwGif; odkY qif;oufa&TUajymif;cJhMuonf/ ajrjyefY\yljyif;aom &moDOwk'PfESifhe,fopfwGif b0opfxl axmifa&;tcuftcJrsm;udk &ifrqkid 0f ahH omaMumifv h nf;aumif;? eefapm vufrS vG,fulpGm &kef;uefxGufajrmuf&ef rjzpfEkdifaomaMumifhvnf; aumif;? a&S;a[mif;jrefrmtkyfpktcsKdUonf ukef;jrifha'oüyif csefae&pf Muonf/ þrQjzifh a&S;a[mif;jrefrmwkdY\rl&if;a'o&SdcJhaom ,Ofaus;rI tqifhtwef;ESifheefapma'oodkYa&mufcJhykH taMumif;udk ed*kH;csKyfvkdyg onf/ yxrar;cGef;jzpfaom eefapmESifha&S;a[mif;jrefrmwkdY ,Ofaus;rI trsKd;tEG,fqufoG,faeykHudk azmfjyaom taxmuftxm;rsm;ESifhjref rmEkdifiHajrjyefYodkY qif;oufvmykHwkdYudk azmfjy&efvkdygrnf/ a&S;jrefrmwkdY jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif;ajrjyefYodkY a&TUajymif;aexkdifvmjcif; a&S;jrefrmwkdY jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif; ajrjyefYodkYqif;vmykH t aMumif;udk rqkdrD eefapmESifha&S;jrefrmwkdY ,Ofaus;rIwrsKd;wEG,f quf pyfaeykHudk axmufcHazmfjyaom taxmuftxm;rsm;udk tenf;i,f azmfjyvkdonf/ eefapmonf wdAufjrefrm orkdif;ynm&SifwkdYonf a&S;tcgu eefapmEkdifiHaevlwkdYrSm &Srf; trsKd;om;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ wenf;qkdaomf xkdifw&kwfbmompum;t EG,f0ifrsm;jzpfMuonf[k ,lqcJhMuonf/ eefapmEkdifiH\tcsuftjcm jzpfaom wmvDtidk Bf u;D w0du k o f Ykd uGi;f qif;okawoejyKcMhJ uaom orkid ;f ynm&SifwkdYu þa'owGif xkdifw&kwf,Ofaus;rI taxmuftxm;rsm;? xkdif&Srf;wkdY\a&S;a[mif;ypönf; taxmuftxm;rsm; rawGUcJhMuojzifh 127

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

eefapmwkdYrSm xkdifw&kwfjzpfEkdifonfxuf wdAufjrefrmjzpfEdkifonf[k qkdcJhMuonf/ acwfNydKifw&kwftaxmuftxm;rsm;udk tao;pdwfokawoe jyKolwkdYuvnf; ,if;tqkdtrdeYfudk axmufcHMuonf/ ,cktcgwGif t a&SUydkif;tm&Sorkdif;ynm&Siftrsm;pku eefapmEkdifiH\vlrsm;pkrSm avm avmtpk0if a&S;jrefrmponfw h Ad ufjrefrmrsm;jzpfMuí tenf;pkrmS xkid f w&kwftEG,f0ifrsm;jzpfonf[k vufcHxm;MuNyDjzpfonf/ þtcsufu at'D 8-&mpkwiG f jrefrmEkid if w H iG ;f odYk a&TUajymif;vmolwrYdk mS eefapmEkid if H om;wkdYESifhwrsKd;wEG,fwnf; jzpfaMumif;udk axmufcHaeayonf/ ,Ofaus;rItpOftvm wlnDcsufrsm; trsK;d tEG,w f &l rHk Qjzifh a&S;jrefrmwko Yd nf eefapmEkid if b H ufrv S m onf[k wxpfcsrqkdomao;yg/ eefapmEkdifiHom;wkdY\,Ofaus;rIESifh a&S;tpOftvmwkdYrSm jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif;a&muf a&S;jrefrmwkdY\,Of aus;rItpOftvmwkdYESifhwlnDaomtcsufrsm; &Sdaeonfudk awGU&íom eefapmbufwGifaecJholrsm;? ,if;a'ouvmcJholrsm;jzpfonf[k t axmuftxm;csif;? aumufcsufcsif; qufpyfí ,lEkdifygonf/ trnfrSnfhykHwljcif; eefapmwko Yd nf trsK;d om;wk\ Yd trnfukd rSn&hf mwGif zciftrnf \aemufq;Hk pvk;H udk om;\trnfwiG f a&SUqk;H pmvk;H tjzpfo;Hk cJo h rl sm; jzpf onf/ eefapmorkdif;vm eefapmrif;wkdY\trnfrsm;udk avhvmvQif þ tcsufxif&Sm;onfudk awGUEkdifonf/ Oyrm avmf&SefY &SJefYavmfzD zDavmfaum aumavmfzGJifh 128

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

zGJUifhusm,D ,Drkd,Gef ponfjzifh zciftrnfaemufqkH;pmvkH;udk om;trnfa&SUqkH;pmvkkH;tjzpf okH;EIef;rSnfhac:xm;Mu\/ jrefrm&mZ0ifusr;f wkw Yd iG f vm&Sad om ysLapmxD;rif;\tEG,0f if wkdYwGifvnf; þenf;twkdif;yif trnfay;xm;onfudk pdwf0ifpm;pGm awGU&\/ ,if;trnfwkdYrSm... ysLapmxD; xD;rif;,mOf ,mOfrif;ydkuf ydkufaonfvnf aonfvnfaMumif aMumifwl&pfwkdY jzpfMuonf/ a&S;u trnfrn S ahf c:enf; wlco hJ nfukd ydrk cdk idk v f aHk paomtcsuf &Sdao;onf/ jrefrmwkdYonf ,if;trnf rSnfhonfhpepfudk ,cktcgwGif rvkdufemMuawmhyg/ odkYaomf jrefrmtpk0ifrsm;jzpfí a&S;OD;jrefrmrsm; jzpfMuaom ucsifjynfe,fta&SUydkif;ae r&lESifhv&SDwkdif;&if;om;wkdYonf ,aeYwkdif ,if;trnfrSnfhonfhpepfudk vkdufemqJ&SdMuao;onf/ r&lESifhv&SDwkdY ,aeYwkdifvkdufemonfh þtpOftvmu a&S;jref rmrsm; eefapmwGif aecJhaMumif;udk axmufcHaeonf/ eefapmESifhjrefrm wkdYudk qufpyfay;xm;onfhaygif;ul;wefwm;ozG,f wnfaeaomtpOf tvm orkdif;taxmuftxm; jzpfayonf/ r&lwkdif;&if;om;\trsKd;qufwckwGif zatESifhom;wkdY trnf ay;ykHudk... awmifcGef cGefusKif; usKif;vkrf; ponfjzifh tpOftqufawGU&\/ tvm;wlyif v&St D rsK;d om;wku Yd vnf;vkHcsef 129

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

csefvef; vef;wifh ponfjzifh a*:vefa'obuf rsK;d qufwckwiG f trnfay;xm;\/ axm a*gbufwGif awGU&aom rsKd;qufwck\trnfrSm... cef;Akrf Akrf,if; ,if;wifh ponfwkdYjzpfonf/ orkdif;OD;'EÅm&D wljcif; orkdif;OD;'EÅm&DwGifvnf; eefapmESifha&S;jrefrmwkdYrSm xyfwlxyf rQ jzpfaeonf/ ysLapmxD;rif;\'EÅm&Dudk todrsm;Muygonf/ eefapm wkdY\orkdif;OD;'EÅm&DrSmvnf; ysLapmxD;rif;\'EÅm&DuJhokdYyif jzpf\/ t rnfwkdY\toHxGufrsm;yifvQif eD;pyfpGm wlnDaeonf/ þwGifvnf; r&lwkdY\orkdif;OD; 'EÅm&Donf aygif;ul;ozG,f eef apmESifha&S;jrefrmudk qufpyfay;xm;jyefonf/ r&lwkdYüvnf; ysLapmxD; rif;\pGefYpm;cef; 'EÅm&D&Sdayonf/ ysLapmxD;rSm r&lwkdY\a&S;OD;rif;jzpf onf[k ,kHMunfMu\/ 'kwd,*E¨mv&mZf tdE´d,,Ofaus;rIonf ysLEkdifiHrSwqifh eefapma'oodkYa&muf cJh\/ Ak'¨0g'vnf; xGef;um;cJhonf/ þodkYjzifh rdrdwkdYodcJhaom eefapm EkdifiH\tcsuftcsma'o wmvDtkdifBuD;w0dkufudk a&S;jrefrmwkdYonf 'k wd,*E¨mv&mZf[k rSwfom;vmcJhjcif;jzpfayonf/

130

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

OwnfzGm; eefapmrif; aumavmfzGJifhudk wdAufwkdYu ta&SUbuf{u&mZf (wkifwd)[kvnf;aumif;? aumavmfzGJifh\ajr;,Drkd,Gefudk aexGufbk&if (*sdwkif0gif)[kvnf;aumif; bGJUrnfay;cJh\/ jrefrmwkdYuvnf; *E¨mv&mZfrif;udk aexGufbk&ift"dyÜm,f& aom OwnfzGm;[k odrSwfcJhMu\/ aemufydkif;wGif w&kwfbk&ifudk þ trnfjzifh ac:a0:vmcJhayonf/ jrif;ESifha&S;jrefrm xkdrSwyg; jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;odkYa&muf&Sdí umvMumjrifhpGm ae xkdifvmNyD;onfhwkdifatmif jrefrmwdkYonf eefapmwGifaeMuaom rdrdwkdY \a&S;ab;Bu;D bd;k Bu;D wk\ Yd "avhx;Hk pHEiS t hf pOftvmwku Yd kd qufvufxed ;f odrf;vkdufemcJhMuonfh tcsufuvnf; a&S;jrefrmwkdY eefapmü &SdaecJh aMumif;udk xif&Sm;apayonf/ jrif;a0g[m&\&if;jrpf eefapmwGif a&S;jrefrm0gifu h sLwko Yd nf jrif;pD;ol&rJ sm;jzpf\/ jrif; udkarG;jrLonf/ jrwfEkd;onf/ Ekdifeif;pGm pD;Ekdifonf/ ppfqifrIwGif enf; AsL[mudk ajymif;apcJhonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHajrmufydkif;&Sd ,aeYwkdif;&if;om; trsm;pkwYdk tok;H jyKaeaom jrif;twGuf a0g[m&rSm r&ef;(jrif;=r+&if;/ &if;wGif; ]if;}onf a&S;u tif;oHrxGufyJ tef;oHxGufcJhonf/)[laom a&S;jrefrma0g[m&ESifhvGefpGm toHeD;pyfonf/ csif;trsm;om;tcsKdUu &ef;[kac:\/ ucsifu *krf&rf;[kac: \/ a&S;usaom rGefcrmtEG,f0if yavmif? 0? ,if;paomwkdif;&if;om; wkdY\jrif;twGuf a0g[m&wkdYrSmvnf; r&ef;rSoufaom a0g[m&rsm; jzpfMuonf/ þonfwkdYu jrefrmESifhjrif; qufpyfaerI a&S;usvScsufudk 131

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

azmfjyaeayonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;wGif ol&Jaumif;qkdvQif jrif;ESifhcGJr&/ usefppf om;? tavmif;pnfo?l wyifa&Tx;D ponfrh if;wk\ Yd jrif;rsm;\pGr;f &nfukd tom;ay;azmfMu\/ jrif;udk ta&;ay;í tcrf;tem;rsm;yif qif,if usi;f ycJMh u\/ jrif;a&; 37-yg;? jrif;cif;obif? *lvyD pJG onfwu Ydk kd axmuf xm;Ekdif\/ txl;ojzifh NrdKUrnfrsm;udkyif jrif;udk taMumif;jyKí rSnfh ac:cJhMu\/ Oyrm jrif;pdkif;? jrif;ckHwkdif? jrif;rlponfrsm;udk owdjyKrdMu ygrnf/ apmESifhpkd; a0g[m& eefapmwGif &SdpOfu a&S;jrefrmrsKd;wlpkwkdYonf rdrdwkdY\tBuD;t uJukd rif;? rif;apm? pdk; ponfjzifh ac:a0:cJhMu\/ ,if;tpOftvm onf yk*Hacwf? tif;0acwfwkdif qufvufí &SdvmcJhMuayonf/ t aemf&xmrif;apm? apmvlrif;? rdzk&m;apm? pdk;rif;udk,fawmfBuD;? pdk;om; rif;om; ponfrSm om"utcsKdUrQom jzpfayonf/ ajcwH&SnftdrfESifhacgif;aygif;eD eefapmwGif &Scd phJ Ofu ajcwH&n S t f rd rf sm;ESiahf eonf"h avhukd ajr jyefYodkYa&mufaomtcgwGifvnf; qufvufvkdufemcJhMuonf/ eefapm wGif &SdcJhpOf rdrdwkdYtdrfü Oa'gif;rsm;udk tjrwfwEkd; arG;jrLcJhMu\/ ajr jyefo Y aYkd &mufaomtcg Oa'gif;onf rGejf rwfaomtxdr;f trSwf vu©Pm wckjzpfvmonf/ eefapmwGif&SdpOfu trsKd;om;wkdYonf qHudk xkH;um yk0geDaygif; í qHNrdwfpudk aemufwGif [efay;umcsxm;onf/ þqif,ifrIrsKd;udk ajrjyefwGif tcsKdUae&mü ,aeYwkdif vkdufemvsuf&SdMuao;onf/ t axmuftxm;rsm; jyEkid af om tjcm;wlncD sut f rsm;yif &Sad yao;onf/ qkdcJhNyD;aom taMumif;jycsufwkdYavmufESihfyif a&S;jrefrmESifheef 132

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

apmwkdYqufpyfcJhykHonf aumif;pGm xif&Sm;aeNyD[k xifygonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif;odkY a&TUajymif;aexkdifvmykH eefapmEkid if rH S jrefrmEkid if b H ufoYdk rnfonft h aMumif;rsm;aMumifh a&S;jrefrmwko Yd nf a&TUajymif;vmcJ&h onfukd qkcd NhJ y;D jzpfygonf/ a&TUajymif; Mu&mwGif vrf;c&D;ü usefae&pfcJhaom odkYr[kwf csefae&pfcJhaom jref rmtpk0if rsKd;wlpkwkdY ,aeYaexkdif&ma'orsm;ESifhjrefrmEkdifiHwGif jyefYESHY aeykHwkdYudk axmufí a&S;jrefrmwkdY a&TUajymif;vmonfhvrf;udk cefYrSef; Ekdifygonf/ þwGif jrefrmtpk0ifwkdY ,aeY jyefYESHYaexkdifykHudk avhvmod &Sdxm;&ef vkdygrnf/ jrefrmtpk0ifwkdY jyefYESHYaeykH jrefrmtpk0ifpum;wkdYudk a&S;OD;jrefrmpum;rsm;(jzpfaom r&l? v&SD? rkdif;omESifhzGef;rsm;)? toHuGJjrefrmpum;rsm;(jzpfaom awmif&kd;? tif;om;? "Ek? a,m? acsmif;om;? &rf;NAJ? &ckdif? taemufzufom;? xm; 0,f? Nrdwfpum;rsm;)ESifhtrsm;okH;jrefrmpum;[lí okH;ydkif;cGJjcm;avhvm Ekdifygonf/ a&S;OD;jrefrmpum;ajymolrsm; r&lpum;ajymolwu Ydk kd ucsijf ynfe,fta&SUydik ;f arcjrpf0rS ;f wGif vnf;aumif;? v&SDpum;ajymolwkdYudk r&lwkdY\awmifbuf q'kH? qrm; a'orsm;wGifvnf;aumif;? ZD;pum;ajymolwkdYudk v&SDwkdY\awmifbuf Aef;armfc&dik af jrmufyikd ;f wGiv f nf;aumif;? rkid ;f ompum;ajymolwu dYk kd ,leef ta&SUydik ;f wydejf rpf0rS ;f ESiAhf ef;armfc&dik w f iG v f nf;aumif;? zGe;f pum;ajym olwkdYudk jrpfBuD;em;ESifhAef;armfc&kdifwkdYqkH&m ausmufwGif;ac: {&m0wD yxrjrpfusOf;w0dkufwGifvnf;aumif; toD;oD;awGU&ygonf/ 133

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

ZD;? v&SD? r&ltcsKdUudk jrefrme,fpyfwavQmuf w&kwfjynfbuf wGifvnf; awGUEkdif\/ r&ltcsKdUrSm jrpfi,fjrpfzsm; &Srf;jynfajrmufykdif; abmfwGif;a'ow0dkufodkY a&mufaeMuayNyD/ toHuGJ jrefrmpum;ajymolrsm; toHuGJjrefrmpum;udk ajymaom awmif&kd;? "EkESifhtif;om;wkdY udk awmifBu;D c&kid f ajrvwfa'owGif awGU&onf/ "EkwrYkd mS &Sr;f uke;f jyif jrifh\taemufpGefwavQmuf ajrmufzuf arNrdKUe,frS awmifbufajr vwfa'otxd jyefYESHYaeMu\/ csefae&pfcJholrsm; qkdcJhaom a&S;OD;jrefrmpum;ajymol r&l? v&SD? ZD;? rkdif;omESifh zGe;f wkrYd mS vrf;c&D;wGif useaf ecJo h rl sm; jzpfMuonf/ wcsed u f olwo Ydk nf {&m0wDjrpfaMumif;wavQmuf qif;vm&ef BudK;pm;cJh[kefwl\/ waumif;ac: oif;wGJudk A[dkjyKí aexkdifMuaomoufwkdif; &if;om;wkdYtiftm;ESifhxkx,fudk rxkd;azmufEkdifojzifh {&m0wDjrpft xufydkif;(Aef;armftxuf)wGif aomifwifaecJh[efwl\/ toHuGJjrefrmpum;ajymol awmif&dk;? "EkESifhtif;om;wkdYrSmrl &Srf;ukef;jrifhrS ajrjyefYodkYqif;cgeD;rS rvkdufvkdyJ ae&pfolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ ukef;jrifhwGif taeMumolwkdYonf txl;ojzifh ayokH;axmiftjrifhwGif &Sdaom ESif;cJaMumif;\txufwGif aeolwkdYonf jzpfEkdifygu ajrjyefYodkY rqif;vkdMuay/ a&SUodkYqufí jyefYyGm;olrsm; jrefrmEkid if t H aemufpeG Ef iS ahf wmifpeG o f Ykd a&mufaeMuaom toH uGJ jrefrmpum;ajymolwkdYrSm jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif;ajrjyefYodkYa&mufNyD;rS 134

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

taMumif;trsKd;rsKd;aMumifh a&S;tcguyif qufvufa&TUajymif;cJholrsm; jzpfMuonf/ 0ifvm&m c&D;pOf jrefrmtpk0ifwkdY jyefYESHYa&muf&Sdaeonfh ae&mwkdYudk axmufí a&S;jrefrmrsm; 0ifa&mufvm&m? qufvufa&TUajymif;&mvrf;udk cefYrSef; Edik o f nf/ eefapmEkid if w H iG f ,leeftaemufyikd ;f rS &Sr;f jynfajrmufyikd ;f ? ,if; rSwqifh jrpfi,fjrpfaMumif;udk vku d í f awmifbuf ajrvwfa'o? ,if; rSwqifh taemufzuf &Srf;ukefjyifjrifhtajc&Sd ausmufqnfc&kdiftwGif; okdY aZmf*sDESifhyef;avmifjrpfaMumif;rsm;udkvkdufí 0ifa&mufcJhonf[k qkd &ayrnf/ taemufESifhawmifudk a&SmifcJh&onfhtaMumif; &Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;rS taemufzuf {&m0wDjrpfqDodkY tb,fh aMumifh ra&TUcJhoenf;[k apm'uwuf&ef &Sd\/ þc&D;udk rvdkufEkdifcJh onfhtaMumif;ESpf&yf &Sdonf[k ,lqonf/ yxrtaMumif;rSm ukef;jrifhawmifwef;rsm;í vrf;c&D;rom aomaMumifh jzpfonf/ 'kwd,taMumif;rSm olwkdYqif;íae&m,lrnfh {&m0wDESifhcsif;wGif;jrpfESpfoG,fpyfMum;wGif oufwkdYa&mufESifhaeNyDjzpf &kHomru xkESifhxnfESifh &SdaeaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ ajrvwfa'oodkY a&mufNyD;aemuf tb,hfaMumifh awmifbuf odYk qufvufa&TUajymif;jcif; rjyKoenf;[kvnf; apm'uwufvu dk wuf Ekdifygao;onf/ þwGifvnf; taMumif;ESpfck&Sdonf/ ajrvwfa'o\awmifbufwGif vlOD;a&rsm;rsm;udk axmufyHh auR;arG;xm;Ekid rf nfph u kd yf sK;d Ekid af om ajrjyefrY &Sjd cif;ESix hf adk 'owGif awmif olEiS t hf jcm;u&iftrsK;d om;rsm; a&mufEiS Nhf y;D jzpfaomaMumif[ h k qk&d rnf jzpfonf/ 135

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

ausmufqnfa'o\xl;jcm;csufrsm; ajrvwfa'o\taemufzuf ausmufqnfajrjyefaY 'orSm...

(1) ysLEkid if yH suNf y;D pjzpfí tkycf sKyrf ?I pnf;&k;H rItckid t f rmr&S/d umvysuf onfhtcsdefjzpfí 0ifa&mufvmolwkdYudk xdxd a&mufa&muf ckcHEkdif pGrf;r&Sd/ (2) &Srf;ukef;jrifhrS þa'oodkY qif;&ef vrf;c&D;rSm tjcm;vrf;rsm;xuf ydkívG,fulonf/ (3) þa'owGif &SdESifhNyD;jzpfaom olwkdYonf wl;ajrmif;rsm;azmufum a&oG,í f pyg;pdu k yf sK;d vkyu f ikd af eNy;D jzpfí pm;a&&dum© aygrsm;onf/ (4) þodkYwl;ajrmif;rsm;jzifh a&oG,fpdkufysKd;Muojzifh pdrf;vef;pdkajyum ywf0ef;usi&f dS tjcm;a'orsm;avmuf yljyif;jcif;r&S/d oraom&moD Owk&Sdonfhukef;jrifhrS qif;vmolwdkYtwGuf yljyif;aomjrefrmEkdifiHt v,fyidk ;f a'owGif þa'oonf tjcm;tjcm;aoma'owkEYd iS phf mu toifhawmfqkH;ESifhtoufomqkH; a'ojzpfonf/ a&S;jrefrmwkdYodNyD;aoma'o eefapmwyfwkdYESifhtwl atmufjrefrmEkdifiHxd csDwufwkdufcdkuf cJh&aom a&S;jrefrmwkdYonf jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif;tajctaeudk odxm; NyD;jzpfí þausmufqnfc&kdifudk rdrdwkdYtwGuf a&TUajymif;aexkdif&ef t oifhawmfqkH;a'ojzpfaMumif; od&Sda&G;cs,fcJhNyD;jzpf[ef wlonf/ tjcm; oifhawmfaom a'owck&Sdao;\/ ,if;a'orSm ausmufqnfc&kdifrSmuJhokdYyif wl;ajrmif;rsm;jzifh a&oG,pf u dk yf sK;d vkyu f ikd af om rif;bl;c&kid jf zpfonf/ ausmufqnfc&kid u f kd &í {&m0wDjrpfudk jzwfausmfNyD;rS yljyif;vSaom rkd;enf;a&&Sm; jrefrm EkdifiHtv,fydkif;wGif ausmufqnfuJhodkY pdrf;vef;pdkajyí tyl'Pfenf; aomrif;bl;c&kdifodkY a&mufEkdifayrnf/ jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif; ausmufqnfESifhrif;bl;a'orsm;odkY a&TU 136

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

ajymif;aexkdifNyD;aemuf ,if;a'owkdYrSwqifh jyefYESHYcJhMuykHrSm atmufyg twkdif; jzpfygonf/ yk*HrwnfrD jrefrmEkdifiHtajctae a&S;jrefrmwko Yd nf eefapmEkid if v H ufatmufcH ,leefe,ftaemuf ydkif;ESifh&Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;wkdYrS jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif;odkY a&TUajymif;qif; oufvmcJo h nf[al om tqk, d w k då wefrwefukd tusK;d taMumif;ESi&hf iS ;f vif;azmfjycJhNyD; jzpf\/ awmifay:ukef;jrifhom;rsm; jzpfcJhjcif; a&S;jrefrmwkdYonf rlvu awmifay:om;rsm;? ukef;jrifhom;rsm; jzpfcJhMu\/ ,ckacwf jynfaxmifpkwkdif;&if;om; ukef;jrifhom;rsm;jzpf Muaom &Srf;? ytkdY? yavmif? ucsif? csif;polwkdYuJhodkYyif jzpfonf/ ,aeY ajrjyefY&Sd paumu&ifrsm;ESifhawmifay:&Sdu&ifwkdif;&if; om;wkYd toGit f jyifujJG ym;aeonfuo hJ yYkd if ajrjyef&Y jdS refrmrsm;ESiahf jrvwf a'o&Sd awmif&dk;wkdif;&if;om;wkdYrSm awmifay:ESifhajrjyefYuGJ ae&ma'o &Sdojzifh toGiftjyif jcm;em;aeMujcif;jzpfonf/ rlvuaomf uke;f jrifo h m;rsm;om jzpfcMhJ u\/ wrsK;d wEG,w f nf; jzpf\/ twlaecJholrsm; jzpf\/ Ak'¨omoemxGef;um;rI\tusKd;ouf a&mufrIESifhacwf,Ofaus;rI\tusKd;oufa&mufrIwkdYudk cHpm;Mu&ojzifh ajrjyefYom;wkdYonf t&if;tcsmjzpfaom awmifay:om;wkdYESifhtoGift jyif uGmjcm;aeonfrSm rSef\/ odaYk omf xkad jrjyefo Y m;wko Yd nf awmifay:wGiaf ecJph Ofu ,kMH unf vkdufemusifhokH;cJhaom tpOftvm "avhxkH;pHrsm;u ta&;w,lvdkuf em usio hf ;Hk aeqJyif &So d nf/ vG,vifw h ulEiS hf pGeyfY pfMuonfr[kwaf cs/ ,aeYajrjyefYom;wkdYvdkufemusifhokH;aeaom a&S;a[mif;pOfvm "avhx;Hk pHwu Ydk xkad jrjyefo Y m;wd\ Yk a&S;bd;k ab;wko Yd nf awmifay:uke;f 137

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

jrifhom;rsm; jzpfcJhaMumif;udk txift&Sm; axmufcHaeayonf/ wkdif;&if;om;wkdY a&TUajymif;rIrSm orkdif;\obm0jzpf&yf ukef;jrifhawmifay:om;rsm; ajrjyefYodkYa&TUajymif;qif;oufae xkdifvmonfhorkdif;jzpf&yfudk vlrsKd;a&;tjrif EkdifiHa&;tjrifwkdYjzifh okH; oyfazmfjywwfolrsm;vnf; &Sdonfudk awGUcJhbl;onf/ wkdif;&if;om;wkdYudk aoG;cGJvkdaomaMumifh ,if;odkYazmfjyavo avm[k xifrmS ;bG,&f mjzpfonf/ trSepf ifppf rnfonfEh idk if üH rqkd uke;f jrifo h m;wkYd ajrjyefo Y kYd qif;oufonfjh zpfpOfjzpf&yfrmS Ekid if o H rkid ;f \obm 0jzpfpOfjzpf&yf? jzpf&kd;jzpfpOfwckom jzpf\/ awmifay:uke;f jrifw h iG f awmif,mpdu k yf sK;d a&;vkyif ef;rsm pm;a& &du©mxkwfvkyfrIwGif t"duvkyfief;jzpfonf/ awmifpG,fawmifapmif; rsm;wGif opfawmrsm; ckwfxGif&Sif;vif;&onf/ tajcmufcHNyD; rD;&IdU& onf/ xdkaemuf pl;xkdpdkuf&onf/ awmif,mwckwGif ESpfESpf okH;ESpfrQ om pdkufysKd;Edkifonf/ xkdaemuf ae&majymif;awmckwfNyD; awmif,mopf wnf&jyefonf/ þawmif,mpD;yGm;a&;pepfonf vlOD;a&rsm;rsm;udk axmufyHh auR;arG;xm;Ekdifjcif; r&Sdacs/ vlOD;a&wkd;wufrsm;jym;vmvQif axmufyHh Ekdifonfxuf ydkaomvlwkdYonf a&Munf&mjrufEk&modkY rvGJraoGa&TU ajymif;&onf/ ukef;jrifhay:&Sd awmifay:rS awmifajcodkY qif;í ,if; awmifajc&Sd rus,fvSaom awmifajcajrjyefYrsm;odkY tvkt,ufa&TU ajymif;cJhMuonf/ xkad 'orsK;d rSmvnf; vlO;D a&tajrmuftjrm;udk axmufyaH uR;a arG;xm;Ekdifonf r[kwfacs/ vlOD;a&rsm;vmvQif wzefa&TU&csdrfhOD;rnf/ ukef;jrifhtajcrsm;pGm us,f0ef;aom jrpf0Srf;a'owkdYwGif v,f,mpdkuf ysK;d rI&o dS nf/ rk;d aumif;a&ESiphf u kd o f nfvnf; &So d nf/ ajrmif;oG,af &oGi;f í pdkufonfvnf;&Sdonf/ 138

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

þv,fpyg;pdu k yf sK;d rIonf vlO;D a&tajrmuftjrm;udk axmufyhH auR;arG;xm;Ekdifonf/ vlOD;a&rsm;onfxuf rsm;vmvQif ajrjyefYodkY qif;&awmhonf/ þodkYjzifh jrpf0Srf;ajrjyefYonf awmifac:ukef;jrifhom; wkdYudk orkdif;acwfwavQmuf zdwfac:vmcJhonfrSm ,aeYwkdifjzpfonf/ a&S;ysLwkdYonf awmifay:om;rsm; jzpfcJhonf/ ajrjyefYodkY qif; NyD;aemuf wkdif;jynfEkdifiH xlaxmifEkdifonftxd wkd;wufcJh\/ jrefrm EkdifiHorkdif;wGif olwkdYonf xif&Sm;aom orkdif;u@wckudk zGifhcJhMu\/ ,cka&S;jrefrmwkdYajrjyefYodkY a&TUajymif;qif;oufvmMujyefonf/ a&S;jrefrmwkdYa&mufNyD;aemuf &Srf;? ucsifpaom wkdif;&if;om; rsm; ajrjyefYodkY qif;oufvmcJhMuonf/ þysL? jrefrm? &Srf;? ucsifponfh wkdif;&if;om;wkdY ajrjyefYodkY qif;oufvmjcif;wkdYrSm orkdif;\obm0jzpf pOf? omrefjzpfpOfrsm;om jzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí wkdif;&if;om;wkdY ajrjyefYodkY qif;oufvmrIudk vlrsKd;a&;tjrif EkdifiHa&;tjrifESifhr&Ijrifoifh[k qkd jcif;jzpfonf/ yxrqifh ajrvwfa'o jrefrmEkid if H jrpf0rS ;f ajrjyefEY iS t hf pyfjzpfaom ta&SUESit hf a&SUbuf ajrmufukef;jyifjrifhwGif aecJhpOfu a&S;jrefrmwkdYonf vlOD;a&wkd;wufcJh jcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif;? at'D &Spf&mpkaemufydkif;wGif eefapmrif;,Drkd ,Gefonf a&S;jrefrmrsm;udk eefapmEkdifiHta&SUpGef;odkY twif;e,fajymif; cJhjcif;/ &Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;&Sd a&S;jrefrmwkdYudk wkdufckdufzdESdyfvmjcif; aMumifhvnf;aumif;? a&S;jrefrmtrsm;pkonf eefapmEkdifiH rdrdwkdYaexkdif &m a'owku Yd kd pGecYf mG í &Sr;f jynfawmifyikd ;f ,ckawmifBu;D c&kid f ajrvwf a'oodkY yxrwqifh a&TUajymif;aexdkifvmcJhonf[k qkdEkdif\/

139

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

ajrjyefYra&mufrD &SdcJhaom t&nftaoG; ukef;jrifhü aexkdifcJhpOfuwnf;uyif a&S;jrefrmwkdYonf v,f ,mpku d yf sK;d rItwwf? a&oGi;f pku d yf sK;d rItwwfwu Ykd kd wwfoMd uNy;D jzpfonf/ rsKd;wlpktvkduf aexkdifcJhMuolrsm; jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm rsKd;wlpktkyfcsKyf a&;? pDrHcefYcGJa&;wkdYudk jyKvkyfvmcJholrsm; jzpfonf/ wkdufckdufa&;wGif &JpGrf;owåd&Sdonf/ pGefYpm;onf/ uRrf;usif vdr®monf/ av;? vSH? 'dkif;wkdYudk usifvnfxda&mufpGm okH;Ekdifonf/ jrif; udk arG;í Ekdifeif;pGm tokH;cswwfojzifh vsifjrefpGm ajymif;a&TUppfxkd;Ekdif onf/ þtcsufwGif tjcm;vlrsKd;wlpkwdkYxuf omonf/ eefapmwyf rawmfuyif a&S;jrefrmjrif;wyfwkdYudk txl;tm;ukd;&aMumif; ppfyGJrsm; wGif wyfOD;rS ppfxkd;cJh apcJhaMumif;? eefapmwkdYtwGuf atmifyGJrsm;udk ,lay;cJhaMumif; qkdcJhNyD;jzpfonf/ þt&nftaoG;rsm;tjyif MuHhckdifoef rmaom um,AvESifhjynfhpkHolrsm;vnf; jzpfonf/ 'kwd,qifh ausmufqnfa'o þt&nftaoG;rsm;&Sdaom a&S;jrefrmwkdYonf tcGifhta&; aumif; tajctaeaumif;rsm; ay;vmaomtcg 'kwd,tqifh a&TU ajymif;rItjzpf ajrvwfa'o\atmufukef;jrifhtajcwGif&Sdaom ,ck ausmufqnfc&kdifa'oodkY a&TUajymif;cJhMuonf[k qkdcJhjcif; jzpfayonf/ qif;vmMu&mwGif tvk;H t&if;ESi?hf tifEiS t hf m;ESihf w[kew f nf; qif;vmjcif;jzpf[efwo l nf/ pepfwus wifBuKd jyifqifí ppfwckukd qif ETo J nfEh , S f tpDtpOfEiS ahf &TUajymif;0ifa&muford ;f ydu k f aexkid v f mjcif;rsK;d jzpf[efwlonf[k ,lqonf/ ,if;odkY 0ifa&mufvmonfhumvrSm ysL EkdifiHysufpD;pumv (at'D 832-cefY)jzpfonf[k ,lqonf/Ä Ä þumvt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH ajrjyefYwGif a&S;jrefrmrsm; ra&mufao; [k r,lqoifh/ 8 -&mpkESpfrsm; aemufydkif;avmufuwnf;u wpdrfpdrfh 140

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

yk*HwnfESpfESifh[yfrdaejcif; þumvcefYrSef;rIESifhpyfvsOf;í jrefrm&mZ0ifusrf;rsm;wGifvm &Sdaom tcsufwcsufrSm pdwf0ifpm;bG,faumif;onf/ ,if;tcsufrSm ysOjf ym;rif;onf yk*NH rKd Uukd aumZmouú&mZf 221-wGif wnfonfqadk om tcsufjzpfonf/ c&pfEpS Ef iS ahf omf at'D 849-jzpfonf/ ajrvwfa'orS ausmuf qnfa'oodYk ppfqifum a&TUajymif;vmaomumvudk at'D 830-ausmf [k cefYrSef;vQif þ&mZ0ifvm yk*HwnfESpfudk ,kwåd&Sd\[k,lqvQif a&S; jrefrmwkdYonf 'kwd,tqifh a&TUajymif;NyD;aemuf 15-ESpfaom umv twGif; a&mufESifhNyD;jzpfaom a&S;jrefrmrsm;? tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;í yk*HNrdKUudk at'D 849-wGif a&S;OD;vufrGef wnfcJhonf[k,lq bG,f&m jzpfayonf/ at'D 9-&mpktv,fcefY jrefrmEkdifiHtajctae a&S;jrefrmwdYk ajrjyefo Y Ykd 'kw, d tqifh a&TUajymif;vmcsed /f wenf; qkdaomf yk*Hudk rwnfrD 25-ESpf tESpf20-rQaomumvwGif jrefrmEkdifiH tajctaeonf rnfodkY&Sdavoenf;/ wkduf&kduf taxmuftxm;tcsKdUESifhoG,f0dkufaom taxmuf txm;wkdYudk tajcjyKí ,if;umvjrefrmEkdifiH\tajctaerSm þodkY &Sdwefaumif;\[k ,l&ayonf/

wjznf;jznf;ESifha&mufcJhMuNyDjzpfonf[k qkdEkdifonf/ eefapm\jrefrm EkdifiHwGif; ppfqifrIwkdYwGifvnf; a&S;jrefrmppfonfwkdY yg0ifcJhMurnfom jzpfonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif; tajctaewkdYudkvnf; a&S;jrefrmwkdY txkduf tavsmuf odMuNyD;[kvnf; qkdEkdif\/

141

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

&SdESifhNyD; wkdif;&if;om;rsm; rGefcrmtEG,f0ifrsm; jrefrmEkdifiHwGif rl&if;vlrsm;&SdcJhonf/ xdkvlwkdYaexkdif&modkY rGef crmtEG,f0ifrsm; a&muf&SdvmcJhonf/ c&pfESpfrsm; tpavmuftxd jrefrmEkdifiHwGif BuD;pdk;aeMuolwkdYrSm ,if;rGef;crmtEG,f0ifrsm;[k ,lq &onf/ w&kwfpmaytaxmuftxm;? a&S;jrefrmausmufpmtaxmuf txm;? a&S;a[mif;okawoeypön;f taxmuftxm;? acgr? tdE, d´ a&S; a[mif;pmay taxmuftxm;rsm;ESifhbmomaA'taxmuftxm;wkdY udk trSDjyKí þ,lqcsufudk jyKvkyf&jcif;jzpfonf/ yk*HausmufpmwkdYwGif ,ckacsmif;OD;a'oü v0rsm; &GmESifhae xkdifcJhaMumif;? yavmifrsm;vnf; ajrjyefYwGif &SdcJhaMumif; awGU&onf/ &Srf;jynfawmifydkif;ESifhta&SUydkif;wGif a&ToGm;? aiGoGm;? ,Gef;oGm;ponfh vlrsKd;rsm; &SdcJhonf[k w&kwfrSwfwrf;wkdYwGif azmfjyxm;onf/ ,if;vl rsKd;wkdYrsm rGefcrmtEG,f0ifrsm; jzpf[efwlonf/ wdAufjrefrm tEG,f0ifrsm; þrGefcrmxkxnftwGif;odkY c&pfESpfrsm; tpavmufrS pí wdAufjrefrmtEG,0f ifrsm;onf ajrmufzufrS azmufxiG ;f 0ifa&mufc&hJ m em*wkrYd mS jrefrmEkid if t H aemufajrmufpeG o f Ykd a&mufcMhJ u\/ oufwo Ydk nf taemufzuf rPdyl&e,frS ta&SUbuf{&m0wDJjrpftxd jyefYESHYaecJh\/ olwdkYNrdKUawmfrSm oif;wGJjynf[kac:aom waumif;jzpfcJh[efwlonf/ oufwkdY\a'oudk csif;wkdYu azmufxGif;0ifvmí csif;wGif;jrpfaMumif; wavQmuf xkdaemuf taemufzufawmifrsm;ay:wGif jyefYESHYaexkdifvm Mu\/ ysLwko Yd nf ta&SUajrmufqrD S 0ifvmcJMh uí AdóEk;d ESio hf a&acwå &mEkid if w H o Ydk nf wnfaxmifaecJMh uonf/ u&ifwo Ydk nf oHviG jf rpfaMumif; 142

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

twkdif; at;aq;pGm 0ifvmcJhMuonf/ rGefcrmtEG,f0ifwkdY\a'oudk azmufxGif;0ifvmcJhMu&onf/ &Srf;jynfawmifydkif;odkYa&mufaomf t aemufzufodkY qufvufa&TUajymif;í xkda'o&Sd rGefcrmwkdYudkvnf; uGJ oGm;apcJh[ef wl\/ &Srf;jynftaemufawmifydkif; ,cku,m;ESifhoHvGifc&kdifwkdYwGif ajcuky, f u l m pwnf;csaexkid cf MhJ u\/ tcGio hf mvmaomtcg taemuf zuf&Sd ppfawmif;jrpf0Srf;odkY qif;Muonf/ xkdaemuf taemufzuf{&m 0wDjrpf0Srf;xd jyefYESHYcJhMu[ef wlonf/ u&ifw\ Ydk a&TUajymif;rIaMumifh ppfawmif;jrpf0rS ;f &Sd rGecf rmtEG,f 0ifwkdYonf awmifESifhajrmuf ESpfydkif;uGJoGm;cJh\/ ajrmufzuf&Sd rGefcrm wdkYonf tET,fwlrsm;&Sd&m &Srf;ukef;jrifhESifheD;&m ausmufqnfc&kdifbuf wGif pk&kH;aecJhMu[efwl\/ a&S;rGEftaxmuftxm;rsm;udk ausmufqnfc&dkif ompnfNrdKU e,fESifh&rnf;oif;c&kdifwkdYwGif awGUcJh&NyD;jzpfonf/ ajrmufzufausmuf qnfc&dkifwGif þuJhodkY tqufjywfí usefaecJhaom rGefcrmtrsm;pk rSm a&S;rGefrsm; jzpfMuonf/ ausmufpmvm crfvIc&kdef(,ck cHvl;&Gm)odkY r[kwf rkef(rGef)c&kdefonf ausmufqnfc&kdif taemufajrmufpGefwGif&Sd cJhayonf/ eefapmwyfrsm; 0ifa&mufwkdufzsufNyD;aemuf ok0PÖblrdEkdifiH at'D 830-aemufydkif;wGif jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;odkY eefapmwyfrsm; 0ifa&muf wku d cf u dk cf ahJ Mumif;udk qkcd NhJ y;D jzpfonf/ ,if;wku d cf u dk rf aI Mumifh ysLEkdifiH ysufcJh&onf/ ok0PÖblrdEkdifiH\qdyfurf;NrdKUBuD;wNrdKUysufcJh& [efwlonf/ ok0PÖblrdEkdifiHonf a&S;rGefwkdY\EkdifiHjzpfonf/ rkwrå auGUw0du k f ppfawmif;jrpfEiS o hf v H iG jf rpfpyfMum;rSm tcsuf tjcma'ojzpfonf/ þEkdifiH\MoZmonf taemufzuf{&m0wDtxd jyefYcJh\/ oHvGifjrpf\ta&SUbuf? ta&SUawmifbufESifh awmifbufwkdY 143

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

wGif a&S;rGew f aYkd exkid &f ma'orsm;&S\ d / ta&SUawmifbuf ,d;k ',m;Ekid if H awmifyikd ;f wGif yxr'Gm&0wDEidk if ?H xkad emuf avmfA&l ED idk if w H Ydk ay:ayguf cJh\/Ä ,k;d ',m;Ekid if aH jrmufyikd ;f ,ckZif;r,fNrKd UteD;wGif vzke;f [ktod rsm;aom vrfzkef;ac: [&dykOöEkdifiHvnf; ay:aygufxGef;um;cJh\/ ,if;EdkifiHwkdYrSm a&S;rGefwkdY\EkdifiHrsm; jzpfonf/ xkdif&Srf;tEG,f 0if ,aeY ,kd;',m;trsKd;om;rsm; EkdifiHrwnfaxmifEkdifrDu ay:ayguf cJhaom rGefya'o&mZfEkdifiHrsm;jzpfonf/ eefapmonf [&dykOöEkdifiHudk vnf; wkdufckdufcJhao;onf/ odkYaomf &IH;NyD;jyefcJh&onf/ ok0PÖblrd qdyfurf;NrdKUwNrdKUysufcJh &onfrSefaomfvnf; wkdufckdufNyD;aemuf eefapmwyfrsm; jyefvnfqkwf cGmcJhojzifh ok0PÖblrdEkdifiHonf tEG,fwlwkdY\EkdifiHjzpfaom [&dykOö Ekid if \ H tultnDEiS jhf yefvnfxal xmifru I kd jyKpEk idk cf [ hJ ef wl\/ vlrsK;d opf rsm;0ifa&mufrIvnf; r&SdcJhacs/ xkdrSwyg; tpOftvm ul;oef;a&mif;0,fcJhaom tdE´d,awmif ydkif;ESifhukefoG,frIuvnf; ok0PÖblrd jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;udk wenf; wzkH ulnDcJhonf[k ,lq&onf/ þtcsdefavmufrSpí oxkHNrdKUonf ok0PÖblrdEkdifiH\tcsuf tcsmEkdifiHjzpfvmcJhonf[k ,lq&ayonf/ &mZ0ifusrf;rsm;wGif azmf jyyg&Sdí tpOftvm odrSwfvmaom rEl[mrif;ac: rukwrif;vuf xufwGif rsm;pGm tiftm;awmifhwif;vmcJhayonf/ (at'D 11-&mpkESpf rsm;tpydkif;)/ ysLEkdifiH ysLya'o&mZfEidk if t H zkrYd sm eefapmwyfw\ Ydk wku d cf u dk rf 'I PfrS jyef vnfemvefxal xmifEidk cf jhJ cif; r&Scd ahJ cs/ eefapmwyfwo Ydk nf a&cJaMumif; ÄyJcl;ta&SUbuf ,aeYaomf O,smOfwnf&m&Sd a&S;yJcl;NrdKUa[mif;([Hom 0wD)onf wcsdefu NrdKUawmfjzpfcJhonf/ 144

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

txufwGif aeolrsm;jzpfjzifh zGJUpnf;xm;aomwyfrsm;jzpfí yljyif;vS aom jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif;wGif raevkdMuacs/ olwkdYonf tempdrf;ESifh iSufzsm;a&m*gwkdYudk vGefpGm aMumuf&GHUMuonf/ odkYjzpfí xkdwyfwkdYonf vkdtyfaom okHYESifhypönf;rsm;udk ,lNyD; aemuf ysLEkdifiHrS jyefvnfxGufcGmcJhMuonf/ ysLEkdifiHvlYtzGJUtpnf;rSm z&kdz&Jjzpfí usefcJh&onf/ tkyfcsKyfrI,EÅ&m;vnf; ysufpD;cJh&onf/ þtwGif; wdAufjrefrmtEG,f0if rsKd;wlwpkjzpfaom oufwkdY onf csif;wGif;? {&m0wDjrpfESpfoG,fpyfMum;a'orS jrefrmEkdifiHtv,f ydkif;txd qif;oufpdk;rkd;vmcJh[ef wl\/ EkdifiHwGif;ü tajctaerwnfNidrfyJ olwvl igwrif; jyKaeMu aom rif;rJhumv? tcgysufonfhumvonf qkdufcJh[efwl\/ ya'o &mZfvlYtzGJUtpnf; ysufjym;&mwGif jzpfay:wwfaom qkd;&Gm;vSonfh tajctaersKd;[k qkdbG,f&m&Sdayonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif;wGif rif;rJhumv? umvysufESifhMuKH&í tkyfcsKyfrI? pkpnf;rIuif;aeaom orkdif;[muGuf ay:aygufaecsdefwGif a&S;jrefrmwkdYonf ajrvwfa'orS a&TUajymif;qif;oufvmí þorkdif; [muGufukd jznfhvkdufjcif;yif jzpfayonf/ ysLEkdifiH ysuf&onfudk tcGifhta&;,lum ok0PÖblrdEdkifiHonf taemufzufoYkd tiftm;wk;d csUJ vmrnfom jzpfonf/ tvm;wlyif u&if wkdif;&if;om;wkdYonf ,ck u,m;jynfe,f a'oavmufqDrS taemuf {&m0wDjrpf ,ckrif;bl;c&dik af vmuftxd a&TUajymif;aexkid v f mcJMh u[ef wl\/ a0omvDESifhy#duú&m; jrefrmEdkifiHtaemufqkH;qDodkY Munfhvkdufjyefaomf &ckdifwkdif; ajrmufydkif; ukvm;wefESifhav;NrdKUjrpf0Srf;wGif tdE´d,ajrmufydkif;om; t quftEG,w f \ Ydk a0omvDEidk if o H nf Bu;D yGm;vsuf &So d nf/ aemufyikd ;f wGif Ak'¨omoemxGef;um;cJhaom EkdifiHi,fjzpfonf/ 145

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

a0omvDEidk if \ H taemufzuf ,ck ta&SUygupöwef\taemuf pGefwGif y#duú&m;ac: ywådau&EkdifiH&SdcJh\/ xkdpOfu þEkdifiHwGifvnf; Ak'¨omoemxGef;um;vsuf&Sd\/ a0omvDEdkifiHuJhodkYyif ,Ofaus;rIt qifhtwef;jrifhaom tdE´d,EkdifiHi,fwck jzpf\/ wEdkifiHvkH;udk jcKHMunfhaomf awmifbuf yifv,furf;wavQmuf {&m0wDESifhppfawmif;jrpf 0uRef;ay:wGif ,Ofaus;rIwkd;wufvsuf &Sdaom a&S;rGefrsm;ESifhtdE´d, EkdifiHom;(uvdef? wvdif)wkdYu tiftm;aumif;vsuf&Sd\/ jrefrmEkdifiHtaemufzufwGif a0omvDEkdifiHESifhy#duú&m;EkdifiHwkdY u tiftm;aumif;vsuf &Sd\/ acwftvkduf ,Ofaus;rIxGef;um;cJh&m ya'o&mZfEkdifiHi,frsm; jzpfonf/ ajrmufzufwGif oufwkdif;&if;om;wkdYonf oif;wGJEkdifiHESifhtif tm;aumif;í xkx,fESifh&Sd\/ ta&SUajrmufzufwGif ppftiftm;aumif;aom eefapmEkdifiH&Sd \/ xkdEdkifiHonf {&m0wDjrpf0Srf;ajrmufydkif;udk vTrf;rkd;jc,fvS,f&ef Aef; armfteD;&dS awmifrsm;ay:wGif cHwyfrsm;udk aqmufvkyfí ppfwyfrsm; csxm;cJhonf/ eefapmwyfwkdYonf at;aom&moDtwGif; jrefrmEkdifiH wGif;odkY 0ifa&mufwkdufckdufvdkuf wkdufckdif0ifaomtajctae&SdcJhonf/ odkYaomf [EGKdifwkdufyGJNyDonfhaemuf w&kwfwkdYEkdifiH\NrdKUwNrdKU jzpfaom csifwludk oGm;a&mufwkdufcJh\/ þwkdufyGJwGif eefapmwyfrsm; ta&;edrchf &hJ \/ xkad emufaomf eefapmonf ppftiftm;Ekid if w H cktqifh wGif r&Sdawmhay/ þodyYk a'o&mZfEidk if rH sm; Bu;D pd;k aeonfu h mvwGif tiftm;opf wcktjzpf a&S;jrefrmwkdYonf jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif;odkY 0ifcJhMujcif;jzpf onf/ oa&acwå&m ysLEkdifiHtysuf? jrefrmorkdif;pOfwGif orkdif;[m uGufay:aecsdef? at'D 9-&mpkESpfrsm; tv,favmufwGif a&S;jrefrmwkdY 146

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

onf &Sr;f uke;f jyifjrif\ h taemufpeG f ajrvwfa'orS jrefrmEkid if t H v,f ydkif;odkYqif;oufa&TUajymif; aexkdifvmcJhaMumif; qkdcJhNyD;jzpf\/ qif;ouf&mvrf;rsm; a&S;jrefrmwdkYonf ,ck&GmiH(a&iH)a'oavmufrS taemufzuf &Sd ukef;jrifhawmifwef;wkdYudkjzwfí ewfxdyfawmifMum;vrf;twkdif; ausmufqnfc&kdiftwGif;odkY 0ifvmcJhMu[efwl\/ þvrf;rS yef;avmif jrpfonf ausmufqnfc&dkiftwGif;odkY c&kdif\ta&SUawmifaxmifhrS pD; 0if&mvrf;aMumif;udk vkdufonf/ þawmifMum;vrf;\ajrjyefYbuft0wGif uif;wm;qnf&Sd\/ awmifMum;vrf;\ckvwfwGif cifv,fukef;jrifhi,f&Sdonf/ rus,f0ef;vSaomfvnf; ajrMoZmaumif;í oD;ESHyifrsm;jzpf xGe;f onf/ vrf;c&D;wGif waxmufem;&ef aumif;aom pcef;wckjzpf\/ ,if;vrf;twkid ;f vm;0efwifrsm;jzifh wkid ;f &if;om;wdYk ,aeYwidk f ul;oef; a&mif;0,fvsuf&Sdonf/ ajrjyefYodkYqif;&mwGif a&S;jrefrmwkdY tokH;jyKcJhonf[k ,lq& aom tjcm;wvrf;rSm ,ck]NrKd UBu;D }rS taemufzuf]oH&mG }qDoo Ykd mG ;aom obm0vrf;jzpfonf/ ,if;vrf;rS aZmf*sDjrpfonf ausmufqnfc&kdiftwGif;odkY ta&SU bufrS pD;0if&mvrf;aMumif;udk vkdufonf/ ,cktcgwGif vlwkdYjyKjyifí þvrf;twkdif; ajrjyefYESifhqufum armfawmfum;vrf; azmufxm;NyD; jzpf\/ cifv,fukef;jrifhESifhoH&GmwkdY\&moDOwkrSm &Srf;ukef;jyifjrifh\ &moDOwkESifhuGmjcm;jcif; r&SdvSacs/ orrQwaom &moDOwkwGifaecJhMu aom a&S;jrefrmwkdY uGef;ckd&ef pcef;aumif;rsm;jzpfMuonf/

147

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

qif;oufa&TUajymif;ykH a&S;jrefrmwkYd qif;oufa&Tajymif;vmykrH mS omrefa&TUajymif;enf; rsK;d r[kw[ f k xifonf/ jrif;wyfwu Ydk kd tok;H jyKum tifEiS t hf m;ESit hf [kef ESifhppfqifrIw&yfudk aqmif&GufonhfES,f pD;yGm;a&;ESifhppfa&;wkdYwGif t csuftcsmusaom a'orsm;udk vsifjrefpGm odrf;ydkuf,lonfh a&TUajymif; ykHrsKd;jzpfonf[k xifonf/ ajrjyefYyxrajcukyfpcef; ausmufqnfc&kdif ta&SUydkif;onf &Srf;ukef;jyif\tajcwGif awmif&dyfudk ckdaeonf/ awmifay:rS vwfwavm qif;vmolwkdYtzkdY ajrtaetxm; &moDOwkyg tjcm;a'orsm;xuf ydkrkdoifhavsmfaom a'ojzpf\/ xkdYjyif þa'oodkY a&mufESifhNyD;jzpfaom yavmif? 0tpk? rGef tpk? ouftpk0if wkdif;&if;om;wkdYonf aZmf*sD yef;avmifponfhjrpfwkdY udk qnfí wl;ajrmif;wkdYjzifh a&oG,fpdkufysKd;aeNyDjzpfojzifh pm;a&&du©m aygonf/ vltajrmuftjrm;udk axmufyHhauR;arG;xm;Ekdifaom a'ojzpf onf/ tjcm;a'orsm;xuf rQwaom &moDOwkvnf; &Sdonf/ yk*H ausmufpmwkdYwGif þa'oudk rvpfom 11-c&kdif[kac:onf/ odkYjzpfí awmifay:rS qif;vmvQif qif;vmcsif; ajcukyf,l &ef taumif;qkH;aom pcef;tjzpf a&S;jrefrmwkdY þausmufqnfa'o udk a&S;OD;vufrGef odrf;ydkufaexkdifcJhonf[k ,lq&jcif;jzpfonf/ þc&kdifwGif a&S;jrefrmwkdY xm;&pfcJhaom a&S;a[mif;taxmuf txm;rsm;ESifhyk*Hacwfausmufpmrsm;wGif awGU&aom þc&kdiftwGif;&Sd a&S;a[mif;ae&ma'otrnfrsm;u þ,lqcsuu f kd axmufcaH eayonf/

148

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

ppfa&;twGuf ae&maumif; þa'oonf t"duvrf;rBuD;jzpfaom {&m0wDjrpfESifhvnf; tvSrf;uGm\/ acsmifvnf;usonf/ odkYjzpfí a&S;jrefrmwkdY 0ifa&muf vmrIudk aESmifh&Suf&ef [efYwm;&ef rvG,fulacs/ ppfa&;tjrift& xkdacwfu þa'onf vkHjcKHonf/ taESmifh t&Sufr&dSyJ ajcukyf,lrIudk jyKvkyfEkdifonf/ tiftm;jznfhwif;rIudk pdwf csufvufcs vkyfEkdifonf/ vltiftm; &du©mtiftm;jznfhwif;&efvnf; vG,fulaoma'o jzpfonf/ t"duvrf;rBuD;ESifh 6 c&kdef ausmufqnfa'oudk odrf;ydkufrd&kHESifh a&S;jrefrmwkdY\ppfqif a&TUajymif;aexkdifrIonf NyD;jynfhpkHcJhonf/ pcef;odrf;cJhonf r[kwfacs/ ajcukyfaumif;ESifhausmaxmufaemufcHaumif;wkdYudk &&Sdí pepfwus tok;H csNy;D aemuf a&S;jrefrmwko Yd nf taemufqo D Ykd tvk;H t&if;ESiq hf uf vufa&TUajymif;csDwufum t"duobm0c&D;vrf;BuD;jzpfaom {&m0wD jrpfaMumif;udk tkyfpD;xdef;udkifcJh[ef wl\/ olwkdYonf ykyÜm;awmif? a*G;csKdawmifESifhwk&ifawmifwdkYodkY w axmufNyD;waxmuf ul;vmNyD;aemuf {&m0wDodkYa&mufcJh[efwl\/ wk &ifawmif0ef;usif yk*Ha'owGif &SdESifhNyD;jzpfolwdkY\tcktcHSifht[efYt wm;udk cHcJhMu&[efvnf; wlonf/ xkaYd emufaomf taemuf&;kd rawmifajcwGif awmif&yd cf í dk pvif;? rkef;? ref;acsmif;wkdYjzifh pdrf;vef;pdkajyaeaom ,ckrif;bl;c&kdifa'oodkY qufvufa&TUajymif;ydkufcJhMu[efwl\/ þa'owGifvnf; a&mufESifhNyD;jzpfaom wkdif;&if;om;wkdYonf tqkdygacsmif;rsm;udk qnfum wl;ajrmif;rsm;jzifh a&oG,fpdkufysKd;vsuf &SdMuNyD;jzpfonf/ yk*HacwfausmufpmwkYdwGif þa'oudk ajcmufc&kdef[k ac:onf/ þa'owGifvnf; yk*HacwfOD;ydkif;rS ypönf;taxmuftxm; 149

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

rsm;udk awGU&SdcJhNyD;jzpf\/

a&SUwef;XmecsKyf yk*H a&S;jrefrmwkdYonf a&S;OD;vufrGef tajcpdkufaexkdifrdMuaom rif;bl;ajcmufc&ked af 'oESiahf usmufqnf 11 c&ked af 'owkrYd mS aoGUajcmuf vSaom jrefrmEdik if t H v,fyikd ;f rk;d enf;a&&Sm;a'oü pdr;f vef;pdak jyaom O,smOfrsm;ozG,f &SdcJhonf/ EkdifiHxlaxmifa&;ysKd;cif;rsm;[k qkdEkdifonf/ pm;a&&dum© txGurf sm;í vlaersm;aom tcsut f csma'orsm; jzpfcJh\/ þtcsuftcsma'owkdYudk csKyfudkifuGyfuJEdkif&ef yk*Hudk wnfcJh jcif;jzpfonf/ yk*Hwnf&ma'oonf yljyif;ajcmufaoGUvS\/ odkYaomf þa'oonf rif;bl;\ajrmufbuf,Gef; rkdif 60-cefY tuGm? ausmufqnf\taemufawmif rkdif 80-cefYtuGmwGif&Sdí ysKd; cif;a'oESpcf v k ;Hk udk vufvrS ;f rD&ma'ojzpf\/ t"duvrf;rBu;D jzpfaom {&m0wDurf;ay:wGif wnfaeojzifh taMutnmodkY vG,fulpGm oGm; Ekdifonf/ jrpfurf;qkd&mwGifvnf; jrpfonf ta&SUrS taemufodkYpD;vmNyD; awmifbufodkY csKd;qif;oGm;aom jrpfauGUay: ta&SUbufurf;wGif&Sdo jzifh ppfa&;twGuf tcsufusaomae&mvnf; jzpfoGm;onf/ yk*o H nf {&m0wDEiS chf si;f wGi;f jrpfwq Ydk &Hk m atmufzuf ra0;uGm vSaomae&mwGif &Sd\/ NrdKU\awmifbuf ra0;uGmvSaomae&mwGif a,macsmif;onf {&m0wDjrpftwGif;okdY taemufajrmufqDrS pD;0ifvm onf/ awmifbufjrpfwauGUwGif pavNrdKU&Sdonf/ pavNrdKUwnfaeykH rSmvnf; yk*EH iS chf yfqifqifyifjzpfonf/ yk*\ H ta&;Bu;D aom awmifbuf pcef;NrdKUjzpfonf/ þNrdKUonf taemufbufurf; 6 c&kdefa'oodkYoGm; &mvrf;udk csKyfudkifxm;ouJhodkY&Sd\/ þodkYjzifh yk*HrSonf ajrmufzuf{&m0wDESifhrl;jrpfaMumif;rsm; tvku d ?f taemufajrmufbuf csi;f wGi;f ESiahf ,macsmif;wkt Yd vku d ?f awmif 150

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

buf {&m0wD? ,if;rSwqifh taemufzufpvif;? rkef;? ref;acsmif;rsm; tvkduf a&S;jrefrmwkdY qufvufa&TUajymif;&ef a&SUwef;tajccHpcef;BuD; jzpfcJhayonf/ a&SUodkYqufvufa&TUajymif;jcif; a&S;jrefrmwkdYonf yk*Hudk at'D 850-cefYwGif wnfcJhonf[k,l qEkdifaMumif; qkdcJhNyD;jzpfonf/ xkdNrdKUudk tajcpkdufA[dkjyKNyD;aemuf qkdcJh onfh{&m0wD? rl;? csif;wGif;? a,m? pvif;? rkef;? ref;acsmif;rsm;udkvkduf í qufvufa&TUajymif;aexkdifcJhMuonf/ þodkYjzifh ,aeYa,mom;rsm;? &ckdif;wkdif;&Sd acsmif;om;ESifh&rf;NAJ? ppfawG &ckdiftrsKd;om;wkdYonf t aemufzufodkY jrefrmtpk0ifrsm; a&TUajymif;&mwGif a&SUOD;csKd wyfOD;wyf rsm;tjzpf ,ckaexkdif&ma'otoD;oD;odkY a&mufoGm;cJhMujcif; jzpfay onf/ ajrmufbufodkY a&TUajymif;olwkdYrSm xkxnfESifh&SdcJhaom ouftpk 0ifwkdYudk rxkd;azmufEdkifí c&D;rsm;pGm raygufEkdifcJhacs/ awmifbufodkY a&TUajymif;olwv Ydk nf; oa&acwå&mw0du k &f dS ysLrsm;ESiphf pfawmif;jrpf0rS ;f atmufydkif;&Sd a&S;rGefrsm;udk þumvwGif rxkd;azmufEkdifao;acs/ vlaerItzGJUtpnf;rsm; a&S;jrefrmwkdYonf ae&mopfrsm;odkY ajymif;a&TUaexkdifMu&mwGif tcsKdUae&mopfrsm;udk tvG,fwul odrf;ykduf&,ljcif; &SdcJhovkd tcsKdUae &mrsm;wGif ckcH[efYwm;rI tiftm;BuD;ojzifh cufcufcJcJ wkdufckdufodrf; ydkuf&onfvnf; &SdcJhayrnf/ yk*Ha'ow0dkufwGif ouftpk0ifwkdY\ckcH rIukd atmifEidk cf [ hJ efw\ l / qkid af om wk&ifawmif\awmifbuf&adS wmif &kd;rSm oufpdk;awmif[k wGifonf/ r[moufxdwftrnf&Sdaom trwf BuD;wOD;\trnfudkvnf; yk*HacwfausmufpmwGif awGU&onf/ &mZ0if usrf;rsm;wGif usefppfom;rif;ESifhqkawmif;buftjzpf oufrif;uwkH taMumif;udk azmfjyxm;onf/ ae&mopfrsm;wGif tajcpdkufaexkdifvmMuaomtcgwGif a&S; 151

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

jrefrmwkdYonf eefapmEkdifiHwGif aecJhMuouJhodkY ukd,hftkyfpk udk,fhtBuD; tuJESifhvGwfvyfpGm aecJhMu[efwl\/ tBuD;tuJudkvnf; eefapmrSm aecJhpOfu tpOftvmtwkdif;yif rif;[k ac:onf/ ausmufpmtaxmuftxm;t& tckdiftrmod&aom tkyfpk ESpfpk&Sdonf/ ,if;wkdYrSm awmifwGif riftkyfpkESifhxdvkdifriftkyfpkwkdYjzpf onf/ awmifwGifrSm ,ckawmifwGif;BuD;yifjzpfonf/ xdvkdifrSm ,ck xD;vIdifjzpfonf/ odkYaomf xD;vIdiftrsm;&Sdaeonf/ ausmufpmvm xd vkdifrSm ausmufqnfc&kdifESifhtpyf rdw¬Dvmc&kdif 0rf;wGif;NrdKUe,ftwGif; &Sd xD;vIdif[k ,lq&ef&Sd\/ Ä jrefrmtkyfpk0if trsm;pkwkdY tcuftcJrsm;ESifh&ifqkdifvm&aom tcg þvlYtzGJUtpnf;tkyfpkwdkY pkaygif;um tcuftcJrsm;udk ajz&Sif;cJ [efwl\/ at;csr;f aomtcgrsm;wGif rdrw d \ Ydk vlt Y zGUJ tpnf;jzpfaom tkyf pktvkduf vGwfvyfpGm aexkdifcJhMuonf/ rdrdwkdY\vlaerIb0udk rdrdwkdY bmom pDrHcefYcGJzefwD;cJhMuonf/ olw\ Ydk vlaerIpepfrmS woD;wjcm;pD tkypf v k u dk af eaom rus,f jyefYvSonfh ya'o&mZfpepf[k rSwf,lEkdif\/ odkYaomf ysOfokOf;cJhNyD;jzpf aom ysLya'o&mZfpepf vufikyfvuf&if; t<uif;tusef\t&Sdeft0g udk &cJhonf/ eefapmwGif aepOfuxuf ydkrkdzGHUNzdK;cJhonfh ya'o&mZfpepfjzpf vmNy[ D , k q l Ekid \ f / yxrjrefrmEkid if u H kd rwnfaxmifru D mvtwGi;f u þa&S;jrefrmwk\ Yd vlaerIpepfEiS v hf rl pI ;D yGm;a&;pepfukd ysLya'o&mZfpepf uJhodkYyif ya'o&mZfacwfOD; umvpepfrsKd;[k owfrSwfEkdifbG,f&m &Sd \/ c&kdef? wkduf? Ekdifi_H þvlUtzGUJ tpnf;wku Yd kd wnf&ma'oESio hf rkid ;f pOf wk;d wufru I kd Ä&mZ0ifusr;f wkw Yd iG f usepf pfom;rif;onf xD;vIid &f iS [ f v k nf;wGio f nf/ þxD;vIdiftkyfpk\acgif;aqmifjzpfcJh[ef wl\/ usefppfom;rif;BuD;\ ausmufpmygbGJUwckrSm ]xdvkdifrif}jzpfonf/f 152

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

vkdufí ausmufpmrsm;wGif okH;rsKd;okH;pm; cGJjcm;azmfjyxm;onfudk awGU &\/ a&S;jrefrmwkYd ajrjyefw Y iG f a&S;OD;vufreG f tajcpdu k af exkid í f ae xkdifolwkdYwGif a&S;jrefrmwkdYu vlrsm;jzpfaom a'orsm;udk c&kdefa'o rsm;[k ac:onf/ qkdcJhNyD;onfhtwkdif; jrpfomc&kdefa'o rif;bl; 6c&dkefa'owkdY tjyif ,ckrEÅav;\ajrmufzuf {&m0wDjrpf\ta&SUbuf awmifyvkef (awmifNyKef;)c&kdefa'owdkY &SdcJhonf/ ,ckausmufqnfc&kdiftwGif;&Sd 11c&dkefa'oonf aemifacwf rsm;wGif v,fuGif; 9c&kdefa'o[k tckdiftrmwGifvmonf/ rlvu 11c&kdef&SdcJh\/ trnfESifhtwdtus ay;xm;onf/ rif; bl; 6c&kdefrSm ausmufpmwkdYwGif ]ryifp&v,fudkif}[kwGifonf/ 6-c&kdef jynfhatmif a&wGufí r&ao;acs/ awmifjyKefc&kdefonf tjcm;c&kdefwdkY uJhodkYyif qefa&pyg; txGufaumif;aom a'ojzpfcJh\/ ajrmufzufqDrS a&TUajymif;vmrnfh ouftpk0ifwdkYuJhodkYaom rsKd;wlpkopfrsm;ukd [efYwm;ckcHEkdif&ef awmifjyKefc&kdefudk ajrmufzufpGef umuG,fa&;pcef;tjzpf wnfaxmifcJh[efwlonf/ c&kdefa'orsmudk vGefí jyefYESHYaexkdifvmMupOf ae&mopfwkdYü &S&d if;wkid ;f &if;om;wkEYd iS yhf ;l aygif;um e,fopfy,fopfrsm;udk wnfaxmif cJhMu\/ ,if;uJhodkYaom e,fopfy,fopfwkdYrSm wkdufrsm;jzpfonf/ wkdufa'orsm;wGif a&S;jrefrmwkdYonf vlrsm;pk r[kwfMuacs/ wkdufa'owkdYudkvGefí Nidrf;csrf;pGm odrf;oGif;atmifEkdifcJhaom a'orsKd; udk EkdifiH[kac:aMumif; od&\/ EkdifiHa'owkdYwGif a&S;jrefrmwkdYrSm tkyf csKyfolvlenf;pkom jzpf[efwlonf/ _,ckacwfo;Hk a0g[m&wk\ Yd t"dygÜ ,foufa&mufrI r&Syd g/ xkpd Ofu c&ked onf ,ckc&kid af 0g[m&\t"dygÜ ,f roufa&mufacs/ tvm;wlyif ]wku d }f ESifh]EkdifiH}wkdY\a&S;t"dyÜm,foufa&mufrIonf ,ckESifhrwl? uGJjym;onf/ t"dyÜg,frsm;pGm a&GUvmcJhNyDjzpf\/ 153

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

tydkif;(6)

wrÜ'DyEkdifiH wnfaxmifjcif;

tajccHpwifcJh&mumv c&kdefa'owkdYrSm þumvorkdif;pOftwGuf vGefpGmta&;ygvS aom a'orsm;jzpfMu\/ ,ckavhvmaeaom orkid ;f pOf\umvudk qef; ppfaomf þumvonf jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fykdif;wGif &Sd&if;wkdif;&if;om; jzpfaom rGeftpk? yavmifESifh0tpk? ouftpk u&iftpk0ifwkdYESifhtopf 0ifa&mufvmaom jrefrmtpk0ifwidk ;f &if;om;wkYd pkaygif;a&maESmrdaom umv? þwdik ;f &if;om;wk\ Yd pnf;&k;H rIay:wGif tajcwnfum trsK;d om; tpktpnf;opfBuD;wck wnfaqmufa&;twGuf tcGifhtvrf;rsm;ay: aygufaygufvmaom umvjzpf\/ 154

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

ysKd;cif;a'orsm; a&S;jrefrmwkdYonf jrif;udkarG;jrLonf/ Ekdifeif;pGmvnf; okH;wwf onf/ ppfa&;wGif jrif;udk tokH;jyKí vsifjrefaomppfxkd;enf;AsL[mopf udk xGifcJholrsm; jzpfonf/ awmifay:rS qif;vmoljzpfí ae&mopfwiG f pdw"f mwfwuf<u aeolrsm;jzpfonf/ tm;opf? aoG;opf? pdwf"mwfopfrsm;ESifhvef;qef; xufjruf MuHhckdifolrsm;vnf; jzpfonf/ ppfrItawGUtMuKH&SdcJhaom þ a&S;jrefrmwkdYonf pD;yGm;a&;twGufomru ppfa&;twGufyg ta&;BuD; í tcsuftcsmusaom ausmufqnf 11c&kdefa'oESifhrif;bl; 6c&kdef a'owkdYudk BuD;pkd;vmEkdifaomtcg olwkdYonf trsKd;om;tpktpnf;opf Bu;D w&yfay:aygufa&; wenf;qkad omf Ekid if o H pfwck ay:aygufa&;vkyf ief;wGif ta&;ygí xda&mufaom OD;pD;acgif;aqmifrIudk ay;Ekdifaom tajctaersm;udk &&SdaeMuNyD;jzpfonf/ ,if;tajctaersm;rS taumiftxnfazmf,lEdkifa&;onf xkd a'o xkdacwftwGuf pD;yGm;a&;aomhcsufjzpfonfh pdkufysKd;a&;xGef;um; &m ausmufqnfESihfrif;bl;c&kdefa'owkdY\ukefxkwfpGrf;tm; wkd;wufrI ay:wGif rsm;pGm wnfcJhavonf/ þa'owkdYrSm wkdif;&if;om;pnf;&kH;rI? pnf;&kH;rdaom wkdif;&if; om;wkdY\wkd;wufzGHUNzdK;rIwkdYtwGuf ausmaxmufaemufcHa'orsm;jzpfcJh \/ wenf;qkdaomf trsKd;om;tpktpnf;opfBuD;w&yf? odkYr[kwf EkdifiH opfwEkdifiH ay:xGef;vma&;twGuf jyKpkysKd;axmifay;&m ysKd;cif;a'o rsm;yifjzpfayonf/ EkdifiHopfwck ay:aygufa&;wGif pD;yGm;a&; ppfa&; atmifjrif rItvm;tvmwkYd jynhpf v Hk aHk vmuf&EHk iS jhf zpfEidk o f nf r[kwaf cs/ ,Ofaus; rI? vlraI &;ESiahf umif;rGew f nfwahH om trsK;d om;p&ku d ?f avsmufywfaom trsKd;om;cH,lcsufESifhpdwf"mwfwkdYyg wkd;wufzGHUNzdK;&efvnf; vkdtyfay onf/ 155

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

wkdif;&if;om; ,Ofaus;rI a&maESmrdjcif;ESifh ysKd;axmifrIrsm; ppma&;om;rItwwfESifhpmayysKd;axmifrI a&S;jrefrmwkdY 0ifa&mufvmcsdefwGif ausmufqnfc&kdifü a&S;rGef rsm;&SdaecJhaMumif;udk qkdcJhNyD;jzpfonf/ a&S;rGefwkdYrSm xkdacwfu txuf wef;usaom ,Ofaus;rI&Sdaeolrsm; jzpfMuonf/ a&S;jrefrmwko Yd nf þ 11-c&ked af 'owGif a&S;rGew f EdYk iS Ohf ;D pGmawGU qkHqufqHcJhMu\/ wdkif;&if;om;csif; qufqHrdwkdif; ,Ofaus;rIzvS,frd NrJjzpfonf/ a&S;jrefrmwkdYonf þausmufqnfa&S;rGefwkdYxHrS tajccHus í ta&;BuD;aom ,Ofaus;rItcsuftvufwkdYudk &cJh\/ txl;ojzifh rdrdwkdYwGif r&Sdao;aom pma&;om;rItwwf? tu©&m(Asnf;ESifho&rsm;) a0g[m&wkdYudk a&S;rGefwkdYxHrS wwfodcJhMu\/ xkdpOfu okH;pGJaeaoma&S; rGefpum;ESifhpmaywkdYudkvnf; toifh&&SdEdkifonfwkdif vufcHoif,lchJ[ef wl\/ ysLwko Yd nf jrefrmwkEYd iS b hf mompum;tEG,w f Ml uonf/ a0g[m& rSpí ajymqkdaom pum;wkdYonf rsm;pGmvSrf;uGmcJh[ef rwlacs/ ysLwkdY üvnf; tu©&mbmompum; &Sdonfom jzpfonf/\ bmompum; tEG,fwlygvsuf ,if;wkdYudk a&S;jrefrmwkdYonf ysLwkdYxHrS tb,faMumifh r,lcJh[k ,lq&oenf;/ a&S;jrefrmwkdYonf a&S;rGew f EYdk iS Ohf ;D pGm awGUqkrH w d q f ufMuonf/ ysLwdEYk iS ahf emufrS awGU&onf/ ysLwk\ Yd tcsut f csma'orSm {&m0wDjrpf0rS ;f jzpfaMumif; qkcd NhJ y;D jzpfonf/ xkjYd yif ysLtu©&mwkrYd mS a&;ul;rSwo f m;&ef rvG,u f v l /S tauGU taumuf taumhtnTwrf sm;vSonf/ toH(8)oHtwGuf oauFwrsm; vnf; &Sdaeao;onf/ a&S;rGeftu©&mwkdY\ykHrSm &Sif;vif;í rSwfom;&ef vG,fulonf/ odjYk zpfí pma&;om;rItwwfukd a&S;rGew f x Ydk rH S &,ljcif;jzpfonf[k ,lq &jcif;jzpf\/ a&S;jrefrmtu©&mwkdYuvnf; ,if;,lqcsufudk axmufcHae 156

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

onf/ ,lqonfqkd&müvnf; tm;vkH;udk ,lqonfr[kwf/ rdrdwkdYbm ompum;\toHrsm;twGuf vkdaomAsnf;ESifho&wkdYudkom ,ljcif;jzpf onf/ a&S;rGefpum;ESifhpmaywkdYudk vufcH,lcJhojzifh yk*Hacwfa&;a&S; jrefrmpmwGif a&S;rGefa0g[m&ESifhtokH;tEIef;rsm; yg0ifaeonfudk awGU &onf/ rdrdwkdYbmompum;wGif r&Sdao;aom bmoma&;qkdif&m? tkyf csKyfa&;qkdif&m? pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m? ,Ofaus;rIqkdif&m vlrIa&;qkdif&ma0g [m&rsm;jzpfonf/ a&S;rGew f EYkd iS yhf ;l aygif;rdaomtcgwGif a&S;rGepf mudk oifMum;wwf ajrmufMu&ko H mru a&S;rGeaf 0g[m&topfrsm;udyk if wDxiG cf MhJ uonf[k qkdEkdifygonf/ þodkYjzifh a&S;rGef,Ofaus;rI txGwftxdyf a&mufrI\tajccH ysKd;axmifrIudk rGefwkdY\t"dua'ojzpfaom ok0PÖblrdEkdifiHwGif rawGU &bJ ausmufqnfESifhyk*Ha'owGif awGU&jcif;jzpfayonf/ pdwf0ifpm; pGm avhvmoifMum; ,l&o Hk mru ydrk <dk u,f0 xGe;f um;vmatmif wDxiG f tm;ay;cs;D ajrm§ ufo;Hk pGrJ u I kd a&S;jrefrmESiahf usmufqnfa&S;rGew f Ydk yl;aygif; aqmif&GufcJhaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ yk*aH cwfO;D ydik ;f wGif xGe;f um;cJah om txufwef;usvo S nfh a&S; ,Ofaus;rIwkd;wufa&;\tpudk þodkYjzifh ysKd;axmifcJhMuayonf/Ä ydokum? tEkynmysKd;axmifrI yk*Honf BuD;us,fcrf;em;vSonf/ tHhcsD;bG,fw&yfvnf;jzpf onf/ tHhcsD;bG,fjzpfaom yk*H\BuD;us,fcrf;em;rIudk ,aeYwkdifwnfae aom yk*aH cwftaqmufttk?H apwDyx k ;dk ponfwiG f awGUEkid o f nf[k qkd Äa&S;rGef,Ofaus;rIonf usefppfom;rif;BuD;vufxuf(at'D 10841113)wGif yk*Hü txGwftxdyf a&mufcJhonf/

157

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

prSwfjyKMuonf/ þBuD;us,fcrf;em;vSaom tpOftvmBuD;udk ysKd;axmifwnf aqmuf&mwGif tvGefta&;ygpGm yg0ifulnDcJholwdkYrsm ysLrsm;jzpfonf/ ysLwkdY\ydokumynm&yfrsm;udkom rokH;cJhvQif yk*HacwftaqmufttkH wkdYonf ,aeYwkdifwnfaernf r[kwfacs/ ysLwkdYwDxGifcJhaom oyfpDckH;ESifhaygif;ckHazmfenf;/ ysLtaqmuf ttkHwkdY\yEéufykHrsm;? t*Faw? t*Fawyef;azmfykHwkdYudk tajcjyKcJhaom aMumifh yk*H\BuD;us,fcrf;em;oyÜg,fvSaom taqmufttkHBuD;i,f rsm;onf ,aeYwkdif wnfaejcif;jzpfonf/ ,Ofaus;rIysKd;axmifa&;wGif ysLwkyYd g0ifun l cD ahJ om þtcef;u@onf ao;i,fvo S nf r[kwaf cs/ ,kHMunfrI? tjrif0g'ysKd;axmifrI tjcm;ta&;BuD;aom ysKd;axmifrIw&yfrSm wkdif;&if;om;wkdY\ ,kHMunfcsuf? cH,lcsuf? tjrif0g'wdkY\tajccHudkay;aom udk;uG,f,kH MunfrIqkdif&m ysKd;axmifrIjzpfonf/ a&S;jrefrmwdrYk mS uke;f jrifah wmifay:om;rsm; jzpfco hJ nft h avsmuf ukef;jrifhawmifay:b0u &SdcJhaom &kd;&mtpOftvm ,kHMunfcsufwdkYu olwkdY\tjrif0g'udk trsm;qkH; vTrf;rkd;cJhayonf/ ukd;uG,f,kHMunfrIESifh tjrif0g'wkdYwGif ysLwkdYonf rsm;pGmwkd;wufcJholrsm;jzpfonf/ jA[®Pt,l0g'? Ak'¨0g'wdkYudk txufwef;uspGm avhvmwwf odco hJ rl sm;jzpf\/ tvm;wlyif a&S;rGet f rsm;pkrmS Ak'0¨ g'Drsm; jzpfMuonf/ ,if;uJhodkYaom 0g'rsm;udk a&S;jrefrmwdkYonf wpwpESifhwwf odvmcJhMuonf/ cH,lvmcJhMuonf/ rdrdwkdY\rl&if;&kd;&mtpOftvm0g' cH,lcsufwkdYESifhtusKd;&SdpGm aygif;pyf,lvmMuonf/ þodkYjzifh ,kHMunfcsuf? cH,lcsufESifhtjrif0g'wkdY aygif;pyfrdMu í ysL? a&S;rGefESifha&S;jrefrmwkdYonf ,if;,kHMunfcH,lcsufudk ysKd;axmif ay;EkdifcJhMuayonf/

158

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

tkyfcsKyfa&; ysKd;axmifrI EdkifiHopfay:xGef;a&;wGif pepfusí worwfwnf;&SdEkdifaom vlaerIzGJUpnf;ykHESifh,if;vlUtzGJUtpnf;tm; pDrHcefYtkyfcsKyfykHwkdYudkvnf; &S&d efvt dk yfonf/ ysLwko Yd nf ya'o&mZfpepft&jzpfaom vlt Y zGUJ tpnf; ESifhumvMumjrifhpGm aevmcJholrsm;jzpf\/ a&S;rGefwkdYwGifvnf; tvm; wl tawGUtMuKHrsm; &SdcJhonf/ ,if;pepfrSm qkdcJhNyD;onfhtwkdif; wkdif;&if;pepfay:wGif tdE´d, rS a&mufvmaom ya'o&mZfpepfvTrf;rkd;rIjzifh ay:aygufvmcJh&aom pepfjzpf\/ eefapmwGif aecJhpOfuwnf;u a&S;jrefrmwkdYonf pDrHtkyf csKyaf &;wGif uRr;f usicf o hJ rl sm;jzpf\/ olw\ Ydk pepfrmS ya'o&mZfpepfyif jzpfonf/ eefapmwkdY\ya'o&mZfpepfonf ppf0g'qHNyD; ydkrkdíjyif;xef onf/ odaYk omf a'oqkid &f m tkypf t k yk cf sKyaf &;wGirf l a&S;jrefrmwdo Yk nf ykrd &kd if;ES;D rI&adS om vGwv f yfí n§Ed idI ;f rI&adS om ya'o&mZfpepfrsK;d udk vuf awGUokH;cJhMu[ef wl\/ ,ckajrjyefo Y Ykd a&mufvmaomtcg Ak'0¨ g'ESi, hf Ofaus;rItajccH &Sad om a&S;a[mif;rGe?f ysLya'o&mZf tpOftvmwkEYd iS ahf ygif;pyfrí d a' oopfwkdif;&if;om;aygif;pkHESifhudkufnDí ydkrkdjynfhpkH<u,f0aom ya'o &mZfpepfay:aygufa&;udk pwifysKd;axmifvmcJhayonf/ wkdif;&if;om;pnf;vkH;rIESifhEkdifiHopf wnfaxmifrI a&S;jrefrmwkdYonf a&S;rGef? ysLwkdYxHrS ,Ofaus;rItcsuftvuf rsm;udk &,lcJhjcif;? EkdifiHopfwnfaxmifrI tajccHtwGuf vkdtyfaom t&nftaoG;rsm; ysKd;axmifcJhjcif;udk azmfjycJhNyD;jzpfygonf/ EkdifiHopfwck ay:aygufa&;wGif tajccHvkdtyfaom pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;? ,Ofaus;rI? ,kHMunfrIESifhtjrif0g'tkyfcsKyfa&;ponfwdkYudk ysKd; cif;rsm;jzpfaomm c&ked af 'owkt Yd m; tajcjyKí pwifysK;d axmifvmcJjh cif; 159

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

jzpfonf/ wenf;qkd&aomf vlUabmifb0opfwck wnfaxmifay:ayguf vma&;wGif trSe&f t dS yfonft h ajccHt&nftaoG; vkt d yfcsurf sm;udk ysK;d axmifvmjcif;yif jzpfonf/ uefBuD; 3-ckrS a&rsm; aygif;pyfrdjcif; ,if;vkdtyfcsufrsm;udk &Sd&if; ysL? a&S;rGefwkdYESifhukef;jrifhrSqif; oufa&TUajymif;vmaom a&S;jrefrmwkdYu yl;aygif;yg0if xnfhoGif;cJhjcif; jzpfayonf/ a&S;jrefrmwkYd a&mufvmcJí h pD;yGm;a&;ausmaxmufaemufceH ,f rsm;jzpfaom ausmufqnfESifhrif;bl;a'owdkYudk odrf;ydkufNyD;onfhaemuf yk*Hudk wnfaxmifvkdufjcif; jzpfonf/ þonfrSm yk*Hü wzufqnfuefBuD;wckudk wl;vkdufonfESifh wl\/ ,if;wzufqnfuefBu;d wGif a&S;jrefrmwk\ Yd tpOftvm,Ofaus; rIESifht&nftaoG;wnf;[laom a&onf &SdaeNyDjzpfonf/ a&S;jrefrmwkdYESifha&S;rGefwkdY awGUqkHa&maESmrdjcif;onf xkdwzuf qnfuefBuD;twGif;odkY a&S;rGef,Ofaus;rI t&nftaoG;wnf;[laom a&wkdY pD;0ifjcif;ESifhwlonf/ xdek nf;wlyif ysLwkEYd iS q hf ufo, G af &maESmrdjcif;rSmvnf; txuf wef;usvSaom ysLwkdY\,Ofaus;rIESifht&nfaoG;wnf;[laom a&wkdY onf xkdwzufqnfuefBuD;twGif;odkY pD;0ifjcif;ESifhwlayonf/ ysL,Ofaus;rIwnf;[laom a&uefrS a&rsm;? a&S;rGefwnf;[l aom a&uefrS a&rsm;? yk*HwzufqnfueftwGif;odkY ajrmif;ESpfoG,fjzifh pD;0ifum wzufqnfuefBuD;&Sd a&S;jrefrmwkdY\rl&if;,Ofaus;rIwnf;[l aoma&ESifha&maESmrdjcif;jzpfonf/ odkYa&maESmrd&mrS ydkrkdaumif;rGef ydkrkdt&nftaoG;pkHonfhtrsKd; om;t&nftaoG;opfrsm;wnf;[laom a&wko Yd nf wjznf;jznf;wk;d vm jcif;yifjzpfonf/ 160

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

yk*w H nf;[laom tqkyd gwzufqnfuefBu;D wGif ,if;a&ok;H rsK;d a&mpyfí wjznf;jznf; jynfv h mjcif;rSm txufwiG f qkcd ahJ om vlaY bmif b0opfBuD; wenf;qkdaomf EkdifiHopfwckudk wjznf;jznf; wnfaqmuf vmjcif;ESifhwlayonf/ pkaygif;aqmifrS atmifEdkfifrnf ,Ofaus;rItpOftvmaumif;&Sad om ysLESiahf &S;rGerf sm;? tkycf sKyf rI? pDrHcefYcGJrI? OD;pD;acgif;aqmifjyKrI? opfvGifwuf<uí &Sifoefaeaom pdwf"mwfESifhtrsKd;om;p&kdufaumif;rIwkdYjzifh jynfhpkHaom a&S;jrefrm? þ wkdif;&if;om;rsKd;\pk(3)pk yl;aygif;rdjcif;jzifh tqkdygEkdifiHopftzkdY tkwf jrpfudkcsrdcJhjcif;jzpf\/ wnfaqmufa&; pDrHudef;udkvnf; qGJrdNyD;jzpfcJhonf[k qkd&ay rnf/ þodt Yk w k jf rpfcsjcif;? wnfaqmufjcif;udk a&S;jrefrmwdcYk sn;f qkv d Qif aqmif&GufEkdifrnf r[kwfacs/ a&S;rGefwkdY oufoufqkdvQifvnf; aqmifusOf;Ekdifrnf r[kwf/ tvm;wlyif ysLwkdYcsnf;qkdvQifvnf; aqmif&GufEkdifrnf r[kwfacs/ a&S; rGef? ysL? a&S;jrefrmokH;OD;om;wkdYu rdrdwkdYtoD;toD;wGif&Sdaom t&nf taoG;rsm;udk yg0ifxnfo h iG ;f um wnDwnTww f nf; yl;aygif;aqmif&u G f Muíom jzpfEkdifjcif;ESifhaqmif&GufEkdifjcif; jzpf\/ a&S;OD; EkdifiHjcm;qufoG,frI þwdkif;&if;om;pnf;vkH;rIaMumifh at'D 10-&mpkESpfrsm;tukef avmufwGif yk*Honf xif&Sm;vmcJhonf/ a&S;jrefrmwkdY\qufvufa&TU ajymif;rIvnf; rsm;vmcJhonf/ ,if;a&TUajymif;rIwu Ydk kd yk*u H Bu;D Muyftyk x f ed ;f ay;cJ&h [efwo l nf/ qkcd NhJ y;D onft h wkid ;f taemufoYkd a&TUajymif;rI\wyfO;D wyfzsm;rS wkid ;f &if; om;wkdYonf ,ck&ckdifwkdif;ajrmufydkif; av;NrdKUESifhukvm;wefjrpf0Srf;wkdY 161

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

wGif tajcpkdufrdaomtcg taemufzuf&Sd y#duú&m;EkdifiHESifhyk*HwkdYonf ukef;vrf;tm;jzifh qufoG,frdcJhMu[efwl\/ þodjYk zifh y#du&ú m;wGif xGe;f um;cJah om r[m,meAk'0¨ g'? ouú #pmayESifh,Ofaus;rIwkdY yk*HbufodkY jyefYESHYvmcJhjcif;jzpfayrnf/ þum; yk*Honf EkdifiHjcm;wkdif;jynfwckESifha&S;OD;vufrGef quf oG,cf rhJ jd cif; jzpfonf[k qk&d ygrnf/ yk*w H iG f ygVd,Ofaus;rIxuf ouú# ,Ofaus;rIu apmí a&mufonf[k qkdEkdifaom taxmuftxm;wkdYudk tajcjyKí þ,lqcsufudk jyKvkyf&jcif; jzpfygonf/ c&D;raygufEkdifao;aom awmift&yf {&m0wDjrpfaMumif;udkvkdufí awmifbufodkYvnf; a&S;jrefrm wkdY a&TUajymif;cJhMuonfomjzpf\/ odkYaomf oa&acwå&mw0dkufwGif ysL wkdY xkxnfESifh&SdaecJhMuí ,ckrdausmif;&Jae&mavmufrS awmifbufodkY vGefí a&mufcJhMu[ef rwlMuacs/ ,if;odkYyif awmifbufodkY a&TUajymif;aexkdifEkdifcJhjcif;r&SdcJhMu aomfvnf; awmifbuf&Sd wkdif;&if;om;wkdYESifhum; tquftoG,f &SdcJh rnfomjzpf\/ aemufa&muf a&S;jrefrmwkdYxuf ,Ofaus;rIbufESifhvl rIa&;bufwGif ydkrkdwkd;wufcJhaomysLwkdYtjyif ppfawmif;jrpf0w0dkuf&Sd a&S;rGefwkdYonfvnf; þaemufa&mufvlwkdYESifhpD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;? quf oG,frIrsm;? ul;vl;zvS,frIrsm; &SdcJhMurnfom jzpfonf/ wefvkdif awmifbufwGif a&S;rGefwkdY\a'o ok0PÖblrdEkdifiH&Sdaeí yif v,forYkd aygufa&mufEidk af o;acs/ yifv,ftxd tpkta0;ESiahf &TUajymif; aexkdifEkdifcJhjcif; r&Sdao;acs/ odkYjzpfaomfvnf; qkdcJhNyD;aom qufoG,frIwkdYaMumifh a&S;jrefrm wkdYonf ok0PÖblrda'otaMumif;udk txkduftavsmuf odcJhNyD[kqdk& 162

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

ygrnf/ jrefrmEdik if aH wmifyikd ;f yifv,furf;&k;d wef;a'owkw Yd iG f a&S;,cif uwnf;u tdE´d,jynfawmifydkif;rSvma&mufaexkdifMuolrsm;? ul;vl; qufqaH ecJo h rl sm; &Scd NhJ y;D jzpfonf/ trsm;pkwrYkd mS r[me'DjrpfEiS *hf 'dk g0wD jrpfESpfoG,fpyfMum; tdE´d,ta&SUbufurf;&kd;wef;a'owavQmuf&Sd uvd*FEdkifiHrS ukefonfrsm;? bmoma&;orm;rsm;? pGefYpm;olrsm;jzpfcJhMu onf/ xkduvd*FEkdifiHom;wkdYonf jrefrmEkdifiHwGifomru rav;uRef; qG,f? ,cktif'dkeD;&Sm;? ,dk;',m;EkdifiHawmifydkif;wkdYudkvnf; tESHYtjym; a&mufcJhMuonf/ xkduvd*Fwkdif;&if;om;wkdYonf þa'orsm;ü ESpf&Snfvrsm; t quftoG,frsm;cJh[ef wlonf/ odkYjzpfí tdE´d,EkdifiHtjcm;a'orS vm aomolwu Ydk v kd nf; ta&SUawmiftm&SEidk if o H m;wku Yd uvd*EF idk if o H m;rsm; [k ,lqac:a0:vmMuonf/ xkda'owkdYwGif uvd*Ftrnfudk ae&ma'ovkdufí toHtrsKd; rsKd;uGJum ac:a0:cJhMu[ef wl\/ ,if;trnfrS qufaom toHuGJt rnfwdkYrSm wvdif(wvkdif)aw’if? w’if? awavif ponfwkdYjzpfonf/ odkYjzpfívnf; rav;&Sm;? ,kd;',m;? tif'dkeD;&Sm;paom ta&SU awmiftm&SEidk if rH sm;wGif tdE, d´ om;wku Yd kd txufyg uvd*rF S oufaom toHuGJtrnfrsm;ESifhac:a0:aeMujcif;jzpfonf/ ukvm; odkYaomf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;üum; tdE´d,EkdifiHom;wkdYudk ,if;toH rsKd;xGufaom trnfESifhrac:bJ ukvm;[kac:Muonf/ odkYaomf rGefwkdY udk tvGefa&S;usaom umvuyif wefvkdif(aemifaomf wvkdif;)ac: vmMuonf/ Ä Ä rlvu wefvkdif(wvkdif)trnfrSm rESpfNrdKUbG,f trnfr[kwfcJhacs/ t&if;&Sife,fcsJUacwfodkYa&mufaomtcg wvkdif[laomtrnfonf r oif[ h k wpkw H a,mufu t"dygÜ ,fziG ahf y;cJ\ h / ,if;a0g[m&udk a&S;tcg 163

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

þtac:ta0:rsm;rSm xl;jcm;aeonf/ rav;&Sm;? ,kd;',m; rSm ac:a0:okH;pGJaom tac:ta0:wkdYESifhrwlbJ tb,fhaMumifh ,if; odkYaom uGJjym;rIjzpf&oenf;/ ausmufqnfa'owGif rGefwkdYudk awGUcJh NyD;jzpf\/ ok0PÖblrdtaMumif;udk a&S;jrefrmwkdY pwifodpOfu xkda'o wGif tdE´d,om;rsm;ESifhwkdif;&if;om;rsm;&Sdonfudk cGJjcm;odMuaomfvnf; wkid ;f &if;om;wku Yd kd wkid ;f &if;om;wku Yd Ekid if jH cm;om;wku Yd akd c:aomtrnf ESifhvGJrSm;í em;vnfcJhavoavm[k awG;bG,f&m&Sdygonf/ EkdifiHjcm;om;rsm;udk a&S;jrefrmwkdYu ukvm;[lonfhtrnfonf ukvykwåtrsKd;aumif;om; odkYr[kwf ukvjrwfaomtrsKd;[laom ygVd a0g[m&wkdYrS qif;oufonf[k ,lq&onf/_ þa0g[m& odkYr[kwf tac:ta0:wkdYudk azmfjy&jcif;rSm xkdpOfu a&S;jrefrmwkdYESifhqufoG,fcJh aom EdkifiHjcm;om;wkdYudk azmfjy&efESifh xkdolwkdYESifhpyfvsOf;í a&S;jrefrm wkdY\A[kokwudk cefYrSef;Edkif&ef jzpfygonf/ jynfawmfom qkdcJhNyD;onfwkdYudk axmufí at'D 10-&mpkESpfrsm;avmufu a&S;jrefrmwdkY tajcpdkufaexkdifí ydkifEkdifpGm BuD;pdk;EdkifcJhaom a'owkdYrSm c&kid af 'orsm;jzpfaom ausmufqnf? rif;bl;ESiahf wifjyKe;f a'orsm;? ,if; wkdYudk qufpyfay;xm;aom yk*Ha'oESifhawmifwGif;BuD;a'owkdYavmuf om jzpfayonf/ uwnf;u okH;pGJvmcJhaom jrefrmwkdYESifhrGefwkdYudk aoG;cGJ&ef þtac: ta0:udkyif vufeufozG,f okH;vmcJhonfudk awGU&onf/ jynfolwkdY onf rESpo f ufaomtrnfukd rok;H MubJ aoG;cGrJ u I kd a&SmifEikd cf MhJ uonf/ _,ckacwfwiG f ukvm;[laoma0g[m&onf rESpNf rKd UbG,jf zpfaomteuf oabmudk aqmifaomfvnf; rlvu *kPfodu©m&SdvSaom trnfjzpfcJh avonf/ a0g[m&\t"dyÜg,fonf tajctaetvkduf ajymif;cJhjcif; jzpfonf/ 164

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

ausmufpmrsm;wGif awGU&S&d aomxl;jcm;aom taxmuftxm; a0g[m&wckrSm jynfawmfom(yvnfw0fom)jzpfonf/ jynfawmfom [kac:aom a'oESpfck&Sdonf/ wckrSm yk*H\ajrmufzuf ,ckppfudkif; c&kdif &GmopfBuD;\wpdwfwa'o jzpfaoma'o(,aeYwkdif xkd&yfuGuf udk jynfawmfom[kac:onf/ xkda'owGif yk*HacwftaqmufttkHrsm; ESifha&S;a[mif;ausmufpmrsm;udk awGU&onf/)jzpf\/ tjcm;a'owckrSm ,ckrdausmif;&Jawmifbuf {&m0wDjrpftwGif;&Sd uRef;awmfjzpfonf/ uRef;awmfudk jynfawmfomuRef;[kvnf; ac:onf/ þuRef; i,fay:wGif yk*Hacwf taqmufttkHrsm;? yk*Hacwfausmufpmrsm;udk ,aeYwkdif awGUEkdifonf/ jynfawmfomwckrSm yk*Hajrmufzuf? wckrSm yk*HawmifbufwGif &Sdonf/ ESpfckvkH;onf {&m0wDjrpfay:wGif wnfae onf/ {&m0wDrSm t"duvrf;rBuD;jzpf&m yk*HodkYoGm;&m xkdvrf;rBuD;udk ajrmufzufESifhawmifbufü jynfawmfom[kac:aom a'owckpDu uif;apmifhaeonfhozG,f wnfaeonfrSm pdwf0ifpm;bG,fjzpfonf/ wrÜ'DyEkdifiHi,f þjynfawmfomwkdYrSm yk*Hudk A[dkjyKaom a&S;jrefrmwkdY\EkdifiH wGif;odkY0if&m t"du0ifaygufrsm; jzpfonf/ wenf;awG;aomf þjynf awmfom wHcg;aygufrsm;? odkYr[kwf pcef;rsm;udk jzwfausmfrdvQif jynf awmfomwnf;[laom yk*HEkdifiHi,ftwGif;odkY a&mufonf[k xifrSwf zG,f&mjzpfonf/ xkdyk*HEkdifiHi,fudk yk*Hacwfaemufydkif; ausmufpmwGif wrÜ'Dy(oHjywdwf)EkdifiH[k awGU&onf/ þonfwkdYudk axmufí 10-&mpk at'DESpfrsm;twGif; a&S;jref rmwkdYonf ausmufqnf 11c&kdifESifhrif;bl; 6c&kdifa'orsm;udk ausm axmufaemufcjH yKaom yk*u H kd A[dx k m;í wrÜ'yD Edik if iH ,fukd a&S;OD;vuf rGef wnfaxmifcJhonf[k qkdEkdifygonf/ xkEd idk if t H wGi;f a'otvku d f rdrw d t Ydk yk pf Ek iS rhf rd w d Ydk ud, k rhf if;ud, k hf csif;aeMuaom vlYtzGJUtpnf;rsm;vnf; &SdcJhonf/ ,if;wkdYudk yk*Hu 165

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

avsmv h sn;f pGm pkpnf;xm;cJ[ h ef wlonf/ ud, k rhf if;uk, d cfh si;f ESiahf ecJah om tkyfpkwdkY\acgif;aqmifrsm;rSm rif;_rsm;jzpfonf/ qkdcJhNyD;onfhtwkdif; xDvkdifrif;ESifhawmifwGif;wkdYrSm ,if;uJhodkY udk,fhrif;ukd,fhcsif; vlYtzGJUt pnf;wk\ Yd ausmufpmvm acgif;aqmifrsm;? tBu;D tuJrsm; jzpfcahJ yonf/ taemf&xmrwkdifrD tkyfpkd;cJhaom rif;rsm; &mZ0ifusr;f rsm;u taemf&xmrwkid rf D yk*w H iG f tkypf ;kd oGm;aom rif;trsm;yif &SdaMumif;qkdonf/ ,if;rif;wkdYtaMumif;udk avhvmMunfh vQif ysLapmxD;? xD;rif;,Ofpaomrif;wkrYd mS eefapmESirhf &lw\ Ydk 'EÅm&Dvm rif;wdkYESifhwlaeonfudk awGU&onf/ tcsKdUrif;wkdYtaMumif;udk azmfjy&mwGif txl;taxGr&Sd? trnf ESifheef;pHESpf ponfwkdYavmufomqkd\/ tcsKdUrif;wkdY\trnfwkdYonf xGefwkduf? xGefypf? xGefcspf ponfjzifh xGefESifhpí tcsKdUrSm cef;avmif;? cef;owf ponfjzifh cef;ESifhponf/ obm0usaom trnfrsm; r[kwf [k qkd&ygrnf/ odkYaomf &mZ0ifusrf;üvnf;vmí ckdifvkHaom ausmufpmESifh rSifpmwkdYwGifvnf; azmfjyyg&Sdaom rif;ESpfyg;udk awGU&onf/ ,if;wkdYrSm apm&[ef;ESifhausmif;jzLrif;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ apm&[ef;rif; þrif;rSm &mZ0ifusrf;rsm;wGif vmaom anmifOD;apm&[ef; rif;jzpfwef&monf/ wk&if(wl&Gif;)awmifay:&Sd apm&[ef;odrfausmuf pmt&aomf þrif;onf odrfwckudk wk&ifawmifay:wGif wnfcJhaom rif;jzpfaMumif; od&onf/ odrw f nfaomrif;onf ax&0g'Ak'o ¨ moem _rif;rSm tkrd if;onfqadk om acwfa0g[m&wGiyf gonfh rif;uJo h yYkd if Bu;D onf/ odkYr[kwf tBuD;tuJ[k rlvut"dyÜg,f&onf/ aemufacwfrsm; wGif bk&if odkYr[kwf &Sifbk&if[laom a0g[m&u ydkí wGifvmcJhonf/ 166

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

udk ouf0if,kHMunfaomrif;jzpfonf[k omreftm;jzifh ,lqEkdifonf/ Ak'¨omoemwGif odrfwnfaqmufvmonfqkduwnf;u orkwdoCFm awmfrsm;&SdaeNyD[k pdwfcspGm ,kHMunfEkdifonf/ &mZ0ifusrf;rsm;wGif þrif;udk awmifolBuD;rif;[kvnf;ac: onf/ þrif;onf e*g;&kyfvkyfí udk;uG,fonf/ t,lrSm;aom &Sift &nf;wkdYudkvnf; udk;uG,fonf/ &Sift&nf;wkdYESifhwkdifyifí ykxkd; 5-vkH; wnfonf/ ykxkd;wkdYwGif ewf&kyfvnf; rrnf? bk&m;&kyfvnf; rrnf vkyfí n eHeuf xrif; [if;? aopmwifí udk;uG,fonf/ bk&m;&Sif y&d,wåd omoemawmf ra&muf rwnfacs/ orxD;t&nf;wkdY t,lukdom w jynfvkH;,lukefMuonf[k &mZ0ifusrf;wkdYu qkdonf/ þrif;wnfonfqkdaom ykxkd; 5-vkH;wGif tygt0ifjzpfonfh ykx;kd om;onf ,aeYy*k NH rKd UtwGi;f awmifbufNrKd U&k;d teD;&Sd ykx;kd om;rsm; omjzpfvQif &mZ0ifusrf;wkdYüqkdonfhtwkdif; r[kwfonfudkawGU&rnf/ tvGefyDoaom jrwfpGmbk&m;\&kyfyGm;awmfrsm;? yef;csDum;csyf rsm;? 0denf;yd#uwftaMumif; a&S;rGefbmomESifha&;xm;aom pmrsm; jzpfonf/ t&nf;BuD;bk&m; r[kwfEkdifacs/ qifjcifEkdifMu&efjzpfonf/ ausmif;jzLrif; ausmif;jzLrif;rSm &mZ0ifusrf;rsm;wGifvmaom aMumif;jzLrif; jzpfwef&monf/ uGrf;aqmfaMumif;jzLrif;[kvnf;ac:onf/ r,fawmfonf aMumif;jzLt&yfü ae&pOf zGm;jrifaomaMumifh þtrnfudk&onfqkd\/ þrif;onf apm&[ef;udk qufcHaomrif;jzpf onf[k &mZ0ifusrf;wkdYwGif awGU&onf/ þrif;onf o&P*kyH Oöou D kd aeYwidk ;f aqmufwnfí tEkówd 10-yg;udk waeYESpfaxmif&atmif pD;jzef;onf/ opömpum;udkvnf; rSef atmifokH;onfqkd\/ þtusifhwdkYrSm ax&0g'*kdPf; Ak'¨0g't& usifh&aomtusifh 167

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

rsm;jzpfonf/ txufwiG f qkcd o hJ nfw h jynfv;Hk t&nf;wdt Yk ,lukd ,lonfh umvuyifjzpfí &mZ0ifwkdY\a&SUpum;ESifhaemufpum;udk qifjcif&ef jzpfonf/ anmifOD;apm&[ef;rif;onf rif;orD; nDtrawmfokH;yg;udk rd zk&m;ajr§mufí tBuD;udk awmifjyifonf? tvwfudk tv,fjyifonf[k wGif\/ ti,fukd ajrmufjyifonf[w k iG \ f / xko d ;Hk yg;wGif tBu;D awmif jyifonfwiG f usn;f qk;d udk y#doaE¨ 9-v? tv,fjyifonfwiG f pkuaú w; udk y#doaE¨ 6-v&Sad omtcg anmifO;D apm&[ef; tedpaö &mufawmfr\ l / uGr;f aqmfrif;jzpfawmfrv l Qif xkrd zd &k m;ok;H yg;wku Yd kd rdz&k m;ajrm§ uf awmfrl\/ rsm;rMumrDvQif rdzk&m;ajrmufjyifonf(ti,f)wGif taemf &xmrif;apmudk zGm;\/ taemf&xmrif;apmudk aMumif;jzLrif;\om;? usn;f qk;d ESiphf u k aú w;udk anmifO;D apm&[ef;rif;\om;rsm;[k cGcJ jJG cm;jcm; qkdonf/ taemf&xmrif;apm\rsKd;&kd;ukd &mZ0ifwGifvmonfhtwkdif; odomEkdif&ef azmfjyvkduf&jcif; jzpfonf/ ouú&mZf 675-cka&;jrif;uyg wlajymufi,frifpmau’mifzvl (ausmif;jzL)rif;taMumif;udk awGU&onf/ t&pfESifhra&;bJ vqGJ&&pf ESifha&;onf/ jzLaomausmif;[k t"dyÜg,f&onf/ þrifpmrSm xkdulajymuf i,fteD; xkdrif;wnfvkyfcJhaom &yfawmfrl&kyfyGm;awmfBuD; ysufpD;onf udk rdz&k m;apmu jyifqifcidk ;f í jyifqif&aMumif; rSww f rf;wifxm;aom rifpm jzpfonf/ &mZ0ifwkdYwGif... usnf;qkd;ESifhpkuúaw;t&G,fodkY a&mufvQif ]ausmif;}om,mpGm jyKí uGrf;aqmfrif;ukd om"kac:awmfrlyg[k avQmufav\/ uGr;f aqmfrif;vnf; rpl;rprf; rqifrjcif ,kMH unfawmfrí l vku d f awmfrlav\/ usnf;qkd;ESifhpkuúaw;vnf; rif;BuD;ukd zrf;NyD;aomf Ncdrf; acsmufí&[ef;jyKap\/ taemf&xmrif;apmonf pkuaú w;rif;udk jrif;pD;csi;f wku d yf w JG iG f 168

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

tEkdif&NyD;aemuf... crnf;awmfausmif;odYk oGm;í rif;jyKawmfryl g[k awmif;yefawmf rl\/ crnf;awmfvnf; ig touft&G,Bf u;D Ny?D tarmifom rif;jyKawmh [k rdefYawmfrl\/ taemf&xmrif;apmeef;wufí crnf;awmfudkvnf; &[ef;rif;jyK(ap)av\/ xkrd if;um; rdz&k m; armif;rrdów H EYdk iS x hf adk usmif; wGif &[ef;rif;tjzpf pHawmfrl\/ [kvnf;qkdxm;&m þrif;rSm tjzLa&mifjc,fxm;aom ausmif;wGif pH aomrif;[k qkb d , G &f m&So d nf/ aMumif;jzLt&yfukd tpGjJ yKí ac:onf[l aom &mZ0ifvm tcsufudk qifjcifEkdif&ef qkd&jcif;jzpfygonf/ þodkY rif;ESpfyg;udpöESifhpyfvsOf;í qifjcifEkdif&ef tao;pdwft csuftvufrsm;udk azmfjyjcif;rSm avhvmaeaom orkdif;pOftwGuf t a&;BuD;vSíum; r[kwfyg/ odkYaomf ,if;odkY &Sif;vif;azmfjyjcif;tm;jzifh ajr&Sifya'o&mZf xkdwacwfu jynfolvlxk\tajctaeudk avhvm&mwGif taxmuf tulum; &Ekdifygonf/ þtaxmuftuludk,lí taemf&xmrif;eef; rwufrDumv jrefrmEkdifiH tv,fydkif;tajctaeudk þodkY odrSwfEkdif onf/ taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmrif;rsm; taemf&xmeef;rwufrD yk*HwGif tkyfpkd;oGm;aom rif;wkdYteuf ckdifcdkifvkHvkHod&aom rif;ESpfyg;&SdcJhonf/ xkdrif;wkdYrSm apm&[ef;rif;ESifh ausmif;jzLrif;wkdY jzpfonf/ rif;ESpfyg;vkH;\bGJUrnfwkdYrSm Ak'¨omoemESifhqufpyfaeonf/ wyg;rSm Ak'¨omoemusifhokH;rIqkdif&m tzGJUtpnf;ü r&SdvQifrjzpfaom &[ef;awmfrsm; uHaqmif&m ]odrf}ESifhqufpyfaeonf/ tjcm;wyg;rSm &[ef;awmfrsm; oDwif;okH;&mausmif;ESifhquf pyfaeonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;\&yfawmfrl&kyfyGm;awmfudk wnfvkyfudk;uG,f olvnf; jzpfonf/ 169

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

odkYjzpfí ax&0g'Ak'¨omoemawmf\tajccH tcsuftvuf rsm; a&muf&cdS NhJ y;D jzpfaMumif;udk tckid t f vkq H Edk idk o f nf/ jrefrmEkid if aH x& 0g'Ak'¨omoemawmfudk ysLESifha&S;rGefwkdY ,kHMunfvkdufemusifhokH;vmcJh onfrSm a&S;ya0PDujzpfonf/ xkyd sL? a&S;rGew f EYdk iS ahf &S;jrefrmwkYd awGUqkaH &maESmrdco hJ nfrmS vnf; MumNyDjzpfí taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fykdif;wGif ax&0g' Ak'¨omoemudk odMuNyD;jzpfonfudk oHo,jzpf&efrvkd[k xifonf/ taemf&xmeef;wufEpS u f kd at'D 1044(11-&mpktv,fcef)Y [k omreftm;jzifh ynm&Sifrsm;u cefYrSef;xm;Muonf/ &mZ0ifusrf;rsm;wGif ay;xm;aom ckESpfwkdYudk tajcjyKí wGuf csu, f al omf anmifO;D apm&[ef;rif;onf 10-&mpkEpS rf sm; tv,fcefu Y tkyfpkd;cJhonf[k od&onf/ ya'o&mZf vlYtzGJUtpnf; rnfodkYyifjzpfap at'D 9-&mpkESpfrsm;\tv,favmuf(850 at'DcefY)wGif ysOfjym;rif; yk*HNrdKUudk pwifwnfcJhonf[laom tcsufudk omreftm;jzifh ,kwådwefonf[k ,lq&aMumif; qkdcJhNyD;jzpfygonf/ at'D 10-&mpkESpfrsm;\tv,favmuf(960-at'DcefY)wGif apm&[ef;tkyfpkd;cJhonf/ odkYjzpfí at'D 9-&mpkESpfrsm;tv,favmufrS tpjyKum jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif;wGif ya'o&mZfpepf&SdaeNyD[k cefYrSef; í 10-&mpkESpfrsm;tv,favmufwGif wrÜ'DyEkdifiHi,fwnf;[laom ya'o&mZfEkdifiHi,f &SdaeNyD;jzpfonf[k qkdEkdifonf/ xkdEkdifiHi,f\EdkifiH om;wkrYd mS ysL? a&S;rGe?f a&S;jrefrmwd\ kY ,Ofaus;rItpOftvmwku Yd kd pkaygif; tyfaom pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;wdkYudk tajccHonfhya'o&mZfvlaerIpepf t& vlYabmifopfudk zGJUpnf;aexkdifvsuf &SdMuNyD; jzpfonf/

170

Adv k rf LS ;b&Sif

wdkfif;&if;om;pnf;&kH;rIESifhyxrjrefrmEdkifiH vmvwåHUaom at'D 11-&mpkESpfrsm;twGif; þEdkifiHi,fwGif aexkdifMuukefaom a&S;jrefrm? ysL? a&S;rGef tp&Sdonfhwkdif;&if;om;wkdY pkaygif;BuKd ;yrf;aqmif&u G rf w I iG f taemf&xmrif;uJo h aYkd om acgif;aqmif aumif;\OD;pD;OD;aqmifrjI zifh jrefrmEkid if H tjcm;a'orsm;&Sd wkid ;f &if;om; wkdYudkyg odrf;oGif;pnf;&kH;EkdifcJhonf/ ydkrkdus,fjyefYaom ya'o&mZfacwf vlYtzGJUtpnf;BuD;udkvnf; wnfaqmufEkdifcJhayonf/ ,if;vlt Y zGUJ tpnf;Bu;D udk yxrjrefrmEdik if [ H v k nf;aumif;? yk*H acwfjrefrmEkid if [ H v k nf;aumif; acwforkid ;f ynm&Siw f u Ydk ac:Muonf/ þyxrjrefrmEkdifiHESifhtHhcsD;bG,f&m BuD;us,fcef;em;vSaom yk*Hacwf,Ofaus;rIESifhtpOftvmaumif;rsm;udk xdkacwf wkdif;&if;om; wdkY\pnf;vkH;nDnTwfrIay:wGif tajcwnfíom wnfaqmufEkdifcJhjcif; jzpfayownf;/

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