Compute_Gazette_Issue_43_1987_Jan

A Buyer's Guide To Modems

COMPUTED

$3.00 January 1987 g Issue 43, Vol. 5, No. 1 02220

$4.25 Canada

FOR COMMODORE PERSONAL COMPUTER USERS ..,,

Fundamentals of Downloading A step-by-step guide to accessing software via telecomputing

Connect 'Em

Also In This Issue:

The classic pencil-andpaper game takes on a new twist in this computer version. For the 128, 64, Plus/4, and 16.

Medium-Resolution Graphics For The 64 Icon Changer For GEOS CP/M: Surviving With 40 Columns

Software Reviews

One-Touch

Function Keys

And More

Disk directories, LIST, SAVE, or LOAD with a

single keypress. For the 64.

Keyword Construction Set WRITE instead of PRINT? NUEVO for NEW? Easily change any BASIC keywords with this clever program for the 64. 0 1

U86

Decipede

Stay calm and shoot fast to defend yourself from a frantic insect invasion in this arcade-style action game for the Commodore 64.

(Not Bad for a 37-Ton Tank.)

0 to 100 MPH In 4 Seconds In Antarctica, no one can hear you scream...

You're caught in a blizzard with your air supply running low. Snowblind, you hear a scream ouerhead and it isn't the wind An alien [ighter plane has spotted you and he's got you locked-on. If he's got buddies, you could end up Spanf-in-a-can. Uh-oh, your radar picks up incoming fighters, tanks, missiles and rockets.

Get ready for the fight of your life...

ARCnCFOX

.4Of i

HAVE YOU GOT WHAT IT TAKES?

Ttic guided missile's on-board camera. Perfect for rrcnrmjliviance... tfyou'ce

got Ihc lime for s

CODE NAME: Arcticfox M1SSIOM: Infiltrate alien stronghold Search out and destroy alien main fortress. Terminate alien troops with extreme prejudice.

PRIMARY ASSAULT VEHICLE: Arcticfox. 37-ton advanced all-terrain vehicle.

•

imi

I Ihe Main Fortress. Ifyou're good enough lo find it. Ate you bad

enough to destroy it?

ARMAMENT: 150 mm cannon 2 mine dispensers

Tunnel scries missile'launcher Line-of-slght guided missiles MAX SPEED: 100 mph CREW: 1 MISSION SUCCESS PROBABILITY: Slim MISSION SURVIVAL PROBABILITY: Worse

ELECTRONIC ARTS~ Hou> to older. Visit your relaUer. If you ire unaaie to find Uic product at your local retailer, you can call B0O-2454525 far direct VISA or Mastercard ordfis

(In CA call 800-5621J12). Tlie direct price is S39.95 lor the Apple and Amiga versions snds32 95 lor the C64/12B version. SI'AM a .n registered trademark o! Ceo. A Hormet&Co. To buy by "tali and check or money order (o Electronic Arts Direct Sales, P.O. Box75X. SanMatco. CA 94403. Add IS lor shipping and handling (i 7 Canadian). There Is .1 IK day money-back guarantee on direct orders For a eomplfte protluct catalog.

VJt[/5CC and a stamped •rlfaddrex.t.-d envelope to. Owtmnlc Ails Catalog, 1820 Gateway Drive. SnnMateo. California. !M-!01.

CompuServe. You Dont Have 1) Know How It Works Tt> Appreciate All It Can Do. CompuServe is a computer information

service. You subscribe io It. In return, you have access to an incredibly amount ol information, entertainment, communications and services. Here are a few o( the hundreds ol amazing things you can do.

SAVE ON TRIPS

With CompuServe's travel services you can

scan flight availabilities, find airfare bargains and even bookyour own flights online. Plus,

there are complete listings of over 28,000 hotels worldwide.

BE INFORMED

COMMUNICATE CB Simulator features 72 channels for

"talking" with other subscribers. National I in 1111111 Boards Id you post messages

where thou sands will see

CompuServe puts all ol the latest news at

your fingertips, including the AP news wire, the Washington l\>st, the Si. Louis Post-

Dispatch, specialized business and trade publications and more. Our executive news service will electronically find, "clip" and file news for you... to read whenever you'd like.

INVEST WISELY

them.

Friends,

relatives and business associates can stay in touch through EasyPlex™ Electronic Mail. More Iban 100 CompuServe Forums

welcome participation in discussions on all sorts of topics. Software Forums help With online solutions to software problems. Hardware Support Forums caler to spe cific computers. There's even free software,

and online editions of computer periodicals.

Play all sorts ol sports and enter tainment trivia games, brain-teasing 44 educational games and the only online TV-style game show with real prizes. Or, for the ultimate in excitement, get into an inlcrac live space adventure.

•s

SHOP THE ELECTRONIC MALI7 takes you on a coast-to-toast

shopping spree of nationally leaving home.

over 10.000 NYSE. AM EX and OTC securities. Historic

Ending statistics on over

90.000 stocks, bonds, funds, issues and options. Five years of daily commodity quotes. Ujxlates on hundreds of

companies worldwide. Stan

dard A Poor's. Value Line. Over a dozen investment looks.

HAVE FUN

known merchants, without over

Get complete statistics on

■-

So much for so little. All you pay is a low. one-lime cost for a Subscription Kit (suggested retail price S39.95). Usage rates for stan dard online time (when CompuServe is most

So easy the whole family

can go online.

CompuServe is "menu-driven," so begin

ners can simply read the menus (lists of options) that appear on their screens, then type in their selections. If you ever get lost or conlused, type H

for help. Remember, you can always ask ques tions online through our feedback ser

vice or phone our Customer Service Department. Before you can access CompuServe, you need a computer, a modem (to conned your com puter to your phone) and, in some cases, some simple communications software. Now you're ready to order. For your low, one-lime sub

scription fee, you'll receive: • a complete, easy-to-understand, 170-page spiml-buund Users Guide

• your exclusive preliminary password • a subscription to CompuServe's monthly magazine, Online Today • a $25.00 usage credit! To buy a CompuServe Subscription Kit, see your nearest computer dealer. To receive our

informative brochure or to order direct, write

or call 800-848-8199 (in Ohio. 614-457-0802). CompuServe. You don't have lo know how it works lo appreciate all it can do—for you.

active) are just IOC a

minute. In most major metropolitan areas you can go online with a local phone call. Plus, you'll receive

a $25.00 Introductory Usage Credit with the purchase of your CompuServe Subscription Kit,

CompuServe Inlormallon Somcos, RO. Box 20212

5000 Ailinglon Centre Blvd., Columbus. Ohio 43220 An inn E14ock Conpnny

C it) Pic. M ELECTRON IC MALL va 11 ManuiM lit

The next revolution in

It's called Virtuoso*

\^

So unique, so sophisticated,

It's upfor apatent. We promised multimedia software with more capabilities than any exist ing personal software on the market. The experts said it couldn't be done.

But we delivered the VIRTUOSO® Software System.1''" A single disk that combines fuil-color rotational graph

ics plus text, music, and telecommuni cations. We call it the Ihe touch of genius and it's up for a patent.

You can draw and move up to 16 im ages independently of each other at

I

different speeds anywhere on the screen. Scale them larger or smaller. And then turn them all full circle— yes, 360 degrees! In real time. Those images can be graphics you

draw with a keyboard, joystick, touch pad,

or

mouse.

Or

text—letters,

words, sentences—that you treat like graphics. Talk about desktop publish

ing! How about a newsletter that sings and dances? You

can

put

music

in

motion.

Through the graphics you draw and the movements you choose, you simul taneously produce and control music. The same actions and movements that change and maneuver your graph

ics also control the music so you can change the melody, make it louder or softer, speed it up or slow it down. You say you can't draw or compose

music? Few of us can. That's why we

VIRTUOSO" Ieb registered trademark of

Virtu sorties Corporation.

Commodore" 64™ and Commodore 128™ are registered trademarks of Commodore Electronics Limited.

Atari" 800XLIM and 130XE™ are trademarks of I he

Atari" Corpora lion.

computer power is here.

Multimedia Software: built in a library of graphics and music. You can "draw" almost any scene easily, quickly, and expertly by calling up .standard components or "building blocks." Create a baseball team, a band, a spaceship, a futuristic

car, a dream city skyline—anything. Then,

choose

from

a

variety

of

music themes—classical, pop, rock—

and use them as is or make changes to suit your ear. No worry; VIRTUOSO Software has hours of memory. Synchronize your graphics and music easily to produce your show,

4 Ways to Order Use the coupon, phone us, shop the CompuServe Electronic Mall, or ask your dealer. Bui don't wait. Gel (he

touch of genius now. What aglftl

your personal music video. Play it, store it, change it, print it frame by

212-316-6744in New York City

1-800-528-6060 askforext. 105

frame. And phone il. Imagine sending your creation—

graphics, music, text—to friends across the country by modem. Or picture yourself receiving someone else's show

and interacting with it,

Clearly, this is a total breakthrough technology ihat deserves a patent. Best of all, VIRTUOSO Software is easy to use. Instructions and choices

are offered by menu screens, using sim

ple action words and icons. The price? You can have it all for a song. Only $49.95 per disk. With full Virtusonics support and updates. We're advertising directly 10 you so you can enjoy VIRTUOSO Software

right now, [he moment it's available.

At the same price you'll pay wherever and whenever you buy it—a price that

gives you value and satisfaction. Be cause we're here for the long run. Free Bonus:

CompuServe S15 Starter Set

Order now and your Virtuoso Software will include a FREE CompuServe INTRO-PAK™ a starter set thai gives you instant access to CompuServe plus Using the built-in library of graphics as "build-

SIScredit. Whaiabuy!

Ing blocks," you can oxportly creaie any story, like this adventure In the tropics. Make me

plane dive, spin Ihe propellers, pull up and

away. Bend the palms. Simultaneously make the red car speed toward you, growing larger as it zooms into the night. With your original music or a track from the library ot music.

To: Vimisonics Corpora lit in

123 Duke Ellington.Boulevard, NY, NY 10025

YeS, send me

Virtuoso Software disks at

$49.95 each for D total of

New York Stale residents add sales tax. □ Check O VISA D MastcrCharge

CALL \

TOLL-FREE TO ORDER NOW! 1-800-528-6060

ASK FOR EXTENSION 105

Card *

_E»p.

Ship to: (Name). Address City/State/Zip _ Signature

For: □ Atari, or □ Commodore

One for all.

Affordable, Compatible, and Full-Color Capable! Besides being the one printer for

al! the PC's pictured above, trie OKIMATE' 20 is also the one for all your printing needs. Want to spruce up your

The OKIMATE 20 is for you. Maybe you want expanded or fine print, italics, underlining, superscripts, or subscripts? You guessed it. the OKIMATE 20 is for

homework with colorful charts and graphs? The OKIMATE 20 is

you. too,

for you.

in your PC, you can put it on paper

Need crisp "Near Letter Quality" printing for business correspondence?

with the OKIMATE 20. With this versatile printer you

In fact, no matter what you have

also get such high-end features as

built-in type fonts, a 24-element printhcac! and the ability to make

transparencies for overheads, All at a very low-end price: S268" complete with "Plug 'n Print*" personality module. For the name of the OKIMATE 20 retailer nearest you. simply call 1-800-OKIDATA. *Sufl([(Mtd reuil firiLe Dejier price may viiry

OKIDATA

% an OKI AMERICA company We put business or paper.

RwtRKiTiadaiutM okioaia.OUAhh™ Inc Mwaucdepastt OUAmtrita Inc PUJC SPRINT okiAmn.u li* ukimail OkiehMiii liWuBryCompa>*UfJ Comnrnfor*wdCa

Cnrnn ,-.1 4«l Ii-i1f,-i-i , I 1.1

Aupk- Apple Comtmtn Iric

IflM Inter rial lonsl Biisintii Machines Coru

Atari Auri In

I Mijr.-n.iFk. Amij. Cormnmkll»Ani((J Ini

If if

IntciraUOMI Mn-i'h-",

wrm-

January 1987

Vol. 5, No. 1

o

features Getting Started with Telecommunications Services Kathy Yakal A Buyer's Guide to Modems Caroline Hanton The Fundamentals of Downloading Todd Heimarck

22 30 34

* * *

64 66

64 64

68 70

64 128

reviews Battlefront Neil Randall Hacker II: The Doomsday Papers

Gettysburg: The Turning Point Superscript 128 Ervin Bobo

Scott Thomas

George Miller

games Decipede

James Knesek

Connect 'Em

Francis Chambers

50

64

52

128/64/+4/16

56

64

99

*

54

*

education/home applications Keyword Construction Set

Rick Bauer

Computing for Families: Beyond the Desktop窶年ew Metaphors for Computers

Fred D'lgnazio

programming Hints & Tips: Screen Tricks

Mastering 128 Sound and Music, Part 4

0. C. Holmes

Machine Language for Beginners: A Simple Magic Video Setup, Part 2 Jim Butterfield One-Touch Function Keys Keith Ashcraft Icon Changer for GEOS Douglas S. Curtis

Medium-Resolution Graphics for the 64 Data-Aid

Richard Mansfield

Louis Giglio

Henry Pesch

CP/M: Surviving with 40 Columns Ken Arbuckie Power BASIC: Information Please Rick Nash BASIC for Beginners: All About Loops Larry Cotton

58

128

74 78 82 84

64 128 64 64

88

64

92

64

97 101 102

128 64 128/64/+4/16/V

departments The Editor's Notes Gazette Feedback

Robert C. Lock Editors and Readers

10 16

* *

62

*

81 100

* *

How to Type In COMPUTEI's Gazette Programs The Automatic Proofreader

104 106

* 128/64/+4/16/V

MLX

107

64

Advertiser's Index

144

*

User Group Update

Bug-Swatter: Modifications and Corrections Horizons: User Groups Todd Heimarck

program listings

= General. V--VIC-20, 64=Commodore 64. +4=Plus/4, 16-Commodore 16. 128: Commodore t28 COMMUTE! s GAZETTE \s published monlhly bvCOMPUTH PubHcaBOnl, Int, HIS 7lh Aicnue. \'eiv "loik. N) 1UUIV USA. Phone: [2121 !65-S3bﾂｻ Eiirtonal offices are lorimi a! 32-1

Wesl Wfcndmm AVIdoe, Greensboro, NC 27408. Domi-jtn- Subscriptions: 13 issues, S:i TO5TMA5TER. Somi address changes lo COMPUTE/I C/lZfJTf. P O. Boi H1157, Des Moines, IA 5034(1. Sitond tlj=s appficjlion pcniimH .It Cri'emtjoro, NC 27403 Mid Jildlllonal mailing ofiiccs. Enfln COntentl clraynaht iMWab W COMPUTEI PuWkatiuns !nc All righls reserved. ISSN 0737-3716.

COMP0TEI I'libllwtlnns, Inc. is part uf ABC Consumer Magazines. Int. One ol Ihe AliC Publishing Cutnpjnles: AIIC Fubllihlng. Pmldutl Robltt G, Hurton- 1330 AvL-nuL' ol tlie America-: New VimV, New Vurk ]()0W.

COMPUTE! PublicationsJncÂŽ Sales Offices, Jules E. Thompson, Inc. One of ThcA&C PutMiyunqCompaniH ^^Br 1290 Howard Avenue Suite 303

Burlingame, CA 94010

Midwest

312-726-6047

Publisher James A. Casella

Texas

713-731-2605

Founder/Editor in Chief Robert C. Lock Senior Editor Richard Mansfield

Pacific Northwest

415-348-8222

Northern CA

415-348-8222

Managing Editor Kathleen Martinek

Southern CA

213-378-8361

Executive Editor Selby Bateman Editor Lance Elko

Arizona

213-378-8361

New Mexico

213-378-8361

Colorado

303-595-9299

Assistant Editor Rhett Anderson Production Director Tony Roberts

COMPUrn Publications, Inc., publishes COMPimi

Editors

Tom R. Hal/hill, Editor, COMPUTE!'* Atari ST Disk & Magazine; Stephen Levy, Editor, COMPUTE! Books Division; Ottis R. Cowper, Technical Editor Assistant Editors

Gregg Keizer, Ann Da vies (Books); George Miller, Dale McBane, (Technical); Philip I. Nelson (COMPUTE! Magazine); Todd Heimarck, (COMPUTED Atari ST Disk & Magazine); Kathy Yakal, Assistant Features Editor; Tammie Taylor, Karen Uhlendorf, Copy Editors; Caroline Hanlon, Editorial Assistant; Mark Tuttle, Submissions Reviewer Editorial Programmers

Patrick Parrish (Supervisor), Tim Victor, Tim Midkiff Programming Assistants

COMPUTE! Books

computes GAZETTE Disk

COMPUTE!'* GAZETTE

Apple Applications

COMPUTEI's Atari ST Disk & Magazine Editorial Office:

324 West Wendover Ave., Suite 200, Greensboro, NC 27408 Corporate Offices:

825 7th Avenue, New York, NY 10019 Customer Service:

P.O. Box 5038, F.D.R. Station, New York, NY 10150

Telephone: (In NY) 212-887-8525; (In U.S.) Toll free 1-800-346-6767 Office Hours: 8:30 AM to 4:30 PM Monday-Friday

David Florance, David Hensley, Troy Tucker

Subscription Orders

Administrative Staff Executive Assistant, Debi Nash; Julia Fleming, Iris Brooks, Mary Hunt, Sybil Agee

COMPUTE!';, GAZETTE

P.O. Box 10957, Des Moines, IA 50340

TOLL FREE

Production

Subscription Order Line

Irma Swain, Production Manager; Janice Fary, Art & Design

1-800-247-5470

Director; Lee Noel, Assistant Editor, Art & Design; De Potter,

In IA 1-800-532-1272

Mechanical Art Supervisor; Terry Cash, Carole Dun ton. Typesetting

('I i

COMPUTERS GAZETTE

Artists

Dabney Ketrow, Robin Case (Publications); Harry Blair, Illustrator

Subscription Rates

(12 Issue Year)! US (one year) $24. Canada, Mexico and Foreign Surface Mail $30. Foreign Air Mail $65.

Associate Editors Jim Butterfield (Toronto), Fred D'Ignazio (Alabama) Customer Service

Diane Longo, Customer Service Manager; Orchid Tamayo,

Dealer Sales Supervisor; Cassandra Greene, Customer Service Supervisor

The computes gazette subscriber list is made available to carefully screened organizations with a product or service which may be of interest to our readers. If you prefer not to receive such mailings, please send an exact copy of your subscription label to: comi>ute!'s

gazette, P.O. Box 10958, Des Moines, iA 50950. Include a note in dicating your preference to receive only your subscription.

Receptionist, Anita Arm field

Authors of manuscripts warrant that all materials submitted to computed GAZETTE are original materials with full ownership rights

Warehouse Manager, John Williams

gazette, authors acknowledge that such materials, upon accep

President James A. Casella Vice President! Advertising Richard J. Marino

Vice President, Finance a Planning Christopher M. S.wine Advertising Sales Richard J. Marino, Vice President, Advertising Sales; Peter

Johnsmeyer, Director of Advertising Sales; Bernard J. Theobald, Jr., Associate Advertising Director; Kathleen Hanlon, Production Coordinator

Sales Representatives Jerry Thompson

415-348-8222

Lucille Dennis

415-348-8222

Tom Link Harry Blair

212-887-8476 919-275-9809

resident in said authors. By submitting articles to cOMPUTEl'i

tance for publication, become the exclusive property of COMPUTE! Publications, Inc. No portion of this magazine may be reproduced

in any form without written permission from the publisher. Entire contents copyright Š 1987 COMPUTEI Publications, Inc. Rights to programs developed and submitted by authors are explained in our

author contract. Unsolicited materials not accepted for publication will be relumed if author provides a self-ad dressed, stamped en

velope. Where programs are included in an article submission, a tape or disk must accompany the submission. Printed listings are optional, but helpful. Articles should be furnished as typed copy (upper and lowercase, please) with double spacing. Each article page should bear the title of the article, date, and name of the author. COMPUTEI Publications, Inc., assumes no liability for errors in articles or advertisements. Opinions expressed by authors are

not necessarily those of COMPUTEI Publications, Inc. COMPUTEI

Publications assumes no responsibility for damages, delays, or fail

Address all advertising materials to:

ure of shipment in connection with authors' offer to make tape or disk copies of programs published herein.

Kathleen Hanlon, COMPUTED GAZETTE

PET, CBM, V1C-20, Commodore 64, Plus/4, 16, and 128 are trade

324 West Wendover Ave., Suite 200, Greensboro, NC 27408

marks of Commodore Business Machines, Inc., and/or Com

Sales Offices Northeast

212-315-1665

Mid-Atlantic

212-315-1665

modore products, COMPUTEI Publications, Inc., is in no way asso

Southeast

212-275-9809

modore Electronics Limited. Other than as an independent supplier of quality information and services to owners and users of Com ciated with Commodore Business Machines, Inc.. or any of its subsidiaries.

Ufcl

{-■--■'■: ■

Flight Simulator II Scenery Disks The Challenge of Accomplished Flight

i

Apple and Atari versions will be released soon. Each disk covers a

With a realism comparable to (and in some ways even surpassing)

geographical region of the country in detail, and is very reasonably

$100,000 aircraft flight simulators. Flight Simulator II includes full flight instrumentation and avionics, and provides a full-color out-the-

priced.

window view. Instruments arc arranged in the format standard to

The Pure Fun of "World War I Ace"

modern aircraft. All the radios needed for IFR flight arc included. Front, rear, left, right, and diagonal views let you look in any direction. Program features are clearly documented in a 96-page Pilot's Operat ing Handbook.

For training in proper flight techniques, Flight Simulator II includes another 96-page instruction manual, compiled by two professional

flight instructors with over 8,000 hours flight time and 12,000 hours of aviation teaching experience. You'll learn correct FAArecommended flight procedures, from basic aircraft control through instrument approaches. To reward your accomplishments, the

manual even includes a'section on acrobatic maneuvers.

The Realism and Beauty of Flight

When you think you're ready, you can test your flying shifts with the

"World War I Ace" aerial battle game. This game sends you on a bombing run over heavily-defended enemy territory. Six enemy fighters will attempt to engage you in combat as soon as war is

declared. Your aircraft can carry five bombs, and your machine guns are loaded with 100 rounds of ammunition.

See Your Dealer. Flight Simulator II is available on disk for the Apple II. Atari XL/XE. and Commodore 64/128 computers for $49.95. Scenery Disks for the C64 and IBM PC (Jet or Microsoft Flight Simulator) are $19.95 each. A complete Western U.S. Scenery

six-disk set is also available for $99.95. For additional product or ordering information, call (800) 637-4983. Apple II It 1 tnrfermrk of Apple Computer. Inc

Go sight-seeing over detailed, realistic United States ___

Atan XL jnd XE ire trademark* of Aun Corp

scenery. High-speed graphic drivers provide an

Commodce 64 ind L2£ ire cademin.1 q< Co

mDdce Eledronici Ltd

IBM PC 1 i re(<tit'*6 trademark or Yuanm/k

animated out-the-window view in either day. dusk, or

night flying modes. Flight Simulator El features over 80 airports in four

Corporation

different scenery areas: New York. Chicago. Seattle,

713 Edgebrook Drive Champaign IL 61820

and Los Angeles. Six additional Scenery Disks covering the entire Western half of the United States arc now

■:■'.':? 'if; 7.:!ri

rci^j

LOGC

Order Line: (800)637-4983

available in IBM and C64/I28 disk formats.

''"■'■' ■ "■■■ ■

Sports Training AMore

Competitive You.

No matter what the sport, we have become a nation conscious of performing to win. We spend hours training, practicing, competing. Bodylink gives you the individual

attention ot the best pro—anytime you desire for as long as you wish—and at no extra cos!, The Bodylink System provides instantaneous feedback on the exact manner in which your muscles are performing, enabling you to correct your swing or refine your pitch while still in motion. Bodylink allows a true two-way conversation between you and your body, giving you the winning edge. MUSCLE COORDINATION PACKAGE—3149.95 This package includes Bodylink, Standord EMG Sensor and Lead Set, Head-Band, three electrodes and two soflware cartridges containing several programs.

Getting in Shape.. .Easier... Safer... More Effectively Home exercise now becomes exciting and more effective. With Bodylink you can be sure you are exercising for maximum benefit. While using the cardio exercise package, Bodylink monitors your heart rate and helps you

determine the ideal level you need for aerobic gain. With the muscle development package, Bodylink guides

Reducing Stress. A Healthier and

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More Productive You.

if you are working too hard.

effectively. Bodylink motivates you to work harder if you are not reaching your target level, or helps you slow down CARDIO EXERCISE PACKAGE—S209.95

This package includes Bodylink, Standard EMG Sensor and Lead Set, Leg-Band, Pulse Rate Sensor, and two software

cartridge's containing several programs.

Medical authorities now consider stress a major health risk which may result in migraines, ulcers, back pain and

heart attacks. With Bodylink you have within reach o powerful stress reduction system. Bodylink allows you to

focus on physical signs of stress such as muscle tension and skin temperature. By using this feedback, Bodylink quickly and effectively teaches you to reduce stress for a healthier and happier life. STRESS REDUCTION PACKAGE—$239.95 This package includes Bodylink, Biofeedback EMG Sensor and Lead Set, Head-Band, three Electrodes, Biofeedback Temperature Sensor, and two software cartridges containing several programs.

MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT PACKAGE—$169.95 This package includes Bodylink, COMET, and two soflware cartridges containing several programs.

BODYLINK is a peripheral mat plugs Into the cartridge slot of the Commodore 64/128 computer. Knowledge of computers or computer programming Is NOT necessary to use BODYUNK. You don't even

need a disk drive to save your dato. Various sensors are used to record Internal signals Irom your body and relay ttiem to BODYLINK,

You simply place the sensor against the part ot your body to be moni tored and watch the result on your TV screen. Commoaoje i9 a registered iradema'k of Com mode jo Eiecl'onics Limited-

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With the B0DYL1NK "COMET"1" (Computerized Muscle Exerciser and Trainer) attachment, you can build and tone the muscle groups of your stomach, chest, back, legs, and arms. COMET is an electronic muscle builder that is connected to BODYLINK and sends a mes

BETTER!

sage to your TV screen

when it's compressed or pulled.

"%*■■

To purchase additional sensors and sofrwore separately.

MAIL ORDER TO. BODYLOG, INC.

Call for More Information and our product catalogue

34 MAPLE AVENUE

ARMONK, N.Y, 10504 DESCRIPTION

UNIT

Muscle Coordination Pockoge

S149.95

Muscle Development Package

SI 69.95

Cordio Exercise Pockage

S2Q9.95

Stress Reduction Package

$239.95

QUAN

PRICE

914-273-6480 or 1 -800-233-2911.

Moke checks payable to Bodylog, Inc.

Charge io my (

) VISA

(

) DISCOVER or (

Nairn1

Aili.iri.-ss

SATISFACTION GUARANTEED!

f you are not completely sollsfled, fou may return the products within

lolulMffl[tnnaise N * rain's p'"* <**i

5 days for a lull relund.

City

. State

Signature.

Payment must accompany

arder.

sripnmg {Beio* s?oo faa 5% or sub-

tani (Ovsr S2OO Add 2 5% oi Suoiotoi) OVFRSEAS OR APO ADO 5% f XTRA TOTAL AMOUNT DUE

Expires

-

All puces quo 3poclijca1.ons oro suUioci lu change noi'ce Not rosooniibio for IvDogfopfi^ Birors

) MASTERCARD

in the middle of the Nevada desert,

our product choices around. These digressions aside, we're really there to follow the pendings and happen ings of our own special end of the industry, and the occasion of the fifth anniversary year of the Com modore 64 seems a good time to look back, and ahead. We attended our first Winter Consumer Electronics Show in Jan

but we make the journey, year after

uary 1980. There we introduced our

year, finding very little element of

then-new magazine, COMPUTE!.

choice in the matter.

Imagine a group of intercon nected enclosed football stadiums, and you can only begin to visualize

Commodore was an exhibitor at that show, with quite a large booth exhibiting their product main stream: watches. In the very back

the inside of a Consumer Electron

corner of their booth, relegated to a

ics Show. In the course of less than

lesser positioning so as not to inter

a week, over 100,000 electronicsindustry representatives, buyers, sellers, watchers, manufacturers,

fere with the real business of the company, was a display of a couple

As you read this, we're preparing to make our annual trek to that great

est of trade shows, the Winter Con sumer Electronics Show, held in Las Vegas, Nevada, in early January each year. At the risk of seeming un grateful, we've always wondered why anyone would spend the latter portion of the first week in January

etc., will whisk through the hun

dreds and hundreds of exhibits, making buy and sell decisions that most of us won't see on store shelves for months, if ever. As we have those among us here who ex hibit the decided traits of high-tech groupies, we invariably fall madly

in need of one of those and two of those and...you get the picture. Imagine seeing a quite excep tional digital television exhibiting multiple screens, incredible clarity, and amazing fidelity, and discover

of Commodore computers.

We were a very timid industry then, and there was very little in the

now Epyx. The intervening years

have brought us great looming booths and displays from Commo dore and Atari. We've also seen going away quietly: the massive

vember. Or imagine running across that product that's just exactly what

personal computing extravaganzas

you've been looking for and discov

and Acorn, and Ohio Scientific, and

ering (three months later) that its re

products that were cancelled due to

many, many others. Now a great deal of the per sonal computing show activity has slowed. Some have moved to COM

lack of interest. The same phenome

DEX, a computer-dealer/industry

of Texas Instruments, and Sinclair,

non that cancels our favorite televi

trade show that occurs in the fall.

sion shows now manages to follow

Some have simply opted for alter

COMPUTED Gazelle

January 19B7

the GEs, etc., one is aware of mas sive consumer trends moving through and around the exhibit halls. The excitement is quite real, and you can't help but be aware of the magnitude of moment in watching the first compact-disk read-only drive talk to an Atari, or be fascinated by the convergence of various product lines into an evolu tionary marriage of electronic home products. So each year, while we're

warming up for this, wondering why anyone would go spend a week in the Nevada desert during early January, we begin to get just a tiny bit excited, and wonder what we'll see this time.

then. Automated Simulations, for those of you who don't recall, is

quite a bit of coming on strong and

10

ants of the industry—the Sonys,

software vendor we recall seeing

obtain one until maybe next No

Show earned it a place on the list of

what one perceives as a great deal of stability among the present gi

way of activity for computer watch ers at that show. Off in a separate hall, a company called Automated Simulations was demonstrating some of its software—-it's the only

ing that no mortals will be able to

ception at the Consumer Electronics

native avenues to visibility. CES is a trendy show, in part. In the midst of

Robert C. Lock Editor in Chief

Introducing ActionSoft! Colonel Jack Declares War to Improve Strategy/Action Software Colonel Jack Rosenow, President of ActionSoft Corporation, is out to turn

the simulation software industry upside down: "Most current simulations are little more than games," says the Colonel. "They're a far cry from what can be done with modern state-of-the-art graphics technology. They have limited strategic depth and a limited sense

of realism. That's why ActionSoft Corporation was created. We're going to redefine the state of the art in simulation software.

Colonel Jack Rosenow, USAF (Ret)

"My own area of expertise is military helicopters - their flight characteristics, and their deployment on the battlefield. We've assembled a collection of experts in other fields (combat strategists, fighter pilots, submarine

commanders) to help us develop the most realistic strategy/action simula tions ever seen.

"ActionSoft puts you at the center of the action. We take you from the depths of the Pacific ocean to the infinite frontiers of space. And with the incredible 3D graphics/animation technology provided by SubLOGIC, our products draw you into the simulation like never before. Up to now this type of realism has been available only on the most expensive military simulators. We're making it available to everyone.

"Our first product is Up Periscope!, a WWII fleet class submarine simulator for Commodore 64/128 and Apple II computers. Up Periscope! is available for the suggested retail price of S29.95.

"Next up is ThunderChopper, a high-performance scout/rescue/attack helicopter simulator. ThunderChopper is also available for the C64/128 and

Captain John Patten's years of US Navy experience provide the realism and submarine combat strategy of Up Periscope!

Apple II computers for $29.95." Colonel Jack Declares War on Inflated Software Prices "My motto has always been 'Better Quality at a Better Price'. ActionSoft simulations are generations ahead in strategy, action, and technology. And at $29.95, they're also priced less than the competition.

"Why pay more for a second-rate simulation when you can have the best for less? ActionSoft simulation software sets the new price/performance standard against which all other simulations must now be judged. But don't just take my word for it. Try ActionSoft - you'll be convinced.1

Colonel Jack's 9000-plus hours

Soft -GENERATIONS AHEAD IN SIBAIEGV ACTION SOFTWARE"

122-4 S.RACE ST. URBANA . 1L 61801 (217)367-1024

in the development of Thunder

Chopper!

■[ Don't buy another submarine simulation (like Silent Service o m' comes close to Up Periscope! We think you'll find that the superior strategic play action and 3D animated graphics of this simulation put it generations ahead of the pack! to the dangerous and skill-demanding night

Strategy You command a WWII Meet class submarine. Patrol the Atlantic and Pacific theairesof war.

Take your orders from COMSUBPAC (Commander Submarine Force Pacitic). or go hunting on your own.

Captain John PattBn's years of US Navy service provide the submarine combat

strategy missing from other sub simulations. Successful enemy engagements are

surface patrol. Up Peri scope I Includes extensive realistic equipment; surface and attack radars,

variabte-power periscope, torpedo data computer, and much more. Armament

of old reliable Mark 10s to advanced lhat can be fired from both fore and aft torpedo tubes.

Graphics and Animation Allied and enemy ships are depicted in truly unprecedented 3D detail, courtesy ol SubLOGIC graphics and animation freighters, tankers, troop ships, destroyers, and battleships, plus various friendly forces. A i _

■■■

i'..

■ 1-. ■

.1

views let you scan all vital information at a glance during the heat of battle.

conducted in lour separate phases: All major land masses and Islands {and even 1. Contact

(Determine direction ol target

a few minor ones) are properly located. Use

motion)

detailed Pacific and Atlantic charts to plot

your course and navigate fight to the action.

2. Approach (Close to within effective 3

Attack

weapons range)

But be careful not to gBt rammed or depth-

(Obtain optimum firing position

charged by enemy ships. And try to avoid the

& avoid detection)

4. Withdraw (Avoid enemy destroyers & aircraft)

f'l't iT"J

embarrassment of sinking one ol your own Allied ships or running aground on an

uncharted Pacific atoll,

Relive eight different historrcal situations and

For true submarine action and realism,

compare youi strategies with those of real

nothing else compares with Up Periscopel

submarine commanders. When you master the daytime periscope-depth attack, move on

enscope! Simulation animation and 3D

igraphic technologies licensed from SubLOGIC

j

"I "I

I-

I H

L-|lHl|l,...lrl|l

3D Graphics and special effects ■ ■ ..nosy SubLOGIC Corp. Electronic Boat Division Commodore 64 and Commodore 128 are Irademarks ol Commodore Electronics, Ltd. Apple II is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

""■■■'I

iiJii/nl^* ■GCNEHATION5 AHEAD IN STRATEGY ACTION SOFTWARE1

See Your Dealer...

122-4 S.H ACE ST. URBANA . IL

Or write or call us for more informalion. Up Periscope! is available on disk lor the Commodore 64/128 and Apple II computers

Captain John Patten, USN (Ret)

(or a suggested retail price of $23.95. For

direct orders please specify which computer version you want. Include S2.00 for shipping and specify UPS or first rtass mail delivery. Visa, MasterCard, American Express, and

Diners Club cards accepted.

61B01

(217)367-1024

- $29.95 Better Engineering at a Better Price

Climb into the pilot's seat at a highperform an ce sco u t/resc ue/l ig ht-att ack helicopter! This chopper for the 1990s and beyond, based on the Hughes 530MG Defender, provides theenhanced power and

- or helicopter simulations, And with over Rosenow has the experience to provide all the helicopter action and strategy you've been looking for.

ThunderChopper's combination of power

ThunderChopper carries all the standard

plus control IbIs you land on helipads or

flight instrumentsas well as advanced

rooftops wilh ease. Gain enough experience

inslrumentation (Forward-Looking

and you'll be ready to test your skills In a

Inlra Red, CO2 laser radar, zoom television,

variety of realistic rescue or combat

and ECM) palierned after the equipment

scenarios. Or relive pre-programmed historical situations to see how your

now being tested in the US Army's LHX helicopter-of-the-future' program. Armament

strategies and abilities compare to those of real chopper pilots. In attack mode, you can

earth' flight and make lull use of your chopper's advanced (light controls and avionics.

Graphics and Animation

Hughes Chain Gun, and Zuni rockBts precise controls provide the power and

maneuverability to use I horn all effectively. From simple landing practice to the most complicated exploration, rescue, or combat

mission, ThunderChoppcr is the ultimate in High-speed 3D graphics, courtesy ol

helicopter action and realism. No other

SubLOGIC, oiler superb out-I he-wind shield

helicopter simulation even comes close.

views in both day and night flight modes. A complete instrument panel and splil-screen

view allows you to scan all vital information at a glance while performing combat and rescue operations.

un nsedfromSubLOGIC

1986 Action Soti Corporation

3D GraphFes and special eltects courtesy

SubLOGIC Corp. Skunk Works

Commodore 64 and Commodore 126 are trademarks of Commodore Eleclromcs, Lid Apple II is a trademark of Apple Computer. Inc.

.-â– tali

ACTIONSoft

firm nit ion1; ami ah in siHMf (.v action

See Your Dealer. . .

t22

Or wrile or call us (or more information.

ThunderC hopper isavailable on disk for Ihe Commodore 6<in 23 and Apple II Computers

version you want. Include $2.00 lor shipping

and specify UPS or first class mail delivery. Visa. MasterCard. American Express, and

Diners Club cards accepled.

II

hlBOi

(?t7) :lfi7- 10?4

Colonel Jack Rosenow, USAF (Rot)

for a suggested retail price of $29.95. For direct orders ptoase specify which computer

A S HACE ST URBANA

- $29.95 -

Better Engineering at a Better Price

Editors and Readers

Do you have a question or a problem?

Have you discovered something that could help other Commodore users? We want to hear from you. Write to

the disk drive should be turned on first. Still others say the computer should be

Press RUN /STOP-RESTORE (to get the READY prompt). Cursor up to READY,

first, if you feel that a specific power-on sequence works best for you, then that's

press RETURN, and then type PRINT Y.

Gazette Feedback, COMPUTED GA

the right one for your equipment.

ZETTE, P.O. Box 5406, Greensboro, NC 27403. We regret that due to the

The black lines in your printouts are

volume of mail received, xve cannot re spond individually to programming questions.

caused by overlapping lines. Printers are most often used to print letters and other characters, so they're set to put spaces be tween lines by feeding the paper forward a little between lines. Within programs like

Magnets, Peripherals, And

Print Shop and Newsroom, the printouts are high-resolution images. Ideally, each hi-res line would print just below the line above. But this isn't always possible, so

Smeared Ink We've had our two 64s (one for us and one for the kids) for almost three years,

and use them daily. Recently we were told the disk drive must be kept on the right side of the computer as there is a

magnet in the left side that would erase disks placed in the drive. Is there any truth to this? Would you also please tell us the correct order for turning on peripher als? We have had several discussions

with friends and agreed that you would have the last word. Also, what would he the cause and correction of the faint Hack lines run ning across the paper (as if the ink were smearing) when using certain programs

such as Print Shop or Newsroom! We've adjusted tho paper thickness lever and

changed ribbons, but the problem persists.

Jnn Weis

While it's true that strong magnetic fields can destroy information recorded on disks,

you needn't be concerned about which side of the computer the disk drive resides on. There's no significant source of mag

netism Inside a Commodore 64. In a quick

glance around the office, we noticed that

many people place their disk drive to the right of the 64, but that's probably because it's easier for right-handed people to use a

disk drive if it's on the right. Those who have a disk drive on the left have experi enced no problems. The "which order to turn on peri pherals" question has caused quite a bit of discussion in the past few years. Here's

the final word: It doesn't matter whether you turn on the computer, printer, or disk

printer manufacturers have a choice:

Either put a smidgen of white space be tween lines or overlap the lines a bit. Overlapping lines gives the picture a more "solid" look, so it's preferred.

I'm planning to sell my regular 64 to buy the new Commodore 64C. Is it

worth it, or should I keep my regular one? Scott Cummins

The new computer differs from the old only cosmetkally; internally, the 64C is exactly the same as the older 64. The 64C does come with nai> software—the GEOS operating system and software for the Quantumlink telecomputing service, but you can buy this software separately and run it on your regular 64. You may prefer the enhanced packaging of the 64C; or you

When the 64 is turned on, it says 38911

bytes free. But if I type PRINT FRE(O) + 2T16 in immediate mode, it prims the

number 38909. Now I don't care about the two bytes, but is that normal or should it be 38911? Stephen ]. Sommer On power-up, the 64 tests the beginning and end of free memory and subtracts to

find out how much memory is available. There are 38911 bytes free for use by

A BASIC program line always ends

with a zero, and the last line in a program

contains three zeros—one for the end of the line, plus two more zeros that indicate the end of the program. When you turn on

your 64, there's no BASIC program in memory and the memory test finds 38911

bytes free. But the initialization of BASIC, which comes later in the power-on se

quence, places two zeros at the start of the

BASIC program text area (at 2049 and 2050), just in case you try to LIST or RUN with no program entered. So, even though there's no program,

two bytes are used. When you use the FRE function to print the amount of free mem

OUT OF DATA

CP/M Listings

When 1 put the cursor on the line that says "READY." and press RETURN,

the computer prints an OUT OF DATA error message. Is READY a command?

Rehan Ahmed

READY isn't a command, but READ is. READ takes information from DATA statements for use within a program. When you press RETURN over READY,

you're telling the computer to read data into the variable Y. // there are no DATA statements in the program in memory,

swear that turning on the printer first,

see the OUT OF DATA error.

then the disk drive, makes everything

To see how this works, type NEW;

work more smoothly. Others argue that

then enter a line such as 10 DATA 500.

January 1987

Missing Bytes

may prefer to purchase the software and "upgrade" the computer yourself.

there's nothing to read and that's why you

COMPUTE!'* GaiBftB

The Mystery Of The Two

BASIC.

The64C

drive first. Some Commodore owners

16

The READ has put the number 500 into the variable Y, and PRINT Y prints out the number.

ory, you see 38909 instead of 38911.

All of your programs are written for BASIC or MLX-format machine lan

guage. Is there any possibility you'll

print programs for the CP/M mode of the 128?

Hubert Lin

The Commodore 64 and 128 have a builtin operating system and a built-in BASIC language. Readers can type in BASIC pro

grams as is, with no other software or hardware (although a disk drive is neces

sary if you want to save the program). CP/M is an operating system which can run various languages such as BASIC, C, Turbo Pascal, and so on. But 128 own

ers don't get a language with the CP/M

200 FUN yousul

vwtoLU... Subscribe to COMPUTEI's Gazette today through this special introductory money-saving offer, and you'll be getting a lot more than just another computer magazine. That's because

each issue of COMPUTER'S Gazette comes complete with up to 20 all-new, action-packed programs.

Subscribe now and you can depend on a steady supply of high quality, fun-filled programs for your Commodore computer—

^

programs like Disk Editor, Mini-Filer, Arcade

Baseball, Budget Planner, Sound Designer, SpeedScript, and hundreds of other educa tional, home finance and game programs the entire family can use all year long. The superb programs you'll find in each issue are worth much, much more than the low subscription price.

:■■•

i _ ■ ■ — ■ -- —

And there's more to COMPUTEI's Gazette than just exciting new programs. Month after month, the superb articles in COMPUTEI's Ga zette deliver the latest inside word on every thing from languages to interfaces...from programming to disk drives.

Whether you're a novice or an experi enced user, COMPUTEI's Gazette is the magazine for you. So subscribe today. Return the enclosed card or call 1-800-247-5470 (in

Iowa, 1-800-532-1272).

'COMPUTE* Computer*

And MIDI _ Wimpy* Hunter

AND

ArcacM

-

I

■:

111

1111 COMPUTE! Publications, Inc. One o( Itie ABC Publishing Companies

If attached order card is missing, write: COMPUTEI's Gazette RO. Box 10955. Des Moines, IA 50950

disk; they have to buy their own. Prices for CP/M languages range from S50 to $200 or more.

All owners of the 128 have CP/M, but only a small percentage oivn a given language. A type-in program for CP/M mode would appeal only to a small group of 128 owners who happened to own a particular language. We do, however, publish articles for 128 owners who use

CP/M. For example, sec page 97 of this issue.

numbers, separated by commas, The first number is the starting position within the larger string. The second is how many characters you wish to extract.

For example, AS = "SECRETLY--. PRINT MIDS(AS,5,2> would start at the fifth tetter, take two characters, and print ET. If the second number is one, you can

look at characters one at a time. Another useful function is LEN, which returns the length of a string. PRINT LENC'THIS IS A TEST") would print the number 14. The following pro

gram asks you to input a word and then prints out the characters one by one, using

Secret Codes I've been trying to write a program lhat would both encode and decode a mes sage. The code works by taking the first two letters of a word, checking the

number on the enclosed grid, and writ ing down that number. For example, "THIS IS MY CODE" would turn into 348-365 365 505 113-149, because the number .it column T, row H, is 348, the number for I and S is 365, and so on.

My question is, how do you break

LEN and MIDS: 10 PRINT "INPUT A WORD (OR END)" 20 INPUT WS: IF WS - "END" THEN STOP 30 A = LENtWS)

for example), you could encode the mes sage with a two-dimensional array. With

in the sample grid you sent, the intersection of B and E contains the num ber 55, so you would have to create an ar ray with the DIM statement—DIM T(26,26)—and then assign a unique num ber to each slot. T(2,5) would hold a 55,

T(9,19) a 365, and so on. Since there are 676 combinations (26 times 26), you should either put the numbers in DATA

statements and then READ them into the array or write the numbers to a disk file and then INPUT* them into memory. To

decode the numbers into letters, use a onedimensional string array (DIM FS(676!>, each element of which contains a twoletter string.

40 FOR J = 1 TO A: XS - MID$(W$,J,1)

Avoiding The Save-With-

50 PRINT "LETTER #";J;"IS ";X$

Replace Bug

60 NEXT: GOTO 10

Now that you can pull out individual

letters, you need a way to convert them to numbers. The ASC function takes a letter

a word down two letters at a time and then turn it into a number? If you have any ideas, I'd appreciate them. Robb Feldhege

as input and returns the ASCII value. The ASCII numbers 65-90 represent the let ters A-Z. PRINT ASCC'C"), for example,

The MIDS function, which extracts a substring from a larger string, would serve your purposes. It's followed by pa rentheses containing a string and two

assuming the string contains letters but no

should return a 67. If you subtract 64, you'll end up with a number from 1-26, numbers, spaces, or punctuation marks.

Given two numbers that represent characters (2 and 5 for the letters B and E,

1 have read that it is wise to avoid savewith-replace. My problem is commer cial software that uses save-withrcplace. 1 have already lost one file, and I'm afraid it will happen again. Can you give advice on how to use such software? Ornulf Nyberg

One solution is to use a different filename with each save and then delete the old files manually from BASIC. Unfortunate ly, some software uses the name that you loaded the file with to save it back. If your

Infocom, introduces four new gam o

Infocom,'" the crazy people who brought you "Zork"fil and

piqued, you'll embark on a rowdy romp through the solar system.

Galaxy,"™ has a habit ofcoming up with games that add a new dimension to interactive fiction. And the best keeps getting bet ter. Case in point: "Leather God desses ofPhobos."™ Ithasa scratch n' sniffcard and a 3-d comic book to excite all your senses. Once your interest is

science fiction has 3 "naughtiness

"The Hitchhiker's Guide to the

This hilarious spoof of 1930's pulp levels" for the prude to the lewd. "Leather Goddesses" is sure to amuse members ofeither sex.

One's really warped. Then there's "Trinity™ It answers the question of whether a game can be both light-hearted

and profound. You journey through a time warp into a mis chievous lantasy world where all atomic explosions are mysteri ously connected. "Trinity" takes you back to the dawn ofthe atomic age and puts the course of histoiy in your hands.

One's a real circus. It has been said that the circus is the only really mysteri ous thing left in civilization. One thing's for sure, there is plenty ofmystery in

"BaUyhoo.BT""While trying to locate the circus owners kid napped daughter, you are Bomersaulted into a threering world ofdeception and ciime. To solve the crime

Get S2'i;"i worth df coupons KHEE at your retailer today.

software lets you specify the drive num ber, your files will be safe. For example, when the program asks for the filename,

A potential problem derives from the sequential nature of such files. If the busi ness grows to the point where there are

type O:filename instead of just filename.

5000 customers, it will take a long time to

If none of these options is available, turn your disk drive off and then on before sav ing a file. This is inconvenient, but it will

find, say, the 4182nd name. You'd have to read sequentially through 4181 records before you reached the one you wanted, a very slow process. You could give each

prevent the problems caused occasionally by save-with-replace.

customer a separate sequential file, but

Commodore disks allow a maximum of

only 144 files in the directory.

Deleting A Record From A Relative File Commodore-indexed relative files fas

cinate me. Unfortunately, there appears

to bs relatively little known aboui how to delete a record from an indexed file.

The articles you've published about rel ative files didn't address this question. I'm sure there are other programmers

who would like to know more about the topic. Larry E. Rich

Here's a brief overview of Commodore's various file implementations. Imagine a small business that has four customers: Young, Abel, Norton, and Delaney. To save those names to a sequen tial file, a program has to open the file for writing, write the four names, and then

close the file. The names are stored in the

order in which they're written, SO if Young were the first name in the file, it would be the first one to appear when you opened the file for reading.

Another limitation occurs when you need to sort the file. To alphabetize, you could read the four names into memory,

alphabetize them, scratch the old file, and write a new file. That's fine for small amounts of data, but when there arc sev eral thousand records, time becomes a

factor. Relative files to the rescue. If you know where a certain record is, you can read it directly from a relative file -without having to search through the intervening records. To find the name at position 3284, you'd set the pointer to 3284 and

read the name tor other data) in the record. To alphabetize a relative file, you could read all the records into memory, sort them, and write them all back out. But

that would be just as slow as rewriting a sequential file. A faster way to handle the information is to use a separate index file. (Such indices are usually stored as ordi nary sequential files.)

If the files have been written in the

es. One really smells.

Every package includesan inlegmt set o/pru/ra

to excite yvur seiists andeiikaiicr the game.

and save your hide from a per manent spot in the freak show, you'll need to stretch your puzzle-solving skills to the limit One's really haunting. Wrapping up this new quartet is a classic gothic mystery set in a haunted castle on the mistslirouded seacoast of Cornwall. In "Moonmist"'" you'll explore the darkest reaches ofTresyllian

Castle and get involved with an eccentric cast of characters, including British nobility, while trying to save your best Mend I from a vengeful ghost. "Moonmist" offers four distinctly differ ent sets of clues, problems, solutions and hidden treasures. So you'll die to replay it again and again.

All four are easy to get. Simply follow your nose to

your local software store today.

inFocom 0nmtetousatl2SCunbridgeRttlc Drive, Cambridge, HA0214D. 5 Infocom. f u1. Z.j.a i * j rejrisierwl Iraitmart - - i L i ^.!..

hoc. Trrm [y. leather fjfni(3*b^'3 u( Phntw and M Lijn mi-"T nt 1 raitmirks ol 1 nrÂŤt>m. I k. Tht 11 ilctiifcrr't tiuiiic to iheGakxj L ,l ^j.LiIi'.T.jrl-H-i" 1 ^ij^

order (1) Young, (2) Abel, (3) Norton, and 14) Delaney, the index file would contain the numbers 2, 4, 3, 1, 0, because Abe! is record 2, but should be first in the alpha betical list. Delaney (record 4) is next on the sorted list, and so on. The 0 is used to mark the end of the list. Instead of a 0, you could also set another variable to keep track of how many records there are. If a new record is added, it goes in the

next available position in the relative file. Let's say you add record (5) Michaels. The

new index file would contain the numbers 2, 4, 5, 3, 1, and 0. The number 5 has been inserted in the third spot on the list. Note that you don't have to resort the entire

list; all you need do is find out where the new record belongs. Now let's say Detaney's name—re

cord 4—needs to be removed from the list. The first thing you do is change the index file to 2, 5, 3, 1, 0. If the record number

isn't on the list, it has been deleted. You might also want to add the number 4 to a list of available records. The next time you add a neiv customer, don't put the name in record 6; put it in record 4.

The Dangers Of Static After upgrading from a 64 to a 128 and

after using it for over a year, a problem has developed. The fire button on port 2 does not work anymore. There is nothing wrong with the joystick; it

works fine on port 1. There seems to be no problem with [he connections inside the computer. I would be grateful if you could let me know what the problem is and how to fix it myself, since there is not a Com motion1 dealei in my country. Yousef E. Ebrahim

It's likely that me of your Complex Inter face Adapter ICIA) chips has failed. The probable cause is static electricity. The power switch is very near the joystick

ports, so, for example, if you walk across a carpel (building up a static charge) and

will not damage it at all. In general, noth ing any program does will ever damage any of a computer's internal hardware. Like all other electronic components, SID chips occasionally fail. The only cure is to replace the chip. The answer above about replacing CIA chips also applies to SID chips—replacing the chip will be cither simple or impossible, depending on whether or not the one in your computer is socketed. The SID chip, which has the nu merical designation 6581, is located near the center of the circuit board in both the 64 and 128.

reach to turn on the computer, your finger may spark against the joystick port and

send an unhealthy voltage directly to the CIA chip. The symptoms may include a joystick port that doesn't work correctly, as you've experienced, or even a totally nonfunc

tional keyboard. Often you'll find that a number of keys on the keyboard will not work correctly. !f you encounter any of these symptom, you're in good company; our experience indicates that this is one of the most common hardware problems for

the Commodore 64 and 128. The solution is to replace the faulty

CIA chip, which is cither quite simple or nearly impossible, depending on the ver sion of your computer. The CIA to be re placed is the one nearest the keyboard connector. In Commodore 6is this is in the upper-left corner of the circuit board; in 128s it's in the lower right comer. The

chip has the numerical designation 6526. If the chip is in a socket, make sure the machine is unplugged from the electrical

outlet and just pull out the old one and in sert a new one, taking care that the you don't bend any pins and that the new chip is oriented in the same direction as the old one. On some Commodore 64s, the chip may be soldered directly onto the circuit board rather than being in a socket. In this case, ice recommend not trying to replace

the chip. Unless you have special equip ment, it's extremely difficult to remove a large soldered chip without damaging the

circuit board. In this case, you'll need to contact a Commodore dealer or repair center about getting a replacement circuit board. Check the advertisements in GA

ZETTE for companies that sell replace ment chips.

Killing SID With Kindness? After about one year's intensive use,

the SID (Sound Interface Device) chip in my Commodore 64 has fallen com

pletely silent. Can this be caused by misusing the chip? For instance, can

you damage the chip by POKEing it too frequently?

Teuvo Laitinen

The SID chip is designed to be POKEd; such activity is considered normal use and 20

COMPUTE's Gazetta

January 1987

Appending ML Programs

to POKE to locations 45-46 (the end of

BASIC on the 64) and then use the SAVE command.

An Undocumented 128 Command i was experimenting with different

functions on the 128 and typed RREGISTER A,B,C,D. The computer ac cepted it, so I typed PRINT A,B,C,D. Four values appeared and 1 wrote them down. Later that day, I entered the ma chine language monitor and was sur prised to notice that the values in the

accumulator, X register, Y register, and status register (AC, XR, YR, and SR) were the same as the values 1 had writ

How is it lhat there are some BASIC

ten down! 1 believe this is a previously

programs that are only three or four

undocumented function, since it

lines long and yet they take 30 seconds

doesn't appear in the System Guide.

or more to load? They must be loading a machine language program as well. But there's no LOAD command tor this in the BASIC program, and after you run

it, it doesn't access the disk. Somehow the program is automat

ically loading the ML, because the three or four lines couldn't be so many blocks long on disk. How would 1 write this type of loader? Chris Miller

SpeedSoipt Is a good example of a ma chine language program that you load and run as if it were a BASIC program. There's no need to type the SYS command because it's built into the program. If you list it,

you'll see a single line that saws 10 SYS

Scott K. Silverman

The RREC command in BASIC 7.0 is in deed undocumented, at least xvithin Com

modore's manuals. It's not mentioned in either the System Guide or the Program mer's Reference Guide. However, RREG is covered in COMPUTERS 128 Pro

grammer's Guide. RREG Is followed by one or more variable names (A, B, C, D are suitable). It puts the values of the accumulator, andX,

Y, and processor status (P) registers into the variables. You can thus pass values from an ML program back to a BASIC pro gram via RREG. You can also send values the other direction, by adding up to four variables or values after a SYS statement.

2061 and no more. And yet, it takes up

SYS 3072,Al.A2,15,Z(5), for example,

20-30 blocks on the disk. If you were to load SpeedScript into

mulator, A2 into the X register, 15 into the

an ML monitor and look at locations S0801-50SOC, the beginning of BASIC, you'd see the following sequence of bytes: OB OS 0,\ 00 9E 32 30 36 31 00 00 00

The first two bytes are the line link (a

would put the value in Al into the accu Y register, and Z(5J into the processor sta tus register. The equivalent on the 64 is

POKEing values into locations 780-783 before you SYS and then PEEKing loca tions 780-783 after the RTS from the ma chine language subroutine. jg

pointer to the next BASIC line, at $080B, which happens to be the second-to-the-

lasl zero). The next two (0A 00) are the line number (10) in low-byte/high-byte for mat. The token for SYS is $9E, followed by the numbers 2-0-6-1 (as ASCII charac ters). The three zeros mark the end of a BASIC program.

Location 2061 is the next byte follow ing the zeros, so when you run the pro gram, it executes a SYS to the next available address. The programs you've

COMPUTEI'S Gazette is look ing for utilities, games, applications educational pro

grams, and tutorial articles. If you've created a program that you think other readers might enjoy or find useful, send it, on tape or disk to:

noticed with three or four lines use the

Submissions Reviewer

same principle. SpeedScript was written with a ma

P.O. Box 5406

chine language assembler which wrote the necessary bytes to disk, followed by the

ML program. To do this yourself, send the appropriate characters with the .BYTE pseudo-op (if it's available in your assem

bler). If you're using an ML monitor, store the bytes into memory and then save the

memory from S0801 to the end of the ML program. Another way to do this would be

COMPUTE! Publications

Greensboro, NC 27403

Please enclose an SASE if you wish to have the materials returned. Articles are reviewed within four weeks of submission.

COMMODORE CLASSICS! PAPERCLIP WITH SPELLPACK

PAPERCLIP II:

for the Commodore 64

for Ihe Commodore 128

"The " I Best Selling Word Processing Package." - BILLBOARD'S COMPUTER SOFTWARE CHAKT

only

"An exceptional value... one of the best software investments now available for the C12H!"

"Superb... the most sophisticated to date."

- RUN MAGAZINE

- COMPUTE MAGAZINE

"The best professional word processor available." - RUN MAGAZINE

The *! best-selling word-processor, re-designed to take full advantage of the Cl2S's increased memory, speed and power. Compatible with C-64

■ Fast: Insert/Delete, Move or Copy words,

PaperClip text files.

phrases, sentences or entire blocks of text.

■ Easy: save up to 52 repetitive words or phrases, then enter them with just two keystrokes. ■ Sophisticated: Global Search and Replace

changes even- occurrence of a wrong word or

■ Integrated 38.000-word spelling checker to give yvu error-free documents, ■ Built-in telecommunications module to access on-line services — one toggle moves you between word processor and terminal.

phrase.

■ Works with the Consultant Data Base Manager

for the C64.

■ Personalized form letter mailing list and mailing label functions. ■ Built-in Spellpack with Dictionary for fast error checking.

THE CONSULTANT

■ Works with THE CONSULTANT for the CI2H.

■ New editing features include multiple columns, reverse video scroll and chaptering, with maximum document size now expanded to !)!>!> lines.

CALK1T for the Commodore 64/128

Database management made easy!

"... the very best program of its type... a powerful tool that's not overpowering... the perfect spreadsheet for the home user,"

"Combines simplicity with speed and gigantic records."

■ Simplified, streamlined spreadsheet program

for the Commodore 128/64

- COMPUTER ENTERTAINER NEWSLEITEB

with "What IP" capability for projections and

- COMMODORE MAGAZINE

■ Built-in templates for the mast-needed database functions Inventory, Budgets, Mailing Lists, Catalogs and many more. ■ Keyed field access speed — I'10 second; sorting speed — 4 seconds per 1000 records.

■ Sir search operators — Equal To, Greater

Than, Less Than, Not Equal 'To, Match Anywhere, Wild Card.

Estimator, and many more.

■ Formats are already set up. calculations are pre-programmed - all you need do is enter data.

■ Design your own customized worksheets to

solve specialized problems,

HOMEPAK

■ Totally flexible relational reporting — insert any Consultant data file in a report.

for the Commodore 64/128 "... inexpensive, powerful, integrated software.

■ Works with PaperClip Word Processor.

As such. HomePak is the winner of InfoWorld's Best Buy Award."

KEYS TO TYPING:

for Ihe Commodore 64/128

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...one of the finest values on the market. Performance: excellent. Value: excellent."

■10 words a minute in 32 easy lessons — or less!

Learn to type at your own pace! ■ 32 step-by-step lessons to reach tit least grade 10 proficiency!

■ Powerful Macro facility — log on to your

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■ Lessons based on proven instructional techniques used by typing teachers.

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« Built-in application templates- Check Book, Budget, Installment Payment. Income Tax,

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■ Extensive macro capability

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■ Flexible data handling — save incoming text to disk, edit it, print it.

2. HOMETEXT WORD-PROCESSOR ■ (her 20 fullscreen editing and formatting features: move & copy, word-wrap, justification, automatic paging and many more.

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Getting Started With Telecommunications Services Kathy Yakal, Assistant Features Editor More and more Commodore owners are discovering the fun

and value of computer-to-computer telecommunications. And membership in one or more of the nationwide telecommunica tions services is among the most popular and entertaining mays to telecompute. Here's a look at how to get started. The explosion in the consumer electronics industry over the last

What You'll Need

decade or so has caused many peo

connect—or log on—to a telecom munications service is relatively

ple to rethink their traditional no tions of entertainment and communication. Take video cas

Although the setup you'll need to

simple and inexpensive, the hard ware and software required on the

sette recorders {VCRs), for example. They are now affordable household items that make it possible to rent, or actually own, copies of motion

other end is not. These services are

pictures.

ment, and large staffs of program

Cable television, to a lesser de gree, also gives people more control over their entertainment choices. A cable system incorporating 20 or 30

channels offers many times the choices available just a few years ago.

Likewise, personal computers and modems, the peripheral devices that enable your computer to com municate with other computers over telephone lines, are bringing about similar changes in communi

cations. Online news and infor mation networks offer a wide variety of services, ranging from fi nancial information to public do main software to online shopping to conversations with people around the world. You no longer have to wait until the stores are open to shop, or keep looking out the door to see if the paper has ar

rived, or listen to the busy signal after repeatedly dialing a friend's

phone number to chat. And if you choose and use the service wisely, it won't break your budget. 22

COMPUTE'S Gazelle

January 1987

complex businesses, requiring hun

dreds of thousands of dollars worth of computer and telephone equip mers and customer-support

personnel to keep the systems running.

All you'll need is your Com modore computer, monitor or tele vision, disk drive, and modem.

Your considerations in buying a modem will likely have to do with how much you want to spend, the

variety of features you want, and your plans for future computerrelated purchases.

Modems capable of working with Commodore computers range

from under $50 to hundreds of dol lars. If you anticipate spending a lot of time online, you may want to in vestigate the special features of fered on more expensive modems. And if you think you'll be hanging onto your Commodore for a few years, many of the inexpensive

modem you'll be able to use on

both. {For more information on modems, see "A Buyer's Guide to Modems" on page 30.) Telecommunications is similar to other computer applications in

that it requires special software. Telecommunications software, often called terminal software, does the work necessary to let your com puter "talk" to another computer.

Most modems come with such pro

grams of their own, but often these are not sophisticated enough to handle much more than the most

routine operations. If you find this to be true after spending some time online, you can look into buying something more suitable.

Once you have the hardware and software necessary, you'll need a way to get access to the online ser vices. This is handled in one of three ways. Some services offer starter kits, packets that you can

buy at a computer store or through the mail that contain instructions

for the system as well as your own

personal log-on information. Some require a phone call or a request in

writing to receive a password—the code word that keeps your telecom munications private. Instructions

for using these systems are handled online and also through written

documentation. In both of these cases, just about any terminal soft ware will suffice. But at least one online service currently operat ing—QuantumLink—uses a spe cial terminal program written

Commodore-specific modems will

specifically for Commodore com

suit your purposes. But if you plan to buy another computer in the near future, it might be wise to spend a few extra dollars now on a

one of these disks. There's one more thing that's advisable to consider before

puters, and subscribers must obtain

Your Ticket To The Best

In Sports

When was the last time you had the chance to attend a championship sporting event-or better yet, play in

one? Gamestar's series of outstanding sports simu lations gives you that chance. Make the playoffs. Play in the final round at Pebble Beach. Fight the heavyweight champ for the title.

Every Gamestar simulation is as real as the sport itself, from gameplay to strategy to graphics. So winning the championship

won't be easy. If it was, il wouldn't be worth it.

For the very best in sports-the

excitement, the challenge, even the championship-Gamestar is your ticket.

amsnji

AvaHiblrfor[BMPCPCjrand Tandy 1000, Commodore Amlga, and conipalible com-

puler ayiLfrmi. Coming toon iiir A|iji1- I!, AUri ST Jndtom-

Anllabfc for Apple II. THM PC bailable for Apple LI. IBM PC PCitandTindy LOOO, Commo- pqtandiamty 10O0, Commadorve1), 138. Jnd Amiga. Alari dorefi^, L^B. and Arnica, Atari

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mm. ici-

fyticms-

SI and compatible compur#r

ST and compatible computer s^nicnu.

Araifcabte for Commodore and 138 compurerij^iems-

and 128 computer

SX and toni|..jii!.h computer

|j^riMi (nmpulcr >ul'-ii]>

ir4rt^j*olAppk^umH^l«AuW.li1ji«IJU.^l.k^i™>mjAr,fW^^

«WritiA.rlrtK«i!lnr.'

launching into telecommunica

er person are usually possible, as is

tions: Where is your computer sys

electronic mail, messages that you

To make these areas as helpful as possible to their users, system plan

tem physically located? Obviously,

can leave for another user to pick

ners often enlist the help of experts

it needs to be near a phone. If you

in a given field to answer questions

have only one phone in your home

up the next time he or she logs on. And if you get lost in the system at

and would like to add an extension

any time, there is usually a com

specifically for telecommunica tions, think about placing it a room away from other family activity. Be cause hourly online charges are lowest at the least active hours for telephone services (evenings and weekends), you may be spending

mand to signal a system operator

• Neios and sports. The newspa per, radio, and television may still be the preferred way to get the lat

(sysop) that you need some individ ual assistance.

and facilitate conferences.

est news about current events,

• Financial information. If

weather, and sports, but online ser

you're a serious investor in the

vices continue to improve their cov

stock market or even just a casual

erage. They can't as yet provide the

owner of a few stocks here and there, you may want updates on what's happening on the stock ex changes. Some telecommunications

kind of in-depth coverage a news

services offer easy access to current

the phone a lot and your telecom

printing and delivery time. Their

stock prices, usually with at least a

munications needs are extensive,

edge lies in fast access to breaking

15-minute delay.

news headlines.

some time telecommunicating when other occupants of your

home are sleeping. If you live with a number of other people who use

you may even want to think about adding a second line.

• Computer-related information.

Many online services have their roots in this activity, since the im

How To Choose Currently, there are about a halfdozen or so telecommunications services operating in the home mar ket that attract a good many Com modore owners.

You may ultimately decide to subscribe to more than one online service, but before you invest in your first one, it's best to look at your needs and budget, as well as how each service can meet those criteria.

First, carefully examine each service's fee schedules and hours of operation. Services available 24 hours every day often charge much higher rates for weekday daytime use than evenings and weekends, since they offer features used by

businesses during work hours. This tends to discourage casual users from logging on during those hours, freeing the phone lines and the system itself. Next, think about your person al needs for communication and

information. Each service offers a unique configuration of the following: • Social interaction. Most ser nities for interaction with other

users. Some have conference areas, where the conversation is general, and the agenda is set by whomever

happens to be on at any particular moment. Some services set aside

special times and areas for confer ences focusing on a single topic. Private conversations with one othCOMPUTEI's Gazette

and trade software. Generally, the

most technically proficient com puter users in this country are very active online, and many are avail

able for formal and informal confer encing on a variety of computerrelated topics. Most services offer special-interest groups (SIGs)

where information about specific brands of computers is swapped, Commodore SIGs are general

ly divided into several different segments: conference forums, where users can just chat; down

loading areas, where individuals can download public domain soft

ware ( see "Trie Fundamentals of Downloading" on page 34); news

and information sections, where the latest Commodore news, indus try rumors, and product infor mation can be found; electronicmail areas, where users can leave open messages for technical help or private messages to other users; and bulletin boards (BBSs), where

messages and other information fo cus on a variety of more specialized

vices offer many different opportu

S4

petus for starting them was often to provide a forum for computer own ers to share technical information

January 19B7

issues.

• Topical SIGs. The growing number of people online who want

to communicate with other people on non-computer-related topics has led many services to open SIGs

paper can in the same amount of time, but they have an advantage in

that they don't have to wait for

• Travel senu'ecs. In many cases,

a travel agent may be faster and cheaper for cutting through to the best fares and schedules, but online airline guides are seeing an increase

in sophistication and popularity. Their greatest advantage may lie in

emergency situations. More than one harried traveler has passed up the long lines at the ticket counter in the airport, hooked up a portable computer with a built-in modem to

a pay phone, and made a lastminute change in flight reservations.

■ Online gaming. Playing games over the phone lines using comput

ers has gone on for many years, but these games have generally been limited to text commands that can

be easily passed from one kind of computer to another. Sophisticated games that incorporate color, graph

ics, and animation require the kinds of standards that are found only when one kind of computer, like a

Commodore, is used to play telegames with another Commodore.

Still, most services offer a wide vari ety of single-player and multiplayer games, ranging from computer ver sions of simple board games to com

plicated strategy games like CompuServe's MegaWars. • Public domain software. This is

one of the most popular features of online services and BBSs, and also one of their most technically diffi cult functions. Thousands of public

dealing with a variety of these top

domain—or noncopyrighted—pro

ics. Just about any interest imagin

grams, covering every computer

able can be found on different services,

and

new ones are con

stantly being created as needs arise.

application, are available online. Mastering the ins and outs of downloading is the trick here.

Jet

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A New Dimension in Fun Easy aircraft control, coupled with unexcelled omnidirec tional visual (plus audio) references and ballistic power, provide the speed and

aerobatic maneuverability that add up to pure fun. Engage in a wide variety of combat scenarios (land-based

Flight Simulator

scenery Disk compatible

LOGIC

F-16 or carrier-based F-18), or

713 Edgebrook Drive Champaign IL61B20 12171359-MS2Telei J06995

fly over detailed United States

Order Line.(8001637-49B3

scenery at Mach 2.

'-■'.■ ; ■

^. SlraponyourparachulaRislenyourgoggles.Ac<:oladeisabout to launch you lonew hair raising heights in combat simulation. ^ Accolade's Ace of Aces combines all of tlie exhilaration of [light with the gul wrenching pressure of enemy confrontation.You'll climb into the cockpil of the maverick Mosquito tighter bomber, pride of the Royal Air Force during WWII, tangle with the Nazi Luftwaffe, dodge V-l Buzz Bombs, then pierce through the clouds for a surprise bombing raid. What does it take to bean Ace? From you, legendary British pride and guts. From Accolade, legendary payability. Accolade

has done iis part.The rest is up to you, male. ^ fcceofAces

Available on Commodore

64/128. Accolade. 20813 Stevens Creek Boulevard,Cupertino,California 950RPhone 408-446-5757.

Linking Up And Getting Around

tern, and then retrace your steps

There are two ways of getting in touch with an online service. Some have phone numbers dedicated to

expert mode that skips most of the

their services in most major cities.

However, if you live in a rural area, this may involve a long-distance phone call every time you log on. Other services use networks, such

when you want to move to a differ ent area. Most services also offer an menus to save time and money, let ting you quickly jump to where you want to be. Even infrequent users of tele communications services need to learn a bit about a particular sys tem's command structure, the pat

What's Online For Commodore? All of the major online telecommu nications systems offer special

Commodore-specific features, though Commodore owners may

find many general areas of interest there, too. Here's a look at fees, subscriber information, and a brief overview of what's available for Commodore owners on several of

as Tymnet, Uninet, and Datapac.

terns of keys that you press to move

Using dedicated phone lines in ma

the leading online services.

cialized commands that you enter

around. Knowing your way around will save time and money, and you'll help avoid annoying other users with constant queries for help, Also, you'll prevent an inad

to gain access to the system once

vertent lockup, or actual bump off

areas of the service, offering con

you've called the network number.

the system. For example, if you

Usually, this is just a brief pattern of

press the wrong sequence of keys, you may find that you're running in place, and no keypresses will get

versation, special forums, and public domain software for downloading. Many Commodore Plitikers (People Linkers) frequent

Once you're actually online with a service, getting around to the different areas you want to explore

you out. You'll have to turn off your

the general interest areas as well. A

computer, reload your terminal

Help system is available for begin ners, as is Advanced Mode for more

requires some knowledge of the

get back to where you were. That

experienced users.

system's menu structure. Most use a branching menu system. You enter

whole sequence can take several minutes, and leave an unnecessary bad taste in your mouth for tele communications in general. Such a

American Home Network, 3215 N.

jor cities, these networks let you link up indirectly to the desired on line service. Each service has spe

letters, digits, and punctuation marks.

at the main introductory area, move out to the general topic area you want to pursue, work your way down within 26

that branching sys-

COMPUTE'.'s'Gazette

January 1987

software, log on to the system, and

scenario can be avoided from the

start with a little preparation.

American People/Link The Commodore Club here contin ues to be one of the most popular

Frontage Rd., Suite 1505, Arlington Heights, 1L 60004; 800-524-0100 (Il linois

residents call 312-870-5200);

non-prime-time access rate is $4.25 per hour at 300 baud and $4.95 an

hour at 1200 baud; prime-lime fees

modore and Starship Amiga, the two Commodore SIGs, offer inter

sible, allowing easy-to-follow menus controlled by the functions keys, and interactive, animated on line gaming. Commodore provides

are $11.95 for 300 baud and $12.65 for 1200 baud (Illinois residents pay $4.25 at all times).

action and assistance to Commo

CompuServe Information Service

Delphi, 3 Blackstone Ci., Cambridge, MA 02139; 800-544-4005; $49.95 reg

technical and marketing support for

istration fee; prime-time access is

QuantumLink Customer Service,

$17.40 an hour and non-prime-time

8620 Westwood Center Dr., Vienna,

CompuServe was one of the earliest online gathering places for Com modore owners, and many still congregate there. One of the main draws for this service lies in sheer

dore owners.

access is $7.20 an hour. GEnie

QuantumLink.

VA 22180; 800-392-8200; no registra

tion fee; $9.95 monthly charge (no ad ditional charges except for certain selected services at six cents a minute).

numbers; close to 300,000 people

Only in its second year of opera

are subscribers. A subscriber base

tion, this service of General Electric

of this size allows a service to offer a great variety of general interest

subscribers, many of whom are

The Source

Though more business-oriented in the past, the Source has been adding to its consumer-oriented features. SIGs were added about a year ago, among them, one for Commodore. The Source, 1616 Anderson Rd.,

has already drawn close to 30,000

features, though specific needs for

Commodore owners. Similar in

Commodore owners are also readi

menu structure to CompuServe, its

ly available.

Commodore SIG offers many of the

CompuServe, P.O. Box 20212. Colum

main features found on older, more

bus, OH 43220; 800-848-8199; $39.95

established services.

registration fee; prime-time access is

baud.

General Electric Information Ser vices, 401 N. Washington St., Rockviile, MD 20850; 800-638-9636, ext. 21; $18 registration fee; prime-time access is 535 an hour, and non-primetime access is S5 an hour.

Delphi

QuanlumLink

Delphi has developed a steady fol

Designed specifically for Commo

lowing over its few years of exis

dore owners, this service requires special software, provided by QuantumLink, for access. This soft ware makes color and graphics pos-

$12.50 an hour at 300 baud mid $15 an hour at 1200 baud, with nonprime-time rates of $6 an hour at 300 baud and $12.50 an hour at 1200

tence, many of whom are some of the most familiar names in Com modore computing. Flagship Com

McLean, VA 22102; 800-336-3366;

$49.95 registration fee. Billing is $10 a month or your usage, whichever is greater. At 300 baud, prime-time ac

cess is 36 cents a minute and nonprime-time access is 14 cents a minute; at 1200 baud, prime-time rate is 43 cents a minute and non-prime-

lime is 18 cents a minute.

w

/Tonight, the Murder Club will be checking into the Gargoyle Hutel.Tomun-ow.you may be checking out hefore the continental breakfast., .in a body bag./ Featuring over 20 different plots. Accuktdes Killed Until Dead puts you in the gumshoes of the world's greatest detective, Hercule! kilmes.You must try and prevent five of the worlds most brilliant murder mystery writers from com mitting the perfect murder. Does steely-eyed Mike Stammer have a chainsaw up his sleeve? Will blubbery Sidney Meanstreet finally bury the hatchet. ..between little Agatha Maypole's shoulder blades? You have until midnight to solve the whodunnit, the whatdunnit

and the wheredunnit before someone's gone and done it!/l\illed Until Deatl.The mystery is pure Accolade. Available on Commodon.64/128. Accolade. 20813 Stevens Creek Boulevard. Cupertino, California 95014. Telephone 40M4(i-5757. J

TCP-HOME OF THE HITS OPEN 9am-8pm: Mon-Frl, Wam-Spm Sat EAST COAST TIME

INFORMATION AND

PA OffDERS 814-234-2236

HOLIDAY HOURS Dec 1-23; M-T 9am-10pm, F 9amSpmt S&S 10am-6pm

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S29.S5 H5.95 SJ7.95 (2995 S3295

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, ....

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123.9; (W.B5

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J 16.95 $22.95

SotlwarB Golden OkJlflS ...

iie.95

Tim L&ary'e Mind mlrrat,,.. S24.95

(22.95

LawOllhe W«! PSI 5 irains CO

(22.95 (22.B5

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(19 95

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(19.9& llfl.95

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ACTIVISION

FustTiscks Slot Car Gon*t $19.05 Garry Kitchen's Gamumnki J24 35 GEJA BasMibaN 2 Of! 2

S24.9S

Qhoaibysters,

$24.65

Great Arw FIR

$24.95

i'jCKUt

$19.95

HattftTII

S2*.3S

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H< 65 $2*95

Liniii Computer Peep*

(24.65

MaslarQf Lamps

SI 9.95 S13.HS

OnCounTannlf

$21.05 $19.95

129-95 Ultima IY S25 S5.

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12995 (29 95

Super Cyds Wi '.if-H

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(27.95

$29 95 Worid'G GJoaiaii OosbmiI World's Greata&t foot Dai: WorM Karats Cha

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(20 95 122 95

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$2135

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(22 95. (H9S

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HS.95

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liHODERBUNI) ChampstipLodaFlunnur..

$2* 9S

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JI4 95 129.95

HLLJE CHIP

,

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Sky Travel

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KnrotB Champ Kuna Fuiruuiar

E[£CTRON1C AKTS

The Lords Hi Midnight

J25.S5

125.95 $52 95

.,„

Zortll 126.95 Zorklll J26.9& INVISICLUE BOOK3 FOR ANY INFOCOM GAMf! I6.K

HEW LOW PflJCE

KunflFii SnoopB4"Tr>ops I ar II

JCM.U S1B95

$179

other

Maps USA

$34 95

.

W0r«Mftp*

..

$1695

....

$34 95

...

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J32.S5 137.85

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139.95

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313.95

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Niflni Mission P.fieali

(CALL J37.S5

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Tim«woFfcs Electr. Checkt* S19 9S Tim«irorVs Money Mgr.

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,

$27.95 $27.95 121.95 SCALL

Bank Stnurl Wfllir

tO+SS $1795

Si* M Fl*«5>*Wnil! ■; t- •■-,',...

(24 95

Soli>Figln,u Splltirp Acs

(24,95 (£1,95

$2495

(ie u

Ew&spwr supply for C-64

(54 95 (59 9&

MISC, HARDWARE

(CALL 537,95

Paperclip wy>polipack T(W

S*S 95 (CALL

Word Writer G4 wes-peiler..

534,95

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l SCALL —... »M9« JCALL

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. (34 95

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$2t 95

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(CALL

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(32.9S

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$19S5i

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135 95

OUR PRICE

Rnrricm Miuse. SpinnaKer.

539 95

C-B4 SP

$379

Call lor Price!

$34 95

Honn?p4w

USCS EPSON TX PBIUT COL)I'.?..

and SSI products n itock!!!

Cansiiliant

SCM.L

IK CPS DOT MATRIX PFliMTf Fl. 1»" CtFBIAGE. FfltCTlOH AHD THACIDH FEED. 4!1 CPS MIO MODE. t. 3K DLPTDH.

|15.65 Jal

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(2695 r.PtuclCnf Mali

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DX-10

EPSOK D1C-10

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SIERRA

(CALL »!9.00 (C*LL (279.00

UAISVWHCCI. PfllNlHI

SPRINGBOARD

[37 95

(37,S5 137,95

$1095

Nil rnge

$24 95

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lnttfjrcicftnon-a-11-ini

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Cmn&rs fl1 War

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(2? 95

(17.95 (17,55

mm w S6.95 Ons WW>i 5*9 95 C-64 INTFIfiHATED PKCS

129.95

WiWWSS ZfifM

$27 95

Psfloe 5«ir» Sat pre

$29.95

MiCROLEAOUE

520 95 S2C95

$?l 95

l '-'.I [lATAHASES

Wisliuingei...

(27 95

DATA LAST

,....

$2? 55 $29.95 S25.S5

., (29.95

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SM.45

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..

$22SJX

HOH£WRITEH 10 FX-ffl FX-lftl RX-1IM

CLOSEOUT SPECIAL!!!

DsIM Dra*ng

125 35 .

LANCEIIAl-'NEIl

Mbonare Tyccon

InfLitrotijr

Shjattawiira

Coemii; C&mbal.

12535

119.65

(18.95

$27 95

MY Tim*! Cnjssward Puzzle Vol !or2 514 as

on Wtwr EPVX piodg0» I

SIbi Rank Boxing

IniamatioraJ Hoehoy

(23 55

Call lor prlcia

Space Stiimto.

AHTWORX

(24 95

(CALL

JIB9S

EWDAILSOFT

EPYX

Gaio

$27.35 Cast* CtoCCntr

Oufliio rmniji on«

Sfcy Fn<

Pwn Busrars

H795

$27.35

XI4.B5

ACCESS Bunch Hw)

Si'ECTRUM HOI.OHVTK

$24.35

LoreScTCanqussi

Epson Printers i yi**™v

LX-B8

PatM

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CSM1H1 BliOn

559 S5

JCAU.

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Pbw*? 64 Too-lrjoa: $4

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569 95

PANASONIC 2VH WARRANTY

«rt.f«c ciamr p»raonal ehetk Allow 2 w««ki lor l eneefc m claar

s - ■ 11 lawov.fxica, a a mi.a ,iao"*^-j

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Electron lc AftTt1CL«.S3)C3OH5*J.E !!l

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Buy JJ (13.M««d1

Bur 5 0' Uncinij UniLr. Ml

M!J L

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Eiprass sb^jp.ig- on sotwai* oiMi ovjr 553 ixi

»hippinj rtquned an APO. FPO. AK. HI, pntf Jpr T-Prmi: ALL PRICES REFLECT CASH

■ Oyywiihrajnikrarto.WB honor fflainJ.

I ■!'-■ ;iUNf. ADD l-B-Si FOR hUSTEFICARO OR VI9A. M-i-tj'.h-u ■■■''■ w.n ■ i iiy how«d nrt

■ WeaccuplUaitercaid. .■..>[] and

oi]' nveira A L L S A LES ARE FIHd L. frMmirtfNKrtOTKfliiM ;■■ dl.

ALL NEW PANASONIC PRINTERS

NOW AVAILABLE!! Call for Prtce and Features of: 1CB01,1Q9H, and 1C925

Fattuiurs warraiily,

or"" ES

TUSSEY COMPUTER PRODUCTS

CALL US FOR WHAT'S HOT! CALL TOLL FREE MONITORS ^^^m COMPOSITE COLOR TA*AN 2T0

$169 00

M" 56ParatM vtf»a monampda THOUPSON 3663?

$149 55

Di:a HCAp'isiioiacKca&W

16 95

MONOCHROME

ZENITH 1220 irialamWr (94 00 2ENITH 1230 gr«R $94 DO GOLO5TAR 12' mec 'GlOhji on a-TOei or Sinn $7995 PANASONIC 120 12-jmOtr S7B95 MAGNAVOX B56! 2 yr winanty

THOMPSON 3B5 UVC mono mtWO SBCaiJiMnOeO

KS7 95

MODEMS ^^^^ VOLKS64a0 3WI«OCij3

1660 MITEVH3

PRINTER PACKAGES

™

JCALL 15995

VIDEX TERMINAL COMPUSERVE STH KIT... PLAVNETSTAmEHKIT....

JI395 11996 $1495

CMS

ALL COMMODORE PRODUCTS ON SALE NOW!!

SOFTWARE

...ffl

128 or CPM modes

1670 MODEM

WOHD PROCESSORS

1350

For 128 in

NX-io & XETCC SUPEHGRAPHIX.... $279.95 NX-10 & XETEC Supergraphlx Jr

S259.95

PANASONIC CALL FOR PACKAGE PRICES ON NEW PANASONIC PRINTERS AND INTERFACES

SEIKOSHA

EPSON

SCALLFOR

nflM LX-86& INTERFACE.. LOWEST PRICE \M DX-1DDA1SYWHEEL&

^^ XETEC Supergraptilx Jr.

S219.95

BROTHER

2 YR WARRANTY

SP-10MVC $164.95 SP-1000A or SI'-10001 .. $199.00

Statements • Acctfl Payablfl • Check WritiUK • Job Costing • T'nyroU

. (CALL

WOHDPHO US WORDPRO 12aSwip«ll PAPERCLIP PAPERCLIP -'HKll WOWRITER 128w'lpall

159 95

SCALL 149 9E

$39.95

C128

SNEVER LOWER

1571

$219.00

1902A

$47 95 (CALL

1571 DISK DRIVE MAGNOVOX 8562

(59.95

RGB /Composite

w.spe'l & l!i«5aurus

SUPERSCRIPT 128

-

SPREADSHEETS

monitor

$14.95 PERFECTCALC SCALL 5WIFTCALC US W/K)WB/? (49 95 PAPERBACK PLANNER 128 ICALL EPV« MULTIPLAN

CONSULTANT PROFILE I2fi PERFECTFILEH DATE MANAGER 138

JCALL

PAPERBACK FILER \2i SUPERBASE 128

SCALL SCALL

VIZASTAH128 MACH126 MATfllXfo>mProjP»n()N

(CALL

S3D9& 159 95 (CALL

MISC. 128 SOFTWARE

C POWER Trom PjoJiib

S39 9S M7 9S (3195 (59 95

.

(34 95 PEHSONALACCT 128 SVLU1A PORTE R S paisona

(12195 (119 95

linan»plan/ier

BllDDV 12S assembler . PARTOER128 lamtneCUa

SAT Preparation

..

S54 95

$1135

(54 95 $24 95

ONLY

GEOS

1541C DISK DRIVE

SCALL

1802C MONITOR

SCALL

SCALL

S59.95

P

CALL FOR OTHER BERKELY SOFTWARE

QuWIIIM Cgnmn

Software orders over $50.00 will be

SAT PiacilCB

Test

shipped FEDERAL EXPRESS<yes,even with these prices)

SI 7.95

PRO-LINE ■Htdtii o f rwAj- ■

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121SS

hudui i ;o «»in:!w

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CAOPIC CASHBO* WHLPHOM

«6 95 S3495 C195

PflOFjl£e4. PALM POWER M

.

136 95 I3Z95

SPEl-LPtKIH TOOLBOXM WOnOPPOM WOBDPBOGTS

'

DISKS ^

pOrboi of 10

BONUS DISKS

SS DD

J7.4S

DS DD

. 17.91

DS'DD

is.45

NASHUA OISKS SSOD . . (8.9S

TUSSEV OISKS SS/DD DS/DO

CLOSEOUT SPECIAL!!

Wordpro 3 + /64

$14.95

upply lasts

You only pay TCP 5 sldndard ariiDpjng crwge ol S-J CK) par order This oHftr also ■-•!'<: or pc'i^'icrars ana accessories under 8 pounds

Orders arnvmg befoii' 11 00 AM our lime will rje sh-ppod oul same day '

Computerized order entry, processing

and status allow TCP to serve you faster and better!

IMS sa.«S

I165S ICAU

INFO DESIGNS

SALE!!!

Cmeril L --^1. r-, Asmntl Pi^iblr. Awflunu KK(».*b|r PtyrvLI,

n.y,.*'-. I.',- " ',

,

$169.95

Include* GEOS & Qusntrjin Link

C64 COLOR VERSION I Score Improvement

Syitem

SCALL

COMMODORE 128E

KALL

□ESKIMMAGER 128

Pkg. PrlcaforillModLiIti:

Ire UO

SLOWEST PRICE EVER

1750 RAM EXPANSION

KALL

PAPERB'CKWRTER12a FLEET SYSTEM II wspall ^LEET SYSTEM III ...

$124.95

DATA BASES

$419.00

SEIKOSHA

includes: * General • Accta Receivable •Billing

u:»

.

PERFECT WRITER

SP-1000A&XETEC Supergraphix Jr. S229.95

General Acct System

JANE VIZAWRrTE I2e

1509 & XETEC SUPERGRAPHIX

CI28v>rtlon. C61 verse"

COMMODORE 1M=

ALL PRIMTERS INTERFACE WITH C-64 or C128

Jl!4 95

WESTHIDGE MESSENGER

1-800-468-9044

&5(

$19.95/EA

inn,

Prinimasior..... JJ9.95 An Gallery

SHALL

SOLUTION

UNLIMITED

IconFaclory Billboard

J29.B5

Mahor

S?995

Many Thanks to our fine

Customers for making 1986 a terrific year.'.'

CALL TOLL FREE 1 -800-468-9044

A Buyer's Guide To Modems Caroline Hanlon, Editorial Assistant Telecommunications is one of the fastest growing areas of computer use for Commodore owners. All you need to get started are your computer, a termi

information; can it automatically dial telephone numbers and con

nal program, and the right modem. Here's a look at the range of inexpen sive modems currently on the market.

nect your computer to other computers?

• Self-Test—A modem's abili Online services, bulletin

The bulk of the low-cost modems

boards, home banking, and

carry data at 300 baud, although an increasing number of modems are capable of faster 1200 bits per sec

a host of other telecommu nications opportunities are current

ly available to Commodore owners. And the list is growing all the time. Thousands of Commodore computer owners have already

added telecommunications to their regular computing activities. If you're interested in getting started, or simply want to buy a different modem from the one you have, the following chart should answer most of your questions. We've kept our list to those modems that cost under

$300. But for many Commodore owners, a satisfactory modem can

be purchased for less than half that price. The higher the price of the modem, the more capabilities you'll get. Features such as auto-answer and auto-originate can give you

flexibility and speed, especially im portant if you're online extensively. For those unfamiliar with com puter telecommunications, a modem (MOdulator-DEModulator) is sim ply a device that translates your computer's digital data into analog, or continuous-tone,

transmissions

carried by telephone lines. The computer at the other end of the

telephone line uses its modem to al ter the transmission back to digital

form. We've listed the most impor

tant features you should consider. Here's a brief explanation of some of the categories: • Compatibility—Commo

dore 64- and 128-compatible mo dems usually connect directly to the computer through the user port;

RS-232 modems require an inter face adapter since Commodore computers don't have a standard RS-232 port.

• Baud Rate—The speed at which bits of data are transmitted. 30

COMPUTEl's Gazette

January 19B7

ond speed.

ty to check itself to determine if everything is working, and is con nected correctly.

• Carrier Detection Indica tor—A light—usually a lightemitting diode (LED)—a sound, or

• Duplexing—Modems com

a screen message that indicates that

municate at half-duplex (one com puter sending or receiving at a time)

your computer has connected and disconnected with another

or full-duplex (both computers

computer.

sending and receiving at the same

time). Most modems are capable of both half and full duplexing. • Auto-Answer/Auto-Origi

■ Terminal Software Includ ed?—Many modems are sold with a telecommunications program in cluded in the package. If not, you'll

nate—Can the modem automati

need to purchase your own termi

cally answer calls and receive

nal software.

Modem Manufacturers And Distributors Listed below are the manufacturers and distributors of the modems included in this buyer's guide. Anchor Automation, Inc., 6913 Valjean Ave., Van Nuys, CA 91406, 818-997-7758

Commodore Business Machines, 1200 Wilson Dr., West Chester, PA 19380, 215-431-9100

Everett/Charles Marketing Serivces, Inc., 6101 Cherry Ave., Fontana, CA 92335, 714-899-2521.

Hayes Microcomputer Products, P.O. Box 105203, Atlanta, GA 30348, 404-441-1617.

Inmac, 130 S. Wolfe Rd., Sunnyvale, CA 94086, 408-727-1970 Intec Corp., 21751 West Nine Mile Rd., Suite 122, Southfield, MI 48075, 313-352-0066

MFJ Enterprises Inc., 921 Louisville Rd., Starkville, MS 39759, 601-323-5869 or 800-647-1800

Mitsuba, (US Distributor: Everett/Charles Marketing Services, Inc.), 6101 Cherry Ave., Fontana, CA 92335, 714-899-2521 Novation, Inc., 20409 Prarie St., Chatsworth, CA 91311, 818-996-5060 Qubie, 507 Calle San Pablo, Camarillo, CA 93010, 805-987-9741 TNW Corp., 950 Hotel Circle North, Suite N, San Diego, CA 92108, 619-296-2115

Tandata Marketing Ltd., Albert Road North, Malvem, Worcs WR14 2TL, England (US Agent: US Telecom Inc., 315 Greenwich Street, New York, NY 10013,212-608-1419)

Touchbase Design, 1447 South Crest Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90035, 213-277-1208

US Robotics, Inc., 8100 North McCormick Blvd., Skokie, IL 60076, 312-982-5001 or 1-800-DIAL-USR

Universal Data Systems, 5000 Bradford Dr., Huntsville, AL 35805, 205-721-8000

1-800-FLOPPYS, 22255 Greenfield, Southfield, MI 48075, 800-356-7797

We do windows. "■■■■■■IK.

Open a C-MORE wirufow. Whip out

Open a second window. UseC-MORE

the U.S. Constitution.

wars and put the result in your report.

C-MORE Writer to start that paper on

Open another calculator window and

Getridojtlii m/i ii/df.'M, j;mJi wur

Calculator in divide Amendments by

figure the rate ofchangefor the whole

report and pnnt it.

In ii second window, loadyour C-MORH Keeperfile ojcollege ad-

Open a C-MORE Spreadsheet and figure out htrw many pagesyou get 10

Put away Keeper and open another Writer window. Write Mam that you have decided tojoin the Marines.

In three other windows, load tlte Basic

Put <iway Keeper and programs. Open

Services.

your summer cashflow and profits.

lira remember tocheckyour messages. Zoom the family message Keeperfrom background.

document.

L.™l«:l!",i!S*1- •" ■"«"'■« « S.wai.n.B

Loarf !i/j C-MORE Writer to write those requests for college catalogs.

Open a C-MORE Keeper window.

Make a file ofyour customers' names, addresses, and lawn care preferences.

dresses. Address and print those letters!

program you wrote to priceyour

raid when the colleges write you back.

a C-MORE Spreadsheet to estimate

Quickly C-More, by C-More Products,

Inc., is an operating and applications

system for tiie C-64* scries which

lets you use up io 4 windows ai once

with up io 8 applications in memory. You can move daia from any window into the word processor, using either C-Morc applications or pro grams you write in BASIC. As the windows above indicate, you can use C-More lo wriic a term

■j;> order C-Morc simply call 1-800-628-2828, txt, 790 with i Visa

or Mastercard order Or send S4'J.95 in check or money order, plus shipping |J4.50 in ihc U.S. Canada $6.00 in U.S. funds, plus S2.00 in s;ilcs tBX ibr Georgia residents) wilh

[he enclosed coupon or facsimile. Allow 4-6 Weeks for delivery.

C-Morc applications include a word processor, a database, a

scientific calculator, a spread

sheet, and comparative buyer.

City .

Stale

across four applications, all at the

same time - without changing disks. C-More consists of a diskette, a memory expansion cartridge, and an instruction booklet. • We also include a free disk copy program. So you can

Name .

paper; carry on a letter writing

campaign; or, develop a serious busi ness proposal. The only limitation is your imagination.

You can manage and view data

Zip.

C-MORE

C-More Products, P.O. Box 81548, Chamblee, Georgia 30348 'ComnulDfc M fiiindanuk ofCommodore EkcironiQi l.id,

TM-OMonnndOMo/c InhhJiili> jrc'lrjitcnurkitin'ri^m. Inc.

save all your data, and "back up" your files immediately. •• C-More is not copy protected. This makes it exceptionally convenient to use. With C-More, your computer

can grow up with you. So order

C-More today and start doing more right away. Dealer inquiries are welcome.

Everett/Charles

Aviln I2OGHC

:i

"■ 1" £1 il:.3

no

yes

H5-2S2

Mr] EntHprises

Mihuba

-■-i|Vi Modern

yes yes yes

MB >■«.

KS-232

R5-a33

RS-232

RBO33

VIC-20. 6J, 12H(in

6] TT.oJl"!

Hwwdua. Enc

Novation. Inc.

Qitbie

Qubtt

TNW Cnrp

Tjndila MarkeJingt

Inc.

D-Otf

I-C«

PC 2IZA/I3ODE

PC 212A/2«XP£

Ofwrjtor 103

Tm UQ

System

Co m mil n i ra tio n *

12D0 Baud Smart

Cant m u n i cation;

2-iOO i: !■> ■( Smart

i-soonorpvs

1-4004IOPFYS

64. 128

64. US

MS-133

RS-232

Univmal Data

UDS-1Q3JI.P

UDS-212ALP

yes

RS-233

US Robotits, Inc.

Connect 1200

5yslmns

y™

RS-232

TiwtSWst Dsign

Vrarldcomin 1200

ye?

yi-s

yes

)«

ye*

RS Z32

Touthbase Design

Trjicltomm 12DD

«■

yes

Novation, [nc.

Cal

1300

no

VIC-20. 6*

In lee Corp.

MFJ-1237

HS-232

In tec 1201)

Baud Modem

dtu Signal 3M

MlllJL Ul

■'.:■

US-232

bunac

CJbji Signal 12OT y«

SS-232

inmar

Baud \)i>d[-ni

^■s

yes

RS-232

h-.TTlJi.

Pasitvoid 212A

deai sifitui 2ija

«9

yes

VIC-2D. M, 126

pM

yvs

10

no

R5 232

Marketing.

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Make Any Computer Do Exactly What You Want With McGraw-Hill's

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Modifying Existing Software, Here's the New,

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Make no mistake. Almost all books and courses on "programming" teach you only the final S% of the total programming processnamely, how to code in a specific language... information ol little value if you don't know how to reach the point in the programming process when you are ready to code. With the Series, however, you'll learn to create your own programs from scratch, even modify off-the-shelf programs. You'll learn enough

BASIC and machine language to get you started on the remaining 5% of the programming process.

Whether you use computers lor business, for personal

applications, or for lun, off-the-shelf programs will never do everything you want them to do lor you. That's because ihey

were written by programmers to satisfy what they perceived as the needs of the greatest number of potential users—often missing some or many of your specific needs.

That's why McGraw-Hill's new Contemporary

Programming and Software Design Series teaches you how to create your own software... either

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Build Your Own Personal Software Library

The sample programs you work with throughout the

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15-Day No-Risk Trial To order your first module without risk, send the postage-paid card today.

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exactly what you want it to do!

Unique Interactive Hands On Instruction Each module includes an easy-to-understand guide 1'LUS a

5W" floppy disk containing typical programs and interactive instruction that you can run on Commodore 64 and 128 computers, IBM PCs and PC compatibles for hands-on experience. In the first Module, for example, when your sample program (Declining

Interest l.oans) appears on your screen, you'll find errors on certain pro gram lines. You'll also see that the program is only three-quarters completed. —

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The Fundamentals Of Downloading Todd Heimarck, Assistant Editor

Thousands of public domain programs are just a phone call

away—if you know how to use a modem to download. Al though it's not especially difficult to download a program, it's easy for neivcomers to be mystified by ail the new terminology. Here's a stcp-by-step introduction to downloading—what it is and how it works.

the terminal program sends the ap propriate bit-pattern to the modem, which whistles into the phone line.

The modem at the other end re ceives the sounds and sends the bits to the terminal program to be trans

lated into a character, which is then printed on

the screen. Note that

there's no uploading or download

Free Software?

What's The Catch? Well, it's not entirely free. You need a modem, which may cost as little as $20 or as much as $200. You also need a terminal program, although most modems come with terminal software. Finally, you have to find a

bulletin board system (BBS) or tele communications service that has

free software available for down loading.

Downloading would be simple if everyone agreed on a single pro tocol (a systematic transmission

scheme). Standards have indeed been set—several times— but there is no single standard on which you can depend.

The Seven-Bit ASCII Standard A modem has two jobs: sending whistling tones over the phone

lines and receiving whistles made by the other computer. When you

communicate at 300 baud—bits per second—there are two different

one and zero. Each tone can repre

ing going on; you and your friend

sent a bit of memory. A series of

are just typing messages back and forth.

eight tones (plus a starting and end ing tone) defines a character, which

The nearly universal standard

means there are ten beeps per char

for sending text is ASCII, which

acter. So 300 baud translates to

was invented a few decades ago as

about 30 characters per second, or

a standard way of translating char

about 1800 characters per minute when a 300-baud modem is com

acters into numbers that could be

it checks the keyboard to see if a

used to communicate between computers and peripherals. ASCII includes 96 printable characters— numbers, punctuation marks, and upper- and lowercase letters. In ad

key has been pressed. If not, it

dition, there are 32 control codes

checks the modem to see if a char

that affect various functions of the terminal program. More about con trol characters in a moment.

municating at top speed. The simplest terminal program does two things over and over. First

acter has arrived. If not, it goes back

to the keyboard, then back to the modem, and so on. When the user presses a key, the program sends the appropriate series of eight bits

If your Commodore terminal program communicates in ASCII,

and there's a 99-percent chance

to the modem, which adds a begin

that it does, you'll be able to call

ning and ending tone and whistles the character into the phone line.

national telecommunications (run

When a character comes in, the mo dem passes the eight bits to the ter

cal BBSs (running on Commodores, Apples, IBMs, or almost any other

minal program, which displays the character on the screen. When you call a friend and

computer).

ning on mainframes) as well as lo

The 128 ASCII codes need

whistles. Think of the two sounds

type back and forth, this is what

seven bits per character, because with seven on/off bits there are 128

as high and low, true and false, or

happens: You type a character, and

unique combinations of l's and 0's. COMPUTE'S GeiertB

January 1987

35

THESTRON built wm

Whether you're building an

argument or just hammering

out a memo, any project looks

better when you put it together in Writer's Workshop. The supercharger that powers your

RODMTOr-ta1-!"

GEOS-equipped Commodore

through even the most wrench ing assignments. Sharpen your skills. The first thing to do in the Workshop is plug into geoWrite 2.0, which

contains all the brand new tools you need to hone any rough

concept into a well-crafted

document. You get headers. Footers. Subscripts and superscripts. You can center your text. Right justify. Full justify. And nail

_ |

'" "ct. „ „_

Ih*

.

tontlusiQn

\

t*

iiDi

down formatting problems with variable vertical spacing and

adjustable margins.

The Workshop cuts down on your manual labor, too. With one-stroke, "shortcut" keyboard commands. They keep your hands off the mouse so you can

keep your mind on your work. In fact, there's a complete set of heavy-duty accessories that not only strengthen your writing, but reinforce its structure, as well.

Replace old, worn-out parts. You can build anything with Writer's Workshop. And

repair old stuff, too. Just decide which parts have to come out and which new ones go in. Then bit the key and stand back.

Instantly, the "search and

replace" drills through your old

rtrinn.

but

mtuntms

GEST CASES 1A WORKSHOP i

LaserWriter for you to print on. You simply upload your files

to QuantumLink.™ Then they're

printed and mailed back.

Convenient, or what?

THE EASTER BUNNY:

LitHtii

Rodeni of Reality or Man-Made

-

,

Myth?

i

iL,

i..h

|i>i E

|

v

gp. ■■■-?■■.—j|

i

' ,ii-m h-i-rrn

MUTP

IBIH

1. jUTJirHt-J

Llh*

Vpp '

■

1* i-ii

-ii

The conclusion is noi certain,

mo Liming scientific evidence now indicates

at

}>

that the egg-bearing Easier Bunny1 we all loved as children may indeed be as real as

r»> I'm ?n In' ipiity

we hid hoped.

"

Although traditionally reclusive, the bashful bunny has been sighted with increasing frequency, over the past five

isd

live

Of course, you don't want to

years. As illustrated in rigure 6, the annual number of sightings has steadily grown from a law of 1,876 in 1982 to over 5.346

keep good-looking documents

so far [his year.

"Tlie problem isn't so much Ihe 1985

TT^ir'tL tr pltntj a

J)f Vfau* \fiu lUOrt LMn" V it*i| nxj rf Ifi* (V O

On TCf of lfcnr. "nm*» y.l 1* 1 jit

bunny, as it is the eyewitnesses," adds Dr. Dougherty. "Many of them are unreliable, with nothing to show for .heir claims except for big baskets of chocolate

eggs', leading us to beleieve we're not dealing with a rabbit as such, but perhaps an Easter Chicken."

At first, the sightings were attributed to crackpots who saw The Easter Bunny as

pan of a religious ritual. However, sines Trie Easter Bunny has been seen by aduhs as well as children, scientists have

like this to yourself. So we built in geoMerge. Which customizes your geoWrite form letters to people on your mailing Hsls. So if your plans call for some

real masterpieces, do something really constructive about it. Call your software dealer and requisi tion Writer's Workshop. Who knows? You just might

build a name for your self.

become less skeptical.

In fact, as Dr. Llevano points out, "The Easter Bunny must be taken seriously by everyone from school

children to the President of the United Slates."

To order call 1-800-443-0100 ext. 234 Writer's Workshop $49.95

{California residents ndd (i.5^J sa!i-s tax.)

S2.50 US/S5.50 Foreign fur Shipping and handling, Allow six weoks for delivery. OfiiJix-l"!'1".I Ir.-lrriLrtk^O-nn...].-fvltLln.il.* I Id «'!«ill«iiLiirr

P.if.-t Clip l> r

text, replacing worn-out words and phrases with your brand new ones.

For more serious cases, hand

the job over to the Workshop's

Text Grabber. It takes text from several word processors—like Paper Clip"' ■—and lets you over haul them with new GEOS fonts, formats and graphics.

A few more built-in

features. Every project leaves the Workshop looking beautifully finished, too. Because it not only comes with LaserWriting compatibility, there's even a

WRITER'S

WORKSHOP

Berkeley

Fl Softworks

The brightest minds are working at Berkeley.

SCIENTISTS) DISCOVER Nl When we started our company on the west coast,

people thought we were a little spaced out. So you can imag ine their reactions when we

announced we'd discovered a new universe. People laughed. People scoffed. And they really freaked

i

out when we told them where we'd found it: Inside a Commodore 64.

It's called GEOS. And it

turns any Commodore into a powerful PC that holds its own against any computer, no matter

what kind of fruit it was named after.

GEOS: The superior intelligence. Of course, we always knew Commodores possessed superior brains. It just

took GEOS to discover them.

You see, GEOS opens your

Commodore to a huge universe that can hold an infinite number of applications. Which means that

GEOS can do just about anything the expensive PC's can do, including one thing they can't: Add even more GEOS applications that are being developed even as you read this. Increase your speed to warp factor 7. The first thing you notice with GEOS is how its diskTurbo speeds up your Commodore's disk loading and storing time.

Not twice or three times as

fast. But five to seven times

faster than normal. Which lets you streak through files and documents at what seems like warp speed. And that saves you endless time.

Every universe comes complete with a desk. The way

to keep order in our universe

is with the GEOS Desktop. It's just like your desk at home, only without the coffee stains. The Desktop keeps your art

and documents filed, and comes

with all the accessories you need to keep you organized: An alarm clock keeps you punctual. A notepad keeps your memos. And a calculator keeps your accountant honest. How to communicate with a new universe. With geoWrite, you can rearrange your written words. Move blocks of copy. Cut and paste. And even display your text in fonts of different styles and sizes, right on the screen.

With geoPaint, you become a Michelangelo with a mouse.

Running out of space. With GEOS, that's hardly likely. Because there's endless space in the universe for new applications. Unfortunately, there's only so much space in this ad. So zip down to your nearest software dealer. Tell him you want to explore the new universe in

your Commodore. thing about a new universe is finding your way around. But with GEOS, you only need to remember two things: Point and click. When GEOS offers you options, you just point to your answers and click your mouse or

joystick.

Sketching and painting with all kinds of colors, textures and patterns.

You can invert, mirror and rotate images. Insert them into

your geoWrite documents. And save them in your GEOS Photo Album for use later. Finding your way through the universe. The most difficult

You want to draw? Point and click. You want to write? Point and click. You want to fill in that obtuse rhomboid with an air-brushed geometric pattern in a lighter shade of pink? Point and click.

Easy, huh? And in case you

ever do make a mistake, GEOS backs you up with an "Undo"

feature that undoes the very last command you entered.

n

Berkeley Softworks

III Qiiiui Salci

And if he looks at you like

you're some kind of alien, well,

just tell him Berkeley Softworks sent you.

The name is universally

known.

To order, call 1-800-443-0100 cxt. 234 GEOS is just S59.95

(California residents add 6.5% snlos lax.) $2. !5(l l!S/$5.50 Fbrelgn for shipping .'ind handling, Allow six weuks for delivery. Commodore H4 end CW are trademarks of Commodore Ek;cironies. Ltd. GEOS, GEOS Desktop! geoPafnt, geoWrite, disk'lurfoo and

Berkeley SoftwHtaaretradenamesof Berkeley Suftworks.

The brightest minds are working at Berkeley.

Bubble, Bubble, toil and trouble... Macbeth . . . Hero or Villain? It's the central conflict behind one of classic literature's greatest plays. Macbeth has complex, colorful characters, plus rebels and kings, murder and treachery, justice and high tragedy. The makings of an excellent play are now an equally intriguing computer adventure!

The eighth bit is often used as a par ity bit, which is a simple sort of checksum, if both computers are set for even parity, it means each char acter transmitted will contain an even number of on bits. A capital T has the ASCII code 84 ($54), which looks like this in seven-bit binary: 1010100. If parity is even, an addi tional 1 is added at the beginning

plugged in and turned on? Most Commodore-compatible modems draw their power from the user port and don't have a separate power switch, so you don't usually need to

check whether the modem is turned on.

(11010100) to maintain an even

• Are you dialing correctly? If you're dialing by hand, there should be a command in your terminal program that takes the phone off the hook

number of l's. Instead of S54 (the

(alternately, some modems like the

ASCII code), a $D4 (ASCII with

1650 have a Telephone/Data

even parity added) represents the

switch, which should be on T when

letter T. When the 11010100 comes

you dial and D when you're con

over the phone line, the receiving

nected). After you make the connec-

When you're writing a program, a single typing error can mean the difference ^

$30.00

Diskette for Commodore 64/128

Four separate graphic and adventures cover a different of the play . . . two more intertwined as you help

text part are the

witches assemble their evil brew.

between a program that runs and one

that doesn't. The same is true for downloading. terminal program strips off the ex tra (eighth) bit. Most terminal programs come preset to the most common trans

mission standards. The two you'll see most often are "7-bit words, 1

stop bit, even parity" (especially on services like CompuServe) and "8bit words, 1

Each segment has a psychological program in which you and Shakespeare delve into the minds of Lord and Lady Macbeth. Includes extensive documentation.

stop bit, no parity"

(common on many BBSs).

First Try If you're brand-new to telecommu nications, it might help to experi ment by calling a friend first. If anything goes wrong, you can al ways pick up the phone and talk about what to do next. The com puter you're calling doesn't neces sarily have to be a Commodore; as

long as it communicates in ASCII, you should be able to type to each other. AVAILABLE EVERYWHERE or call toll-free: 1(800)638-9292. Ask for Operator M

microcomputer gomes division

The Avalon Hill Game Company A MONARCH AVALON INC COMPANY <!517 Harlorfl Road • Baltimore, MD

If you don't make any connec

tion at all, you might have one of the following problems: • Is the phone line coming into the

plug marked line? The cable from the wall should not be in the mo dern jack labeled phone.

tion, take the phone off the hook via the switch or the command. • If the terminal program is dialing for you, it will generally indicate

when a connection has been made, with a message like Terminal Mode or Carrier Detected. In some parts of

the country, the local phone system supports only pulse dialing. A mo dem that dials by generating touch

tones won't work in these areas. (If your local phone system allows

tone dialing, either tone or pulse will work.) • Some terminal programs work with many different types of mo

dems. You may have to tell the pro gram what kind of modem you're using. If your modem is not listed, it's usually either 1650- or 1660compatible. For 1200-baud modems, you may have to choose the Hayescompatible (or RS-232) option.

• You should be operating at the same baud rate. If your modem is running at 300 baud but the com

puter at the other end is set for 1200 baud, you won't be able to commu nicate. (Some 1200-baud modems

• If the modem has a separate power

will automatically switch to 300 baud if the other modem is working

supply and on/off switch, is it

at 300.)

AREYOU SEARCHING

FOR FRIENDS? ■**>

*■**

If you're finding it increasingly

difficult to find anything at all,

maybe it's time you found out

about geoDex. The GEOS-com-

patible directory that generates mailing lists. Prints address

labels. And sorts out all sorts of

things for your Commodore. rlV.y directory assistance With a little help from geoDex, you can call up a directory

organized from any three catego

ries you choose. Which means you can list your friends by name,

telephone number or

almost anything else that can be assigned its own threecharacter code. Like "MEN" for guys you know. Or

point and click a ■ mouse, you can call

to-read graphics.

recommend you do with geoDex is really very simple.

Throw a party. You see, geoDex comes with geoMerge, a mail

—even party invita

tions—with the

to categorize them, if you can

tired of looking for friends, waltz right down to your

gotten your friends

ters, announcements

know. Or "FOX" for girls or guys you'd like to know. But no matter how you choose

The search is over. So if you're

Our most in viting feature. Of course, once you've

merge program that customizes form let

"GRL" for girls you

Put them both together with geoMerge and it's toga time!

up any list of friends with geoDex's easy-

organized, the next thing we

names and addresses stored in geoDex.

First you write the letter with geoWrite. Then you select a list from geoDex.

software dealer and ask him for geoDex. We can't guarantee it'll win you more friends, but it'll cer tainly keep you from iosing them. To order call 1-800-443-0100 ext. 234 geoDex $39.95 (California residents add 6.5% salts lax,) $2.5U US/S5.50 Foreign for shipping and

handling. Allow six weeks for delivery.

GEODEX

Berkeley

Softworks

■

The brightest minds are working at Berkeley.

IF IT WASN'T SO GREAT WE WOULDN'T CALL IT

SUPER!

• One computer should be set for

double-spaced, turn linefeeds off. If

originate, the other for answer.

telecommunications services

the screen is zero-spaced—that is, if line after line prints in the same place—you need to turn linefeeds on. Some BBSs start with a prompt that asks if you want linefeeds. You should usually answer yes (the worst that could happen is a

(which are always set to answer),

double-spaced screen).

Many modems have a switch la beled O/A; you may have to set the

terminal program as well. In gener al, you should always be in origi nate mode for calling BBSs and

but when you call another person, one of you has to go to answer mode.

functions, like Originate/Answer,

ing back and forth. At this point, a

the modem. However, most op

few more things could go awry:

tions are changed by sending a

line. More likely, you aren't com

municating with the same parame ters. Break the connection and decide between you to use either "7

bits, 1 stop bit, even parity" or "8 bits, 1 stop bit, no parity," the two

most common sets of parameters. The problem should clear itself up. ■ In general, you should both be communicating at full duplex,

form with proper guidance, just

which means that when you type a

as they did in real life. Your bril liant play calling is re-enacted on screen by all 22 players. The additional Champions, 1985

puter and then echoed back to your terminal. If the phone line is noisy, you'll see an occasional character

season as well as the General Manager's

Disk

make

this a

must for all football fanatics. For Commodore 64/128, IBM PC, PCjr and 100% compatibles-

Color Graphics Board required.

character, it's sent to the other com

that was mangled on the trip over

or the trip back. In half duplex, your terminal program sends the charac

ter and prints it to the screen. If you're in half duplex and the other

person is in full duplex, you'll see doubled characters, lliikkee tthhiiss, because the terminal pro gram on your end of the line is printing the characters to ihe screen and they're also being echoed back

Super Sunday G.M. Disk

535 S30

Champion Disk 1985 Season Disk

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tings in the program. A few

Once you've gotten through to the other person, you can start typ

• If you see nothing but garbage, there's a slight chance that you have a lot of static on the phone

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The documentation should ex plain how to change various set

to you. If you're in full duplex and the other person is at half, you'll see his messages but won't see any of your own. Almost all BBSs and ser vices use full duplex. • If upper- and lowercase letters are reversed, as in "hELLO. aRE YOU THERE?" it means that one of you is sending characters in true ASCII and the other is using Commodore

ASCII. Once in a while, you'll see a terminal program that uses Com modore's own variation of ASCII,

may be set by flipping a switch on

command to the terminal program. There are three ways to change settings. One of the most common is to hold down the Commodore key in the lower left comer and press another key on the keyboard. For example, Commodore-O might open the memory buffer and Commodore-C might close it. Some programs give you menus, the second way to choose

settings. Press a key to see the menu and then press another key to pick one of the choices listed. The third way to change parameters is

via command line. When the line appears, you type a command such as "dial 5556789". Some terminal programs use a

combination of keys, menus, and command lines. Whichever method your software uses, it's good to

learn the most common commands and how they work.

Capturing Text

Almost all terminal programs offer a capture buffer, a section of memo ry to which you can save (or cap ture) text from an online service.

There's usually a status line that in dicates how much memory is left in the buffer. Strictly speaking, saving text into memory isn't the same as

downloading. But it's a useful fea ture and it pays to learn how to open, close, print, and save the buffer. You may have two separate

commands, like Commodore-0 to open and Commodore-C to close

the buffer. Or there may be a single

but most services work only with

"toggle switch"—the first time you press Commodore-B the buffer

true ASCII.

opens, but the next time Commo

• There's usually a way to turn line

dore-B closes it. Remember that the incoming

feeds off and on from within your terminal program. If the screen is

text is almost always true ASCII,

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but it's printed on the screen as Commodore ASCII. Usually, the

stored in the buffer. The terminal program acts as a limited word

save command stores the buffer as

processor.

Commodore ASCII (so you can use a word processor to look at it later). Some programs have a separate store-unformatted (or save-withouttranslation) option which saves the file in true ASCII format. You'll often have two other op tions: Send the buffer to the printer and review the buffer on the screen. Some full-featured terminal pro grams also provide editing com mands so you can change text that's

A memory buffer is great for

where the letter T—ASCII 84 (hex $54)—was sent as the number 212

($D4), because of even parity? Since printable ASCII characters

uploading and downloading mes

fall in the range 32-127, any num

sages that include printable charac

bers above 127 have the high bit stripped off. So, when 212 is re ceived, your terminal program automatically subtracts 128 to get

ters. But buffers are not usually suitable for downloading programs, for three reasons: the eighth bit, control codes, and static on the

84 (the letter I).

phone lines.

Stripping off the eighth bit is

The Problem Of The Eighth Bit Remember the example above,

fine when you're dealing with ordi nary letters, but when it comes to

machine language or BASIC pro grams, quite often the numbers 128-255 are essential to the pro

gram. With programs or data files, it's important to save the bytes ex

actly as they're sent, with no trans lation or modification.

Another problem on Commo dore machines is the conversion

from true ASCII to Commodore ASCII. By the time the capture buff er is finished subtracting 128 and changing the numbers around, the program in the buffer looks nothing like the original program that was sent.

The various calculations that strip off the eighth bit and convert to Commodore ASCII are impor tant when you're sending text. But when you're uploading or down loading, these features become a

nuisance and should be turned off. The second problem can be even worse.

Control Codes Let's say you've logged onto a bul letin board and a long, very inter

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computer sending the message to

stop. To resume the scrolling, press CTRL-Q. The ASCII equivalents of CTRL-S and CTRL-Q are CHR$(19) and CHR$(17). Another common control code is CHR${3), CTRL-C. This tells the main computer to stop what it's doing; it usually puts you

back in the main menu. Another code, CTRL-2 (CHR$(26)), is often

used to mark trie end of a message.

And CTRL-H (CHR$(8)) generally means backspace; on most systems it deletes the most recently sent

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esting message comes into view. It starts printing and gradually fills up the screen, scrolling line after line, too fast for you to read. To pause the output, just hold down the CTRL key and type S. CTRL-S almost always causes the

ABSOLUTE

character.

While you're reading mes sages, the control codes (ASCII characters 0-31} act as special com mands to the BBS or telecommuni cations service you're on. These

codes pose a problem when you want to upload or download. The characters 19, 17, 3, 26, and 8 can occur at numerous places within a program, whether it's writ ten in BASIC, machine language, or

something else. These characters can also be found in data files you

might want to transfer over the lines. When you're sending or re ceiving a program, you want CHR$(8) to appear as a CHR$(8). It

shouldn't be translated to a back space.

Static On The Line Telephone lines aren't perfect; once in a while a bit of static will inter fere with whatever messages are being sent. Static doesn't usually disrupt voice communications, but it can be deadly to program transfers. When you're writing a pro gram, a single typing error can mean the difference between a pro

gram that runs and one that doesn't. The same is true for down

ed into 128-byte packets, which are

loading. If static on the line changes

sent one at a

one character, the program may not work correctly.

packet, control codes don't count. A CHR$(8) is a CHR$(8), not a back space. Sending eight bits (instead of seven) solves the problem gf the eighth bit; ignoring control-code commands solves the problem of special characters.

Downloading Protocols: Xmodem

It should be clear by now that open ing up a memory buffer and captur ing incoming characters is dandy

for saving normal messages and text files, but it's not very reliable for transferring programs. That's why downloading pro

tocols were invented. The most popular is called Xmodem (some times called Modem7). There are versions of Xmodem for every microcomputer. You could use Xmodem, for instance, to upload a Commodore program to a bulletin board running on an Apple or IBM.

If you downloaded the program lat er, it would work perfectly, even though it had lived for a while on

another brand of computer. Xmodem treats all characters and bytes as eight-bit entities, al though some systems will provide a seven-bit option for Xmodem trans

fers of ASCII files. The file is divid time. Within each

Xmodem gets around line

noise by adding a checksum to the end of each block. The sending computer adds up the 128 numbers and appends the sum to the end of the packet. In the meantime, the re ceiving computer also adds up the

numbers. The two checksums should match exactly. If they don't,

it usually means that some static has intervened and garbled one or more of the whistles. When some thing goes wrong, the receiving computer transmits a signal that tells the sender to try again.

A total of 132 bytes makes up an Xmodem block. The first byte is

a signal that means "Get ready; here comes a biock." The second is the block number (if the file is long er than 255 blocks of 128 bytes,

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about 32K, the block number wraps

nal programs will also print the cur

around to zero). The third is the block number subtracted from 256.

rent block number.

It is April, 1988 and the Ayatollah

tween 0 and 255, or just AND with

has been deposed. Iran is once again a major US ally, openly

255).

supporting the struggling Afghan guerillas. In response, the Soviet

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For block 50, the second and third

numbers would be CHR$(50) and CHR$(206). The next 128 bytes are the program or file data. The final

ally noisy phone line, the sending

byte is the checksum as calculated

you can download another pro

by the sending computer (if the

gram or go to other areas of the sys tem. After logging off, check the disk directory; the file you've downloaded should be there.

checksum is higher than 256, sub tract 256 until you get a number be

System-Specific Protocols

sponse from the receiver. There are

tions services have their own proto

three possible answers. One is a code that means "OK. Send the next block." The second means "Something isn't right. Try again."

cols for downloading. On Quantum-

The third possibility is no answer at

automatic. You choose a file, give it

all, in which case the host computer

a name for your disk, and the down

waits for 100 seconds before abort

load begins without any trouble. CompuServe can be accessed by almost any terminal program that communicates in ASCII. To

Getting Started With Xmodem Downloading with Xmodem isn't

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download from CompuServe, your

terminal program should support

(Commodore-X for Xmodem or

protocols. Files on CompuServe have six-character names followed by a period and an extension. The .IMG extension means a file was

Commodore-R for Receive), or type

uploaded with CompuServe-B pro

something on a command line (for

tocol, while .BIN means it was

example, XR fHenatne,P might mean Xmodem Receive a PRG file).

sions such as .DOC, .TXT, and

After logging on to the bulletin

uploaded with Xmodem. Exten .ASC mean the file is ASCII charac

select a program to download. The

ters (text or documentation); such files are often instructions for pro grams, or help files that explain

service will say something like "Ini-

some aspect of CompuServe.

tiating Xmodem Transfer" or you can start the download. There's

With CompuServe's Vidtex program, or any other terminal that supports CompuServe-B protocol,

no great hurry; the host computer

downloads are almost automatic. A

will wait for ten 10-second periods,

file that ends with .IMG contains a

more than l'/i minutes, before it gives up. During that minute and a

header that indicates whether it's a

half, you have to tell your computer

files don't contain this information,

to start the download—by

the menu, the key, or the command

so you have to add ",p" to the file name (SPACEGAME.P for ex

line. At the same time, you need to

ample) to download it as a PRG file.

board or telecommunications ser vice, go to the download area and

"Ready To Send." At this point,

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terminal program that works only on QuantumLink. Downloading is

either Xmodem or CompuServe-B

have to call up a menu, press a key

forward for the genre, and the best

Link, for example, you use a

to know is how to tell your terminal pending on the software, you'll

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Some of the large telecommunica

difficult. The main thing you have program to start a download. De

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computer will try ten times before giving up. When you've finished,

After each block is sent, the sending computer pauses for a re

ing the transfer.

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If something goes wrong, like a broken connection or an exception

using

give it a filename for saving to disk. In general, the filename can be any thing you choose; it doesn't have to

be the same as the filename on the BBS.

program or sequential file. .BIN

If you're using Xmodem on

CompuServe, .BIN files will trans fer without fuss. But when you're downloading .IMG programs, the header that indicates what type of

file it is may cause some problems.

I'rom the moment you start the Xmodem transfer, everything is

Some Xmodem programs automati

automatic. Many programs will

cally strip off the header from .IMG

print a character on your screen to

files. If your program doesn't do

indicate each block that has been received successfully. Some termi

arate program called BINIMG.BIN

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that removes the CompuServe header from .IMG files. A BBS that runs on a non-

able on the BBS or service that contains the squeezed or library

files.

using this method. GEOS pictures are also stored in RLE-type files. Library utilities are useful when a single program needs sev

Commodore machine (Apple,

Squeezing and libraries are

Atari, IBM, Radio Shack, or other brands) will almost always use

common on CP/M machines.

eral files—say, a BASIC program

ASCII for the messages. If there's a

They're becoming very popular on Commodore computers as well.

a data

download area, you'll probably

The idea behind squeezing is

download three separate files, you

that you start with a program or

download the single libra'ry file and

Commodore bulletin boards

data file and run it through a utility that makes it smaller without losing

then use the NULU (or other library programs like ARC220) to dissolve

usually run in standard ASCII, al though some might use Commo dore ASCII instead. If upper- and

any information. The smaller file

the library into its constituent parts.

takes less time to upload and down load and also saves disk space. A

some sort of squeezing at the same

need a terminal program that sup ports Xmodem protocol.

that has a separate ML program and file. Instead of having to

Library utilities usually perform time.

Asking For Help

Most systems recognize the HELP

If you're new to telecommunica

command ... and will respond with a

sources of help. User groups usually have several members who are knowledgeable about the arca na of modems; many user groups also have several public domain terminal programs available at a nominal cost (generally S2-3 to cover the cost of the disk). Some

tions and modems, there are many

list of possible actions and things you can do while you're online.

user groups also sponsor a bulletin board.

Whenever you're puzzled by a certain aspect of downloading,

program (or find one that uses the

file that's originally 30K long might squeeze down to 24K (a savings of 20 percent). When you call a service

right kind of ASCII). A popular

like CompuServe or make a long

you explain what you're trying to

transfer protocol for systems run

distance phone call to a

ning on 64s is called "Punter proto

board, you're paying by the minute.

col," after its inventor, Steve Punter

If the file is smaller, you pay less for the connect time.

do and what happened, the sysop will generally offer some sugges tions. If you leave a public message, you'll often get a reply from experi

lowercase letters are switched, then you'll need to adjust your terminal

(who also wrote the word processor WordPro). The use of Punter proto

col has generated heated discussion among sysops of Commodore bul

letin boards. One side argues that Punter uploads and downloads are faster and often more reliable than Xmodem. Others say that Xmodem has long been the standard and that Punter (as a Commodore-specific protocol) keeps many non-Com modore users away.

Squeezing And Libraries

bulletin

leave a message for the sysop. If

One way to squeeze a text file is through Huffman encoding, which takes the characters that oc

enced members, offering sugges

cur most often (space, e, t, n, o, i, n,

HELP command (sometimes just H

and so on) and sends them as a

or ?) and will respond with a list of

tions and hints. Most systems recognize the

smaller number of bits: four, five, or

possible actions and things you can

six, instead of seven or eight. This is

do while you're online.

similar to Morse code, where the

It never hurts to experiment,

letter E is a dot and T is a dash.

either. If the first thing you see

5ince these are the two characters

when you log onto a BBS is "LF

most often used, messages are sent

(Y/N)?" it's probably a reference to whether or not you want linefeeds.

faster if the popular codes are short. Graphics files can be squeezed with run length encoding (RLE),

You might not know if you want

Owners of the 128 who use CP/M mode to call CP/M bulletin boards

which looks for repetitions of cer

linefeeds, so take a wild guess.

(or visit the CP/M area on a nation

tain characters. If the character

al service) will almost certainly run

color for a Commodore screen is

There's a 50-percent chance you'll get it right. If things don't look right, log off and try again. The

into squeezed files and library files.

purple on the top row (40 charac

commands OFF, BYE, EXIT (or just

After you've downloaded a squeezed file, you have to unsqueeze it with

ters) and blue on the new two rows,

X) will usually get you out. The

color memory will hold 40 fours

most drastic way to leave is to sim

the CP/M program called USQ-

.COM before you can use it. For library files, you need a program called NULU.COM (NULU means

new library utility). Both USQ and NULU are public domain pro grams, and they're usually avail48

COMPUTE!s Gazette

January !S87

followed by 80 sixes. An RLE file, instead of 120 characters, might

contain a CHR$(40), CHR$(4), CHRS(80), CHR$(6), which means

ply turn off your computer. There are a lot of good pro grams available on bulletin boards and telecommunications services.

repeat 40 times the number 4, and then repeat 80 times the number 6.

With a little

Hi-res pictures are often squeezed

programs.

perseverance, you'll

soon be downloading some great O

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Decipede James Knesek You'd better keep moving if you want a high score in this

game. Giant spiders, wasps, and dragonflies are among the

beasts you'll have to contend with. For the Commodore 64. A joystick is required. "What a beautiful day fora picnic,"

you say to yourself as you sit down

On the newly mowed grass and pro*

to destroy all of the assaulting crea tures with poison pellets before they have a chance to touch your

pare yourself for a nice, pleasant

insecticide gun. At the start of each

lunch. But just as you begin to un

game, you're given three guns with

fold your napkin, the birds stop

which to destroy the decipede and

singing, the crickets stop chirping,

the other creatures.

and a dark cloud begins to form in

the sky above. A gardener in faded overalls runs by, looking over his

shoulder as he scurries along, and shouts, "Better get gain', there's a

The attack wave ends only

after the destruction of the entire decipede (all ten segments) or your own demise. With the successful

(from your point of view) comple tion of an attack wave, the colors of the screen objects change, and the enemies speed up. Each wave starts in a new patch of clover.

for each grasshopper, 400 for each

devours yemr lunch. The creature,

dragonfly, and 1200 for each wasp.

apparently unsatisfied, begins tu

You are awarded a new gun every

turn its attention to you. It's a good

12,000 points.

thing you brought along your in The player (the s/'iii/f) is being chased

The decipede is quite a mon ster itself as it weaves its way

by a spider (the large X) as the decipede rs the bottom of the screen.

screen towards your gun. Once it

secticide gun today.

January 1987

movement in your area

makes him hard to destroy and dif ficult to avoid.

50 for each decipede section, 200

ly appears at your side and rudely

COMPUTED Gazo/te

the bunch is the grasshopper. His

diagonal

mies are 25 points for each clover,

comment, a huge decipede sudden

50

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Your score is displayed at the

whole garden full of critters on the

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end of each attack wave. The scores you receive for destroying the ene

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"Decipede" is an arcade-style

The Cast Of Characters

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has reached ihe bottom line of the

screen, it weaves around in your area of the playing field until either you or it is destroyed. Another for midable enemy is the wasp. She never comes down to your part of

the screen, but when she passes over a clover, she changes it to a di amond. A decipede will dive straight down toward you if it runs into one of these diamonds. The least harmful of the attackers is the dragonfly, It usually dives straight down toward you, which makes it an easy target. However, the drag onfly leaves a trail of clover behind which hastens the decipede's dan gerous descent. The insecticide gun can move

anywhere within the bottom four rows of the screen. Be careful, be cause the gun moves very quickly. Hold down the fire button of the joystick for rapid fire.

Getting Started Decipede has two parts: one BASIC and one machine language, Type in and save Program 1 as you would any other BASIC program. The ma chine language portion (Program 2)

must be typed in with "MLX," the machine language entry program

found elsewhere in this issue. Before you begin typing in Program

2, be sure to read and understand the instructions for using MLX. When you run MLX, you'll be asked tor a starting address and an ending address. Here are the correct values for Program 2: Starling address: Ending jddiesh:

C000 C91F

When you finish entering the data from Program 2, be sure to save a copy with the name DEC ML.

That's the name Program 1 expects the file to have (see line 20 of Pro gram I). For disk users, the DEC

Ml. file must be on the same disk as Program

1.

For tape, change the

Connect 'Em Francis Chambers

This program is an adaptation of the classic "Connect the Dots" game, updated to allow you play against a friend or the computer. Or you can watch the computer play against itself.

For the Commodore 64, 128, Plus/4, and 16. One or two joy sticks are required. As you probably recall, the venera ble game "Connect the Dots" be gins with a grid of dots drawn on a

EIRYilN'S 1 lie II

piece of paper. Two players take

!.

dots. If you complete a square, you

into port 2. When the title screen appears, press the joystick fire but

ton to begin play.

See program listings on page 118. ffi

SS

COMPUTEts Gazelle

January 1987

-

-

-

put your initial in it and move again. When all the squares have

I

- 7 - -, -. -

1

been captured, the player with the most wins.

L|

|l"

1 11

Playing the game is even easier on the computer. In

"Connect

'Em," the computer draws the dots and lines, and keeps a running count of the scores. The game also lets you play against a friend or the computer, or sit back and watch the computer match wits with itself. There are two board sizes to

choose from—regular (84 boxes) and mini (42 boxes). Type in and save a copy of the

version for your computer—Pro gram 1 for the 64 or Program 2 for the 128. The 128 version will also work on the Plus/4 and Commo

dore 16 with the following modi fications: DX 50

PRINT"[CLR)"iS=3072;C=-l 024:RR=205:CC=.!339iCH=81

,8,1 in line 20 of Program 1 to ,1,1. Also, be sure that the DEC ML file immediately follows Program 1 on the tape. When you're ready to play Dec ipede, load and run Program 1. Be sure that the joystick is plugged

n

turns drawing lines connecting the

:CL=2:OX=46:P1=0:F2=0:IN

5="":LX=28:UX=12

KF 680

PRINT"(BLU}TO PLAV AGAI NST

BX

730

THE

COMPUTER,":PRIN

T"ENTER

!REDJPLUS4!BLU]

OR [RED}O16(lSLUj FOR" HC(T)»Fl+16*4llP PL$(T)

="PLUS4" OR PI.S(T) = "C-1 6" THEM F2=F2+1:PCS(T)= "X"

After you've typed in and saved

The computer is an intelligent foe in "Connect 'Em."

ers. If you want the computer to play either or both positions, enter

the'name C-64, C-128, PLUS4, or C16, depending on your computer.

The computer moves on its own, but people need to use a joy stick (player 1 uses port 1 and play er 2 uses port 2). To make a move, use the joystick to place the marker (a little blue ball) on one of the dots

that you wish to connect; then press the joystick fire button. Now move

the marker to the other dot and press the fire button again. A line will be drawn connecting the two dots. Only adjacent dots can be connected. The computer doesn't

make illegal moves, nor does it allow you to make them. When a square is captured, the

appropriate initial is placed in it. (Don't worry if both players have

the same initials—the squares are also color-coded.) At the end of the

the appropriate version, load the

game,

program and type RUN. The com

winner's name.

the computer displays the

puter asks for the names of the play-

See program listings an page 111, in

fiv^

(<*** Qfr

I

rs ■ •■

i

.

.

-.

Screen Tricks

If you've discovered a clever timesaving technique or a brief but effective programming shortcut,

send it to "Hints & Tips," c/o

COMPUTEl'S GAZETTE. // we use it, we'll pay you $35. We regret

that, due to the volume of items submitted, we cannot reply indi vidually to submissions.

one character, it's a lot of trouble to load in a font editor, make the changes, save the new font out to a

3. Choose 3 as the DATA line

file, go back to BASIC, and load the

5. Type GOTO 130.

font back in. This simple character editor is perfect in such cases. Just design the character in the DATA statements. Use the cursor keys to move around and alter the charac

ter. In the program below, a small man has been designed. Be sure to

Controlling Scrolling

after it is displayed on the screen.

Did you ever wish you could have a menu at the top of a screen that didn't scroll away as text filled the screen? This short program allows you to keep a message or menu at the top of the screen. It transfers the operating system to RAM and alters a single byte of the scrolling routine. HC

10

DATA 169,1613,133,252, L69 ,222,133,254

HE

20

DATA

MX 10 XS

20

MA

30

PQ

40

GB

50

HC

770

AD 60

40

DATA

»*******«■

DATA

"**

**

"

MC 80 DATA

**U

SPACES)**

AK Bli

110

DP

50

SYS

GO

60

POKE

KE

70

PRINT"ECLRj":LIST

1,PEEK(1)

T

59639,10

AND

253

Run the program. Now list it a cou ple of times. See how the top lines stay put while the rest of the screen

scrolls by? If you'd like the message area to be a different size, put the desired number of screen lines mi

INPUT'LINE

FOR

1 =0

TO

BsFOR J=0

49185:REA

T,A:NEXT

49152:POKE

150

QB

170

51

JF

NUMBER

7tRRAD

TO

FOR 1=0 TO 511iPOKE 1+1 2230,PEEK{1+53248)iNEXT iPOKE 1,PEEK(1) OR 4 POKE 56334,PEEK(56334)O RlsPOKE 53272,(PEEK(532 FOR

1=0

TO

7:READ

I22B8+I,A:NEXT

A:P0K I

Many programmers use a statement " DA

with the following general format to give the user a default choice when answering an input prompt. (A de fault choice is one that will be select

AStT-

ed if the user presses RETURN

"**[4 SPACESj**"

251,145,251,177,253

TO

CE

56,48:P

Default With Variables

SPACESJ"

DATA

,145,253, 136,208,245,230

A:POKE

140

52,48:POKE

OKE 56334,PEEK(56334JAN D254:POKE 1,PEEK(1JAND2

Joseph R. Chametski

DATA "[2 SPACES)**'*

TA LIHE";DL 11)0 PRINT DL;"DATA";

FOB T=49152

MK

STOP POKE

E

**"

90

D

125 130

SPACESj"

MH

169,9,133,251,133,2

DATA

DM BK

72)AHD240)+12

DATA "[3 SPACES)** f3 SPACES}'1

{2

,252,230,254,208,237,96

MD

DATA "t2 SPACES!**** 12 SPACESj" DATA "t2 SPACES]**** 12

53,160,0,177

30

6. Press @ to see your character.

press RETURN on each data line

Charles Allison

JJ

number.

4. Press RETURN on the DATA line.

FOR

7:B=0:IF M

IDS(AS,J+1,1)="*" THEN ISPACE|B=1 120' T=T+B*2T(7-J):NEXT:PRIN TT"lLEFT),"r:NEXT:PRINT "(LEFT) "

When you're satisfied with the

character you've created, type RUN. You'll be asked at which line number you'd like to create the data. For now, answer 10000. The program will respond by displaying

instead of typing in an answer.) INPUT'TROMPT{2 SPACES}Y(3 LEFT} ";A$

This works very well most of the time. The {3 LEFT} makes the cur sor back up over the Y. If you want to use YES instead of Y, then you'd

have to use {5 LEFT} instead. You can see the problem: What if the length of the default answer is unknown? What if the variable is a number or word? The solution is to do something like this:

nus one into the POKE statement in

the data for the character. This pro

line 50. For example, if you want three lines for a message or menu, type POKE 59639,2. If you POKE a

gram reads the character DATA

equivalent numeric data. You can

PRINT'TROMPT ";X;:POKE C,6:INPUT X

number greater than 24, scrolling is disabled completely. POKE 59639,

either write down the values and

where C is 211 for the 64 and the

statements and prints out the

use them later, or you can run the

255 to return to normal scrolling. The bottom scroll line can also

cursor up to the DATA line and

be changed. Try this: POKE

program. This should be a great

59652,20.

help any time you need a new char

press RETURN to enter it into the

VIC, 202 for the Plus/4 and the 16, and 236 for the 128. This forces the cursor to go to the column indicated

by the POKE. In this case, the cur

Mitchell Ross

new character looks, follow these

sor goes to the sixth column. Of course, if you change the prompt, you'll have to change the column number to the number of characters

There are many excellent utilities for designing custom characters on the 64. But if you just want to create

instructions:

in the prompt, If you use this tech

1. Type in the program below.

nique with a string, type two spaces after the prompt instead of one. a

Quick Character Editor

54

COMPUTEl'S Gazette

January 19B7

acter quickly.

If you want to see how your

2. Run it.

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Keyword Construction Set Rick Bauer

This clever utility lets you easily change the spelling of any BASIC keywords. It's especially helpful if you speak or teach a language other than English. A French or Spanish version, for example, would be easy to create. For the Commodore 64. BASIC has many commands and

you want a list of your new key

statements. Keywords like PRINT,

words to go to your printer. Print

INPUT, RUN, and NEW are all built-in. "Keyword Construction

Set" lets you replace some or all of these words with new ones. For ex ample, if your first language is Spanish, you can replace BASIC

keywords with Spanish words of your choice. Since I usually pro gram in machine language, I made the following alterations to BASIC: I replaced PEEK with LDA, POKE with STA, GOSUB with JSR, RE

ing out your keywords is a good idea—otherwise, you may find you've forgotten a few of them the next time you sit down at your com

puter. The program assumes that your printer is connected as device 4. If this isn't the case, change the OPEN statement in line 200. For example, if your printer is device 5,

change the second 4 in the OPEN statement to a 5.

TURN with RTS, and GOTO with JMP. This makes it easier for me to

Choosing Your Words

translate BASIC programs into ma

new instruction set. The ROM (Read Only Memory) keywords are listed one at a time on the screen.

chine language. Of course, you may just want to use Keyword Construc tion Set to experiment with some new keywords while programming. It can be refreshing to see WRITE A,B,C instead of PRINT A,B,C. Keyword

Construction 5et is

written in BASIC. To use it, type it

in and save a copy. Load it; then type RUN. You're prompted for the name of your "new" language. The

program uses this response as the filename for your modified BASIC

language. Next, the program asks if 56

COMPUTERS Ga^efta

January 1987

Now you're ready to enter your

As each one is displayed, type in

your replacement keyword. If you want to use the standard BASIC keyword, just press RETURN. The new keyword can be any length, but the total number of characters in all keywords must not exceed 255. Since there are 76 keywords

ters you've used so far and how many characters are over or under

the original set (try to keep this number less than or equal to zero). For example, if you replace NEW with ERASE, you should compen sate by making another keyword two letters shorter (SAVE into SV,

for example). If a keyword ends with a spe cial character, like $ or), it's a good idea to retain that character in your new keyword. If you don't, things

could get unnecessarily confusing. When you finish (the last keyword to change is GO), the computer asks whether it should save your language to disk or tape. Answer D for disk or T for tape to create a

machine language file of your mod ified BASIC. When you want to use your new dialect of BASIC, type these lines: LOAD "filename"',8,1 NEW SYS 49152

Now your keywords are en abled. Load a BASIC program to

test your language. Type LIST. You should see your keywords in the BASIC program. You may return to the standard BASIC definitions at

that can be changed, your new keywords should average four to

any time by pressing RUN/STOPRESTORE. Type SYS 49152 to

five characters. The top line of the screen tells you how many charac

reenable your new language.

See program listing on page 115.

o

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Mastering 128 Sound And Music Part 4 D. C. Holmes

In this installment, the author examines the FILTER statement, an important function in refining sound on the 128. Included are two impressive musical demonstrations of the techniques. Last month, we discussed the prin

low, sound. Or a Vaccianno mute

ciples of tonal quality and learned how to use the ENVELOPE state ment. This month, we'll examine the FILTER statement, a tool which

would give a bright, tinny character to his instrument. Using the same mute on another instrument has a similar effect on that instrument, but

allows us to further refine the tim

the sound of a cup-muted trumpet

bre of a sound on the 128.

can still be easily distinguished from the sound of a cup-muted flugel

Filtering operates by the pro

horn because of the individual char-

cess of subtractive synthesis; that is, the final sound is achieved by selec

acteristics of the fundamental

tively eliminating certain overtones

(unmuted) tones. In the same way,

from the waveform prescribed by example, imagine a horn player who comes to a session carrying

we can use the SID filter to block certain harmonics, allowing others to be heard in the waveform of Commodore 128 sounds.

four horns and a box of mutes. He

The SID filter system employs

could play his part on a trumpet, a

three muting filters, which can be used singly or in combination. These are the low-pass, high-pass, and band-pass filters.

an ENVELOPE command. As an

cornet, a bugle, or a flugelhorn. Even though the frequency of the notes would be identical, the timbre of the sounds would be different for each instrument, due to tubing con figurations and other unique physi cal properties of the horns. Like

The low-pass filter blocks overtones above a specified fre

quency (the cutoff frequency) and allows overtones below that fre

play the

quency to be played and heard.

same character string using differ ent envelopes, and even though the pitch of the notes is the same, the sounds may be very different.

This produces sounds which are

wise, our SID chip can

characteristically full and rich, lack ing brightness. This filtering method

all but a narrow range of frequen cies above and below the cutoff (see Figure 3).

When all three filters are used simultaneously, frequencies throughout the range of the SID chip are allowed to pass (Figure 4). Conversely, when the FILTER is

enabled (PLAV'Xl"), but all three filters are turned off, no sound is al lowed to pass through (Figure 5).

Combining the low-pass and band-pass filters produces essen tially a modified low-pass effect. Likewise, combining the high-pass and band-pass gives a modified high-pass effect.

Combining the low-pass and high-pass creates an interesting sit uation in which a range of frequen

cies near the cutoff are filtered out, and all other frequencies above and below are allowed to pass through the SID chip. This is often referred

to as a notch reject or band-stop fil ter (Figure 6).

The format for the FILTER statement is FILTER cj,lp,bp,hp,TCS

where cf â– = filter cutoff frequency (0-2047) Ip - low-pass filter on (1), off (0) bp - band-pass filter on (1), off (0) ftp = high-pass filter on (1), off (0)

fine-tune his sound by using one of his mutes. Muting changes the tonal

is illustrated in Figure 1. The high-pass filter does the reverse: It tells the SID chip to filter out frequencies below the cutoff,

quality by blocking certain over

and allows those above the cutoff to

the SID filter, but the numeric value

tones in the natural sound of the in

pass through to be heard (Figure 2).

of this parameter should not be confused with the actual cutoff fre quency. The frequency at which the cutoff occurs varies according to the frequency of the note played. When

The musician may choose to

strument, and allowing only selected harmonics to pass through and be heard. He could use a cup mute to produce a muffled, but mel6B

COMPUTERS Gazette

January 19B7

These sounds are described as hol low or tinny, as opposed to mellow or solid. The band-pass filter supresses

res — resonance (0-15)

The value of the cf parameter determines the cutoff frequency of

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value tends to sharpen or clarify the tonal quality.

Figure 2

Figure 1

Through The Filter Only one filter configuration, speci fied by a single FILTER statement,

may be used by the SID chip at any one time. The same configuration applies to all three voices, and whether or not a voice is filtered is determined by the PLAY statement. For this, the form of the PLAY CUTOFF

CUTOFF

FREQUENCY OF HARMONIC

FREQUENCY OF HARMONIC

I

PLAY"VnXn"

The Vn command selects the current voice {n can be 1-3). If no V command is used, the default is voice 1. The Xn command specifies whether the current voice will be

Figure 4

Figure 3

statement is

passed through the filter. Filtering is turned on when n is 1 and off when it is 0. The default setting is equivalent to X0 (filtering off). Once filtering is turned on for a par ticular voice, that voice will contin ue to be filtered until it is turned off with XO. The same FILTER state

ment configuration applies to all three voices when they are filtered, CUTOFF I

FREQUENCY OF HARMONIC

FREQUENCY OF HARMONIC

but each voice can be individually filtered or unfiltered.

The first of this month's pro

grams, "Saints," includes a filter editor for experimentation. The melody voice plays a line of a Dixie

Figure 5

land tune, and then answers in the same envelope, but with the filter turned on. Changing the parame ters of the filter will produce notice

able differences in the filtering effect. Only voice 1 is filtered in this program.

Program 2 is named "Joy," and

is my computer interpretation of Bach's classic "Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring." This version is an organlike arrangement of the well-

CUTOFF

known work. 1 always marvel at the

I

FREQUENCY OF HARMONIC

FREQUENCY OF HARMONIC

way a good pipe organist can filter the sounds by controlling the lou vers on the pipe cabinet. Just like

cf = 0, the cutoff will be placed

cy, but rather the amount of filter

the mutes the horn player uses, the

such that it is below the frequency

ing desired.

openings created by these louvers

of virtually all of the naturally oc

The parameters lp, bp, and hp simply toggle the three individual filters on and off. One, two, or all three may be enabled at the same time, or they may all be turned off. Resonance is a process where by frequencies near the cutoff are accentuated. The degree of this peaking effect may range from no

allow selected harmonic frequen

resonance (res = 0) to very pro

this program.

nounced (res = 15). Increasing the

See program listings on page 116. •

curring overtones in a sound. A val

ue of 2047 places the cutoff at a

frequency higher than virtually all of the natural overtones. If the cut off value is 1023, the relative distri bution of overtones will determine a cutoff frequency where half of the overtones are below it, and half are

above it. Thus, the value of c/does not specify the exact cutoff frequen60

COMPUTEI's Gazette

January 1987

cies to pass through, while others

are blocked. Joy (Program 2) brings togeth er most of the topics we've dis cussed thus far in this series. Use your imagination and play with the

TEMPO, VOL, ENVELOPE, and FILTER statements to customize

BUIIT Now Get Inside Your Commodore with COMPUTB's Gazette Disk. Now there's a way to get all the exciting, fun-filled programs of COMPUTE'S Gazette—already on disk—with COMPUTED Gazette Disk. Subscribe today, and month after month you'll get a new, fullytested 5^-inch floppy disk guaranteed to run on your Commodore 64 or Commodore 128 personal computer. COMPUTE'S Gazette Disk brings you all the latest, most challenging, most fascinating programs published in the

corresponding issue of COMPUTBVs Gazette, So instead of

spending hours typing in each program, now all you do is insert

the disk...and your programs load in seconds. RESULT: You have hours more time to enjoy all those great pro grams which appear in COMPUTERS Gazette—programs like Disk Editor, Face-Off, Turbo Copy, Arcade Baseball, Sound Designer, SpeedScript, and hundreds of others. So don't waste another moment. Subscribe today to COMPUTERS Gazette Disk at this money-saving price. Take a full year's subscription for just $79.95. You save 58 percent off the single issue price. Subscribe for two years and save even more! Return the enclosed card. Call toll-free 1-800-247-5470 now.

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User Group Update When writing to a user group for information, please remember to

I'l \NSYI\WIA

enclose a self-addressed envelope with postage that is appropriate for the country to which you're writing.

Users Croup, 140 N, Rockbum St., York, PA 17402

Southampton Commodore Users Croup, P.O.

Send typed additions, corrections, and deletions for this list to: COMPUTE! Publications

Bos 3, Norristown, PA 19403

SOUTH DAKOTA Aberdeen Commodore Computer Club, 115

P.O. Box 5406

Church Dr., Aberdeen, SD 57401

Outside The U.5.

Greensboro, NC 27403 Attn: Commodore User Groups

CANADA Commodore Computer Uteri Association (NSCCU1, P.O. Box 3426, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3J 3J1

User Group Notes

Canadian Commodore Software & Hardware

The Promenade User Group of America has formed to assist users of the Promenade and Commodore 64. For more information on this group, write P.O. Box 4224, White Plains Station, Northbrook, IL 60065-4224. Commodore Owners of Massena (C.O.M.A.) has a new address: 7 Water St., Massena, NY 13662.

Usera Croup (CCS&HUG), P.O. Box 644, Bobcavccon, Ontario, KOM 1A0

ME-XK H Club Commodore de Juarez, Calle del Manantlal "1448, Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico

32500 GMS Users Group, Poireio del Llano #112, Salamanca, GTO, Mexico 36730 Q

The Downriver Commodore Group has changed its address to P.O.

LEARN

Box 1277, Southgate, MI 48195.

Central Dakota Commodore Club can be reached at Rt. 3, Captain Leach Dr. #18, Mandan, ND 58554.

PROGRAMMING MASTER COMPUTERS

The Commodore Technical User Group (CTUG) has a new mailing address: P.O. Box 8342, Orange CA 92664. Newsletters can still be

IN YOUR OWN HOME No* >uu rjn write programs .sruj gr-r i

ctfiajter io CO (lit *ua1 ym want Gel Itv

msi cut ol any orccLDff and avod ra«mg

sent to Syntax Error, P.O. Box 8051, Orange, CA 92664.

lo oay nw nigh pice □> pre-packaged

The new address for Olympic Peninsula Users' Group is P.O. Box

LEARN AT YOUR OWN PACE

1894, Port Angeles, WA 98362.

IN YOUR SPARE TIME Our mdepenfltnt study program allows you

The Manitoba Users Group (M.U.G.) has changed its address to Box 8, Group 351, R.R. 3, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3C 2E7.

b Mm smut om,*! ooalon. *# calva at] rjrcq^rnmrq in you iw etv. fl horns Ow mstrwias provfln you with ;*«' nn-

Toronto Pet User's Group (TPUG Inc.) has moved and consolidated its addresses to P.O. Box 724, Station B, Willowdale, Ontario, Canada

LEARN EVEN BEFORE YOU DECIDE ON A COMPUTER Everything is eiplairaJ in simple language Vai will en|oy learning la

M2K 2R1.

use a cnrpilB-EVtN F YOU WNT OWN Otf luam la orogram on any posoiol computer, BW, APPlf. C0MM000HE. TRS. and mae.

New Listings

BE TOUR OWN COMPUTER EXPERT

Nl-W IFKS1-Y

AI A It A MA Commodore Mobile Users Gioup (CMUG), 3993 Cottage Hill Rd., #78, Mobile, AL 36609

CAT IKOUNIA

Hillidale Commodore 64 Usera Club, 32 Esplanade Lake Dr., Htllsdale, N] 07642

NTW YORK

HI Desert Commodore Users Group, 62026 Sunburst Cr.r Joshua Tree. CA 92252

MASSACHUSETTS World Wide Users Group (or (he C-M, P.O. Don 50 C-P, Halhome, MA 01937

Ridge C-64 Users Group, 94 Ridge Rd., Ridge, NV

Programming Is the best way lo learn to un computers, and we cm tin* you at Mil- ml noil Korumicil-wi( to liirn piorjrinmljig! Sent)lodaytoryourfreeinf&maTionpackage Noo&ligtttion No salesman will call

halix INSTITUTE

11961

M alone Commodore Uier Group iMMIUGI, 27 BenlLey Ave., Malonc, NY 129S3

Triple Cirles Commodore Club, 1713 Castle Gardens Rd., Vestal. NY 13850

I MALIK iNSTIIUtECENIEBfOR COMPUTER tDUCATIONIKCI im3iv oiruPK; ■?Mios*rjGaEa cawciiaaai

M-1

MIN,\TSUIA

VES1

Hibbing Area Commodore Klubrti.A.C.K.t. 1320 E. 14th Ave., Hibbing, MN 55746

MISSOIR] Commodore North Users Group, P.O. Box 34534,

N.irth Kansas City, MO 64116

62

COMPUTE'S Ga/erttt

January 1987

CEN7ERFOH COMPUTER EDUCATION 1Si3 W Olympic P 2J6 Los A

CANOCUG, 1014 8th St. NE, Canton, OH 44704

ORFGON American User Group. 33754 SE Oak SI., Scapoose, OR 97056

|

I

"The

1 Best Selling Word Processing Package"- BILLBOARD'S COMPUTER 5OFHVARE CHART

PAPERCLIP II

"you can't go wrong choosing Paper Clip "

FOR THE COMMODORE 128

- THE GUIDE TO COMPUTER LIVING

■ Compatible with C-64 PaperClip files: the natural choice for C-128 upgrades ■ Includes integrated 38,000-word spelling checker ■ Built-in Iclecuiiimunications module: access on-line services, incorporate on-line data in your work, and send tnxl In other users

"the Cadillac of word processors." - OMNl MAGAZINE

"best professional word processor available" - RUN MAGAZINE

"by far the best word processor ever available ...So clearly superior,,,. State-of-the-art word processing"

■ New editing features include multiple columns, reverse video scroll, chaptering, powerful macros

■ Maximum document size expanded to 999 lines

-ANTIC

"as far as we are concerned, PaperClip is the

PAPERCIJP FOR THEAPPLE He, c

top word processor running on a micro computer."

■ Insert/Delete. Move & Copy, Cul & Paste,

Global Search & Replace

- HOMEAPPLICATIONSFORTHEC-64

■ Automatic page numbering, headers and footers ■ Simplified columns, tabbing and scrolling

"Performance: excellent. Error-handling: excellent. Value: excellent... You'll find yourselfgrowing spoiled."

■ Form letter and mailing label functions ■ Unique new capabilities for Apple: dual text windows, automatic text protection, macro

- FAMILY COMPUTING

"Exceptional word processing..."

commands and more

- INPUT

PAPERCLIP FOR ATARI HOME COMPUTERS (WITH SPELLPACK FOR THE 130 XE)

"many features... easy to use" - ATARI EXPLORER

"A superb word processor ...the most

■ All the high-productivity editing features plus:

Dual Text Windows. Automatic Paging, Macros

sophisticated to date."

and much more

- COMPUTE MAGAZINE

■ Fully-integrated SpellPack spelling checker on

"... the ultimata word processor

the same disk

- ANALOG MAGAZINE

■ 36000 words in the SpellPack dictionary plus

"One of the easiest of the professional word processors ...a sensible manual... plenty of aids for the accident prone.''

you can add thousands more

■ Memory-resident for speed and convenience: no need to quit the word processor to check a document

- COMPUTING NOW

PAPERCLIP with SPELLPAK FOR THE COMMODORE 64

"An excellent word processor... well

designed... many advanced features,"

■ Built-in spelling checker ■ All the high-productivity text editing features

- INFOWORLD

"a "must have" in an ideal software library"

■ Move, Copy, Insert, Delete — words, sentences or entire blocks of text

- ELECTRONIC LEARNING

■ Macro power: define & store up to 52

"... most powerful ofpackages"

just one keystroke

"PaperClip is a logical evolutionary step

repetitive words/phrases, then enter them with

- COMMODORE MAGAZINE

■ Includes 80-COtunui Print Preview display, requires no extra hardware

forward."

■ Sophisticated Global Search & Replace, Mail Merge and Mailing Label functions

"... facts attest to its excellence!"

-AHOY - FAMILY COMPUTING

PAPERCLIP ELITE FOR THE ATARI ST

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■ Go beyond word-processing, with idea

processing, text/graphics integration, real-lime

spell checking, independent variable columns and so much more. Look for PaperClip Elite.

Coining soon.

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Integral Solutions

Battlefront

sion Select menu appears. Here you

the regiment to PROBE the enemy posi

tion, PREPARE for a later assault, AS

modore 64 of four of the most crucial

choose which division you want to give orders to. Once you've chosen, the Di vision Order menu pops up, and this

battles of World War II. The fourth strategy game from Australia's Strategic

one has four choices. REGIMENT OR DER lets you select the regiment (with-

Studies Group (SSG), Battlefront contin

in that division) you will be commanding. If you choose SUPPORT you can allocate aircraft support points

each menu has a default command that most benefits the unit, in case you sim

to that regiment. You have only a cer tain number of air points to work with, so you must decide how many each regiment will receive. DIVISION AS

access all the menus if your troops are not in position for a particular order. Fi nally, you can return to any menu, at any point during the turn, and change

SETS allows you to assign unattached

your mind. The only exception to this is

battalions to specific regiments. Finally,

the very first screen, which shows the command RUN 5. Once this is selected,

Battlefront is a simulation for ihe Com

ues the menu-oriented design philoso phy used by SSG in Carriers at War and Europe Ablaze.

Roger Keating and Ian

Trout, the game's designers, believe that the mechanics of strategy games should

be simple, contained within a series of easily accessed menus. Ever since introducing their menu system in Carriers at War, SSG has con

with MOVE

HQ you can place your

tinued to develop it. The menus in Eu

headquarters in a specific location. Sup

rope Ablaze were a little easier to work with, and those in Battlefront are easier still. What the menus do, in all three

ply and leadership flow through the HQ, so its placement is critical. Most menus lead to further menus. The REGIMENT ORDER menu, for in stance, brings up a menu allowing you to select which regiment you will give

games, is restrict the amount of infor mation to which you have access, with

the result of greater "fog-of-war" real ism. They also aid your ability to make decisions, and prevent you from mak ing an illegal move. In Battlefronl, information access is particularly

important,

since you

are

taking the part of the corps commander. In fact, you have absolutely no control over what your troops will do once you've given them their orders. Unlike many war games, Battlefront does not allow you to position individual units (except your headquarters), nor can you treat the units as anything hut a unit. Many war games reward the command er who keeps his units together, but Bat tlefront is the first I've seen that doesn't allow you to do otherwise. You are the corps commander窶馬othing else. If this makes Battlefront sound rig id and mechanical, it shouldn't. The game is anything but that. Battlefront presents you with a strict point of view, but within that point of view you have a great deal to do. As corps commander, you must fulfill a set of objectives over which you have no control, and you must do it by trusting your subordi nates to carry out your orders. In other words, the game defines very well your

attempt to move through the position.

The game allows almost no chance of issuing an

unwanted order.

First,

ply forget about it. Second, you cannot

the turn is in progress, and the orders cannot be changed. But even RUN 5 is accessible only once you've done some thing in the turn, so choosing it by acci dent is nearly impossible. The four scenarios re-create four critical battles of the war: Crete (1941),

orders to. Once you've chosen, the Reg iment Action menu appears, with four possibilities: ENGAGED, CONTACT, READY, and OB. OB (Order of Battle) is for checking the status of each battalion within the regiment, and is only an information menu. When you choose READY, another menu appears. Here

Stalingrad (1942), Saipan (1944), and

you can place the regiment in RE SERVE, command it to move towards an OBJECTIVE, order it to head for and

construction program that allows you

engage the nearest ENEMY BATTAL ION, or DEPLOY into better formation.

Most of these, of course, lead to a fur ther menu. If you choose CONTACT instead of READY, the Contact Action menu appears. Here the choices are RE SERVE, DEFEND, SUPPORT, or PROBE. RESERVE places the regiment

Bastogne (1944). Each is playable in at

most two evenings (usually less), and you can play either the Axis or the Al lied commander. Once you play out the strategic options of these scenarios, you

can create your own. Like all SSG games, Battlefront contains a scenario

to design a scenario from scratch. If you want someone to do your research and design for you, SSG's magazine, Run 5, publishes full scenarios, along with commentary on the games and on the history behind them.

If there is a problem with Battlefront, it's with the amount of work the

computer must handle. In several of the games I've played, regiments get mixed and jumbled almost of their own free

in waiting status, while DEFEND com

will, and at times orders seem simply

mands the regiment to find the best de fensive terrain and formations. A regiment ordered to SUPPORT has its

the philosophy of the game itself: So

battalions coming to the support of a

ignored. Perhaps this is a problem with much is left to the computer that, unless the computer portion of the game does

launches a limited attack at the enemy.

its job extremely well, the player stands to be frustrated. For example, I expect

Choosing ENGAGED activates the Engaged Action menu, from which you select RESERVE, DEFEND, DELAY, or

my computer subordinates to keep the regiments together better than I can; that's their job. And I don't expect, as

To get an idea of how the menus

ATTACK. The first two are the same as

work, let's examine a typical advance-

above. DELAY orders the regiment to

has happened, my headquarters unit to follow its march orders right into an en emy armored battalion. Experienced players have enough to do simply get

role within the military hierarchy.

to-contact situation. After a series of preliminary menus which allow you to examine your objectives, your position,

and the status of your units, the Divi64

SAULT the position, or EXPLOIT in an

COMPUTE!-/Gazette

January 1987

battalion under attack. PROBE

pull back towards the headquarters unit, and is used when an orderly re treat is called for. ATTACK brings up the Attack Action menu, which allows

ting around their lack of total control. They do not need the frustration of hav-

■

**s v«*

■■■<..

rMnTT ■

!?ft£i

*^c

.'■.■■■■-•

•warn

■-:;■->'■'

n

■

■

ia&M^

^.^K

s**^ «

ing the computer do things incorrectly.

Whenever I examine a computer war game, I ask two main questions:

Will an experienced war gamer like it?; and Will a beginner be able to play it? Often, one yes precludes the other, be

cause experienced war gamers often en joy a complexity that a beginner finds

simply bewildering. In the case of Bat-

tlefront, however, I can suggest that both groups will like it equally well. The experienced gamer will appreciate

the strategic options and realistic point of view, while the beginner will enjoy the menu-driven ease of play. In my

Hacker II: The Doomsday Papers Since you have been recognized as the world's leading authority on computer se curity systems, the Central Intelligence Agency wishes to enlist you in its efforts to combat international terrorism. Please press (RETURN) to indicate your acceptance of the assignment. Your

full cooperation would be deeply appreci ated. However, should you refuse or fail, the C.I.A. will disavow any knowledge of your participation in this action. Sincerely, (Identity Classified)

opinion, BattlefTont is the most enjoy

able SSG war game to date, and that's saying a great deal.

—Nefl Randall Strategic Studies Croup

Distributed by Electronic Arts 1820 Gateway Dr.

Director of Special Agents Washington, D.C. So begins your adventure into

Hacker II: The Doomsday Papers, Activision's sequel to Hacker, last year's ad venture hit. I found Hacker to be one of the most creative and unique games to

San Mateo, CA 94404 $39.95

come along for the 64, or for any other computer, for that matter. The concept

of stumbling into an evil organization's computer network was intriguing, and saving the world from destruction, a challenge. The program was first-rate from start to finish. Hacker II: The Doomsday Papers not only delivers the same high quality of Hacker, but pre sents the Hacker veteran with an even more difficult challenge than was faced in the original.

As in Hacker, the game begins as though you are telecommunicating on

your computer via modem. In Hacker II, you've signed on to a large information network when suddenly the message above breaks in on the transmission.

From there you're told of a plot by a So viet scientist and political strategist 10 overthrow the U.S. government. The "Doomsday Papers" documents his

evil plan and is held in several vaults located in a secret Soviet military instal lation hidden deep in Siberia. The C.I.A. has managed to plant three mo bile remote units (the same little robots found in Hacker, where they were

known as the subterranean remote units) inside the facility and have

patched into the installation's video se curity system. With the use of a "Multi function Switching Matrix" (or MFSM) and the mobile remote units, you must

make your way through the installation without being detected, and collect all the pieces of the document. The MFSM is basically a souped-

up VCR with four monitor screens that can be controlled remotely by satellite. From the four screens on the MFSM, you can see what any of the installa

BACKUP PROTECTED

SOFTWARE FAST. From the team who brought you

COPY II PLUS (Apple), Copy II PC (IBM) and COPY II MAC (Macin tosh) comes a revolutionary new

copy program for the Commodore 64 and 128 computers. • Copies many protected programs—automatically. (We

update Copy II 64/128 regularly to handle new protections; you as a registered owner may update at

any time for $15 plus $3 s/h.)

• Copies even protected disks in

under 2 minutes (single drive).

• Copies even protected disks In under 1 minute (dual drive). • Maximum of four disk swaps on a single drive.

• Includes fast loader, 12-second format. Requires a Commodore 64 or 128 computer with one or two 1541 or 1571 drives.

Call 503/244-5782, M-F, 8-5

(West Coast time) with your 32! in hand. Or send a check

for $39.95 U.S. plus $3 s/h, $8 overseas.

$39.95 Central Point Software, Inc. 9700 S.W. Capitol Hwy. #100

Portland, OR 97219

CentTulFbini Software

Backup utilities also available lor the IBM, Apple II, Macintosh and Atari ST. This product Is piovidsrllor Itio purposo ol enabling you ro make archival capias only

tion's numerous security cameras are

viewing, tape what the cameras are see

ing, and play your tapes back. With the MFSM you can see where the guards are and where they are going, and you can guide your mobile remote units

through the facility's halls. Spying through the security cameras' eyes, you

can locate the vaults holding parts of the Doomsday Papers, and the MFSM allows you to communicate with and control the mobile remote units. Unlike Hacker, Hacker II does come

with documentation. However, don't get your hopes up too high. The only documentation you're supplied with is a manual explaining the operation of the MFSM. The manual reminds me of those great specification manuals that

supposedly were for Star Trek's Enter prise. It's written in a detailed fashion,

as though the MFSM really existed and you were handling a real MFSM on

your mission. This is a nice touch that 66

COMPUTBS Gazetta

January 1987

Have your

Commodore® look as smart as it works. Consolidate your 64, 64C and 128 system with the Command Center. Get your workspace back again. The Command Center will untangle your wires, unclutter your desk and pul peripherals at your

fingertips, Condensing your whole system inlo one compact unit, you might consider it the ultimate Commodore peripheral. You get Commodore value Wilh the

with the look of a more expensive system.

Command Center,

Just look at all it includes:

your system is

■ Built-in AC Power Strip with power surge and

compacl and

comptete.

voltage spike protection, line noise filtering and power outlets. ■ Built-in Drive/CPU Cooling Fan to prevent overheating.

■ Modular Telephone Plug, with i!s own on line/off-line telecommunications switch. (Option on 64 and 64C). ■ Master AC Switch for easy system power-up.

■ Single or Dual Drive Configurations with the standard drive insert.

Without the Command Center your Commodore

Many built-in conveniences add to the Command

peripherals look cluttered and take up most ol your

Center's value.

desk lop.

scommoaaii? .s a fegislerea trademark ot Comm&dnre Electronics Lid

< P.O. Box 203 Oakdale, IA 52319 Free 30-day trial offer

and one-year warranty For faster service, call

1-800-626-4582 loll-free 1 -319-338-7123 (Iowa Residents)

YESi Rush me a Command Center to

Name

complete my system. I may enjoy it lor up to 30 days and return it for a full refund. □ 64

$119.95

D64C

$129.95

□ 128

$149 95

7-'\>

(Please include S3.50 lor shipping and handling.)

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

helps propel you further into the spy fantasy. While indispensable, the man ual doesn't outright tell you how to suc

cessfully perform your mission. Careful review of the manual and mastery of the MFSM's capabilities is the only way to enable you to plan a successful course for your mission. All the action is seen through the four screens of the MFSM. The graphics are good, with details that sometimes will surprise you. Guards move

through the facility on their rounds, and you can witness the movement of your mobile remote units. Beware, however, for once your mobile remote units are delected by either the guards or the security cameras, the "annihilator" will be dispatched. The annihilator is an unrelenting mechanical monster, and once a mobile remote unit is cap

tured, the annihilator proceeds to turn the little robot into a pancake.

Hacker II is a great buy and will supply you with hours of fun. While a joystick is needed to run the program, Hacker U is not an arcade game. Rather, it's a fairly involved strategy game that will take some time to master. It will challenge and entertain beyond your expectations. —Scott Thomas Activist on 2350 Bayshore Frontage Rd.

Mountain View, CA 94043 S39.95

COMPUTED Gazette is

looking for utilities, games, applications educational programs, and tutorial articles. If you've created a pro gram that you think other readers might enjoy or find useful, send it, on tape or disk to: Submissions Reviewer COMPUTE! Publications P.O. Box 5406

Greensboro, NC 27403 Please enclose an SASE if you wish to have the materials returned. Articles are reviewed within four weeks of submission.

Gettysburg: The Turning Point Most historians agree that the turning

point of the Civil War occurred on farm fields south of a sleepy little Pennsylva nia town called Gettysburg near the Pennsylvania/Maryland border. Dur ing three hot July days in 1863, the 82,000-man Army of the Potomac, un der General George Meade, met the 75,000 troops of the Confederate army, commanded by General Robert E. Lee.

After the battle, both sides had suffered horrible losses, and the Confederate army had begun a long retreat into Vir

ginia. Gettysburg: The Turning Point puts you in the position of Lee or Meade at this crucial point in U.S. history. 1 liked SSI's earlier Bailie of Antictarn, another excellent Civil War simu lation (see the June 1986 issue), but

Gettysburg: The Turning Point is even better. As with most of SSI's simulations,

COMPUTEfs Gazette

January 1987

countered. Can you give the order to

hold a position, knowing that the cost will be many lives? If you've played SSI's Baltic of An-

tietam, you'll find the game play of Get tysburg quite similar. Several small changes have been made in this new game, but the changes greatly enhance the payability of the simulation and are not very apparent; you have to look for them. Players new to strategy war games will enjoy the ease of play at the begin ner's level. All units are shown as icons, graphic representations of the forces on the board, and the decisions necessary to play aren't overwhelming. As your skill increases, you can move on to the intermediate and ad

vanced games, which offer maximum

you may choose to play against a hu

control of the forces involved. At these

man opponent or face your computer as

levels of complexity, it's usually best to switch from icons to the traditional war game symbols. You'll be controlling ev

adversary. And you may select to com mand the Union forces or replace Gen eral Lee. The multiple choices available

in setting up the game from an easy-tofollow menu screen allow tailoring the game as you prefer. 5et the variable fac tors any way you like, favoring one side or the other, or play a historically accu

ery aspect of your forces, and assume a greater degree of responsibility for their fate.

Most importantly, Gettysburg isn't a mindless "shoot 'em up." Hasty ac tions here can be costly. Attacking may

rate simulation. The Battle of Gettysburg lasted for three days. Playing the Campaign

not always be the best strategy. Some times it's best to hold your fire and con

Game portion of this simulation may take you even longer. One complete game we played lasted nearly 60 hours.

game, you'll probably feel the desire to learn more about the Battle of Gettys burg. It would be interesting to play out

SSI says that the campaign game can take more than 40 hours. Playing out

the historical battle, step by step, with

the shorter scenarios, one day in the

serve ammunition. As you learn the

just a few minor changes. Would the re sults be different?

battle takes more than eight hours. Don't expect to spend a couple of hours in the evening with this one; set aside

A trip to your local library or book store to pick up a history book about

an entire weekend. Fortunately, you do have the option of saving the game

chance for a parent or teacher to help bring an important part of American history to life for a student.

after each combat phase. You can play scenarios based on the first, second, or third day of the bat tle. As each scenario begins, the oppos ing forces are in their historical positions. Will you order General

George Pickett to attack Cemetery Ridge, the center of the Union line, with barely 15,000 troops? Maybe attacking the flank of the Union forces would be a better move. Would you like to try some other strategy in an attempt to

press to a victory? Here's a chance to test your skill as a military tactician. You'll find the game interaction to be very realistic. Order your units of artillery, cavalry, and infantry into po

sition. Units can and often will run out of ammunition. Supplies are late in ar

riving. Press your men too hard and fa tigue becomes a factor. And the

casualty list continues to grow. You'll 68

have to deal with many of the same problems that the famous generals en

the battle is definitely in order. Here's a

You're sure to enjoy many hours with Gettysburg: The Turning Point—it's

a must for every war gamer's software library.

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Superscript 128 As with its kissing cousin Superbase 128 (reviewed in the November issue), Smperscript 128 packs more power than most of us will ever need. On the other hand, ninny of us would rather drive a 400-cubic-inch V-8 than a little fourcylinder economy car, even if we never went farther from home than the comer market. So it is with Superscript 128: Use it for notes and memos as you willwhen you're ready to write a fivepound romance novel or do a mass mailing to the Tom Cruise fan clubs, Superscript will fairly roar with power. In using Superscript for the first time, you'll be pleased to note that the disk boots automatically (from the 1571

quickly. To help you, the documentation

includes a quick-reference page that

shows not only the Control Commands but also the tree structure of menus and

may have encountered. To begin with, the flip side of the master disk contains two dictionaries, one British and one American (Superscript is a British im

submenus. In addition, the disk con

port). So if you insist on spelling it col

tains numerous help screens. Things

our instead of color, you're covered. Each dictionary is then divided into two

may slow down, but you won't get lost. When you format a document from the menus, as described above, the re sult of your menu journey is that the

parts, the Master and the User. New words added by you should go only to the user dictionary.

and enters it in the proper place on the

When invoked, the checker first lists the number of words in your docu

work screen. You can speed up this pro

ment and the number of unique words,

cess by writing your own dot commands such as ".imlO .rmlO .tm6 ,bm6 "—this example giving you left and right mar gins of ten spaces each and top and bot tom margins of six lines each.

then prompts you to insert your copy of

program produces a

"dot command"

the dictionary disk. Here's where things get a bit strange: Words not spelled cor

rectly are highlighted, and a menu bar gives you options of Accept, Edit,

The document preview function

Learn, Ignore, and Quit. Accept allows

drive) and that the display is an 80-

will allow you to view your work at any

temporary (throughout the document)

column green-on-black. You're prompted to make a working disk, and

time, with dot commands and para graph markers removed, showing it ex actly as it will appear on printout. As with most good word proces sors. Superscript supports a variety of type styles for adding emphasis or cre ating headings. (How well these work

use of the word, while Learn adds it to

although subsequent uses still require you to boot with the master disk, this procedure lessens the likelihood of irre versible damage.

The first menu allows you to select from a list of compatible printers. This information is written to the working disk and displayed each time you boot

up, providing for an automatic con figuration. Once you've done this, you're pre sented with a screen that's 80 columns by 22 lines of work space. The top two lines are for menus reminiscent of those found in lotus 1-2-3: As you move the

cursor to highlight options, a brief de scription of that option appears on the

for you will depend upon the printer you're using.) Among these are under lining, boldface,

shadow, superscript,

and subscript. Although they will not appear that way in your preview, em phasized words will be highlighted. For those letters to members of the Tom Cruise Fan Club, Superscript 128 allows a mail-merge function in which

creating a heading requires that you

meander through four menus before you're able to type the heading. But you still have margins and spacing to set— and to do this you must backtrack to the proper root menu and take the proper fork to arrive at the place where you can set margins.

Fortunately, a good number of the many options likely to be used during the writing process are accessible through Control Commands that utilize the Control key and a letter key. These allow such routines as appending a block of text, deleting words, fuming In sert on or off, and going to beginning or end of text, as well as all the other cursor movements that involve moving more than a space at a time. Life will be easier and your enjoyment of Superscript 128

greater if you learn these commands 70

COMPUTED Gazette

January 1987

There is a certain amount of frustration here: You know that it knows the cor rect spelling—how else could it know you were wrong?—but it isn't telling.

You may, however, jump out of the spell-check mode, return to the main menu, go through two more selec

using * as a wildcard) and the program

This can be as simple as inserting a

an example, the usually simple act of

have to find a dictionary and look it up.

tions, and arrive at Search. Here, you

changes to show sub-options, each with its own description. Although this is designed to help

a hammer, chisel, and a flat stone. As

does not present a list of possible spell ings, so if you're dealing with some thing more than a typo you're going to

everyone. The markers designate spaces where you wish information

line below; select one and the line

to wonder if you should have opted for

you to correct the spelling by hand. It

you create one letter (with markers) for

stored with Superbase to be inserted.

newer users to get the feel of the fea tures, the menu system is as slow as any process you've ever seen—leaving you

the user dictionary and Ignore passes over it until the next occurrence. Edit does nothing more than allow

name and address at the top of each let ter, or as finely tuned as referring to the recipient by name or title in the body of the letter (providing of course that the title is a part of the information stored in your Superbase records). As well as supporting these vari

able markers, Superscript also allows for the use of "conditional variables," which simply means that if there is no information available for that slot (no title, for instance) the text will close up and not leave an embarrassing blank. For addressing the envelopes, Su perscript contains a labels document. Though small, this is a merge document

which performs just as your letter did, pulling names and addresses out of your Superbase file and printing them in the form of mailing labels. If you find you must sometimes present figures in your work. Super script allows the use of numeric tabs that will keep your columns in proper alignment and also will perform addi tion of the numbers entered.

With all this power going for it, you may find that the spell-check fea ture is a bit different from others you

type in the word (it can be shortened, will search the dictionary for a match. Then return to Edit mode and type it in.

My regrets about the complexity of the menus, and the intransigence of the

spell-checker aside, Superscript 128 still comes through as a powerful and fullfeatured word processor, with docu mentation geared toward the beginner and step-by-step guidance through the creation of documents as well as the use of math and mail-merge features.

—Ervin Bobo Progressive Peripherals & Software 464 Katamath St. Denver, CO 80204

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MAPPING

THE COMMODORE

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COMPUTEI's 128 Programmer's Guide

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Mapping the Commodore 128 $19.95

memory map and programmer's

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guide, by the technical editor of COM PUTE! Publications, provides a detailed explanation of the Inner workings of

Machine Language for Beg'nners, this

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book includes everything needed to leorn to program the 128 effectively: numerous programming examples, memory-management tutorials, and a dictionary of all major BASIC wards and their machine language equivalents. Plus, there's a high-speed, professional-

Games, programs, and tutorials for the Commodore 128 exclusively in 128

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This Is an Important reference for both

quality, label-Based assembler that's

$12.95 which includes all the progroms In the book, 599BDSK.

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217 P0Q9S

mode that teach everything from how to create windows to programming sound and making disks autoload.

the Commodore 128 computer. Topics

Include memory management, BASIC 7.0, I/O chip registers, the operating system, system RAM. and much more. BASIC and machine language

tra speed and memory of the 128, A

disk Is olso available for $12.95 which In cludes programs In the book, 335BDSK.

NC residents please add 5 percent and NY residents add 8.25 percent sales tax. Add $2.00 shipping and handling per book or disk; $5.00 airmail. Please allow 4-6 weeks for delivery.

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COMPUTEI Dooki are ovailoble in me U K . Europe, mo Middle Eait, and Affica (torn Holt Saunaert. Lid . 1 St. Antie'i Road, EastDajrne. East Suubi BN21 JUN. England. and in Canada fiom McGraw-Hi. ffyerson Ltd . 330 Progiou Aue., EcoiCorouan. Oniano. Canada MIP 2Z5

Start the year off right with new books from COMPUTE!

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COMPUTE! Books is bringing you a brand new line up of books for your Commodore 64 and 128. These recent releases offer you everything from programming hints to exciting games, from educational to home and business applications.

ftonk nf

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Book/disk combination for the Commodore 64

This Introductory text to standard Pascal on any computer is an ideal tutorial (or anyone who wonts to learn this powerful computer language. It includes everything you need, Includ ing an introductory Pascal Interpreter' for the Commodore 64

and 128 In 64 mode, ready to type in and use. Written in plain English and offering numerous program examples, It gently and clearly explains standard Pascal and structured program ming. Latter sections Include discussions of advanced topics such as files and dynamic data storage, There is also an op

tional disk avallablB lor $12.95 lor the Commodore 64 which

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COMPUTED Music System tor the Commodore 64 and 128

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Learn the Ins and outs of GEOS. the new icon-based operat ing system for the new Commodore 64C and the 64, with this step-by-step guide. Everything from creating simple letters with geoWrite and pictures with geoPaint to merging text and

graphics and using desk accessories is clearly and concisely explained.

COMPUTED Second Book of the Commodore 128 $14.95

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The editors at COMPUTE! Publications have collected some of the best games, programs, and tutorials for the Commodore

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Sidplayer, the feature-packed, popular music player and edi tor program, Is now more versatile and more impressive than before. Enhanced Sidplayer for the Commodore 128 and 64 includes two new versions—one for the Commodore 128 run ning in 128 mode and another for the Commodore 64. Take advantage of every feature the SID chip (the sound chip in the 128 and 64) has to offer, Just like the original, Enhanced Sidplayer is easy to leam and use, with many powerful new features. The accompanying disk contains the editor, player programs (including a Slngalong program), utilities, and sam ple music that you can enjoy Immediately or change. The new Sidplayer plays any songs created by the original Sidplayer for the Commodore 64.

Gazette. Like COMPUTED First Book of the Commodore 128, this book offers a variety of programs and articles for every 128 user. Each program has been fully tested and Is ready to type In and use on the Commodore 128 running In 128 mode.

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Mapping the Commodore 64, Revised S16.95

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An update of the bestselling memory map and programming guide. It's a necessity for Intermediate and advanced pro

grammers. This definitive source book has been expanded and now covers the new icon-based GFOS (Graphics Environment Operating System) with clear descriptions of how to make It work far you. For BASIC and machine language programmers of both the Commodore 64 and 64C.

Look for COMPUTEl Books at your local computer or book store. Or, to order directly from COMPUTEl, call toll tree I-800-346-6767 (In NY 212-887-8525) or write COMPUTEl Books, P.O. Box 5038, F.D.R. Station, New York, NY 10150. Please Include shipping and handling: $2.00 per book in U.S. and surface mall; $5.00 airmail. NC residents add 5 percent sales tax and NY residents add 8.25 percent sales tax, Please allow 4-6 weeks for delivery.

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A Simple Magic

Richard Mansfield 5enior Editor You've seen them: mysterious lists

of numbers in DATA statements within a BASIC program which are simply POKEd into memory. Final

ly, the program SYS's to the first number. And magic happens. It looks like this:

POKE prior to the SYS (where the machine language takes over con trol of the computer). But if you then write or list something on

colons between commands, and

screen and directly SYS, you'll see

assemblers, unfortunately, require

the true speed.

How did the programmer know that these numbers, strung together in this particular order, would result in the little memory

even any utilities you would nor mally use in BASIC, such as auto

matic line renumbering. Some that you use their special editor,

which not only means you need to

learn a whole new set of word pro cessing commands, but also forces you to abandon all the utilities you

move that we can watch onscreen?

like to use when developing a

20 READ BYTE

(A similar routine is used in com

program.

30 POKE I,BYTE

mercial software to move help screens from memory into screen

A BASIC Example

10 FOR I = 49152 TO 49163

40 NEXT I 50 DATA 160,0,185,0,4,153,0,5,136,208, 247,96 60 SYS 49152

Try typing this in and running it (128 owners should use 64 mode). The general structure of these strange BASIC programs is always

the same. There's that loop which reads in the data and POKEs it. There's the SYS. Sometimes the SYS has a different address and, al ways, the DATA numbers are dif

ferent, but this structure can be found in many BASIC programs. The DATA numbers are a small machine language (ML) program. Unlike BASIC, ML isn't made up of words which are interpreted for the computer. It is, rather, comprised of numbers which the computer un

derstands directly.

memorize that 96 means RETURN? Fortunately, no. ML is some times called assembly language because it's written using an assembler, We published an assem

Slapping The Screen

for the computer to

take: 165 means to load the follow ing byte (the 0) into the Y register.

And the 96 at the end instructs the computer to leave its native ma chine mode and return the familiar BASIC environment. A 96 is like a

RETURN command in BASIC. If you run this program, you'll see that it grabs the first 256 charac

ters on your screen and slaps them

So, ultimately, ML is a matter of learning the ML set of commands and the special features of assem bling. For example, the first line of every ML program must specify where in memory you wish the re

bler in the October issue, and there

sulting ML program stored. That

are several available from software companies. With an assembler, you write instructions much the same way as you would write a BASIC

program in RAM memory (it's op

•= symbol in line 10 accomplishes this for you. Then, the .0 tells the assembler to actually store the ML

program. The instructions are dif

tional; you could, for example, store

ferent, though. Each is three letters

to disk instead if you wanted your

long and is an abbreviation. RTS, for example, means ReTum from Subroutine and is used just like BASIC'S RETURN command. So, using an assembler, you would type

final program to reside where BASIC programs normally sit). Then, the program proper. No tice the label LOOP in lines 40 and

60. The better assemblers allow you

RTS to end an ML program, and the

to define locations within a pro

assembler would look up the mean

gram with ordinary words. You can

ing of RTS and insert a 96 to replace

Some of the numbers above repre sent actions

RAM.) To write ML, do you need to

the word RTS.

It works this same way with all 56 of the ML commands. Here is what you would type into an as sembler to create the example pro gram above: 10*= 49152 20 .O 30 LDY #0

then, in line 60, BNE (Branch if Not Equal to zero) back to the location of LOOP. By the way, the com mand preceding the BNE is the one

which determines whether you go back to LOOP or continue on down the program. The DEY lowers the Y register by one each time through the loop. Finally, Y will hit zero, the

branching will no longer take place,

40 LOOP LDA 1024,Y

and the computer will RTS to end

50 STA 1280,Y: DEY

the program.

60 BNE LOOP

70 RTS

As you can see, some assem

This program, though small, il lustrates most of the elements of ML programming: loading and stor

down six lines lower. It happens in

blers allow you to enter ML as if it

stantly because ML runs so very

were a BASIC program. You can use the excellent, built-in Commo

and incrementing/decrementing.

dore screen editor, line numbers,

variables, called registers: the X, Y,

fast. Any delay you notice is caused by BASIC trying to READ and 74

COMPUTEI'3 Gazollo

January 1987

ing registers, looping, branching, ML uses three general-purpose

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and A registers. The A register is used most often to fetch and store bytes; X and Y are often used as counters to determine how often

something happens in a loop or to index where something is being ac

cessed in memory. In our example program, the Y register is set to zero (LDY #0) and then is used both to count down through the loop

(DEY) as well as point to positions on screen RAM (LDA 1024,Y and STA 1280,Y). With these last two commands, we are involving both the A and Y registers. LDA 1024 means LoaD the A register with whatever byte (or screen character, in this case) is located at address

1024. But, by adding the ,Y to this command, we arc telling the com puter to load the byte at 1024 plus the current value in the Y register. Thus, we can quickly cycle through 256 characters because we DEY each time through the loop.

For a fuller understanding of the meaning of this ML program, here's how it would look translated into BASIC, line for line: 10 START - 49152 20 REM NO EQUIVALENT, BASIC

ALWAYS STORES ITS PROGRAMS INTO RAM 30 Y - 0

LEX

40 A ~ PEEK 1024 + Y:REM PLACENAMES LIKE LOOP NOT ALLOWED IN BASIC 50 POKE 1280+ Y, A: Y = Y - I

E

60 IF Y < -2S5 THEN Y = 0; GOTO 40 70 RETURN

Of course, we've followed the

138

ML structure here. You'd construct a BASIC program differently, using

BASIC'S looping construction with FOR/NEXT. But it's worthwhile comparing the ML and BASiC ver sions to get a feel for the way ML handles variables, loops, and branches—the

fundamental

MATABASE FULLY UTILIZES THE

tools

POWER

of computing, no matter what lan guage is involved.

OF

By the way, the reason ML can

THE

check for a zero after 256 DEY's is that when you decrement an indi vidual byte, it continues counting down until it reaches zero, then it resets to 255 and counts down again.

So, after we first stored that zero into the Y register, it hit a DEY and turned into the number 255, which, when tested by the BNE, was not yet zero. We continue the loop until,

after 256 times through, Y finally contains a zero and we're done,

76

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cate moves to master.

As you progress, you'll fight your way from white to black' belt in 8 deadly international settings. With a final,

championship match at the base of Mt Fuji. See you at the Dojo.

smash someone's face in the

Comfort of your own home It's the Sultans of S!am. The Gurus of Gashes. The

of Clmmpionship Wrestling^ There are 8 of these creeps in all, each with their meanest, own disgusting nastiest personalities and 7'hfseaKimaisUif tt'fry trick known f ihaiarrnl rowdies to revolting habits. ever hit the canvas. Throw them from the ring. Ladies and not- Crush their heads. Slam them so-Gentlemen, to the mat. Pulverize their we proudly puny bones. "You'll have over present the 25 moves to pin your man. vile, irreYou'll need over 250 stitches putable if you don't. stars And one day, after your poor battered head resem bles an over-cooked cabbage, you'll be good enough to win the title. And the Champion ship Wrestling Belt will be taman.

y째urs- z One to tigh I pbatn.

UIl&comlvS'blt

Atari ST. C61/12&

Video Setup Part 2 Jim Butterfield, Associate Editor Last month, we looked at a program that provides Commodore 64 users with all the information needed to set up custom graphics screens. In this installment, we examine the Commo dore 128 version.

be given the POKE to bring the character ROM into the viewing aTea of the video chip. If you don't want standard characters, you'll eventually be given the POKE to make this ROM invisible to video

When you want to create a special video screen, the arithmetic can get difficult, and there are pitfalls that may be hard to see. "Video Setup

the work for you, of course, Charac

so that it doesn't clutter up the

ter-set or sprite construction is up to

available memory space.

you; the program just shows you

128" helps you with the necessary

cerned. If you want a split screen,

calculations. In the case of the 128, there's both good news and bad news. The machine is very helpful with some things, but it hinders you on others. put video almost anywhere in the

the program does quite a lot for you, making sure the various areas don't conflict. For other uses of dual screens, however, you'll need to run Video Setup 128 twice, once for each screen. You'll then have two sets of POKEs to switch in each

If you're creating a text screen and have decided on a custom char acter set, you'll be asked to choose a site for it; this site is known as the

128. Whether you want standard

screen.

Here's the good news: You can

characters, custom characters, or

how to allocate the areas con

the computer allocates enough space

for 256 characters to be defined; if you don't need that many, you don't have to use the entire memo ry area for characters. If you've specified that you want the regular character set, the computer knows

high-resolution graphics, you may

Running the Program

select either RAM bank (0 or 1) and any 16K block within the bank for video. If you want a split screen, you can get it just by asking for it.

Before we start experimenting, type

in and save a copy of Video Setup 128. Then load it and type RUN.

You're first asked about the type of

Here's the bad news (but it's

screen you'd like to set up. Do you

not that bad): The standard printing

want a split screen or not? If you opt

and graphics commands all assume that the VIC video memory area will be in bank 0, at addresses 0-16383. If you want to use any other block, you'll need to rely on

for a split-screen setup, you'll be asked in two sections about each of the screens. If you respond that you don't want a split screen, you'll be

POKEs to get data to the screen.

text or a hi-res screen. In this case,

Depending on your objectives, that

the program asks for information on the option you have selected.

may be no problem.

character base. Keep in mind that

asked to select whether you want

where to find it and won't ask. If you're doing a hi-res screen, you'll be asked for the screen area. That, too, is the character base, but it's used in a different way. For a text screen, you'll be asked to pick a location for screen memory, more properly called the video matrix. You're offered safe ad dresses—those not used by other video elements. In hi-res, you'll be asked for the color memory (once again—the video matrix). If you've chosen a split-screen display, the program gives you an

own character set or do some hi-res

set, and sprites—must reside with in a single 16K block of a specific

interim summary and then asks you for details on the other part of the split, followed by a second summa ry. If the screen is not split, the

work, you might need a custom

bank of RAM memory. You may

computer gives you the whole story

screen or two.

opt for the standard character set in any block, in which case you'll later

at once. Either way, you'll get a

The regular 128 screen may be

good enough for many applica

tions. But if you want to buOci your

Video Setup 128 won't do all 78

COMPUTE!'* Gazette

January 1967

All the data for your custom screen—screen memory, character

summary of the areas used, and the

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Amiga. Apple il & rumpatiblcs, AtariST.

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compatibles.

The question is, are you ready to go the dis tance?

POKEs needed to create them. And

commands don't work in this area,

you'll get a cautionary note telling

so we'll need to use POKEs for any

you where BASIC (bank 0) or vari

work we want to do.

ables {bank 1) normally reside so that you can avoid conflict. Sprite information is also sup plied if you ask for it.

A First Run-Through Let's look through the program and use it to set up something trivial— the 128's normal screen. At first, this may seem silly—we already have this screen. But if we work through the numbers, we'll get the POKEs that will help us to get back to this configuration whenever we wish.

Enter responses as follows: No split screen; Option 1 (characters). We'll select bank 0 and memory area 0 {addresses 0-16383), and an

We'll choose area 1 in bank 1. Run Video Setup, and type these responses: YES to split screen, and

to run over our screen areas. We should take steps to insure that this

character set. Select video matrix (the text screen memory) at block 2

doesn't happen by changing the start-of-variables pointer (at ad

(addresses 18432-19455). Note

dresses 47 and 48), moving its con

that we aren't offered blocks 4,5, 6, and 7; that's where the charactergenerator ROM will be. Now comes the first part of our POKE sequence. We have: BANKl

POKE 54534,68

90 TRAP 300

POKE 56576,6 POKE 2604,36

POKE 2604,20 POKE 216,0

opener. You're given a choice of lo cations for the color memory (video matrix). This time, we're offered blocks 4-7, which were not allowed

shown with comments on their purpose.

After you've noted this data, press a key to continue, and then respond YES to the sprites ques tion, and you'll see that there are three areas in which sprite draw ings can be placed. Note the caution, which states

that BASIC normally occupies memory that we might choose to

use for sprites; in this case, there's no conflict with the video matrix.

You could choose to relocate the BASIC work area; that would in volve changing a pointer at ad dresses 45 and 46 and typing NEW, but that's outside the scope of Vid We don't need to perform any of these POKEs right now, since our

128 is already set to these values. But we'll keep them handy.

A Working Example Let's try for something fancy—a

split screen in bank 1 of memory. Remember: PRINT and graphics 80

COMPUTE!'s Gazelle

to us before. How can this be?

When a split screen is enabled, the character-generator ROM is switched in and out as required. It's there when we're writing text; it's gone when we're drawing pictures,

so we may use that part of memory

for hi-res if we wish.

Good. We'll prove it can be done by selecting number 7. Now we can complete our list of POKE commands: BANKl VIDEO MATRIX: 23552 TO 24575 (SPRITE POINTERS AT 2*568 TO 24575J

CHARACTER BASE: 24576 TO 32767 POKE 2605,120

POKE 216,96 POKE 217,0

eo Setup.

January 1987

In case something goes wrong, bring the screen back:

The next question is an eye-

The POKE commands are

below the area we're using.

(SPRITE POINTERS AT 19448 TO 19455)

POKE 56576,7

POKE 217,0

variables pointer (at addresses 57-58), moving it down until it's

we'll build in a TRAP statement to

Write these down, and note

POKE 54534,4

tents up so that it points above the area we're using; or the end-of-

VIDEO MATRIX: 18432 TO 19455

that they all differ from the stan dard screen POKEs we performed earlier. Press any key to continue and enter NO to multicolor. At this point, the computer rec ognizes that there's only one place that the hi-res screen can fit in, so it doesn't ask you where to place it.

(SPRITE POINTERS AT 2040 TO 2047)

This last bit of information is important. We don't want variables

screen, type NO to build a custom

Finally, video matrix is 1 (screen

DANKO VIDEO MATRIX: 1024 TO 2047

1024 to 65279.

bank 1, area 1. For the character

swer NO to custom character set.

memory is normally at 1024-2047). Now get out your pencil to make some notes, and you'll see:

sprite definitions in two areas. Then we are cautioned about the variable area, which normally runs from

These POKEs complete the set

of commands. The last POKE shown—the one to 217—is the same as that for the normal 128 screen. We won't need to use it, since we're not changing anything in this case. If we ask for sprite infor mation, we find that we can put

Now let's move to our new split screen:

100 BANK 15 110 POKE 54534,68 120 POKE 56576,6 130 POKE 2604,36

140 POKE 2605,120 150 POKE 216,96

By this time, our screen will be switched. Now we'll POKE some

thing there so we can see it work ing. We'll do characters, hi-res colors, and then hi-res detail: 200 BANK 1

210 FOR J-18432 TO 19455:POKE J,46:NEXT ] 220 FOR J-23552 TO 24575:POKE J,1:NEXT J

230 FOR J-24576 TO 32767:POKE J,7:NEXT J

And then we'll do them again to watch the change: 240 FOR J-18432 TO 19455:POKE J,24:NEXT J 250 FOR 1 = 23552 TO 24575:POKE I,86:NEXT J 260 FOR J = 24576 TO 32767:POKE

J,96:NEXT J

And finally, we'll put every thing back: 300 BANK 15 310 POKE 54534,4 320 POKE 56576,7 330 POKE 2604,20 340 POKE 216,0 350 TRAP

Note that we didn't need a POKE 2605 when we returned, since that's a graphic-mode POKE.

Memory Tour Let's take a quick tour of 128 mem

ory to identify the areas that might be a bit tricky when you're doing video work.

Modifications and Corrections

•"Window Wizard" (September)

KB 530

PRINT CUR?(34)"...":FOR R=l

works as listed, but there is one er

TO

C:

IF

SS(R)=""

[SPACEJTHEN SS(R)=" (RVS} "

ror in the article. On page 63, in the description of the IRESTORE com

mand, it is incorrectly stated that PEEK{37635) will

tell

you which

screen is currently being pointed to. The correct address for the PEEK is 49155, not 37635.

■ The Plus/4 and 16 versions of "Polar Art" (November) fell victim

to a bug in our lister program. The lister interprets the character 7t (pi) as a SHIFT-up-arrow, but on the

• As listed, "Directory Extension" {October) doesn't save file descrip tions correctly. The problem is caused by a misspelled IF statement

in line 530. Since BASIC ignores spaces, the misspelling causes

BASIC to create a new array, F5$,

Plus/4 and 16, the up-arrow itself is a SHIFTed character. The correct way to type pi on a Plus/4 or 16 is to hoid down the Commodore key

double-width mode after each car riage return. In the article, the au thor mentions that changes must be made to lines 560, 570, 590, 600, and 610, but the changes are not discussed; these are listed below. Remember, if your printer uses a code other than CHR$(14) to turn on double-width printing, you need to make the appropriate changes. Also note that a companion pro gram, "Division Worksheet," is scheduled for an upcoming issue.

and press the = key. Line 10 should look like this:

SJ

AQ

JR

570

OS

590

IB

which is automatically dimension

F=2'B=J;XS=160:YS=!00:SF =.73iBC=8:CC=l

5613

(13

SPAC'ESlMATH W0HKSI1E

ET"sPRI.'JT)t4i :PRINT#4,

PRINT34,CiIR?( 14) ; "NAME PRINTt4,CHRS(.14) ; :FOR J =1

ed to 11 elements. When the index

(2

of the array is incremented beyond

• Several readers have had prob

the last element, BASIC prints BAD

lems getting "Math Worksheet"

OE

595

SUBSCRIPT ERROR LINE 530. To

(July) to work with their Commo dore 1526 or MPS-802 printers or

XE

610

correct the problem, enter line 530 as follows:

[>RINT#4,CHRS( 14) ; "

TO

9+I:PRINT#4,"

SPACES1";LEFTS(AS(P$

(J) ),1 )"

PRIJJT*4,CRS;CHRS( 14) ; :F

OR J=I

12

with any printer which turns off

Learn and

"; :NEXT J

PRINT#4,CRS;CHRS(14);

TO

9+I:PRINT#4,"

SPACES)£T3

"; :Nt;XT J

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The first 1024 locations—from 0 to 1023—are sensitive and impor tant (in ail banks). The operating system needs this area, so leave it alone. Similarly, don't use memory

above address 65279 in any bank. Bank 0, address range 10242047,

is where the video

matrix

(screen memory) is normally locat ed. Locations 2047-7167 contain

general work areas, much of which may be used for video (check a memory map for details). From 7168 to 65279 we find the area used for the BASIC program. When you write a BASIC program, you may

want know where it ends, so check the contents of the pointer at 4624-4625. You're free to use any

One-Touch Function Keys

higher addresses (you'll usually

Keith Ashcraft

have plenty of space). An alternative for bank 0 is to use the command GRAPHIC fol

lowed by any number from 1 to 4. A command of GRAPHIC 0 returns

you to a text screen, but now BASIC programs are moved up so that

This utility programs the 64's function keys for a variety of

they start at address 16384. This

useful tasks. And best of all, it provides a menu of its functions

liberates addresses 7168-16383 for graphics work—in fact, that's ex

actly why the GRAPHIC command shifts BASIC'S starting location. In bank 1, address range 1024-

65279, we find the area used for BASIC'S working values (variables, arrays, and strings). Variables and arrays are stored from the lower end going upward; strings are stored from the top down. This means that there is no truly safe place in bank 1 unless you reset one

of the pointers. Either set the startof-variables pointer higher (with POKEs to 47 and 48) or set the limit-of-variables pointer lower (with

POKEs to 57 and 58). As you recall, we took a chance on our simple demonstration program; but if you're writing a serious program, do it right.

No matter which bank or area you pick, you'll be able to call the character ROM into play if you want standard characters, or kick it out if you don't. And you can use split screens; the only limitation is

that everything must fit into one bank and a single 16K area. Video Setup 128 is handy for screen arithmetic. It can give you in

sight into the workings of 128 video, and can help you with a wide vari ety of video-oriented tasks.

See program listing on page 110. a

on the top screen line. A disk drive is required. The Commodore 64's function keys

the screen.

they're programmable, they can be

Here's a list of the functions that One-Touch Function Keys adds

tailored to the needs of any user.

to the 64:

"One-Touch Function Keys" adds

• fl—The Directory

are a highly useful feature. Because

four functions—including a direc tory listing—to your 64. And you

don't have to worry about forget ting which key does what; they're always listed at the top of the screen. Because the program is written

entirely in machine language, it must be typed in using "MLX," the machine language entry program found elsewhere in this issue. Be sure to read and understand the in structions for using MLX before you begin typing in the program. When

you run MLX, you'll be asked to provide starting and ending ad dresses for the data you'll be enter ing. The correct values are: Starting address: Ending address;

C0O0 C11F

After you finish typing in the pro

gram, be sure to save a copy before leaving MLX. To load One-Touch

Function Keys, use a statement of

the form LOAD "filename",8,1(Substitute,1,1 for the ,8,1 if you're using tape instead of disk.) Type

Press fl at any time for a directo ry listing. RUN/STOP halts the listing. • f3—List

The BASIC program currently in memory is listed when f3 is pressed. • f5—Save Press f5 for SAVE to be printed on the screen. • f7—Load Press (7 for LOAD to be printed on the screen.

When you use Load or Save (f5

and f7), you must insert the file name of the program and press RE

TURN. For example, if you wanted to load a file named GAME.OB],

you would press f7 and then "GAME.OBJ",8,1. RUN/STOP-RESTORE dis

ables the program, but typing SYS 49152 reactivates it. Try to avoid using One-Touch Function Keys with other programs that use the

SYS 49152 to activate it. You should

RAM area at 49152.

see the definition line on the top of

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Icon Changer For GEOS Douglas S. Curtis

Change the appearance of GEOS icons with this powerful utili

ty. You can use the new icon designs included in the program or design your own. For the 64 with GEOS. GEOS, the new and powerful oper ating system for the 64, uses graph

a time (the REM statements delimit the sets), so you must delete all the lines containing DATA statements before the icon definition that you want to use before running the pro

gram. One note of caution: Don't

ic symbols called icons to represent

try to change the icon of a standard Commodore 64 file (which is clearly indicated on a GEOS Desktop menu). The data for it is stored inter

various program operations and disk functions. "Icon Changer For

GEOS" lets you easily redesign these icons.

nally in the GEOS Desktop program.

GEOS File Structure

Typing It In

The data for the GEOS icons is

The program is written in BASIC.

stored on the disk. The problem in

After turning on your 64, type it in,

and save a copy (do not load GEOS into memory). When you've done this, load Icon Changer. Now place a GEOS work disk (not the GEOS system disk) into the drive. Type RUN. The program asks for a file

"Icon Changer" lets you tailor the look of GEOS Desktop.

stored in the program beginning at line 1000. Icons used by GEOS are

The icon is read off the disk, dis played, and labeled CURRENT ICON. The DATA statements in the program are labeled NEW ICON.

in standard sprite format. If you

You now choose whether or not to

make the change. Type N to keep

DATA statements for you. If you don't have a sprite editor, you must

the current GEOS icon or Y to re

design the sprite on paper (see

place it with the new one. Finally, you're asked if you want to change any other icons to the same pattern.

"Sprite Graph" in last month's is sue) and supply the DATA state ments yourself. I've included five new icon patterns in the DATA

I've included with the program are

exactly where. An examination of the disk revealed much about the file structure of GEOS. Using the 1541

Test/Demo

disk, I made a track/sector printout

whose icon you wish to change.

Type Y or N. The sample icon redefinitions

my initial investigation was finding

program on the

name. Type in the name of the file

wish to design your own, a sprite editor like "Sprite Magic" (August 1984 GAZETTE) can generate the

statements found at the end of the

program listing. The program uses

of a directory block (see Figure 1).

The result showed that GEOS disks are somewhat different from stan dard ones. Bytes 0 and 1 of the block still point to the next block to read. The next byte (number 2) is

still used to indicate the type of file. The next two bytes (numbers 3 and 4) show the first change from stan

dard format. They now point to the VLIR (Variable Length Indexed Re cord) blocks. {VLIR blocks are an

integral part of the GEOS system.) They are filled with the track/sector pointers for the GEOS appli cation files, which is why the standard disk validate command

Figure 1 TRACK

only one set of DATA statements at

IS

SECTOR

will not work on a GEOS disk. The next 16 bytes are used to store the

1

filename, just as on a standard disk. 00 10

j12 09 C3 :A0 A0 A0

05 07 A0 Alii

44 05

45 53 4B 20 54 4F 14 01 04 56 03 07

50 fi0 A0 A0 0F 00 47 00

84

S

changes again, and the next two

bytes, 21-22 ($15-$16), are the

Figure 2 TRACK

After the filename, the file structure

track/sector pointer for the icon SECTOR

data. (This block also contains the

20

013

100

FF

03

15

BF

FF

FF

FF

92

49

01

FF

FF

01

80

00

10

:1D

BF

FF

DD

A0

00

5D

BF

FF

Cl

A0

00

5D

Af3

00

55

20

:A0

00

5D

A0

00

41

A0 00

41

B8

00

41

AS

00

41

BF

30

:FF

Cl

B0

00

ID

80

01

D5

00

01

D5

B0

00

ID

80

00

40

101

FF

FF

FF

C3

04

01

06

04

05

04

06

04

44

65

73

COMPUTED Gazatto

January 1987

file INFO: file descriptors, address

es, and comments.) The icon data is stored in the standard sprite format (3

X

21 bytes) from bytes 5-67

(S05-S43). (See Figure 2.) See program listing on page 114.

O

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Medium-Resolution Graphics For The 64 Louis Giglio

This program adds a brand new graphics mode to your 64: medium resolution. Use a simple command to plot points in 16 colors on an 80 X 50 grid. You can mix text with graphics, as

well. Sometimes you just don't need all

MLX. To use Medium Resolution

the detail that the high-resolution

64, type:

bitmapped screen affords. On the other hand, the resolution of the text screen is very low—40 X 25. Often, a compromise between the two would be ideal. A medium-

resolution screen would require less

Replace the 8 with a 1 if you're using tape rather than disk. After

the program has finished loading, type:

memory than a hi-res screen and offer more detail than a character

NEW

screen.

tory—it resets some important BASIC pointers.

Program 1, "Medium Resolu tion 64," uses standard Commodore graphics characters to provide an al ternative 80 X 50 medium-resolu tion multicolor screen. This format is

The \'EW command is manda

Plotting And Printing Medium Resolution 64 can plot in

useful for games and other pro

dividual points on the normal char

grams that require simple graphics. Medium Resolution 64 is writ ten entirely in machine language,

acter screen. Use the command:

so you must use "MLX," the ma

chine language entry program found elsewhere in this issue, to type it in. After loading and run

SYS 51000,X,Y,C

X and Y are the horizontal and ver

tical screen coordinates, respective ly. The X values may range from 0 to 79 and the Y values from 0 to 49.

ning MLX, you'll be asked for start

If you try numbers outside this

ing and ending addresses for the data you'll be entering. For Medium Resolution 64, respond with the

ues of X and Y, however, do not have to be integers; fractional val

following: Starting address:

C738

Ending address:

C927

After you've finished typing in all the data, be sure to save a copy to tape or disk before exiting from I

LOAD "filename?',8,1

COMPUTE'S Gazette

January 1967

range an error will occur. The val

ues will be rounded. C determines the color of the pixel. Use the stan dard color values (0-15). Since Medium Resolution 64 uses the normal character screen,

setting the color of one pixel will also set the color of the three neigh-

This screen, one of several from "Medium

Resolution Dento" (Program 2), shows

limv text is easily combined with color ful graphic* on an SO X 50 screen.

boring pixels that share the charac ter cell (remember, color memory has 40 X 25 resolution), so you may have to experiment a bit to get the effect you want.

The normal character screen is used, so you may still use PRINT

and POKE to display characters on the screen in the usual way. Program 2 is a short demon stration program written in BASIC.

Before you load and run Program 2, be sure that the machine language

for Medium Resolution 64 is al

ready in memory (and that you've typed NEW).

Many machine language pro grams use the 4K block of memory

located at 49152-53247 (SC000-

$CFFF). Medium Resolution 64 oc

cupies locations 51000-51492, leaving free space above and below itself. Therefore, it remains compat ible with many machine language utilities, including the DOS Wedge. See program listings on page 109. w

Introducing a newprinter that's based on an oldfavorite.

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Data-Aid

New, Helpful Commands

Data-Aid is a machine language program that occupies IK of memory beginning at location 49152. Type it in with "MLX," the machine language entry program

found elsewhere in this issue. After loading and run ning MLX, you'll be asked for a starting address and an

ending address for the data you'll be entering. Answer

the prompts with the following values:

Henry Pesch

Starting address: Ending address:

This clever program is helpful when you're

working with DATA statements. It adds several new commands that come in handy for pro

C00O C407

After you've saved a copy, load the program with \JDAD"filename",8,1 {LOAD11filename",\,\ for tape users). Type NEW; then start Data-Aid with SYS 49152. The screen turns green and this message appears:

gramming or typing in data. Although the pro

DATA-AID ACTIVATED

gram is written entirely in machine language, use it. For the Commodore 64.

Several commands have now been added to BASIC. The exclamation mark (!) serves as a flag for Data-

Reading numbers from DATA statements and POKE-

pret the next letter as a Data-Aid command. Let's look at each of the available commands.

you do not have to know machine language to

Aid. When the computer sees it, it knows it must inter

ing them into memory is one of the most useful tech niques available to programmers. DATA statements

can contain sprite data, machine language routines, or sound parameters, for example. When you're working with DATA statements in your programs, "Data-Aid" can help in a variety of ways.

Fast and easy income tax preparation • This is Ihe 6th annual edition - thousands of rapes! customers • Prepares Form 1040. Schedules A (Itemized deductions). B (In terest), C (Business). D (Capital gains), E (Supplemental income), G (Income averaging), SE (Self-employment tax), W (Married couple deduction). Forms 2441 (Child care credit), 2106 (Employee expenses) and 4562 (Depreciation). • Works like a spreadsheet ■ all Ihe lines affected by a change are Instantly updated.

TAX DBASE

A data base program to create and maintain tiles of tax related items (medical, car expenses, etc.) that can be used directly by tfie tax programs.

• Can be used all year round. Also good (or many other account ing jobs (checkbook balancing, etc)

Price is tax deductible. C64 disk. Standard version: $33(+ J1.50

S&H)

PROFESSIONAL VERSION - also prints data on IRS forms: 145 (+ $1.50 S&H)

Previous customers prices; $21.50 (standard) and $29.50 (pro-

version) (+■ $1.50 S8H)

Availability: end of December. 1986

KSOFT CO.

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STORE line number command. The following example shows how to use !R:

40 IR 20:READ AS:!R 10:READ TSv

SO L = 30:!R L:READ N 60 PRINT A$;BS;N RUN

MARYHARRY 20 READY

As you can see, !R works with any numeric expression, even a variable. !R can also be used in direct mode. IS—Speed POKE. Transfers numbers from DATA statements to memory very quickly. !S 100,5000 reads

byte data (decimal integers in the range 0-255) begin

ning at line 100 and POKEs them into memory begin ning at location 5000. The process ends when a negative number is read. This method is four times

• Data can be printed, saved on disk and updated.

S845 WELLNER RD.

program line. The next READ will get the first item of the chosen line. This is similar to BASIC 7.0's RE

10 DATA HARRY.BIUJACK 20 DATA MARY,LIZ,ANN 30 DATA 20,23,19

1986 TAX RETURN HELPER

■ Also included:

!R—Restore. This sets the DATA pointers to a specified

-__

fflPl

SATISFACTION GUARANTEED OR MONEY BACK

faster than the following commonly used technique: ]0 READ A:IF A<0 THEN RETURN

20 POKE M,A:M-M+1:GOTO 10

!S can be used within a program or from direct mode. Use this technique only when your DATA consists of numbers between 0 and 255. Remember to use a nega tive number as the last item of the DATA block—it

isn't POKEd into memory; it's used to mark the end of the data.

ID—Create BASIC DATA lines from memory. Use this when you already have a machine language routine (or sprite data) in memory, and you want to generate DATA statements from RAM. For example: ID 64,1000,49151

writes 64 lines (16 numbers each) of DATA statements. The first line generated is numbered 1001, and the first

92

COMPUTE! s Gazette

January 1987

T

H

E

S

T

COMPUTERS

With the introduction ofthe ST computers comes a new kind ofcomputer language: "The most advanced, most powerful microcomputer your money can buy."

PRAISE.

—Creative Computing "The best hardware value of the year."

—Infoworld

"We have spent the last three months evaluating the Atari and have come to the conclusion thai it can't be beat as a

low-cost telecommunications terminal, drafting workstation, or for quick graphics visualization." —Microtimes

"The ST's readily apparent

strong point is speed. Com pared to the Macintosh™, working with the ST is extraordinary." —John Dvorak, San Francisco Examiner

"Since the pinouts are standard, it is also possible for various software packages

to support an even wider range of output devices—even faster printers and highend plotters." —Microtimes 'The ST is noticeably faster than the

Macintosh, not only because of the faster clock rale but because it has a faster

"We are most impressed with the clarity

disk drive."

of the graphics, with the speed of the disk

'The ST is an amazing bargain, much

I/O (input/output), and with the ST's value." —Byte Magazine

"With the impressive ST. Atari has delivered on its promise of power without the price."

—Family Computing

"Faster and with better graphics capabili ties than mi IBM/AT"11, it could be a great vehicle for low-cost networks, desktop publishing and visual database manage

ment software."

—Microtimes

"All of the displays arc clear, sharp, readable, and flicker free. We were particularly impressed by the clarity of the high-resolution

—Persona! Computing

more of a computer 'for the rest of us' than Mac ever was," —Byte Magazine

"From here on you had better think of Atari as a major player in the computer game." —Jerry Pournelle, Irtfoworld The520ST" with 5I2K ofmemory is under$800. The IMOST™ with afull mega byte is under $1,000. No wonder the experts are impressed. To experience the ST excitement i/d/v acuter, for yourself, see your Atari dealer.

"A

For the one nearest you,

call 1800443 8020. 9:00AM-5:OOPM Mondav-Friday

monochrome."

«TA ni

Pacific-Time. AIAKI

—Byte Magazine 1 \\ 1 [IT

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memory location PEEKed is 49152. Since DATA statements use up to four times more memory than the

byte data, make sure you have plenty of memory free when using this command. If an OUT OF MEMORY ERROR occurs, the com puter must be turned off and back on. The format of the command is

CP/M:

!D N,L,M- This command writes W BASIC lines of DATA statements

beginning at line number L+l and

Surviving With

including byte data beginning at lo cation M+l. !Dcan also be used in side a program (but after execution

40 Columns

you'll be in BASIC'S direct mode).

IM—Magnify DATA. This com mand enlarges the screen display of

DATA items one by one. It's useful when even your most determined efforts at finding typing mistakes fail. !M 150 displays the first DATA items on line 150 in the middle of your screen magnified to four times the size of a standard character. Press RETURN to magnify the next

item in sequence. The line number is also displayed (after the first line). Common mistakes to look for

are: O instead of 0, 1 instead of 1, missing commas or periods instead

of commas, and transpositions like typing 125 instead of 215. !M is most useful with byte data. With string data, only the last three char acters are displayed. !C—Change colors. This makes it easy to change the screen colors to find the most comfortable combina

tion. For instance, if you want to change the border color to red, screen color to yellow, and print

color to black, !C 2,7,0 does the job. The format of the statement is: !C border,screen,print. !C works in both

program and direct mode. !B—Beep. !B G5 plays a note G in octave 5. Notes may be C. D, E, F,

G, A, or B, and octaves range from 0 to 7. This command works in both program and direct mode. XL—Disables Data-Aid. Be sure you

use this command before you load anything else into locations 49152-50175, where Data-Aid is

resident. Data-Aid redirects the vector to the 1GONE routine, BASIC's routine to execute statements.

If you don't use the !Z command to restore the original vector address, the computer will crash when you execute the next BASIC statement. Sec program listings on page 115. or

Ken Arbuckle

CP/M was designed to be used with 80-colunm monitors. If you have a 40-column monitor, the tips in this article ivill help you manage. For the Commodore 128 with 1571 disk drive. If you've tried to use the CP/M op erating system that came with your 128, you've probably discovered that nearly all CP/M programs are written to work with an 80-column screen. The 128's 40-column solu tion to this problem is to let you look at a "virtual" 80-column

The DEVICE Command

screen 40 columns at a time. CON

play is 80 columns wide. Now (after

TROL- and CONTROL- are used to move a 40-column window over the 80-column screen. This can be

the system prompt A>) type DE

disorienting and tedious—ten key

DIR (or F3). Everything should ap pear on the first 35 columns of the screen. Unfortunately this doesn't

presses are required to get from one

side of the screen to the other. The ideal solution, of course, is an 80-

You can shorten some of the 80column screen displays by chang ing the screen-display parameters. This can be done with the DEVICE command. Try this: List the directo ry (by typing DIR or pressing F3) of your CP/M disk. The screen dis

VICE CONSOLE [COLUMN5=35] and press RETURN. Do another

always work—some programs still

monitor, there are ways to live (at least temporarily) with a 40-column

insist on filling the entire 80column display (the HELP program is one example). Use DEVICE CONSOLE [COLUMNS = 80] to go

window.

back to 80-column mode.

The Printer (CTRL-P)

A Better Scroll

One thing you can do is echo work

The 80-column displays would be

to the printer. CONTROL-P sends (nearly) everything to the printer as

easier to deal with if scrolling capa bilities were improved. You can use the KEYFIG.COM program (found on the CP/M system disk) to help, do this. Since you'll be making

column monitor like the 1902. But if you've got a composite 40-column

well as to the screen. A second CONTROL-P turns the printer off. Most printers normally print in 80 columns, and a printed copy can be a great help when you're starting

out. However, echoing to the print er slows everything down drastical

ly, You may soon grow impatient with it.

changes to your disk, you should be

working with a copy of the CP/M system disk, not the original. If you aren't, use the FORMAT.COM pro gram to format a blank disk and the P1P.COM program to copy your COMPUTED Gazelle

January 1987

97

original CP/M disk to the new disk (A>pip e:=a:*."). When this is done, work from your copy and proceed. Run the program (command file) named KEYFIG by typing KEYFIG at a system A> prompt. Press RETURN, and CP/M will load and start this program. To the first que

ry, Do you want help?, answer n. The rest of the program is menu-driven. Use the 128 cursor-up and cursor-

Commodore 64

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Horn H-1BSB-7002-066 Ship, handling: $5.00

NOTE: Also available by Individual hi! PJionetor prices.

.

Cradfl card cuiiomin can order by phone, 7 days i week.

Mfl^H .

-

Suit* auttkle Ihi 4* conflguout tlalu ire subject T ■poclil conditions. PlaSic tell or wrrie Id inquire.

Ham H-1BSB

Bend 5-Pack(nl of Commodore. '■' Budne.» Solwire ■ic-T. H-1&80-7OQ3'O66a1l49eac.n [.'!_■. ** - ■■ ' ' ■ -'■ [: handling. (Minnesota residents add 6% aalea Ian Sorry, no COD orb&rs) □ My deck or money order is onelosod. {No delays us processing orrjera paid by check) Charge. D VISA'

D Master Card A

□ ArnencanEarjiess'

Acct No

Exp.

PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY

*-

Name

Cily -2IP-

Slate

Phone

disk.

2. Edit a key definition. 3. When the editing display for wo key shows on the screen, press Fl. The display should change to show the four values for Fl. Choose the 4. Choose the assign a string option. 5. Choose string 11 (SCREEN

assigned siring option. The display should change to show that the string SCREEN LEFT> <SCREEN

LEFT> <SC is now assigned to the Fl key. 7. Press the V7 key. The display changes to show the four values for F7. Choose the option to change the normal value.

L

Sign Here

Authorized Liquidator

140S Xenium Lane North Minneapolis, Minnesota 55441-4494

work from CURRENT definitions.

On the next menu, choose the Exit and save your work file option and select on CP/M boot disk as the place where you want your defini tions saved. You should see the re ply Saving your new definitions to CPM + .SYS Disk. You may now exit

the program (by answering n to the question Do you want to do anything else?). The changes you made should now be permanent. Whenever you

boot up CP/M from this disk, the Fl and F7 keys scroll halfway across the screen with each key press. Try it and make sure it works. If you want to assign more

keys, repeat the process. Use KEYFIG, work from the definitions on your CP/M boot disk, and make the < and > keys (shifted comma and shifted period) equal to string 11 and string 12. When you've fin ished, exit and save your work file as CURRENT. (Your changes don't take effect until you save them as part of your CURRENT system). Is everything working okay? If so, then get into KEYFIG again, work

from your CURRENT definitions,

<SCREEN R1GHT> <SC).

10. Choose the Exit string edit— save assigned string option.

keys or Fl and F7. It's only a begin ning, but it is the beginning of your

8. Choose the assign a string option. 9. Pick string 12 (SCREEN R1GHT>

save work file option.

12. Choose the option to save your work file as CURRENT definitions. Before we go further, let's check and make sure this worked. To the question Do you want to do anything else?, reply n. Now re ply to the system A> prompt with DIR (or simply press F3). You'll get a directory listing—in 80 columns. Press F7—your screen window should move 20 spaces to the right. Another F7 should take you to the

end of the 80 columns. Press Fl twice—you should be back at the

VJV.""."! DiredMarketingCori).

If you're happy with that, let's make it permanent. Ask for KEYFIG again. When it starts, choose to

and immediately exit and save your work file to the CP/M boot disk. You've made the first step to wards a customized CP/M. Any time you boot CP/M from this disk, you'll be able to scroll 20 columns at a time using either the < and >

11. Select the Done editing—exit and

Toil-Free: 1-800-328-0609

COMB DIrvcl MarVvling Corp. 14Q5Xenlum Lane N/Mlnnaipotti

1. Source of definitions: CP/M boot

6. Choose the Exit string edit—save

• Ideal tor 50 employees or less.

24 houri a day,

making the following selections:

LEFT> <SCREENLEFT> <SQ.

• Calcutates payroll and tax deductions.

ENTIRE SET of S Liquidation Price .. .

simply work through the menus,

option to change the normal value.

• Tracking of 1000 inventory Hems.

Mfr.List:*249.75

down keys (the ones on the top row of your keyboard) and the RETURN key to make your choices. Then

A Permanent Change

far left side of the screen. It sure beats scrolling four spaces at a time.

own personalized operating sys

tem. If there are other changes you'd like to make, use KEYFIG to

add them. If you make a mistake or find you aren't happy with what you've done, you can always erase all your changes by going back and starting over with the DEFAULT

definitions. It's a small change, but at least now you can read 80 columns on your 40-column monitors. And using

the command DEVICE MONITOR [COLUMN = 35] should keep any new files you create limited to a 40column format. m

Beyond The Desktop: New Metaphors For Computers

Fred D'lgnazio

Associate Editor

The Macintosh mouse/windows/ icons/pull-down-menus interface

is rapidly spreading throughout the personal computer world. New computers like Commodore's Amiga, Atari's ST, and Apple's IIGS

But does a file folder really turn you on? Does a trash can tickle your

senses? Does a memo pad set fire to your imagination? Probably not. And it was never supposed to. The desktop meta

Softworks' GEOS, so can a 64. This

phor came from computer design ers' image of computers as business tools, as information processors. We process information at desks, they reasoned, so why not make a computer simulate a desktop? The computer as desktop is a

even in the diverse world of com

valid, viable image. But it's only one image. It's time for us to search

use it. With Microsoft's Windows program, a PC can look like a color Macintosh; and with Berkeley

interface is becoming universal,

puter software. Computer games, word processors, database pro grams, and graphics programs are

all taking on a Macintosh-like look. The Macintosh interface re places the abstract, text-oriented world of older computers with a more visual, real-world environ ment—the world of the desktop. In deed, the desktop is the new look— the primary visual computer meta phor for our imagination. Software

and hardware manufacturers ask us to imagine that when we use the computer, we are really using an

electronic office, complete with file folders, a trash can, alarm clocks, memo pads, calculators, and, of course, the desktop.

This is a great step forward. We humans operate best in an environ ment that's similar to something

we've already experienced in the real world. Real-world environments have a powerful sensory, even emotional, appeal. We are not, after all, pure intellect—organic comput ers. The things in life we find most appealing stimulate our feelings, our five senses, and our imagination.

Only A First Step

The metaphor of the desktop does this. But it's only a first step. The process of creating vivid, imagina tive computer metaphors has just begun.

out new images that relate more to

our senses, feelings, and imagina

tions. Let's free computers from the desktop mentality and open them up to non-desktop thinking and ap

plications. This call to action espe cially applies to the millions of computer users for whom a desktop

is a limited metaphor. I'm thinking

of children, artists, musicians, me dia producers, teachers. I'm think

ing of anyone not using the computer strictly for filing, analy sis, or data processing applications. Using new metaphors for human/computer interaction will

make computers more appealing and easier to use. Even more impor tant, if the metaphors are well cho sen, they will enable us to use our senses^ feelings, and the powerful pattern-recognition parts of our brain to manage computer-generated information. Our eyes, ears, and other senses are highly evolved

information processors which filter, switch, screen, and route billions of

bits of sensory data to different parts of our brain and nervous sys tem every second. Our mind is par-

ticularly adept at generating patterns out of this mountain of sensory information. So why not use this ability in our interaction with computers? We need to start asking our

selves, what is a good metaphor for

puter? What about elderly people? Handicapped people? Artists, musi

cians, and craftspeople? Teachers? Lawyers? Writers? Engineers? Biologists?

The Seagull "Finder"

I had a conversation with award-

winning science-fiction writer Orson Scott Card a few years ago. We talked about new metaphors for computer operating systems and

what would be appropriate for children.

Scott closed his eyes and dreamed of a child sitting at a com puter. When she turned it on, a pic ture of a seagull flying high over a

blue ocean appeared on the display screen. The seagull was (to use

Macintosh terminology) the "find er." As the child flew her gull over the sea, little islands appeared with coral reefs, atolls, and palm trees.

The islands were files. If the child wanted to access a file, she steered her seagull (via some pointing de vice—like a mouse or a finger) to the island.

This sort of imagery might sound inappropriate for today's

files, which consist mainly of text and numbers. But it will not be out of place for tomorrow's files, which contain pictures, voices, music, charts, graphics, animations, and photographs. A seagull soaring over emerald

islands is just one image. I'd like to see you put your imagination to

work and dream up what meta

phors would be most appealing to you. When you sit down at your computer, what would you like to

see on the screen? What images might work better for you than file folders, memo pads, and trash cans?

Please send your metaphors to me, care of COMPUTED GAZETTE, and I'll share them with everyone in a

future column.

V

young children who use a com COMPUTBs Gazette

January 19B7

99

User Groups

Todd Heimarck Assistant Editor This is the January issue, so a fair number of new computer owners

are reading the GAZETTE for the first time. If you were lucky enough to get a Commodore 64 or 128 for Christmas, you may have already started to think about what soft ware or hardware you'll buy next.

But before you spend another pen ny on your computer system, con

sider joining a user group. You don't have to be a computer expert to join, although most groups do

have a few experts who can answer questions from beginners. User groups usually meet once

a month. You might see a new pro gram demonstrated, see a new piece of hardware, or hear a discus sion of computer topics. You'il also meet other computer owners.

Public Domain Software User groups have an abundance of

public domain programs. Some pro grammers choose to give up their

copyright and release a program into the public domain, which means

that it can be freely distributed. User groups become collection

points for public domain software; some groups have hundreds or even thousands of programs in

their libraries. What this means is that you can join a group and im mediately have access to many free programs, some of which are gems. Most groups charge a nominal

fee per disk, partially to pay for the computer equipment, the cost of the disk, and the time spent to make copies. Even if you can't use 18 of the 20 programs on one disk, a dol lar or two for a couple of good programs isn't a bad price. Many programs are written by the mem bers themselves. Others come from

trading with other user groups. Al most all user groups have a strict policy against making pirated copies 100

COMPUTE'S Gazatte

January 1987

of commercial software {some will expel you if you're ever caught mak ing copies of such programs). Another popular activity is the

local bulletin board system (BBS). If you own a modem, you can call the BBS and leave messages, engage in games, discuss politics, or down load public domain programs.

Education And Advice On Buying If you're interested in learning to program, you may find a user group that offers classes in your area of in terest, whether it's BASIC for be ginners or advanced machine language techniques. Or there may

be a special interest group (SIG) for a topic you want to investigate.

Some SIGs get together to play ad venture games; others have infor mal meetings about the 128, graphics, music, CP/M, COMAL,

or almost any other subject. Some groups have designated experts who have volunteered to

help with specific programs. If you can't get EasyScript (a word proces sor) to underline, call the EasyScript expert, who might be able to give you the answer over the phone. If you're thinking about buy ing a new printer or a database pro

gram, or just looking for a good game, you can get advice from

members who have bought pro grams that they either love or hate. Once you decide on a certain program, you may be able to use

your membership in the user group to get a discount from a local store. Commodore dealers often offer lower prices to members of the local group. User groups sell disks, too.

In lots of 1000, bulk disks can cost as little as 50-75 cents; user groups can buy a case of disks and pass the savings on to their members.

The Newsletter In addition, you'll usually get a

monthly newsletter. At the very least it will tell you what happened at last month's meeting and what's going on at the next meeting. Many user groups trade newsletters and give permission to reprint their arti cles to other groups, so it's possible that you'll see articles from around the country in your local newsletter. Newsletters often contain new product reviews—you can read about hardware and software from the point of view of a user like

yourself. Also, a review in a news letter is often written by someone who shopped around and found the best price through a local dealer or mail-order house.

You may also find fiction, pro gramming tutorials, interesting (and useful) POKEs, and humorous cartoons or satire. Some user group

newsletters are quite entertaining. A complete list of user groups is published yearly here in the GA ZETTE; the next list will be pub lished in a spring issue. If you can't

find a group in your area of the country, you could start your own.

All that's required is a group of peo ple who are interested in learning about computers and sharing what they know. V

Information Please

Rick Nash This utility helps to unlock the mysteries of program and variable storage by providing you with a detailed analysis of how a pro gram uses memory.

"Information Please" is a too) for BASIC programmers. It tells you ex actly how your program uses mem ory. With this knowledge, you can leam more about how your 64 pro grams work, and how to make more efficient use of memory when you program. Here's a rundown of the

A$ = "HELLO") don't need to be stored in a table. When strings are

Asking For Information

constructed dynamically (as in the assignment C$ = A$ + D$), BASIC needs a separate table in

guage program and saves it to disk

which to store them. This is the string table. It starts at the highest available memory location and, unlike the preceding tables, stores information starting at the top and working downward.

BASIC Tables Start of BASIC area (usually $0800) Program table

information given by the program: Scalar Variable table

•length of the variable table •length of the array table ■length of the string table •total amount of memory available for BASIC use •total amount of memory required

Array Variable table

In order for this information to be useful, it's important to be aware of how BASIC'S tables work. Let's take a closer look at them. Four sep arate tables coexist within the ap

proximately 39,000 bytes of memory available for BASIC pro

gram use. These tables are: •The program table. This is where your BASIC program resides. As

the machine language to be saved to tape or disk. When the program finishes, a machine language pro gram will have been saved to the device you specified. analyze a typical BASIC program. Type LOAD "INFO PLEASE",8,1

(tape users should type LOAD "INFO PLEASE",1,1), then NEW. Now type in the following program

20 A(l) = 15 30 END

Information Please. As you can see, storage. Type RUN to execute your

End of BASIC area (usually S9FFF)

After examining the structure of these tables (see the figure), you can easily understand why vari ables are cleared when a program

line is inserted or deleted. The first three tables are directly adjacent to each other. When the program

changes size, the variables become

variable, array, and string tables.

as a BASIC program runs. This ta

After saving a copy, run the pro gram and choose whether you want

it tells you about your program

■The variable table.. As each new scalar (nonarray) variable is defined

•The array table. Like the scalar variables, array values are entered

Automatic Proofreader," found elsewhere in this issue, to type it in.

Now type SYS 49152 to enable Dynamic String table

invalid. Since the values are no

made in this table. It grows upward.

require accurate typing, use "The

10 A = 15:A$ = "FIFTEEN LETTERS" Free Memory Area

lines are entered, this table grows upward towards high memory.

(as the program runs), an entryis

are many DATA statements, which

(but don't run it yet):

by your program

•amount of free memory (same as BASIC'S FRE function)

or tape. To use it, type in the pro gram and save a copy, Since there

Let's use Information Please to

•number of program lines •length of your program

Information Please is a BASIC pro gram that creates a machine lan

longer reliable, BASIC clears the We can use our knowledge of the structure of the tables to help speed up our programs. Note the

figure. Any addition to the variable table must push the array table

ble grows upward.

higher in memory. Therefore, you can cut down on initialization time

•The string table. Strings defined

by defining all scalar variables

within the program area (such as 10

before arrays.

program. When it ends, type SYS 45192 again. The information is the same, except that BASIC has allo cated storage for the scalar, string, and array variables. Information Please must al ways be loaded before you load the BASIC program from which you

want a report. Type SYS 49152 to execute it. Although you can call Information Please at any time, you must run your program first in or

der to see how much variable space it uses. Information Please uses memory locations 49152-49423 ($CO00-ClOF)—so don't use it in

conjunction with programs de signed for the same area.

Set' program listing on page 114.

COMPUTE!1! Gazette

January 1987

<St

101

All About Loops

key (INST/DEL without SHIFT) 13

Larry Cotton

affected by insert mode.

Before we get started this month, I'd like to talk about a weird Com modore BASIC phenomenon which you've probably seen on your com puter: quote mode. Quote mode can be pretty frus

trating, even for experienced pro grammers. You know you're in it

when you see reversed characters after you press the cursor keys, the insert key (SHIFT-INST/DEL), the color-change keys (CTRL or Com modore plus a number), or the

function keys. Let's force ourselves into quote mode and explore it a bit. Clear the screen and move the cursor to the center. Type a quote (a SHIFTed 2),

then a few characters. Now press

any of the cursor keys; SHIFTINST/DEL; CTRL or Commodore plus a number; or a function key. You'll see a chain of reversed char acters instead of what you expect.

Quote mode remains in effect until you type a closing set of quotes or

until you press RETURN to enter

the current line. There's also a slight variation on quote mode called insert mode: Move the cursor to the center of a clear screen and type any word. Back the cursor to the middle of the word and press SHIFT-INST/DEL to open up a few spaces. Now press one of the cursor keys. Instead of the cursor behaving normally, reversed

characters pop into the spaces. The

Now that you know what

quote and insert modes look like, and what causes you to get into

accidentally? You could just press

pend a program to, say, allow the

RETURN, but that would enter the line into memory. A better solution

user to read a message on the

is to press SHIFT-RETURN. This terminates quote mode and puts the

cursor at the beginning of the next iine down without entering the line into memory. Move the cursor up to where you were and resume pro gramming. Commodore 128 users have an even easier way out. They

When you run the program,

the computer first makes X equal to one. When NEXT is encountered, X is increased from 1 to 2, and the

Looping With FOR-NEXT Now let's go back to learning BASIC. The next statements on the agenda are FOR and NEXT, which together form FOR-NEXT loops. Few programs can be written with out loops—check the BASIC list ings at the end of this magazine for firsthand proof. Seven items are mandatory in every FOR-NEXT loop. They are;

1. the word FOR 2. a counter (any valid numeric variable)

like quote mode with these excep tions: Insert mode affects only the exact number of character positions you opened up by pressing SHIFT-

5. the word TO 6. an ending value for the counter (any valid numeric expression) 7. the word NEXT

January 1987

by substituting another value in place of the 500. Larger numbers yield longer delays, and smaller numbers give shorter delays. And you can use any numeric variable you choose as the counter; it doesn't have to be X.

ESC O. (That means press and re lease the ESC key, and then press and release the O key. It won't work if you press the two keys si multaneously.) You can also use ESC ESC (just press ESC twice).

3. an equal sign

COMPUTES Gazette

screen. This loop just kills time. The length of the delay can be changed

can cancel quote mode by pressing

4. a starting value for the counter

103

colon separating it from the FOR part of the loop) or on another line. This do-nothing loop is actual ly very useful for delays, which sus

them, how do you get out on those

CTRL- and Commodore-number combinations. Insert mode behaves

INST/DEL) in not affected by in sert mode (it continues to open up spaces, rather than showing a re versed character); and the delete

be written on the same line (with a

occasions when you enter the mode

same is true of the function keys and

INST/DEL; the insert key (SHIFT-

NEXT loop must be written togeth er on the same line; the NEXT may

(any valid numeric expression)

Here's a simple example program: 10 FOR X = l TO 500 20 NEXT

The first six parts of a FOR-

computer backtracks to the FOR statement. It continues looping,

quite quickly, until X reaches 501; then you see the cursor again, indi cating that the computer has fin ished executing the program. Why does X wind up with a value of 501? And how do you

know that it does? To answer the second question first, type PRINT X in immediate mode. Aha. X is 501. For another demonstration, type NEW; then try this program: 10 FOR Z=l TO 100: PRINT Z: NEXT 20 PRINT: PRINT Z

This is not a delay loop. You're

telling the computer to do a task (PRINT Z) before it reaches NEXT. When you run this program, the computer loops in line 10, printing a column of numbers in the range 1-100 on the screen. (This program

takes much longer than our simple delay program because the com

puter takes some time to print the values of Z.) When the NEXT is encoun

tered the last time through the loop, Z is incremented to 101 and the computer scoots back to the FOR

once again. But this time, it discov

ers that the value of Z exceeds 100, and sends control of the program to the statement right after the NEXT—in this case, the PRINT statement in line 20, which prints a

blank line and the value of Z again, which you see is 101.

Other Uses For FOR-NEXT Any number of BASIC statements can be put between FOR and

NEXT. To illustrate, try the INPUT

some number other than 1—BASIC

allows you to do this, too. The next few short programs

illustrate how to use STEP. You don't have to type in each one if you understand them. But if you do

type them in, type NEW before en tering the one that follows. The

one-liner below illustrates both sit uations just mentioned. 10 FOR U = 20 TO 40 STEP 2: PRINT U: NEXT

40 NEXT

When you run it, the numbers 20^40 are printed in increments of 2, starting at 20. You can even make the counter count backwards. Just set its starting value larger than its ending value, and make the STEP value negative, like this:-

50 PRINT 'THAT'S ALL!"

10 FOR 1 = 100 TO 80 STEP -2: PRINT I:

statement, which was explored last month. Type NEW to erase our last program, and type this: 10 FOR Y=l TO 4 20 INPUT AS 30 PRINT Y;A$

This gives the computer two

NEXT

member that the semicolon causes

STEP can be almost any num ber—even a decimal—and you can make it and the starting and ending values variables. This short pro gram illustrates all of these situa tions, with a loop from 1 to 3 in steps of .1. The spaces are used for clarity; they are not necessary.

Y and A$ to be printed together on

10 A = l:B = 3:C = 0.1

the same line.) Line 40 increments Y to 2, and the computer scurries

20 FOR I - A TO B STEP Cr PRINT I:

back to the FOR again, which it

If you want to see something interesting, use 2 as the upper limit instead of the 3 that I used. The pro

tasks between the FOR and the

NEXT. In line 10, Y starts out as 1. An INPUT is asked for in line 20. The user types something (stored in the variable A$) and presses RE TURN. Control goes to line 30,

where Y and A$ are printed. (Re

finds at line 10. The loop is repeat ed three more times, Y is incre

mented to 5, and control is sent to line 10 for the last time. This time, the computer sees that Y exceeds 4, and sends control past the NEXT to line 50, which prints the ending message.

By the way, the previous value in A$ is overwritten each time the computer loops, so that if you PRINT A$ after the program ends, you'll see only the last value that was INPUT.

Remember that when the

FOR-NEXT loop has finished exe cuting, the counting variable (Y in the case above) is always one more than the maximum value indicated in the loop.

One STEP At A Time There are several other things you

should know about FOR-NEXT loops. Suppose you want to incre ment the counter by an amount

other than 1. No problem. BASIC provides for this case with another statement—STEP. Or suppose you want to start incrementing from

NEXT

gram only counts to 1.9—it never reaches 2. Why not? It has to do with the way that numbers are stored in the computer. We interact

with BASIC in decimal (base 10) numbers, but internally the com puter does its math with binary (base 2) numbers. Sometimes something is lost (or gained) in translation. Run the program again. Now PRINT I. The computer an

swers 2. Now PRINT 1-2. The com puter prints out a very small number. This means that the com puter thinks that I is slightly over 2; that is why the loop ends prema turely. Be careful when you use decimals for STEP values.

A parting thought before leav

ing STEP: If you don't use the word STEP, the computer always incre ments the counter upwards by one.

Nested Loops

this simple case: 10 PRINT" I"," J" 20 PRINT

30 FOR 1 = 1 TO 5 40FORJ = 1 TO 3 50 PRINT 1J 60 NEXT J 70 NEXT I

Notice how the variables I and

J can—but don't have to—be used after the NEXT statement. This is one of the few things that are op tional in BASIC, but using this op tion helps the programmer (and anyone who's trying to understand the program) to see the nested loops more clearly. Run the program and leave the

results on the screen for now. Lines 10 and 20 print the headings I and J and a blank line. Line 30 starts the

first counter, I. Then the second counter, J, is started in line 40. It ex ecutes three PRINT loops before sending control to line 70, which increments I and sends control back

to line 30. Since the J loop has fin ished a complete loop, it can be (and is) reset to 1. In fact, J counts from 1 to 3 five times, as you can see by the results on the screen. Notice that nested FOR-NEXT

loops work from the inside out; in the program above, the J loop is in side the 1 loop. This is shown more

clearly if the program is com pressed (or "crunched," as some

computer people prefer) into two lines, like this: 10 PRINT" I"," Jr':PRINT 20 FOR 1 = 1 TO 5: FOR J = l TO 3:

PRINT I,J: NEXT Jj NEXT I

Here's a program which illus trates some of the principles we've learned over the last three months. 10 PRINT "{CLR}" 20 SS = "

"

30 INPUT"CHARACTERS";C$

40 PRINT "{CLR}" 50 FOR T-l TO 23: C$-SS + C$ 60 PRINT C$ 70FORD-1 TO 100 80 NEXT D 90 NEXT T 100 GOTO 100

When you run it, you're asked to type something—anything up to 16 characters long, SHIFTed or unSHIFTed, but not reversed. I'll save the explanation of this

program for next month. In the meantime, try to figure it out; there's

FOR-NEXT loops can be nested in

nothing in it that hasn't been cov

side each other. There are many

ered in the last three columns.

uses for this, as we'll see in future columns, but for this month, look at

IF/THEN, GOTO, and END.

Next month we'll also look at COMPUTE'S Gazefie

January 19B7

• 103

How To Type In COMPUTE'S GAZETTE Programs Each month, computers GAZETTE

Special Characters

publishes programs for the Com

Most of the programs listed in each issue contain special control charac

modore 128, 64, Plus/4, 16, and

VIC-20. Each program is clearly marked by title and version. Be sure to type in the correct version for your machine. All 64 programs run on the 128 in 64 mode. Be sure to read the instructions in the corre sponding article. This can save time

and eliminate any questions which might arise after you begin typing. We frequently publish two programs designed to make typing easier: The Automatic Proofreader, and MLX, designed for entering

machine language programs. When entering a BASIC pro

gram, be especially careful with DATA statements as they are ex tremely sensitive to errors. A mistyped number in a DATA state ment can cause your machine to

"lock up" (you'll have no control over the computer). If this happens, the only recourse is to turn your computer off then back on, erasing whatever was in memory. So be sure to save a copy of your program

before you run it. If your computer crashes, you can always reload the program and look for the error.

When You Read: (CLR)

Press:

[shift] clrikome i

[shift] |—crsk^I [♦—CRSR —•}

(RIGHT)

(RVSJ

[CTRL] |

(OFF)

!CTR1:..f_J i

press CTRL-A.

following listing conventions.

The most common type of con trol characters in our listings appear

as words within braces: {DOWN} means to press the cursor down key; {5 SPACES) means to press the space bar five times. To indicate that a key should be shifted (hold down the SHIFT key while pressing another key), the character is underlined. For ex

ample, A means hold down the SHIFT key and press A. You may see strange characters on your

screen, but that's to be expected. If you find a number followed by an underlined key enclosed in braces (for example, {8 A}), type the key as many times as indicated (in our

example, enter eight SHIFTed A's). If a key is enclosed in special

brackets,

%

U. hold down the

Commodore key (at the lower left corner of the keyboard) and press the indicated character.

Rarely, you'll see a single letter of the alphabet enclosed in braces.

When You Read:

Press:

The Quote Mode Although you can move the cursor

around the screen with the CRSR keys, often a programmer will want to move the cursor under program control. This is seen in examples such as {LEFTJ and {HOME} in the program listings. The only way

the computer can tell the difference between direct and programmed cursor control is the quote mode. Once you press the quote key, you're in quote mode. This mode

can be confusing if you mistype a character and cursor left to change it. You'll see a reverse video charac ter (a graphics symbol for cursor left). In this case, you can use the DELete key to back up and edit the

line. Type another quote and you're out of quote mode. If things really get confusing, you can exit quote mode simply by pressing RETURN. Then just cursor up to the mistyped line and fix it.

See:

See;

Press:

[BLU>

|YEL>

II

For Commodore 64 Only

t i a

[commodore] [i |

I F2}

p 2 a

[COMMODORE] [Tj

I F3 !

c 3 a

[COMMODORE; [j |

I H )

c 4 g

[commodore^ [11

in i

I F5 |

c 5 a

[COMMODORE] [j J

(WHT1

I ■*>

p , a

COMMOUORE1 \ 6 I

{RED)

(F7)

c 7 a

[COMMODORE! j l I

{CYN)

I F8 )

c g a

{commodore] [a_

(BLK)

104

w

7

braces. For example, {A} means to

{CRN)

(shift] |X~cbs«71

(DOWN) (LEFT}

ters. To facilitate typing in any pro

grams from the GAZETTE, use the

(PUR)

j clrihomY]

(HOME)

(UPJ

See:

This can be entered on the Com modore 64 by pressing the CTRL key while typing the letter in

COMPUTEI's Gazelle

January 1987

t

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Servicing Computers ^■^^ TFrilNlfAl MIM'M', 1T.OIN1CAL MMUAIS

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The Automatic Proofreader Philip I. Nelson, Assistant Editor

pressing RETURN. LISTing the line

"The Automatic Proofreader" helps

breviation and allows the Proofreader

you type in program listings for the 128, 64, Plus/4, 16, and VIC-20 and prevents nearly every kind of typing

mistake. Type in the Proofreader exactly as

listed. Since the program can't check it self, type carefully to avoid mistakes. Don't omit any lines, even if they con tain unfamiliar commands. After finish ing, save a copy or two on disk or tape before running it. This is important be cause the Proofreader erases the BASIC

portion of itself when you run it, leav ing only the machine language portion

in memory. Next, type RUN and press RE

TURN. After announcing which com puter it's running on, the Proofreader

displays the message "Proofreader Active". Now you're ready to type in a

BASIC program. Every time you finish typing a line and press RETURN, the Proofreader displays a two-letter checksum in the upper-left comer of the screen. Com pare this result with the two-letter

checksum printed to the left of the line in the program listing. If the letters match, it's almost certain the line was

typed correctly. If the letters don't match, check for your mistake and cor rect the line.

The Proofreader ignores spaces not enclosed in quotes, so you can omit or add spaces between keywords and still see a matching checksum. However, since spaces inside quotes are almost al

ways significant, the Proofreader pays attention to them. For example, 10

PRINT'THIS IS BASIC" will generate a different checksum than 10 PRINT'THIS ISBA SIC". A common typing error is transpo sition—typing two successive charac ters in the wrong order, like PIRNT

instead of PRINT or 64378 instead of 64738. The Proofreader is sensitive to

the position of each character within the line and thus catches transposition errors.

The Proofreader does not accept

keyword abbreviations (for example, ? instead of PRINT). If you prefer to use

to work properly. The same technique works for rechecking programs you've already typed in. If you're using the Proofreader on the Commodore 128, Plus/4, or 16, do not perform any GRAPHIC commands

while the Proofreader is active. When you perform a command like GRAPH IC 1, the computer moves everything at the start of BASIC program space—in cluding the Proofreader—to another memory area, causing the Proofreader

to crash. The same thing happens if you command while the Proofreader is in Though the Proofreader doesn't interfere with other BASIC operations, it's a good idea to disable it before run ning another program. However, the

Proofreader is purposely difficult to dis lodge: It's not affected by tape or disk operations, or by pressing RUN/ STOP- RESTORE. The simplest way to

disable it is to turn the computer off then on. A gentler method is to SYS to the computer's built-in reset routine (SYS 65341 for the 128, 64738 for the 64, 65526 for the Plus/4 and 16, and

64802 for the VIC). These reset routines erase any program in memory, so be sure to save the program you're typing in before entering the SYS command.

If you own a Commodore 64, you may already have wondered whether the Proofreader works with other pro gramming utilities like "MetaBASIC." The answer is generally yes, if you're using a 64 and activate the Proofreader

after installing the other utility. For ex ample, first load and activate Meta BASIC, then load and run the

Proofreader. When using the Proofreader with

another utility, you should disable both programs before running a BASIC pro gram. While the Proofreader seems un

affected by most utilities, there's no way to promise that it will work with any and every combination of utilities you might want to use. The more utili

ties activated, the more fragile the sys tem becomes.

line by LISTing it after typing it in,

10

COMPUTEIS Gazette

January 1987

[SPACEiPRINT

"C-64"

30

IF

THEN

VEC=PEEK(772>+256*PEEK|773) iLO=43iHI=44

"AUTOMATIC PROGFREADE ";:IF VEC=42364 THEN

VEC=50556

PRINT

"VI

C-20" 40

IF

VECO5158

THEN GRAPHIC

LR:PRINT "PLUS/4 &

C

16"

50

IF VEC=17165 THEN LO=45:HI46:GRAPHIC CLR;PBINT"128"

60

SA=(PEEK(LO)+256*PEEK{HI))+ 6:ADR=SA

70

FOR J=0 E

TO

166;READ BYT:POK

ADR,BYTiADR=ADK+l:CHK=CHK

-t-BYTsNEXT

00

IF

CHKo 20570

THEN

PRINT

ERROR* CHECK TYPING STATEMENTS"': END 90

FOR

J=l

TO

5.-READ

IN

"■

DATA

RF,LF,HF:

RS=SA+RF:HB=INT(RS/256):LB= 100

RS-(256*HB) CHK=CHK+RF+LF+HFSPOKE F,LB:POKE

memory.

The New Automatic Proofreader

106

PRINT R FOR

run any program with a GRAPHIC

abbreviations, you can still check the moving the cursor back to the line, and

20

substitutes the full keyword for the ab

110

SA+L

SA+HF,HBsNEXT

IF CHK<>22054 'ERROR* RELOAD

{SPACEjCHECK

THEN PRINT " PROGRAM AND

FINAL LINE"iEN

D

120

POKE

SA+149,PEEK(772):POKE

SA+150,PEEK(773) 130

IF

VEC=17165

14,22;POKE

140

POKE

SA+

29,2 24:POKESA+139,224 PRINT CHRS(147)fCHR5(17);" PROOFREADER

150

THEN

SA+18,23:POKESA+

ACTIVE":SYS

POKE HI,PEEK(HI)+1:POKE

SA

(P

EEK(LO)*256*PEEK(HI))-1,0:N EW

160

DATA 120,169,73,141,4,3,16 9,3,141,5,3

170

DATA 88,96,165,20,133,167, 165,21,133,169,169

180

DATA 0,141,0,255,162,31,18 1,199,157,227,3

190

DATA 202,16,240,169,19,32, 210,255,169,18,32 200 DATA 210,255,160,0,132,180 ,132,176,136,230,190

210

DATA

300,185,0,2,240,46,20

1,34,208,8,72

220

DATA 165,176,73,255,133,17 6,104,72,201,32,200 230 DATA 7,165,176,308,3,104,2 08,226,104,166,180

240

DATA 24,165,167,121,0,2,13 3,167,165,168,105 250 DATA 0,133,168,202,208,239 ,240,202,165,167,69

260 DATA 168,72,41,15,168,185, 211,3,32,210,255

270

200

DATA 104,74,74,74,74,168,1 85,21!.,3,32,210

DATA 255,162,31,183,227,3, 149,199,202,16,246

290 DATA 169,146,32,210,255,76 300

,86,137,65,66,67 DATA 68,69,70,71,72,74,75,

77,80,81,82,83,B8 310 DATA 13,2,7,167,31,32,151, 116,117,151,128,129,167,136 ,137

_

.

MLX

Machine Language Editor For The Commodore 64

"MLX" is a labor-saving utility that will help you enter machine lan

guage program listings without error. MLX is required to enter all Commo

played. You can get back to the menu from most options by pressing RETURN.

Ottis Cowper

Technical Editor

match, you'll hear a pleasant beep, the data is added to the workspace area, and the prompt for the next line of data appears (unless the line just entered

dore 64 machine language programs

Entering A Listing

published in computei'b gazette.

To begin entering data, press E. You'll

was the last line of the listing—in which case you'll automatically ad

This version of MLX was first pub

be asked for the address at which you

vance to the Save option). But if MLX

grams published prior to that date,

wish to begin. (If you pressed E by mis take, you can return to the command menu by pressing RETURN.) When

nor can earlier versions of MLX be

you begin typing a listing, enter the

To edit a line, move the cursor left

used to enter the listings in this issue.

starting address here. If you're typing in

and right using the cursor keys. (The INST/DEL key now works as an alter native cursor-left key.) You cannot move left beyond the first character in

lished in the January 1986 issue; it cannot be used to enter MLX pro

Type in and save a copy of MLX. You'll need it for all future machine language

programs in COMPUTE!'* GAZETTE, as well as machine language (ML) pro grams in our companion magazine,

compute;, and COMPUTE! books. When you're ready to enter an ML pro gram, load and run MLX, it asks you for a starting and ending address. These addresses appear in the article accom

panying the MLX-format program list ing you're typing. If you're unfamiliar with ML, the addresses (and all other values you enter in MLX) may appear

strange. Instead of the usual decimal numbers you're accustomed to, these numbers are in hexadecimal—a base 16 numbering system commonly used by

ML programmers. Hexadecimal—hex for short—includes the numerals 0-9 and the letters A-F. But even if you know nothing about ML or hex, you should have no trouble using MLX. After you enter the starting and

ending addresses, MLX offers the op tion of clearing the workspace. The data you enter with MLX is kept in a special

reserved area of memory; clearing this workspace area fills the reserved area with zeros, which will make it easier to find where you left off typing if you en ter the listing in several sessions. Choose this option if you're starting to

enter a new listing. If you're continuing a listing that's partially typed from a previous session there's no point in

clearing the workspace, since the data you load in will fill the area with what ever values were in workspace memory at the time of the last Save. At this point, MLX presents a menu of commands: Enter data

Display data Load data Save file Quit

Press the corresponding key to select a menu option. These commands are available only while the menu is dis-

a long listing in several sessions, you should enter the address where you left off typing at the end of the previous session. In any case, make sure the ad dress you enter corresponds to the ad dress of a line in the MLX listing. Otherwise, you'll be unable to enter the data correctly.

detects a typing error, you'll hear a low buzz and see an error message. Then MLX redisplays the line for editing.

the line. If you try to move beyond the

rightmost character, you'll reenter the line. To make corrections in a mistyped line, compare the line on the screen with the one printed in the listing, then

After you enter the address, you'll see that address appear as a prompt

move the cursor to the mistake and type the correct key. During editing, RE

with a nonblinking. cursor. Now you're

TURN is active; pressing it tells MLX to

ready to enter data. To help prevent

recheck the line. You can press the CLR/HOME key to clear the entire line if you want to start from scratch, or if

typing mistakes, only a few keys are ac tive, so you may have to unlearn some

habits. MLX listings consist of nine col umns of two-digit numbers—eight bytes of data and a checksum. You do not type spaces between the columns; the new MLX automatically inserts these for you. Nor do you press RETURN after typing the last number in a iine; MLX automatically enters and checks the

line after you type the last digit. The only keys needed for data entry are 0-9 and A-F. Pressing most of the other

you want to get to a line number prompt to use RETURN to get back to

the menu.

Other MLX Functions The Display data option lets you review your work. When you select D, you'll be asked for a starling address. {As with the other menu options, pressing RE TURN at this point takes you back to the command menu.) Make sure the ad

keys produces a warning buzz. To correct typing mistakes before finishing a line, use the INST/DEL key to delete the character to the left of the

dress corresponds to a line from the list ing. You can pause the scrolling display by pressing the space bar. (MLX finish

cursor. (The cursor-left key also de

letes.) If you mess up a line badly, press CLR/HOME to start the line over. The

ing.) To resume scrolling, press the space bar again. The display continues to scroll until the ending address is

RETURN key is also active, but only

reached, then the menu reappears. To

before any data is typed on a line. Press ing RETURN at this point returns you

break out of the display and return to the menu before the ending address is reached, press RETURN. A quick way to check your typing is to compare the

to the command menu. After you type a

character, MLX disables RETURN until the cursor returns to the start of a line. Remember, you can press CLR/HOME to quickly get to a line number prompt.

Beep Or Buzz? After you type the last digit in a line, MLX calculates a checksum from the

line number and the first eight columns of data, then compares it with the value in the ninth column. The formula (found in lines 370-390 of the MLX program) catches almost every conceiv able typing error, including the trans

position of numbers. If the values

es printing the current line before halt

reverse video checksums on the screen with the data in the rightmost column

of the printed listing. If the values match, you can be sure the line is en tered correctly.

The Save and Load menu options are straightforward. First, MLX asks for

a filename. (Again, pressing RETURN at this prompt without entering any thing returns you to the command menu.) Next, MLX asks you to press either T or D for tape or disk, if you no

tice the disk drive starting and stopping several times during a load or save. COMPUTED GaiBtte

January 1987

107

R WORKSPACE

don't panic; this behavior is normal be

with a command such as LOAD "Hie-

cause MLX opens and reads from or

writes to the file instead of using the

name",8,1 for disk or LOAD "filename",\,\ for tape, then started with a

usual LOAD and SAVE commands. For

SYS to a particular memory address.

disk, the drive prefix 0; is automatically

(On the Commodore 64, the most com

added to the filename (line 750), so ihis should not be included when entering the name. (This also precludes the use

mon starting address for such programs

of @ for Save-with-Rcplace, so remem

always refer to the article which accom

ber to give each version saved a differ

panies the ML listing for information on

ent name.) MLX saves the entire work

loading and running the program.

ED

230

space area from the starting to ending

By the time you finish typing in the data for a long ML program, you'll have several hours invested in the project. Don't take chances—use our "Auto

JS

240

JH

250

HK

260

FD

270

address, so thi' save or load may take

longer than you might expeel if you've entered only a small amount of data from a long listing. When saving a par tially completed listing, make sure to note the address where you stopped

typing so you'll know where to resume entry when you reload. MLX reports any errors detected during the save or load. (Tape users should bear in mind that the Commo

is 49152, which corresponds to MLX

matic Proofreader" to type in MLX, and then test your copy thoroughly before first using it to enter any significant amount of data. (Incidentally, MLX is included every month on the GAZETTE DISK.) Make sure all the menu options work as they should. Enter fragments of the program starting at several different

when saving to tape.) MLX also has three special load error messages:

correctly. And be sure to test the Save

INCORRECT STARTING ADDRESS, which means the file you're trying to

and Load options several times to en

load dues not have Ihe starting address

sure that you can recall your work from disk or tape. Don't let a simple typing

you specified when you ran MLX;

error in MLX cost you several nights of

LOAD ENDED AT address, which means the file you're trying to load

hard work.

ends before the ending address you specified when you started MLX; and TRUNCATED AT ENDING ADDRESS, which means the file you're trying to load extends beyond the ending ad dress you originally specified. If you gel

110

and rerun MLX, being careful to enter the correct ending address. The Quit menu option has the ob vious effect—it stops MLX and enters

CJ

):HS="0123456789ABCDEF"

CO.

140

108

COMPUTERS Gazette

January 1987

I=SD TO

[BLKlfRVS]

[SPACE)MENU

FC

150

I,0:NEXT:POKE

R

E

53261,15

EJ 160 PRINT TS"

DATA"

PRINT TS"[RVS)D(OFF}ISP LAY DATA":FRINT TS"

(RVS)L(OFFjOAD DATA" PRINT TS"(RVS)s[0FF1aVE FILE"iPRINT TS'MRVSIQ [OFF3UIT(2 DOWNllBLKl" GET AS I IF AS=N5 THEN250 A=0:FOR I=*l TO 5:IF A5=* midsC'edlsq'M.Dthen a NEXT:ON

A

GOTO420,610,6

90,700,280:GOSUB1060:GO

TO2 50 EJ

EM

230

print"[rvsl

ouit

":inpu

t"(downJS43are you

JX

290 300

KF

310

sure

[y/n]";as!if left$(as, 1}<>"Y"THEN220 POKE SD+24,0:END INS=N$:AD=0:INPUTINS:IF LEN( IN? ) O4THENRETURN BS=INS:GOSUB320:AD=A:BS

=MIDS(INS,3)!GOSUB320iA D=AD*256+A:HETURN PP

320 A=0:FOR J=l

330

TO

2iAS=MIl)

53280,15:POK

{REDjlRVSj

SPACESi"SPC(2B)"

{2 SPACES){OFl'l|BLUl

X II (RED)iRVS) {2 SPACES}''5PC[26)"

[12 SPACESHBLUJ" FR 173 PRINT"[3 DOWN) 13

SPACES}COMPUTE I 'S

CHINE

LANGUAGE

GX

340

CH

3 50

OR

B>15

THEN

AD=

NEXT:RETURN

B=INT(A/C6):PBINT MIDS( HS,B+1,1);:B=A-B*C6:PRI NT

MID?(HS,B+1,1);:RETU

RN

RR

360 A=INT(AD/Z6))GOSUB350:A =AD-A*Z6:GOSUB350:PRINT "i";

BE 370 CK=INT(AD/Z6):CK=AD-Z4* PX

CK+Z5'(CK>Z7):GOTO390 380 CK=CK*Z2+Z5*(CK>Z7)+A

JC 390 CK=CK+Z5*(CK>Z5>:RETURN OS 400 PRINT"[DOWN[STARTING AT §43";:GOSUB300:IF 1NS<> NS

THEN

GOSUB1030:IF

F

[SPACE1THEN400

EX

410

HD 420

RETURN

PRlNT"IRVSl

ENTER DATA

fSPACEi":GOSUB400:IF IN

JK

S=N5 THEN220 430 OPEN3,3:PRINT

SK

440

POKE198,0:GOSUB360:IF

PRINT

F

INS:PR1NT"

{UP![5 RIGHT)"! ML

GC

450

FOR

1=0

=SS:POR

TO

24

J-l

STEP

TO

31BS

2iIF

F

T

HEN BS=MIDS(INS,I+J,1)

HA 460 PRINT"fRVS)"BSLSftIF I< 24THEH PRINT"(OFF}"; MA

HD

470

PHINT"lBLKjSTART[NG ADD RESS&43";:GOSUB300:SA=A THEN1B

0

300;EA=AD:GOSUB1030:IF

[SPACEjF THKN190 INPUT"i3 DOWNj {BI.KlCLEA

THEN470

IF(AS>1V"ANDA?<":")OR(A

MP

S>"@"ANDAS<11G"}THEN540 IF AS=RS AND((I=0)AND(J =1)OR F)THEN PRINT B$;:

490

KC 500

J=2:NEXT:I=24!GOTO550

IF AS = "[liOMEl" THEN PRI

NT

GF 190 PRINT"(QLK)(2 SPACESjEN DING ADDRESSED": iGOSTJB

GET AS:IF A$=N5

FK 480

EDITOR

P

B<0

THEN

I 3 DOWN)"

DiGOSUB1040iIF

IF

0iA=—ltj=»2

{2 SPACESigS @3

12

KR 200

I DOWN J ?4i":

■"1:1=5

8,52 PRINT'1iCLR)"CHR?(142)CiI R$(B):POKE

JB 1B0

MLX COMMAND

PRINT TS"(RVS}E(OFF)NTE

SD

[SPACE}SD+24,15:POKE 78

(Such programs usually have 0801 as

their MLX starting address.) Others must be reloaded to specific addresses

SD=54272:FOR +23:POKK

programs, so all you need to type is

LOAD "filename",?, for disk or LOAD "filename" for tape, and then RUN.

FA=PEEK(45)+Z<5*PEEK(46) :BS=PEEK(55)+Z6 * PEEK(5C

SB 130 KS=CHRS(13)>LS="(LEFTt" :SS = " ":DS=CHRS(20):ZS = CHRS(0)iTS="ll3 HIGHTj"

The Finished Product

ished product vary from program to program. Some ML programs are de signed to be loaded and run like BASIC

POKE 56,50lCLR:DIM IN?, I,J,A,B,AS,BS.A(7),NS C4=4B:C6=16:C7=7:Z2=2:Z 127

use trie clear workspace option.

data for an ML program and saved your work, you're ready to see the results. The instructions for loading the fin

DR 220 PRINTTAI3(10)"[2 DOWN j

4 = 254 :Z5=255:Z6 = 256: Z7="

120

I,0iNEXT:P

RINT"DONE"

issue.

DM

When you've finished typing all the

EA-SA+7:POKE

(AS>"@")*C7:A=A"C6+G

GAZETTE Programs" elsewhere in this

that you've loaded the right file, exit

BASIC at a READY prompt. Since the RUN/STOP key is disabled, Q lets you exit the program without turning off the computer. (Of course, RUN/STOPRESTORE also gets you out.) You'll be asked for verification; press Y to exit to BASIC, or any other key to return to the menu. After quitting, you can type RUN again and reenter MLX without losing your data, as long as you don't

ING-.■";:FORI=BS TO BS+

JA

For instructions on entering lids listing, refer to "How To Type In COMPUTE'S

100

one of these messages and fee! certain

EN220

SIBS,J,1):B=ASC(AS J-C4 +

MLX

EK

[Y/tO E43" ; A

LEFTS{AS,1)<>"Y"TH

PG 210 PRINT"[2 DOWNHBLUlWORK

address CU00.) In any case, you should

addresses, then use the Display option to verify that the data has been entered

dore 64 is never able to detect errors

SilF

B?:J=21NEXT:I=24:NEX

T:F=0:GOTO440

MX

510

GK

520

IF(AS="{RIGHTj")ANDF TH ENPRINT B?LS;:GOTO540 IF

A5<>LS

AND A$<>DS

((I=0)AND(J=1))THEN

OR

GOS

HG

530

UB1060:GOTO470

5J+256"ASC(BS+Z5):IF AD

A$=LS+SS+L?:PRINT

OSA THEN F=1:GOTO850 FOR 1=0 TO BiGET#l,AS;P

:J=2-J:IF J

THEN

[SPACEiLS;:I=I-3 OS

540

PRINT

AS;:NEXT

5 50

[5 RIGHT)"?UNPUTf3,IN? THEN CLOSE3I

GOTO220 QC

560

570

FA 340

NEXT:IF ST<>64

THEN GOSUB380:A(I

NEXTiIF

AOCK

THEN

GOSU

SA 860

INPUT*15,A,A$:IF A THEN CLOSEl:CLOSE1S:GOSUB10

F=3

60:PRINT"1RVS}ERRO8: GO

870

EJ

880

"A

5

RETURN

P0KE183,PEEK(FA+2)iPOKE 187,PEEK(FA+3}iP0KE188,

B1060:PRINT"{DLK|(RVSl

[SPACEjERROR: REENTER L INE &43"lF=l:GOTO440

THEN

FQ 850 CLOSEl:CLOSE15iON ABS(F >0)+l GOTO960.970

FOR 1=1 TO 25 STEP3:B?= HIDS(IN?,I):GOSUB320:IF

K25 /3)=A PK

OKE DS+I,ASC[A5 + 7,S) :IF [SPACEjST AND(K>B)THEN F»2 iAD=I:I=H

NEXT IiPRINTiPRINT"(UP) tIP INS=-NS

KH 830

J:PRINT

(SPACE]SSi PM

PRINT

PEEK|FA+4)tIFOP-0THEN92 0

HJ

580 GOSUB1080:B=*BS+AD-SA:FO

hj

QQ

):NEXT 590 AD=AD+B:IF AD>EA

t"[downHrvs) file not [SPACEjFOUND ":GOTO690 CS 900 AD=PEEK{B29)+256*PEEK(8

R

1=0 TO 7:POKE

B+I,A(I

THEN C

LOSE3iPRlNT"{DOWNHBLU1 ■* END OF ENTRY **(BLK) (2

DOWN)"iGOTO700

600

F-0 :GOTO440

QA

610

PRINT"(CLR][DOWN}(RVS)

[SPACF.IdISPLAY DATA "iG IN$=N?

THEN2

620

2)-l.F=F-2*(A<EA)-3*(A>

EA)iAD=A-AD:GOTO930

KM 920 A=SA:B=EA+1:GOSUB1010:P OKE780,3:SYS

20 RJ

30):IF AD<>SA THEN F=-l:

GOTO970

SC 910 A=PEEK(831)+256'PEEK(83

GO

OSUB400:IF

890 sys 63466:if(peek{783)a nd1)then gosub1060:prin

PRINT"{DOWN}{BLU}PRESS:

(RVSISPACEJOFF) TO PAU

SE,

[RVSjRETURNfOFF]

63338

JF 938 A=BS:B=BS+(EA-SA)+1:GOS UB1010:ON S 63591

TO

OP

GOTO950:SY

AE 940 GOSUU1080iPRINT"{BLU)** KS

630

cc

640

KH

650

GOSUB360:B-BS+AD-SA:FOR

SAVE COMPLETED AX

NEXT:PRINT"[RVS}";:A=CK

fSPACE]ST<>64 THEN970 FR 960 GOSUQ1080;PRINT"(BLU)**

0220 950 POKE147,0:SYS

:GOSUB350:PRINT

EQ

660

F=1:AD=AD+8:IF AD>EA TH

ENPRINT"fDOWN){BLU5" E

670

GET

A$:IF A$ = RS

DP 970 GOSUB1060:PRINT"(BLKJ (RVS)ERROR

CM

680 690

ONFGOTO630,660,6 3 0

PRINT"[DOWN){RVSj {SPACEjDATA 710

PC

700

RX

710

LOAD

"iOP=1:GOT0

p1RINT"{DOWNHRVSi

SAVE

(SPACE)FILE "iOP=0 INS=NSiINPUT"(DOWN)FILE

PR 720 F=0SPRINT"!DOWNj(BLK)

0,990,1000:GOTO220 PP

980

PRINT"INCORRECT STARTIN G ADDRESS (";:GOSUB360:

GR

PRINT")"I RETURN 990 PRINT"LOAD ENDED AT

DfOFFjISK:

D?:RETURN FD

1000

730 GET AS:IF AS="T"THEN PR

HQ

740

Ilil

750

ING

END

ADDRESS"I RETURN

FF 1020 AH=INT(B/256):AL=B-(AH *256):POKE174,AL:POKE1 75,AH:RETURN

FX

1030

760 770

AS<>"D"THEN730

HA

1040

PRINT"D{DOWN)"tOPEN15,8 ,15,"I0:":B=EA-SA:INS-" 0i"+INSlIF OP THEN810 OPEN l,8,8,IN$ + 11,P,WniG OSUBB60:IF A THEN220

780

)OR(AD>49151

1=0

TO

iRETURN

AR 1060

B:PRINT»1,CH

NEXT:CLOSE1:CLO5E15:GOT

MA 810

GOSUB1060 tPRINT"[DOWN)

1090

{BLKjERROR DURING SAVE: B43 1-1GOSUB86G :GOTO220

OPEN

1,8,B,INS+",P,R":G

OSUB860:IF A TI1EN220 820

PF

GET#1,A$,B$:AD-ASC<AS+Z

See instructions in article on page 88 before typing in.

Program 1 : Medium Resolution 64 C738i20

FD

AE

20

C740:B1

C9

00

D0

C748i20

FD

AE

20

C7501B1

C9

00

D0

C758:20

FD

AE 00

20 D0

25 07 3A AD 20 AA 35 16 8C 3D 03 98 8A AD 20 AA 45 06 8C 40 03 2E

C7

A2

AD

3C

C760:B1 C9 C768:4C 71 C7 70:60 18 C77810A AD C780:4C 86 C788i03 4A C790:4A 8D C796J85 FE C7A0I0A 26 C7A8:3F 03

8A AD

20

AA

8C

3C

03

0E

20

37

A4

03

C9

50

B0

3D 03 C9 C7 4C 6B 8D 3E 03

40

32

B0

03

CB

SD,0:POKE

FOR

S=l

TO

SD+

SD+4,17 100:NEXT:PO

KE

S!)+4,0iPOKE

S1),0:PO

KE

SD+1,0:RETURN

6D

E5

FD

2F

FC

45

C7B0JB5

FD

06

FC

26

FD

65 06

C7B8:26

FD

06

FC

26

FD

A9

04

EB

C7C0:65

FD

65

84

02

Bl

FC

9F

C7C8:8D

41

FD 3B

AD

3C

0E

C7D0t3E

03

3E

03

AA