references

(1) U.S. Congress, House, Recognizing the duty of the Federal Government to create a Green New Deal, H.R. 109, 116th Congress, 1st sess., introduced in House February 7, 2019, 2.

New York City Department of City Planning. “New York City Borough Boundaries” [shapefile]. Bytes of the Big Apple, Issue 16D. October 27, 2016. <https://data.cityofnewyork.us/City-Government/Borough-Boundaries/tqmj-j8zm>

(2) “Whereas climate change, pollution, and environmental destruction have exacerbated systemic racial, regional, social, environmental, and economic injustices (referred to in this preamble as ‘systemic injustices’) by disproportionately affecting indigenous peoples, communities of color, migrant communities, deindustrialized communities, depopulated rural communities, the poor, low-in- come workers, women, the elderly, the unhoused, people with disabilities, and youth (referred to in this preamble as ‘frontline and vulnerable communities’),” U.S. Congress, House, Recognizing the duty of the Federal Government to create a Green New Deal, 4.

(3) “Urban heat island (UHI) describes the phenomenon that temperatures are higher in urban areas compared to surrounding rural areas. It is one of the research focuses in urban climatology and urban ecology because increasing temperatures in the urban area may lead to significant ecological and social consequences.” Xiaoma Li et al., “Relationship between land surface temperature and spatial pattern of greenspace: What are the effects of spatial resolution?,” Landscape and Urban Planning 114 (2013), 1.

(4) “Studies that investigated UHI by incorporating LST and social data (e.g. Johnson and Wilson, 2009; Harlan et al., 2006) revealed that populations that are most vulnerable to heat and that have the fewest resources to fight against excess heat are often reside in warmer places within a city.” Ganlin Huang et al., “Is everyone hot in the city? Spatial pattern of land surface temperatures, land cover and neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics in Baltimore, MD,” Journal of Environmental Management 92 (2011), 1754.

(5) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Weather Service, available online at: https://w2.weather.gov/climate/

(6) Brady Dennis and Andrew Freedman, “Here’s how the hottest month in recorded history unfolded around the world,” Washington Post, August 5, 2019. Available online at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2019/08/05/heres-how-hottest-month-recorded-history-unfolded-around-globe/

(7) NYC Emergency Management, “Extreme Heat,” available online at: https://www1.nyc.gov/site/em/ready/extreme-heat.page

(8) “Temperatures of vertical surfaces, which constitute the main portion of urban building surfaces, are inaccessible by satellite and/ or aerial remote sensing. This information is essential in the accurate prediction of the urban storage flux. In the case of ground based remote sensing, the unknown surface emissivity can play a crucial role in the accurate determination of surface temperatures. Comprehensive databases of surface emissivity values for buildings in cities are not readily available.” Masoud Ghandehari et al., “Surface temperatures in New York City: Geospatial data enables the accurate prediction of radiative heat transfer,” Scientific Reports 8:2224 (2018), 2.

Dennis, Brady and Andrew Freedman, “Here’s how the hottest month in recorded history unfolded around the world,” Washington Post, August 5, 2019. Available online at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2019/08/05/heres-how-hottest-month-recorded-history-unfolded-around-globe/

Ghandehari, Masoud, Thorsten Emig, and Milad Aghamohamadnia. “Surface temperatures in New York City: Geospatial data enables the accurate prediction of radiative heat transfer.” Scientific Reports 8:2224 (2018): 1-10.

Huang, Ganlin, Weiqi Zhou, and M.L. Cadenasso. “Is everyone hot in the city? Spatial pattern of land surface temperatures, land cover and neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics in Baltimore, MD.” Journal of Environmental Management 92 (2011): 1753-1759.

Li, Xiaoma, Weiqi Zhou, and Zhiyun Ouyang. “Relationship between land surface temperature and spatial pattern of greenspace: What are the effects of spatial resolution?.” Landscape and Urban Planning 114 (2013): 1-8.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Weather Service, available online at: https://w2.weather.gov/climate/

New York City Emergency Management Department, “Extreme Heat,” available online at: https://www1.nyc.gov/site/em/ready/extreme-heat.page

26 New York City Department of Information Technology & Telecommunications. Open Space (Parks) [shapefile]. 17 June 2014, updated August 27, 2016. <https://data.cityofnewyork.us/Recreation/Open-Space-Parks-/g84h-jbjm>

U.S. Geological Survey, National Geospatial Program, 20161103, USGS National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) Best ResolutionHU4-0203 20170102 for HU-4 Subregion FileGDB 10.1 Model Version 2.2.1: U.S. Geological Survey. November 3, 2016. <https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/581d7618e4b0dee4cc8e6080>

New York Public Library (NYPL), “Library” [dataset] made public November 18, 2014. Accessed via NYC Open Data, updated September 10, 2018. <https://data.cityofnewyork.us/Business/Library/p4pf-fyc4>

Brooklyn Library (BPL), “BPL Branches” [dataset] made public October 10, 2011. Accessed via NYC Open Data, updated March 8, 2019. <https://data.cityofnewyork.us/Recreation/BPL-Branches/xmzf-uf2w>

Queens Library (QBPL), “Queens Libraries” [dataset] made public November 18, 2011. Accessed via NYC Open Data, updated September 11, 2018. <https://data.cityofnewyork.us/Recreation/Queens-Libraries-Map-/swsf-ed7j>

New York City Department of City Planning, “Facilities Database” [shapefile], January 2019. Accessed via NYC Open Data, <https:// www1.nyc.gov/site/planning/data-maps/open-data/dwn-selfac.page>

US Census Bureau. 2013 TIGER/Line Shapefiles “Census Tracts, New York State” [shapefile]. <https://www.census.gov/geographies/ mapping-files/time-series/geo/tiger-line-file.2013.html>

New York City Department of City Planning. 2017. LION v17A. [ESRI File Geodatabase]. <https://www1.nyc.gov/site/planning/data-maps/open-data/dwn-lion.page>

U.S. Census Bureau, 2009-2013, American Community Survey, 5-Year Estimates. Table S0601: “Selected Characteristics of the total and native populations in the United States”, New York City, New York State. [dataset]. Accessed via American FactFinder. 2013.

NYC Department of City Planning, Information Technology Division,”New York City, MapPLUTO 19v1”[dataset] BYTES of the BIG APPLE Issue MapPLUTO19v1. Created November 2018-July 2019, published September 23, 2019. <https://www1.nyc.gov/site/planning/data-maps/open-data.page>

United States Geological Service, “Landsat Provisional Surface Temperature,” U.S. Landsat Analysis Ready Data (ARD), accessed through https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/