Damming The Irrawaddy Burmese by Satt Ka

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The Myitsone Song of praise for the Kachin confluence Memorable ever pleasant Kachin homeland Mali hka and Nmai hka flow there with beautiful and colorful surroundings Local residents enjoy their lives This is the lovely natural homeland of the Kachin people Dear loving brothers and sisters Will you forget it due to long loss of contact? Will you be looking forward to my return? On the river banks of Mali hka and Nmai hka The singerÂ&#x2019;s song spreads The fascinating environment of Kachin homeland Impressed my heart and nostalgia is felt I will keep the music of my soul in my heart for you brothers and sisters

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&if;ESD;jr KyfESHolrsm; w&kwfEdkifiH v#yfppf"gwftm; &if;ESD;jr KyfESHr_ aumfyakd &;&Si;f (CPI)onf . Edik if &H yfjcm; &if;ESD;jr KyfESHr_wGif b¾maiGaxmufyHhjcif;/ ñu&H Edik af om ar#mv f ifrh xm;onfh tE &W m,f qHk;&_H;r_rsm;udk pDrHtkyfcsKyfjcif;wdk@ESifh ywf w&kwfEdkifiH v#yfppf"gwftm; &if;ESD;jr KyfESHr_ aumfydka&; oufI b%f}uD;rsm;ESifh aumfydka&;&Sif;t &Sif; (CPI) u 2007 ckESpf/ rwfvwGif usif;yaom rsm;udk oGm;a&mufawG@qHk+yD; t}uHOm%f jynfy&Sd a&tm;v#yfppfpDrHcsufrsm;Y &if;ESD;jr KyfESHr_zdwf rsm;awmif;cHcy hJ gonf? Tod@k aom aqG;aEG; ac:a&;aqG;aEG;yGJwck wdkifyifcH tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGif w&kwfEdkifiH yd@k uek -f oGi;f ukef b%f (China Exim Bank)/ w&kwEf ikd if H yd@k uek f tmrcH aumfyakd &;&Si;f (China Export Credit Insurance Corporation)/ w&kwE f ikd if H pufrE_ iS hf ul;oef;a&mif; 0,fa&;b%f (Industrial and Commercial Bank of China)/ w&kwEf ikd if H aqmufvyk f a&;b%f (The Construction Bank of China)/ umvf,eG f aumfyakd &;&Si;f ESihf &if;ES;D jr yEf rHS _ {&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif;

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Photo: CPI publication

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Photos of CISPDR s field work in Kachin State

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{&m0wD jrpfqq kH nf pDrcH suaf =umifh a&v$r;f cH&rnfah e&mrsm;

Marazup

N jangyang Chibwe

Tang Hpre

Sailaw

Myitkyina

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(1992) ckESpfrS (2006) ckESpftwGif;/ ucsifjynfe,ftwGif; wyfpGJtajccsxm;aom ajcv#ifwyf&if;rsm;ta&twGufrSm (26) &if;rS (41)&if;txd wdk;wufrsm;jym;vmcJhyg onf? tajrmuf}uD;wyfpcef;rsm;rSmvnf; (3) ckrS (7) cktxd wdk;wufvmcJhygonf? xd@k tjyif jynfe,ftwGi;f wGif ppfpcef;ae&mcsxm;r_rsm;onfvnf; ae&mtES@H tjym;wGif ydkIwdk;csJ@ jzef@usufcsxm;vmcJhygonf?68 qnfrsm;tygt0if/ t}uD;pm; wnfaqmufa&;pDrHcsufrsm;. vHkðcHa&;twGuf ppfom; rsm; ydrk w kd ;kd cs@J csxm;jcif;onf ppftpd;k & tkycf sKyfaeaom jrefrmEdik if t H ES@H tjym;Y jzpfymG ;ae cJyh gonf? Oyrmtm;jzif-h u&ifejD ynfe,ftwGi;f &Sd avmyDwa&tm;v#ypf pf pDru H ed ;f wGif vnf; tvm;wl wnfaqmufa&;umvESihf aemufyikd ;f umvrsm;wGif jrefrmppftpd;k &. wyf&if;rsm; ydkrdkwdk;csJ@ csxm;vmcJhonfudk ñuHcJh=u&ygonf? Todk@ ppfwyfrsm;wdk;csJ@ cs xm;vmr_a=umifh a'ocHjynfov l x l rk sm;tay: wd;k IzdEydS rf r_ sm;/ zdp;D r_rsm;jzpfap+yD;/ t"rR aiGaumufcjH cif;/ ajr,mrsm; odr;f ,ljcif;/ ppfwyftwGuf t"rRvyk t f m;cdik ;f apjcif; ponfh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;vnf; jzpfay:cJhygonf? xdk@tjyif ppfwyfrsm; wdk;csJ@csxm; vmr_a=umifh trsK;d orD;rsm;wGif txl;ojzifh ydI k xdcu kd ef pfemzG,/f rawmfrw&m;ðycH&zG,f tajctaeñuH&Edik af =umif; rSww f rf;rsm;t& awG@&cdS =hJ u&ygonf? (trsK;d orD;rsm;twGuf txl;xdcdkufepfemapEdkifonfh tE W&m,frsm;tcef;udk=unfhyg?) (2006) ckEpS /f pufwifbmvwGif ajcjrefwyf&if; trSwf (29) rS ppfom;tiftm; (500) cef@ukd jrpf}uD;em;awmifbuf&dS av;uke;f rS òr@ajrmufbuf&dS yvmeod@k ajymif;a&$@tajc pdu k af pcJyh gonf? yvmeae&mrSm {&m0wDjrpfqq kH nf wnfaqmufrnfah e&mrS uDvrkd w D m (20)cef@om uGma0;aomae&mjzpfygonf? wyfpcef;csrnfhae&mESifh eD;aomae&mrsm; &Sdtdrfajc (50)cef@udk ajrmufydkif;wdkif; ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rSL;. trdef@jzifh t"rRa&$@ajymif; apcJyh gonf? ajymif;a&$@=u&onfh tdraf xmifprk sm;rSm rnfonfah v#maf =u;aiGr# r&&S=d uo uJhodk@/ rnfonfhae&modk@ ajymif;a&$@=u&rSef;vnf;rodyg? aus;&Gmom;rsm;. owif;ay;ydk@csuft& ,cktcg/ at;&Sm;a0gvfukr`%D. pDrHcsuft aumiftxnfazmfrnfh pcef;twGuf jcHae&mowfrw S /f jcHpnf;&d;k umxm;+yD jzpf+yD;/ xdpk cef;*dwfaygufwGif vufeufudkif tapmifhrsm;vnf; csxm;a=umif; ajymjy=uygonf? TpDrcH suf qufvufaqmif&u G o f nfEiS t hf r# Tqnfwnfaqmufa&; pDrcH su. f vHðk cHa&; twGuf jrefrmppfwyfrS ppfom;rsm;ESifh tpm;xdk; toHk;ðy-rðyudk twdtusrajymEdkif ao;yg? {&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif;

tajcrJh ajymif;a&$@=u&jcif;ESihf vdiu f jJG ym;r_tay: tusK;d oufa&mufapr_

tajcrJh a&$@ajymif;r_a=umifh jzpf&aom/ vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;udk taxGaxGtm;jzifh qif;&Jusyfwnf;apjcif;/ vlr_a&;t& upifhuvsm;jzpf&jcif;/ udk,fpdwf'kuQrsm; ESihf use;f rma&;qdik &f m qd;k usK;d oufa&mufrr_ sm;onf txl;ojzifh trsK;d orD;rsm; tay: ydkIqdk;&Gm;pGm xdcdkufr_ &Sdapygonf? (urBmhqnfrsm;qdkif&m aumfr&Sif? pm-115) qnfprD cH surf sm;a=umifh ae&majymif;a&$@&r_EiS hf jyefvnftajccs=u&r_w@kd a=umifh jzpf&aom qd;k usK;d rsm;oufa&muf&mwGif trsK;d om;rsm;ESihf trsK;d orD;rsm;tay: xdcdkufapyHkjcif; rwl=uyg? ae&majymif;a&$@=u&jcif;a=umifh &Sdaeaom vlr_ tzG@J tpnf;ESihf rdom;pkrsm;. aqGrsK;d todu k t f ðrHukd òyuGaJ pygonf? trsK;d orD; rsm;onf obm0t& trsK;d om;rsm;xuf a&G@vsm;oGm;vmaexdik rf _ enf;yg;jcif; a=umifhvnf;aumif;/ rdom;pkrsm;/ aus;&Gmrsm;/ vlr_todkuftðrHrsm; òyuGJ =u&jcif;a=umifhvnf;aumif;/ trsKd;orD;rsm;wGif ydkIxdcdkufepfemr_ jzpf=u&yg onf? tu,fI jyefvnftajccsaexdik f &yguvnf;/ a,mufsm;rsm;rSm ydI k v_yf &Sm;oGm;vmwwfonfh obm0&Sjd cif;a=umifh òr@rsm;wGif 0ifaiGaumif;aom t vky&f &ef/ od@k r[kwf tpm;xd;k tvky&f &ef ydI k vG,u f yl gonf? Edi_ ;f ,SOcf sut f & 71 trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf tvkyf&&ef ydkIcufcJygonf?

{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif;

urBmhqnfrsm;qdkif&m aumfr&SiftwGuf avhvmcsufpmwrf;wGif/ rm;uyfpf udv k cf supf wm (Marcus Colchester) u ajymif;a&$@tajccs+yD;aemuf jzpf&yHu k kd atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyxm;cJhygonf? tajctae wpHkvHk;t& 0ifaiGav#mhyg;oGm;+yD;/ tpm;taomuf&SmazG&jcif; onfvnf; ydkrdkcufcJvmygonf? xif;avmifpmrsm;vnf;&Sm&ef cufcJvmyg hf r# olw@kd onf? trsK;d orD;rsm;onfvnf; awmawmifrsm;ESihf a0;vmonfEiS t uke=f urf;ypPn;f rsm; r&Edik o f nft h wGu/f &d;k &mjzpfonfh ,ufuef;,ufjcif;/ jcif; awmif;,ufjcif;vkyfief;rsm; vnf; qufvufvkyfudkif&ef cufcJvmygonf? æ æajr,mudk twlwuG ydik q f ikd =f uaom trsK;d om;ESihf trsK;d orD;rsm;udk av#mf a=u;aiGrsm;ay;&mY twlwuG &oif=h uaomfvnf;/ tdraf xmifO;D pD;jzpfol trsK;d om;uom av#maf =u;aiGukd &&Sad vh&ydS gonf? tcsK@d trsK;d orD;rsm;u ajymjy=u &mwGif olw@kd . cifyeG ;f rsm; pGe@f ypfomG ;onfuv kd nf; ñuHawG@=u&+yD;/ xdak iGa=u;udk ,lI tjcm;trsK;d orD;ESihf tdr, f mxlaxmif=uonfvnf; &Syd gonf? wd@k tae jzifh u,forl hJ 'kuaQ &muf=u&onfh tajctae ñuH=u&ygonf? tcsK@d aom jzpf&yf rsm;wGif/ Oyrm-rkqdk;r wckvyfuJhodk@ aom trsKd;orD;rsm;u tdrfaxmifudk OD;pD;=uaomfvnf; av#mfa=u;ay;&ef c|if;csefxm;onfrsKd;ñuH&ygonf? 72 ajymif;a&$@tajccs&r_rsm;wGif trsK;d orD;rsm;onf trsK;d om;rsm;xuf ydI k xdcu kd f epfem=u&a=umif; urBmb h %f uvnf; todtrSwðf yxm;ygonf? ta=umif;rSm trsK;d orD;rsm;rSm olw@kd aetdr/f od@k r[kwf teD;tem;wGif ti,fpm; pD;yGm;a&; vkyif ef;rsm;udk tajcðyI 0ifaiG&mS =u&aoma=umifjh zpfygonf? xd@k tjyif aus; vufa'oae trsKd;orD;rsm;rSm rr#rw ydkIxdcdkufepfemcHpm;=u&zG,f t a=umif;&Syd gonf? tb,fa=umifq h akd omf olw@kd onf vltrsm; ydik q f ikd =f uonfh (opfawm/ pm;usuaf jr paom) &yf&mG trsm;ydik f &if;jrpfrsm;tay: ydI k rScSD akd e=u &aoma=umifjh zpfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzif-h v,fajrtrsm;pkukd a,mufsm;rsm;u ydik q f ikd =f u+yD;/ tcsK@d aom O,smOfrsm;rS rnfoyl ikd q f ikd o f nf[k owfrw S x f m;jcif; 73 r&Sdaomajrrsm;wGif &Sdaewwf=uygonf?

trsK;d orD;rsm;twGuf txl;xdcu kd ef pfemapEdik o f nfh tEW&m,frsm;

jrefrmppfom;rsm;u usL;vGefEdkifonfh vdifr_qdkif&mt=urf;zuf apmfum;r_rsm; jrefrmppfwyfz@JG 0ifrsm;u wdik ;f &if;om;a'orsm;wGif trsK;d orD;rsm;tay: rk'rd ;f usi/hf vdirf _ qdkif&mt& t=urf;zuf=uaom jzpf&yfrsm;udk tpD&ifcHpmtrsm;tjym;Y rSwfwrf;wif {&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif;

azmfjyxm;=u+yD;jzpfygonf?69 jrefrm ppfwyfzGJ@0iftrsm;u usL;vGefaom rk'drf;r_rsm;rSm pHkprf;ppfaq;jcif;r&Sdovdk/ jypfr_usL;vGefoludkvnf; wpHkw&m tjypfay;jcif; r&Sdyg? T tvm;wl jzpf&yfrsm;rSm u&ifeDjynfe,fwGif avmyDwa&tm;v#yfppfpuf&Hk vHðk cHa&;t wGuf apmifh=uyf&aom ppfom;rsm;wGifvnf; jzpfay:usL;vGefcJh=uygonf? (2007) ckESpf/ azaz:0g&DvwGif touf(14 rS 16) ESpftwGif;&Sd ausmif;ol (4) OD;udk ucsijf ynfe,fajrmufyikd ;f / ylwmtd&k dS ppfwyft&m&Sd (3) OD;ESihf ppfom; (4)OD;wd@k u tkypf k jzifh rk'drf;ðyusifhcJh=uygonf? Trdefuav;rsm;udk jynfhwefqmvkyfr_ESifh zrf;qD;xm;cJh+yD;/ EdkifiHwumu &_H@csjypfwifr_rsm; jzpfay:vmonfhtcgrSom jyefv$wfay;cJhygonf?70 Trk 'dr;f r_usL;vGeo f rl sm;tay: ta&;,ltjypfay;cJjh cif; &S-d r&Su d kd tao;pdwf rod&&dS yg? Tod@k aom tjypf&o dS nfh w&m;cHrsm;udk ta&;,ltjypfray;bJxm;onfh tajctaeESihf tpd;k & udk,fYu trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_rsm; cGifhðyusL;vGefapaom tajctaewGif {&m0wDjrpfqHkqnf wnfaqmufa&;pDrHcsufae&mwGif/ ppfwyfrsm; ydkIwdk;csJ@csxm;rnf/ ppfom;rsm; ydI k wd;k rsm;vmaprnfh taetxm;a=umifh ydI k txl;pd;k &drzf , G f jzpfapygonf? vdifazsmfajza&;vkyfief; }uD;xGm;vmapEdkifjcif;? ucsizf @HG òzd;wk;d wufa&;uGe&f uftzG@J (KDNG) u tao;pdwf rSww f rf;ðycJah om [l;aumif; csKid 0hf rS ;f a'o&Sd a&$rikd ;f wl;azmf=uonfh a&$wiG ;f rsm;wGif ,m,Dtajccsvmonfh vkyo f m; rsm; rsm;jym;vmjcif;/ xdkvkyfom;rsm;onfvnf; jzpfovdktaetxm;wGif aexdkif=u& jcif;tjyif/ trsK;d orD;rsm;taejzifh vkycf vpmenf;onft h jyif/ tvkyt f cGit hf vrf;vnf; &Sm;yg;onfhtwGufa=umifh Ta'orsm;Y vdifazsmfajza&;vkyfief; }uD;xGm;vmaeyHkudk azmfjycJyh gonf? jrpfqq kH nf wnfaqmufa&;uJo h @kd aom pDrcH su}f uD;rsm; wnfaqmuf=u rnfah e&mwGiv f nf;/ Tod@k tajctae rqd;k v#iaf omfrS tvm;wl vlra_ &;tajctaersm; jzpfay:vmEdik yf gonf? vdiaf zsmaf jza&;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif tvkyv f yk af e=u&aom rde;f rysKrd sm;/ t"rRjynfhwefqmtjzpf cdkif;apcH=u&olrsm;rSm t=urf;zufr_rsm;ESifh a&m*gul;pufr_rsm; vnf; cH=u&zG,&f adS eygonf? xd@k tjyif Tod@k aom trsK;d orD;rsm;udk vlrt _ odik ;f rS z,f usOfcH=u&aoma=umifh pdwfydkif;qdkif&m cHpm;epfem&r_rsm;vnf;&Sdygonf? ? pDrHcsuft aumiftxnfazmfrnfhae&mwGif udk,fcHtm;usa&m*g (tdyfcsftdkifADG§attdkif'Dtufpf) vnf; ydrk u kd ;l pufys@H ymG ;vmzG,f &Sad eygonf? vlxt k rsm;twGuf use;f rma&;apmifah &Smufr_ pepf txl;edru hf saeaomtaetxm;wGif tjcm;vl@tzG@J tpnf; w&yfv;kH od@k ydrk u kd ;l puf ysH@yGm;EdkifonfhtE W&m,ftwGufvnf; pdk;&drfzG,fjzpfygonf?

{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif;

Our Homeland (Kachin Song) The most pleasant and glorious homeland of ours, The site where Mali hka and Nmai hka join together It is surrounded by snow mountainous and green forest hills, The mist and the cloud encompass this location Here, beautiful flowers are blossoming Rivers and streams flow eternally Birds and cuckoos fly around, Cool and pleasant is our homeland Welcome every one, just for a visit Unforgettable Kachin culture which can never be satisfied to observe, Awesome scenic views and natural sights , precious jade and wildlife abound All kinds of fruits and crops are abundant As long as the Irrawaddy (Mali hka) river flows The love of the ethnic Kachin will never cease

{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq f Â&#x2039;kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif;

ti,fpm;a&tm;v#ypf pf xkwv f yk if ef;rsm; (Small hydro power--SHP) onf ydrk akd umif;rGeaf om tjcm; a&G;cs,pf &m enf;vrf; jzpfonf?

ti,fpm; a&tm;v#ypf pfxw k v f yk if ef;rsm;udk acsmif;i,frsm;/ tvwfpm; ESihf t}uD;pm;jrpfrsm;rS a&udu k , hJ I l aqmif&u G Ef ikd yf gonf? Tenf;onf obm0ywf0ef;usif rysufpD;apaom pGrf;tifxkwf,lEdkifonfh enf;yif jzpfygonf? ti,fpm; a&tm;v#yf p pf x k w f vk y f i ef ; rsm; (Small

hydro power--SHP)

[k q d k & mY rsm;aom tm;jzifh pGr;f tif (10) rD * g0yf xuf e nf ; I xkwaf y; Edik af om pepf rsK;d jzpfygonf? qd;k usK;d tenf;i,fr#om jzpf Inversin, A. R. Micro-Hydropower Sourcebook ap+yD ; / a0;vH a cgif o D aom a'orsm;wGif pGr;f tif axmufyahH y;&eftwGuf toH;k รฐyEdik yf gonf? Tti,fpm;a&tm;v#ypf pfxw k f vkyif ef;rsm;wGif a&udk ajrmif; od@k r[kwf ydkufjzifhoG,f,lI wmbdkiftwGif;odk@ ay;ydk@jcif; jzpfonf? xdktcg puf armif;wH&Sd a&cGufudk &dkufap+yD;/ wmbdkifpufudk vnfapygonf? Todk@ vnfaeaomarmif;wHudk rD;tm;xkwfay;rnfh *sifea&wmESifh qufoG,f xm;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh a&G@&Sm;r_rS v#yfppfpGrf;tiftjzpfodk@ ajymif;,ljcif; jzpfygonf?76 Tvkyfief;rsm;wGif qnf}uD;rsm;/ a&umwm}uD;rsm; rvdk tyfonft h wGuaf =umif/h vltrsm;ajymif;a&$@&ap&ef/ opfawmrsm; a&jrKyf ysufpD;ap&ef tajctaevnf;r&Sdapyg? jrefrmEdik if EH iS hf ucsijf ynfe,f&dS vlxrk sm;onf olw@kd vt kd yf=uaom v#ypf pf pGrf;tif&&Sdap&eftwGuf/ ti,fpm;a&tm; v#yfppf xkwf,la&;vkyfief; rsm;udk oifhav#mf&menf;vrf;rsm;jzifh aqmif&Gufae=u+yD; jzpfygonf? trSefqdk&v#if w&kwf EdkifiHonf ti,fpm;a&tm;v#yfppfxkwfvkyfief; (Small hydro power--SHP)wGif OD;aqmifaeonfah e&mu &So d nf[q k kd Edik +f yD;/ (2006) ckEpS f pm&if;rsm;t& ti,fpm;a&tm;v#ypf pfxw k f puf&kH

{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq f ย kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif;

aygif; (43 027) ck &Sdaeygonf?77 rdrdbmom wnfaqmufEdkifaom/ rdrb d mom xde;f odr;f pDrEH ikd af om/ rdrb d mom toH;k ðyEdik af om ti,fpm; a&tm;v#ypf pf puf&rkH sm;wnfaqmuf&ef w&kwEf ikd if u H 1960 ckEpS rf sm; uyif rl0g'csrw S cf yhJ gonf? Tod@k A[dk OD;pD;csKyfuikd rf _ rxm;bJ jzef@cx JG m; aom pDrcH ef@crJG p_ epfEiS hf a'ocHjynforl sm;udk wd@k bmom pDrx H ed ;f odr;f Edik f aom a&tm;v#ypf pfxw k f vkyif ef;rsm;wGif &if;ES;D jr KyfEaHS pjcif;ESihf toH;k ðy apjcif;udk ydrk jkd r iw hf ifaqmif&u G o f ifv h yS gonf? od@k aomfvnf; jrefrmEdik if &H dS ppftpd;k &u qnf}uD;rsm;wnfaqmufa&;Yom tm;oefaeum/ w&kwEf ikd f iHrS ukr% ` rD sm;u Tod@k aqmufvyk af &;twGuf ulnyD yHh ;kd ay;ae=uygonf?

tcef; (4)? tod&&dS jdS zifh oabmwlI tepfemcH-u&jcif;/ od k r[kwf tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&m enf;vrf;rsm; !$ejf ya&G;cs,fapjcif;r&Sb d J vltrsm;u xdcu kd ef pfem-u&jcif;? wefz&Jaus; &GmrS &Gmom;wOD;u ajymjy&mwGif tpdk;&uawmh usaemfwdk@udk w&m;0iftoday;wmawG r&Sad o;ygb;l ? at&Sm;a0g (ukr% ` )D uvmawmh &Gmvl }uD;udk 'Dae&mrSm olw@kd tvkyv f yk rf ,fqw kd m today;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh &Gmom; awGukd bmudpv P yk rf ,f/ b,ftwGuaf =umifh vkyrf ,fqw kd m &Si;f jywm r&Syd gb;l ? [k ajymygonf? (awG@qHak r;jref;cef; trSw-f 14) ppftpdk;&onf Tqnfwnfaqmufa&;ESifh ywfoufI a'ocH jynfolvlxkrsm;xHodk@ w&m;0if ta=umif;=um;jcif; r&Sad o;yg? od@k aomfvnf; aus;&Gmvlxrk sm;onf uGi;f qif; wdik ;f xGma&;tzG@J rsm; oGm;vmaeonfukd jrifawG@ae=u&+yD; qnfwnfaqmufawmhrnfukd odae=uygonf? *syefavhvmwdik ;f xGma&;tzG@J wcku pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm; usecf +hJ yD;/ wd@k rSwqifh wefz&Jaus;&GmteD; wnfaqmufrnfh qnfESifh tjcm;tcsuftvufrsm;udk od&Sd=u&ygonf? a&v$rf;rnfha'orsm; azmfjyxm;onfh ajryHktygt0ifjzpfaom taxmuftxm;rsm;udk =unfhI wefz&Jaus;&Gmom;rsm;u ucsifvlrsKd;rsm;. OD;aqmiftzGJ@tpnf;wckxHodk@ Tqnf aqmufvyk af &; udpt P ay: wm;qD;Edik &f eftwGuf vdt k yfaom ta&;,laqmif &Gurf r_ sm; ðyay;yg&efEiS hf oufqikd &f m tm%mydik rf sm;xH qufvufwifjyay;&ef (2004) {&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif;

ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DvwGif awmif;qdkcJh=uyg onf? (2007) ckESpf/ arv (12) &ufae@wGif &yf&mG vl}uD;rsm;ESihf vl&akd o &Si&f akd o vlra_ cgi;f aqmif (12) OD;u yl;aygi;f um Adv k cf sKyf rSL;}uD; oef;a&$xH qnfwnfaqmufru _ pd EP iS hf ywfoufI uef@uu G af =umif; tdyzf iG ahf y;pm a&;om;ay;yd@k cJ=h uygonf? (aemufqufww JG iG f =unfyh g?) od@k aomfvnf; ,ae@tcsed t f xd rnfonfhpmudkr# jyef=um;jcif; r&Sdao;yg? urBmq h nfrsm;qdik &f m aumfr&Siu f t=uHðyxm;onfrmS qnfwckwnfaqmuf&eftwGuf qHk;jzwfcsuf rcsrSwfrDwGif a&/ tpm;tpmESifh avmifpmrnfr#vdktyfrnfudk aocsmpGm oHk;oyfavhvmxm;&ef vdktyfygonf? tjcm;jzpfEdkifzG,f&Sdaom a&G;cs,fp&mvrf;rsm; udv k nf; xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;&rnfjzpf+yD;/ yxrOD;pm;ay; pOf;pm;qH;k jzwfoifah omtcsurf mS vuf&dS wnf&adS eqJ pepfrsm;udk xda&mufpmG toH;k csEikd &f eftwGuf rnfo@kd w;kd wufatmif aqmif&GufEdkifrnfudk pOf;pm;&ef vdktyfygonf? Twnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;rsm;a=umifh tusKd;oufa&mufr_ cHpm;&rnfholrsm;udkvnf; qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfonfhae&mwGif yg0if ywfoufr_ &Sad p&rnfjzpfonf? xd@k tjyif TpDrcH suaf =umifh &&Sv d mrnfh tusK;d aus;Zl;rsm; udk yxrOD;qH;k cHpm;=u&rnfo h rl sm;onf Tvlxrk sm; jzpf=uygonf? tusK;d oufa&muf cH&zG,&f adS om vlxrk sm;u vufcrH r_ &Sb d J rnfonfq h nfurkd # rwnfaqmufoihyf g? Xmae a'ocHrsm;ESihf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkrsm; &Sad eygu wd@k ukd txl;OD;pm;ay; pOf;pm;&rnf jzpfygonf?74 w&kwEf ikd if . H a&t&if;tjrpfOya'wGif pDrcH suu f kd jyifqifa&;qG&J mESihf jyef vnfoHk;oyfr_ðy&m tqifhrsm;tm;vHk;wGif vlxkrsm; yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifcGifh &Sdapa&;t wGuf wdkufwGef;xm;ygonf?75 aocsmonfrSm jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd {&m0wDjrpfqHkqnf wnf aqmufa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif a'ocHjynfolrsm;. yl;aygif;aqmif&GufcGifh &&Sdvmap&ef ta=umif;r&Sdyg?

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Valley of Darkness:Gold mining and militarization in Burma s Hugawng Valley, KDNG,2007 Myanmar commits to building more hydropower, Xinhua, May 7, 2007. rD*g0yf (MW) onf 0yf (watt) woef;ESifhnDr#aom v#yfppf"gwftm; wdkif;wma&;,lepf jzpfonf? Oyrm-uGefjyLwm tvHk;aygif; (2 000) cef@onf v#ypf pf"gwt f m; wpf rD*g0yfukd toH;k ðyonf? http://www.energy.gov.mm/efficiency_conservation_sustainability.htm, Greater Mekong Subregion Atlas of the Environment, Asian Development Bank, 2004. "Legal aspects of hydropower projects in Myanmar, Hydropower and Dams, Issue One, 2007. Goodbyes gas for hydropower, The Myanmar Times, July 10-16, 2006. Dams and Development-A new framework for decision-making, The report of the World Commission on Dams, 2000. Dam the consequences Big, bad dams return to South-East Asia, The Economist, June 13, 2007. Taqmif;yg;wGif qnf}u;D rsm; txl;ojzifh jrefrmEdik if u H oHviG jf rpfa=umif;wGif wnfaqmufaeaom qnfrsm; ESifh rJacgifjrpfay:wGif wnfaqmuf&ef t}uHðywifjyxm;aom avmEdkifiH. 'Gefqma[mif; (Don Sahong) qnfuo hJ @kd aom {&mrqnf}uD;rsm;udk a'ocHjynforl sm;tay:usa&mufrnfh ab;'kurQ sm;udak omfvnf;aumif;/ jrpfw@kd . txd tcdu k f rcHEikd af om a*[pepfrsm; xdcu kd yf supf ;D r_ukd aomfvnf;aumif; yrmrxm;bJ/ rjzpfraewGe;f xd;k wnfaqmufomG ; tvm;tvm &Sdaeayonf? urBmhb%f odk@r[kwf tm&SzGH@òz;a&;b%f (at'DbD) wdk@u TpDrHcsufrsm;twGuf b¾maiG axmufyo hH nfjzpfap/ raxmufyo hH nfjzpfap/ wygwt D m%m&Sit f pd;k &rsm; tkycf sKyfae=uaom TEdik if EH pS cf u k v#ypf pf"gwf tm; txl;qmavmif rufarmaeaom tdrfeD;csif; EdkifiHrsm;/ txl;ojzifh w&kwfEdkifiHESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&Edkifa=umif; odae=u&m/ Todk@w&kyfbufvSnfhI vkyfaqmifvm=uvdrfhrnf jzpfonf [k az: jyxm;ygonf? Myanmar s push for Hydropower, Energy Tribune, February 23,2007, at www.energytribune.com/ articles.cfm?aid= 400. WCMC Biodiversity Series No. 8 Freshwater Biodiversity: a preliminary global assessment, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 1998. Tod@k zdp;D apaom ta=umif;wckrmS qnfrsm; jzpfygonf? tpD&ifcpH mY az: jyxm;&mwGif qnfrsm;onf jrpfa&pD;qif;yHpk epfukd xdcu kd af ponf? trsm;tm;jzifh t}uD;tus,fxdcdkufaponfh tjyif/ owW0gwdk@. cdkatmif;&maexdkif&m a'o}uD;rsm;udkvnf; ysufpD;aponf? om;ayguf&eftwGuf jrpfpepfxJwGif pHkqeful;vl;ae=uaom ig;rsm;tay:wGifvnf; txl;odompGm xdcdkufoufa&muf aponf? Watersheds of Asia and Oceania, As12 Irrawaddy, Water Resources eAtlas, http:// www.iucn.org/themes/wani/eatlas/pdf/as/as 13.pdf. Greater Mekong Subregion Atlas of the environment, Asian Development Bank, 2004 Tpmapmif.az: jycsut f & jrpfwiG ;f &Sd ig;rsm;wGif **F gjrpfwGif;ae xdkif=uaom ig;rsdK;pdwfrsm;yg0ifr_&Sd+yD;/ rJacgifjrpfxJrSm rawG@&aom XmaecH ig;rsdK;pdwftrsm; TjrpfxrJ mS &Sad e=uonf? Irrawaddy Watershed, EarthTrends/World Resources Institute, 2002. Amblyceps Carinatum, a new species of hillstream catfish from Myanmar(Teleostei: Amblycipitidae), Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 2005 53(2): 243-249, December 31, 2005. {&m0wDjrpfrmS awG@&&dS aom tcsK@d ig;clrsm;ESihf ESihf rJacgijf rpfrmS awG@&&dS aom ig;clrsm;onf yHpk cH si;f rwl=ubJ/ wrlx;l jcm;ae a=umif;/ ta=umif;rSm {&m0wDjrpfonf **F gjrpfEiS hf jrpfpepfcsi;f ydI k wlaoma=umifjh zpfa=umif;udv k nf; aqmif;yg;u az: jy xm;onf? xd@k a=umifh {&m0wDjrpfonf rwljcm;em;aom ZD0 yx0Da'orsm; (biogeographic regions) . qHpk nf;&m ae&mwck [kqdkEdkifonf? Irrawaddy Watershed, EarthTrends/ World Resources Institute , 2002. Greater Mekong Subregion Atlas of the Environment, Asian Development Bank, 2004. {&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif;

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"Irrawaddy s bounty is its people s curse, in The Nation, January 24, 1997. http://www. Worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/im/im0116_full.html T'¾&Dajymqd=k u&mwGif uGv J rJG _ tcsK@d &ydS gonf? ewfrif;}u;D u vufwzufraS eI a&$cu G jf zifah vmif;+y;D / tjcm;vufwzufrS aiGcu G u f ikd I f avmif;csonf[v k nf; qd=k uygonf? xd@k tjyif jrpfrsm;ESihf ywfoufonfh xl;jcm;csut f a=umif;rsm;wGiv f nf; uGJvGJajymqdkr_ tcsKd@&Sdygonf? Please see The Kachins: Religion and Custom, A. Gilhodes, 1996 and http;//www.pandaw1947.com/irrawaddy_river.htm Myanmar Hydroproject, Report, China Power Investment Corporation Myanmar Hydro Division, April 2007. aemufxyfowif;tcsut f vufrsm;udk China Southern Power Grid. website pmrsuEf mS www.csg.cn wGif =unfhEdkifonf// West-to-east Power Transmission Program Well Underway in SW China, People s Daily Online, January 10, 2003. China to Build Dams in Northern Burma, The Irrawaddy Business News, February 2007. China eyes second dam on Thanlwin, The Myanmar Times, Volume 19, No.336, May 14-20, 2007, China firm to build Myanmar hydro-power plants, AFP, May5, 2007. China eyes second dam on Thanlwin, The Myanmar Times, Volume 19, No.336, May 14-20, 2007. Hydropower plays a leading role in Myanmar s power development plans, International Journal of Hydropower and Dams, Issue Two, 2005. Who rules the Ground? The power of Myanmar s area commanders, at http:// www,asiaweek.com/asiaweek/magazine/99/0903/nat_myanmar.html http://eng.cpicorp.com.cn/channel.do?cmd=show&id=5 Myanmar Hydroproject Report, China Power Investment Corporation Myanmar Hydro Division, April 2007. http://eng.cpicorp.com.cn/channel.do?cmd=show&id=5 http://finance.mapsofworld.com/company/c/china-southern-power-grid.html ESifh www.csg.cn tifwmeuf pmrsuEf mS rsm;rS owif;tcsut f vufrsm; &,lygonf? http://www.ymec.com.cn/en/about.htm www.yndaily.com/html/20051201/news_88_714449.html http://www,cjw.com.cn/index/civilization/detail/20070530/88736.asp at&Sa0gvu f rk % ` o D nf ysO;f rem; òr@awmfopf (aejynfawmf) . twGi;f ESit hf jyif taqmuftOD;rsm; aqmufvyk af &; twGuf tpd;k &ESihf uefx±du k pf mcsKyf csKyfqx kd m;aom t"duukr% ` }D uD;wckvnf; jzpfonf// at&Sa0gvfESifh ywfoufaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk {&m0wDr*~Zif;rS cGefqrf (Hkun Sam) u okawoeðyonf? Hanging drug couriers but investing with their suppliers, in The Nation, October 20, 1997. http://www.suntactechnologies.com/ htpp://www.japancorp.net/company_show.asp?compid=453 Dammed by Burma s Generals: The Karenni Experience with Hydropower Development from Lawpita to the Salween, The Karenni Development Research Group, 2006. (WCD p. 112) Down River, The consequences of Vietnam s Se San River Dams on Life in Cambodia and their meaning in international law,The NGO Forum on Cambodia The Mekong s Changing Currency, Montree Chantawong, in Watershed, Vol. 11, No. 2, November 2005-January 2006.

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Silenced Rivers, the Ecology and Politics of Large Dams, Patrick McCully, 2001, p. 117. w&kwfjynfol@orwEdkifiH/ a&ESifh pGrf;tif t&if;tjrpfrsm;tawG@tñuHwGif qnfrsm;ESifhywfoufaom udpPrsm;udk urBmhqnfrsm;qkdif&m aumfr&Sifodk@ wifjy&ef Professor R. Fuggle and W.T. Smith, 2000. ðypkaom w&kwEf ikd if t H a=umif; wifjycsupf mwrf;rS &,lygonf? http://asc-india.org/maps/hazard/haz-myanmar.htm, last accessed June 22, 2007. Silenced Rivers, the Ecology and Politics of Large Dams, Patrick McCully, 2001, p. 113-114. vHðk cHa&;0efxrf;rsm;ESihf tif*sief , D mwOD;rSm a&epfaoqH;k cJ&h ygonf? 'Dru kd &ufwpf jrefrmhtoH xkwv f i$ chf su?f (2006 ckEpS /f Zlvdkif 12) Dam burst kills five in northern Burma s Kachin State. jrpf}uD;em;a&}uD;r_owif;udk http://www.kachinstate.com/reporton_myitkyina_flood.html tifwmeufpmrsuEf mS wGif zwf&E_ ikd yf gonf? Down River, The consequences of Vietnam s Se San River Dams on Life in Cambodia and their meaning in international law, The NGO Forum on Cambodia, 2005, Death toll rises in Indian dam tragedy, 12 April 2005, www.waterpowermagazine.com From Myanmar: Investment opportunities in biodiversity conservation, Birdlife international, 2005, citing Large-scale hydrological changes in tropical Asia: prospects for riverine biodiversity, Bioscience 50 (9): 793-806, 2000, and The ecology of tropical Asian rivers and streams in relations to biodiversity conservation, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 31: 239-263, 2000. Large-scale hydrological changes in tropical Asia: prospects for riverine biodiversity, David Dudgeon, in Bioscience, September 2000. Greater Mekong Subregion Atlas of the Environment, Asian Development Bank, 2004, p. 37. Silenced Rivers, the Ecology and Politics of Large Dams, Patrick McCully, 2001 Tta&;ygaom a'orsm;ta=umif;udk a'guw f m aemfref ar,m (Dr. Norman Meyers) u yxrOD;qH;k avhvmcJ+h y;D / 1988 ckESpfwGif yHkESdyfazmfjycJh+yD jzpfygonf? Tavhvmr_udk ESpfpOfxyfrHjznfhpGufcJh+yD; aemufqHk;pmtkyfrSm Hotspots Revisited: Earth s Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions. [k trnf&ygonf/ udk atmufygtifwmeufpmrsufESmwGif zwf&_Edkifygonf? http://multimedia.con servation.org/cabs/online_pubs/hotspots2/cover.html http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/im/im0131_full.html Myanmar: Investment opportunities in biodiversity conservation, Birdlife international, 2005 Irrawaddy Watershed, EarthTrends/World Resources Institute, 2002. Occasional Paper No. 23 Biology and Conservation of Asian River Cetaceans, accessed at http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/publications/rivercetacean.htm w&kwfjynfol@orwEdkifiH/ a&ESifh pGrf;tif t&if;tjrpfrsm;tawG@tñuHwGif qnfrsm;ESifhywfoufaom udpPrsm;udk urBmhqnfrsm;qkdif&m aumfr&Sifodk@ wifjy&ef Professor R. Fuggle and W.T. Smith, 2000. ðypkaom w&kwEf ikd if t H a=umif; wifjycsupf mwrf;rS &,lygonf? Legal aspects of hydropower projects in Myanmar, in Hydropower and Dams, Issue One, 2007. Smith, B.D. & Beasely, I. 2004.Orcaella brevirostris (Malampaya Sound subpopulation). In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist>.org. Downloaded on 21 June 2007. &Sppf wdq k rkd aD ,;ppfa&m*gEiS hf ywfoufaom tcsut f vufrsm;udk Silenced Rivers, the Ecology and Politics of Large Dams, Patrick McCully, 2001. pmtkyfrS &,lygonf? WCD, p. 118. {&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif;

63 64

67 68

rDemrmwm a&m*grmS *syefEikd if &H dS rDemrmwmòr@wiG f 1956 ckEpS u f yxrt}urd f pwifawG@&cdS &hJ jcif; jzpfygonf? cspq f kd aumfyakd &;&Si;f (Chisso Corporation) . "gwyk pPn;f puf&u kH puf&x kH u G f rDoikd ;f vf rmusL&D"gwyf g0ifaom a&qd;k rsm;ud/k 1932 ckrS 1968 ckEpS t f xd pGe@f ypfaecJ+h y;D aemuf jzpfay:cJjh cif; jzpfygonf? Tod@k tqdyjf yif;xefvaS om "gwrf sm;onf rDemrmwmurf;ajcESihf &SD&maEG yifv,fatmf&Sd tcGHygaom c&k/ ykpGefrsm;ESifh ig;rsm;wGif pkyHkaecJh=u+yD;/ a'ocHvlxkrsm;u rsm;udk pm;oHk;um jy'g;qdyo f ifch =hJ ujcif; jzpfygonf? (2001) ckEpS /f rwfvtxd vlaygi;f (2 265) jy'g;qdyo f ifo h nfh '%f cHpm;cJ=h u&+y;D / ( wd@k txJrS 1 784 OD;rSm toufqHk;&_H;cJh&ygonf?) vlaygif; (10 000) ausmfrSm epfemr_twGuf av#mfa=u;aiG &&SdcJhygonf? av#mfa=u;aiG&&Sda&;twGuf awmif;qdkr_rsm;/ w&m;pGJqdkr_rsm;rSm ,ae@wdkif qufvuf jzpfay:aeqJ jzpfygonf? rDemrmwma&m*gudk *syefEdkifiH. pufr_npfnrf;r_rS &&Sdaom a&m*g}uD; (4) rsKd;teuf wrsKd;tjzpf owfrSwfxm;cJhygonf? a&m*gvuQ%mrsm;rSm ud, k cf E<m[efcsurf nDbJ xde;f r&jcif;/ vufEiS hf ajcwd@k wiG f xHu k sijf cif;/ taxGaxG ºuufom; tm;enf; csKd@wJhjcif;/ rsufaphjrifuGif; usOf;jcif;/ t=um;ESifh pum;ajymEdkifonfh pGrf;&nf csKd@wJhjcif;rsm; jzpfygonf? ydkIjyif;xef pGm tqdyo f ifch &H onfh tajctaewGif &l;oGyjf cif;/ avjzwfjcif;/ owdvpf arharsmjcif;ESihf Ta&m*gvuQ%mrsm; ay:+yD;aemuf &ufowW ywfrsm;twGi;f aoqH;k jcif;wd@k jzpfwwfygonf? Silenced Rivers, the Ecology and Politics of Large Dams, Patrick McCully, 2001. At What Price: Gold Mining in Kachin State, Burma, Images Asia and Pan Kachin Development Society, 2004. Smith, B.D. & Beasley, I. 2004, Orcaella brevirostris (Malampaya Sound subpopulation). In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 21 June 2007. Oyrmtm;jzifh awmiftmz&duEdik if &H dS um&DbmqnfwiG f qnfwnfaqmufpOfumvwGif vlprd ;f rsm; 0ifa&mufvmjcif;ESihf twl òr@jy tjzpfajymif;vmjcif;a=umifh vdiq f ufqrH a_ =umifh jzpfaom a&m*grsm; wd;k yGm;vmapygonf? r=umao;rDumvwGif tdycf st f ikd Af -GD attdik 'f t D ufpaf &m*g jzpfEe_ ;f jrifv h m+y;D / txl;ojzifh a'ocHtrsK;d orD;rsm;udk txl;qd;k usK;d oufa&mufapygonf? vDqo kd Ekd ikd if /H uke;f jrifah 'o pDrcH suw f iG v f nf; a&m*gys@H ymG ;r_Ee_ ;f rSm/ ywf0ef;usiaf 'orsm;xuf ydI k jrifrh m;aecJyh gonf? Dams and Development - A new framework for decision-making, The report of the World Commission on Dams, 2000. Aid and sanctions in Burma, Boston Globe, June 16, 2007. Valley of Darkness: Gold mining and militarization in Burma s Hugawng Valley, KDNG, 2007. jrefrmppfwyfzGJ@0ifrsm;u trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:wGif/ txl;ojzifh wdkif;&if;om;a'orsm;Y rk'drf;usifh/ vdifr_qdkif&mt& t=urf;zuf=u aom jzpf&yfrsm;udk tpD&ifcHpmtrsm;tjym;Y rSwfwrf;wif azmfjyxm;=u+yD; jzpfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh &Srf;trsKd;orD; v_yf&Sm;r_ uGef&uf tzGJ@ (Shan Women s Action Network) rS xkwfa0aom License to Rape: The Burmese Military Regime s Use of Sexual Violence in the Ongoing War in Shan State (rk'drf;usifhcGifhvdkifpif? ? &Srf;jynfe,ftwGif; qufvufjzpfyGm;aeaom ppfyGJwGif;Y jrefrmppftpdk;&u vdifr_qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_rsm;udk qufvufusifhoHk;aejcif;) tpD&ifcHpm/ u&iftrsKd;orD; tpnf;t&Hk; (au'AvsLtdk) rS xkwfa0aom Shattering Silences (wdwfqdwfaer_udk csKd;zsufvdkufjcif;) tpD&ifcHpm/ rGefjynf vl@tcGifhta&; azmifa';&Si;f (Human Rights Foundation of Monland) ESihf trsK;d orD;ESihf uav;qdik &f m tcGit hf a&;pDrcH suf (Women and Child Rights Project) wd@k yl;aygi;f xkwaf 0aom Catwalk to the Barrack (ppfwef;vsm;od@k tvSjyvrf;av#muf=u&jcif;) tpD&ifcpH mrsm;wGif awG@&EdS ikd yf gonf? xd@k tjyif csi;f jynf trsK;d orD;tzG@J csKyf (The Women League of Chinland) rS xkwaf 0aom Unsafe State (rvHðk caH omjynfe,f) tpF&ifcpH mwGiv f nf; awG@Eikd yf gonf? tr_ trSwf (MMR 090307.CC.VAW) n Of;yrf;ESdyfpufr_rsm; qef@usifa&;qdkif&m urBmhtzGJ@/ EdkifiHwum twGif;a&;rSL;rsm;tzGJ@. 2007 ckESpf/ rwfv (9) &ufae@wGif wifjycsuf? Jailing of four minor girls gangraped by members of the military, Case MMR 090307.CC.VAW, the International Secretariat of the World Organisation Against Torture, March 9, 2007. The Impact of Dams and Resettlement on Women s Lives, Carol Yong, www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/79/dams.html Dams, Indigenous Peoples and Ethnic Minorities, Prepared for the World Commission on Dams (WCD) by Marcus Colchester - Forest Peoples Programme, November

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2000. owdðyoifah omtcsurf mS twdwjf zpf&yf tawG@tñurH sm;t& jrefrmEdik if w H iG f ajymif;a&$@=u&aomolrsm;&&S=d uaom av#maf =u;aiGrmS rqdpk avmufr#/ tenf;i,fom &&Syd gonf? The Relocation Component in Connection with the Sardar-Sarovar (Narmada) Project, World Bank, Washington DC, 1984. urBmq h nfrsm;qdik &f m aumfr&Si. f t=uðH ycsurf sm;udk ydrk o kd &d v dS ykd gu atmufyg tifwmeufpmrsuEf mS wGif avhvmEdik yf gonf? www.dams.org w&kwfjynfol@orwEdkifiH/ a&ESifh pGrf;tif t&if;tjrpfrsm;tawG@tñuHwGif qnfrsm;ESifhywfoufaom udpPrsm;udk urBmhqnfrsm;qkdif&m aumfr&Sifodk@ wifjy&ef Professor R. Fuggle and W.T. Smith, 2000. ðypkaom w&kwEf ikd if t H a=umif; wifjycsupf mwrf;rS &,lygonf? What is small hydro? from the International Small Hydro Atlas at http:// www.small-hydro.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=welcome.whatis Development of Small Hydro, G. Baidya, presented at the Himalayan Small hydropower Summit, October 2006.

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Villages in the food zone of Irrawaddy Myitsone Dam

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a&v$r;f cH&rnfh aus;&Gmrsm;rS vlO;D a&pm&if; No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47

Village name

an mfarSmf avm0f*rf Zefaemif; *s0g,ef a':rm,ef *geef,ef tif'ek ;f ZGyf tlavmif,ef atmf&m,ef ZGy&f m,ef cgeb f ,f,ef rZGyf tifa':,ef csaD zG varmfZyG f (emarmfZyG )f r*&rf,ef &Seaf ig c0rf,ef rmefa'gif 'Grb f efZyG f qeDc;l ref0ed ;f qdkifavmf vdi_ q f ;D qa*g0h rl ef wefz&J a*Gaxmif a0&SD zppfZyG f aumhocg remZGyq f uef tifqyG Zf yG f tif*spf &SDawG,ef w,ef rke, f mZGyf u&wf,ef *sed rf m,ef *smxl,ef c&mZGyf vwfZyG f ra&mrfZyG f v&ef*g; tGrfv*Grf 'rfu f axmif Zeef yavmif,ef TOTAL

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Household

Population

113

386

179

401

292

109

218

1097

138

334

354

165

847

163

107

189

897

263

1294

173

1406

106

180

160

150

143

192

357

1904

10505