!"#$"%&'()*+&,*-./*01*
&L:,56*"+V
!"#$%&'()#*)+,)
-./1F-./W% % %
;#,<*6),6:#59%;33",*56*"+ &C)#4)+6%7),<+"9"4*)3%5+L%2)3*4+
-./-%0%-./1% % %
% %
2)3*4+)#%56% 7585+9*"49:%;#,<*6),63=%>365+8:9
-..X% % %
Y#5L:56*"+%Z*6<%T536)#%2)4#))3%N#"C%7[%A*)++5 :+L)#%4:*L*5+,)%"N%!*99%;93"(%5+L%\5#*%% G"#C5$$5
-.//0-./-% % %
% %
2)3*4+)#%%56% ?956@5#,<*6),63%A*)++5
-./.0-.//% % %
% %
2)3*4+)#%56 :BCB5%;#,<*6)$6)+%!*)+
-./.% %
% %
>+6)#+3<*(%56 &C)#4)+6%;#,<*6),6:#)=%DB;B
-..EF-./.% % %
% %
G:+*"#%2)3*4+)#%56 ?956@;#,<*6),63=A*)++5
&'<*8*6*"+3%5+L%O#*@)3
-..H%% % % % %
% % % % %
% % % % %
>+6)#+3<*(%56% I*JJ#)%!"#$3%DB;B K)6%5+L%&J)+6%2)3*4+)#% (5#6*,:95#9M%N"#%!596%2*3+)M%F%O*#56)3%% "N%6<)%P5##*8)5+%(5#6%1%#)9)53)3
-./W%%% % %
[KT%I)6<*+$*+4%7<)%T"L:95#%&'<*8*6*"+%*+%P"99"8"#56*"+%Z*6<%% ^:#"%]5(("9L%5+L%;;%&C)#4)+6%7),<+"9"4*)3%K6:L)+63%*+%%%% K59"+)%L*%T"8*9)%T*95+
-..Q%% % %
% % %
% % %
>+6)#+3<*(%56% ;+L#)3%G5R:)%;#,<*6),63%ST5L#*LU SI)3)5#,<=%4#5(<*,3U
-./_%% %
?*+4)#3%P#"33)L%;;%&C)#4)+6%7),<+"9"4*)3%O5J*99*"+%%%%%%%%%%%% *+%^*#C*+4<5C%7*C8)#%&'("%
P"C(:6)#%K$*993
-./_%% %
?*+4)#3%P#"33)L%;;%&C)#4)+6%7),<+"9"4*)3%O5J*99*"+%%% *+%D"+L"+%2)3*4+%?)36*J59
-./_%%
;;%O#"`),63%I)J*)Z%&'<*8*6*"+
K,#*(6*+4V% ;LJ5+,)L%9)J)9%*+%4#533<"(()#%5+L%(M6<"+=%Y)+)6*,%;94"#*6<C3=%#),)+69M% )'()#*C)+6*+4%Z*6<%(#",)33*+4%54)+6%853)L%C"L)9*+4%5+L%3Z5#C%594"F #*6<C3%*+%:#85+%3,59)B
-./1%%
^"#:35+%\*+L)#%Y5#L)+%P"C()6*6*"+%7:#$)M%1#L%O95,)
-./1%% %
P"C()6*6*"+%N"#%5%]*4<%K,<""9%P5C(:3%*+%>365+8:9%-+L%O95,)%% Z*6<%7585+9*"49:%;#,<*6),63
-./1%% % %
O:89*,56*"+%"N%6<)%O5()#%I:*+%53%5+%[#85+%O95M4#":+L%V% I),M,9*+4%"N%[#85+%I:*+3%*+%>365+8:9%7),<+*,59%[+*J)#3*6M%% ;++:59%I)("#6
-./-% % % %
K()5$)#%*+%>365+8:9%2)3*4+%^*)++59)%% % O59*C(3)36%KMC("3*:C%% % % Z*6<%6<)%O5()#%I:*+%53%5+%[#85+%O95M4#":+L%V%% I),M,9*+4%"N%[#85+%I:*+3
% % %
-..E%% %
&'<*8*6*"+%"N%6<)%,"9958"#56)L%36:L)+6%% % O#"`),6%;LLFa+%*+%A)+*,)%;#,<*6),6:#)%^*)++59)%%
%
-..H%% %
>+":6*,%2)3*4+%P"C()6*6*"+%/%36%O#*@)%% Z*6<%6<)%O#"`),6%O;I;P>7b
%
-..H%% %
P"C()6*6*"+%[+*J)#3*6M%"N%&,"+"C*,3%S![U%A*)++5%% % -%+L%(95,)%Z*6<%?956@%;#,<*6),63
% % %
-..QF-..H%%
?53<*"+%&L:,56*"+%*+%PK22T%T5L#*L
-..QF-..H%% % %
;#,<*6),6:#)%&L:,56*"+ *+%&7K;T%T5L#*L%,9533%G:5+%])##)#"3
-../F-..Q%%
;#,<*6),6:#)%&L:,56*"+%56%7[%!*)+
%
% %
T"L)9*+4%5+L%#)+L)#*+4V% ;LJ5+,)L%9)J)9%*+%;:6"L)3$%T5M5=%I<*+"=%1L3C5'=%c^#:3< ;+59M3*3V% ;+3M3%SP?2%;+59M3*3U=%&,"6),6=%K6#5+L%S?"#%K6#:,6:#59%;+59M3*3U=%K"9*L% !"#$3%SK6#:,6:#59%5+L%&+J*#"+C)+659U=%T*99*()L)%N"#%Y#533<"(()#=% \5+45#""%N"#%Y#533<"(()#=%K(5,)%KM+6<5'=%K(5,)%T56#*'=%a,6"(:3%SN"#% &J"9:6*"+5#M%a(6*C*@56*"+U=%2),"L*+4%K(5,)3%SN"#%(#"'*C*6M%5+L%()#C)5F 8*9*6M%5+59M3*3U ;+*C56*"+%5+L%,"C("3*6*+4V% T5M5=%12KT;d=%;N6)#%&NN),63=%e:$) A*3:59*@56*"+%V% ;LJ5+,)L%9)J)9%*+%O<"6"3<"(=%>99:36#56"#%5+L%>+2)3*4+%3$*993%% %%
,"+65,6%*+N"V c)M+)(%;$3"@%1X%P<)+)M3%I"5L% &//%1DD%D"+L"+%[\% C"8*9)%(<"+)V%f__%H_H-.X.EE. )C5*9V%@))+)(5$3"@g4C5*9B,"C
%
O#"N)33*"+59%!"#$
34%%"&0"$2'54#"42'6"-#$&7$ !"#$%&'()*+)#,-'.)*'/0"'1)2+"/$/$)& $&'8)--,9)*,/$)&':$/0'5,*7';,-<,*',#'=+"&'>$"-?#@*"#",*80
b)"3:%a,)5+*,%O5J*99*"+ P"C()6*6*"+%&+6#M%-./. &C)#4)+6%;#,<*6),6:#)%DB;B%S7"C%!*3,"C8)U 7<*3% (#"`),6% *3% 6<)% #)3:96% "N% 5% ,"9958"#56*"+% 8)6Z))+% &T&IY&e7% 5+L% \a\F \[Y>;=%*+6)+L)L%6"%,5(*659*@)%"+%8"6<%3<5#)L%3)+3*8*9*6*)3%53%Z)99%53%*+L*J*LF :59% )'()#6*3)B% >6% *3% 5+% )'(9"#56*"+% "N% C)33M% ,"C(:656*"+% *+% 6<)% 3)+3)% 6<56% 6<)%(#"`),6%*3%6<)%#)3:96%"N%C"J*+4%*+%5+L%":6%"N%6<)%#)59C3%"N%L)3*4+*+4%5+L% 3,#*(6*+4B%>6%#)(#)3)+63%5%9""3)=%"()+F)+L)L%Z5M%"N%Z"#$*+4%6<56%8*53)3%)NF N),63%"J)#%3)9NF`:36*NM*+4%(#",)33)3B 7<)%O5J*9*"+%*3%*+6)+L)L%6"%8)%6<)%,)+6)#(*),)% N"#%6<)%b)"3:%-./.%&'("=%5% 3(5,)%Z<*,<%,)9)8#56)3%6<)%",)5+%53%5%9*J*+4%"#45+*3C%5+L%6<)%,"F)'*36)+,)% "N%<:C5+%,:96:#)%5+L%",)5+%),"3M36)C3B%>+%6<)%L)3*4+%(#"("359=%6<)%8:*9L*+4% "8`),6%5+L%*63%6)##*6"#M%)+6)#%*+6"%5%N))L85,$%9""(B%7<)%#"9)%"N%6<)%5#,<*6),6% *3% )'(5+L)L% 6"% *+,9:L)% 6<)% 5,6*J)% #)F"#45+*@56*"+% "N% C566)#3% 5+L% )+)#4*)3% 5#":+L%5+L%:+L)#+)56<%6<)%8:*9L*+4=%Z<)#)%6<)%3(),*)3%3)9),63%*63%)+J*#"+F C)+6%53%C:,<%53%6<)%)+J*#"+C)+6%3)9),63%*63%3(),*)3B
\5#6)()%D5+LC5#$% P"C()6*6*"+%&+6#M%-./.
7<)%,"C()6*6*"+%653$%Z53%6"%,#)56)%5+%5#,<*6),6:#59%95+LC5#$%3MC8"9*@*+4% 6<)% 1.6<% C)#*L*5+=% *+% \5#6)()% 7:#$)MB% 7<)% (#"`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
![%A*)++5 A*)++5%[+*J)#3*6M%"N%&,"+"C*,3%P"C()6*6*"+%-+L%O#*@)%-..E ?956@%;#,<*6),63 7<)%,"C()6*6*"+%653$%Z53%6"%,#)56)%5%+)Z%,"+,)(6%N"#%6<)%:+*J)#3*6M%"N%),"F +"C*,3%*+%J*)++5=%Z<*,<%,":9L%8)%5%+)Z%J*3*"+%N"#%6<)%N:6:#)B%;%36:LM%"+%,:#F #)+6%6#)+L3%*+%)L:,56*"+%4:*L)L%6"%L)J)9"(C)+6%"N%5+%5#,<*6),6:#59%(#"4#5C% 6<56%*3%L#*J)+%8M%6<)%R:59*6M%"N%6<)%9)*3:#)%5#)53B%7<)#)N"#)%5%4#))+%95+L3,5()% 6<56%4)+)#56)3%5+%)+,9"3:#)%N"#%6<)%N:+,6*"+3%8)9"Z%Z53%4)+)#56)LB%7<)%895,$% C"+"9*6<*,% 36#:,6:#)% 8#)5$*+4% ":6% "N% 6<)% 95+L3,5()% *+<58*63% 6<)% 6<)% 9*8#5#M% 5+L%9)5#+*+4%,)+6)#%6<56%C*4<6%8),"C)%6<)%95+LC5#$%N"#%6<)%+)Z%:+*J)#3*6MB%;% 6)#C*+59%Z5M%,"++),6*+4%599%6<)3)%N:+,6*"+3%(#"J*L)L%593"%5+%)+,9"3)L%(:89*,% 5#)5%Z*6<%"()+%9)5#+*+4%@"+)3B%
2*4*659%P)C)6)#M 2)3*4+%N"#%2)56<%;#,<*6),6:#)%P"C()6*6*"+%&+6#M%-./1
2)()+L*+4%"+%6<)%*L)5%"N%,"CC:+*,56*"+%)',<5+4)%5N6)#%L)56<=%6<)%(#"`),6% 4)+)#56)3%5%L*4*659%,)C)6)#MB%7<)%4#5J)3%*+%6<)%L*4*659%,)C)6)#M%36"#)%L*4*659% *L)+6*6*)3%*+%5LL*6*"+%6"%6<)%#)C5*+3%"N%6<)%L)5L%()#3"+B%;%J*3*6%6"%6<)%4#5J)% +"6%"+9M%#)C5*+3%53%5%C)C"#*59%5+L%#)C)C8#5+,)%"N%6<)%9"J)L%"+)3=%*6%593"% 599"Z3%,"CC:+*,56*"+%Z*6<%6<)%L*4*659%(#"N*9)3%"N%6<)%#)956*J)3B%!*6<%6<*3%("3F 3*8*9*6M%6<)%(#"`),6%R:)36*"+3%6<)%#)59*6M%"N%6<)%L*4*659%*+N"#C56*"+%5+L%*N%*6%,5+% (#"J*L)%5%#)(95,)C)+6%6"%":#%9"33B >+%6<)%5((9*,56*"+%"N%6<*3%*L)5%*+6"%5#,<*6),6:#59%L)3*4+%>%Z53%C5*+9M%#)3)5#,<F *+4%6<)%"J)#95(3%8)6Z))+%L*4*659%5+L%3(*#*6:59%3(5,)%5+L%<"Z%,":9L%6<)3)%8)% ,#)56)LB%7<)%3(56*59%,"+,)(6%L)#*J)3%N#"C%6<)%*L)5%"N%)+6)#*+4%6<)%4#5J)%6"% ,"CC:+*,56)% ":#% 9"J)L% "+)3B% 7<)% :+L)#4#":+L% 3(5,)% 5836#5,63% *63)9N% N#"C% 6<)%#)59%Z"#9LB%>6%L)65,<)3%6<)%#)956*"+%6"%":63*L)B%7<)%4#5J)36"+)%*+%*63%,953F 3*,59%*C54)%L")3%+"6%)'*36%5+MC"#)B%>6%)J"9J)3%*+6"%5%L*4*659%3,#))+=%Z<)#)% 6<)%<"9"4#5C3%,5+%8)%(#"`),6)LB%7<*3%+)Z%$*+L%"N%4#5J)36"+)3%593"%,#)56)%5% 45#L)+%"N%9*4<6+*+4B 7<)% L*4*659% ,)C)6)#M% 593"% ,"+65*+3% 3(5,)3% N"#% ,#)C56*"+% 5+L% 5% C5*+% @"+)% N"#%6<)%N:+)#59%#*6:593=%Z<)#)%6<)%L)5L%()#3"+%593"%(5#6*,*(56)%*+%<*30<)#%"Z+% N:+)#59%53%5%<"9"4#5CB%7<)%,)C)6)#M%C)#4)3%6<)%,9533*,59%*L)5%"N%6<)%,)C)F 6)#M%Z*6<%L*4*659%*+N"#C56*"+B%7<)%*+,9:3*"+%"N%*+N"#C56*"+%6),<+"9"4M%*+6"%6<)% 3:8`),6%"N%L)56<%,<5+4)3%6<)%Z<"9)%*L)5%"N%C":#+*+4B%e)Z%#*6:593%"N%#)C)CF 8#5+,)%,":9L%)J"9J)%*+%5%L*4*659%,)C)6)#MB
O;I;P>7b >+":6*,%;#,<*6),6:#)%;Z5#L%!*++)#%-..E
>+%6<)%(#"`),6%6<)%6*C)%N5,6"#%*3%()#,)*J)L%*+%6Z"%L*NN)#)+6%()#3(),6*J)3B%7<)% N*#36%5*C%*3%$))(*+4%6<)%)NN),63%"N%6*C)%"+%6<)%8:*9L*+4%5+L%:3*+4%5#,<*6),6:#)% 53%5%6""9%6"%,"+J)#6%6<"3)%6"%5,,)33*89)%5#)53B%7<)%3),"+L%5*C%*3%*+N9:)+,*+4% 6<)%LM+5C*,%,<5+4)%"N%6<)%+)Z%5#,<*6),6:#)%6<#":4<%6<)%6*C)%5+L%*+,9:L*+4% 6<)%+56:#59%N"#,)3%*+6"%6<)%L)3*4+%(#",)33B O#"`),6%853)3%"+%6<)%*L)5%"N%6<)%:#85+%4#"Z6<%Z*6<":6%L)C"9*6*"+B%>+36)5L% "N%L)9)6*+4%6<)%:#85+%<*36"#M%5+L%,#)56*+4%Z<"9)%+)Z%8:*9L*+43=%*6%8#*+43%5+% 596)#+56*J)%3"9:6*"+%N"#%6<)%:#85+%)'6)+3*"+B%>6%4)+)#56)3%5%3),"+L%95M)#%"+% 6<)%N5,5L)3%"N%6<)%,*6MB%7<)%(5#53*65#M%5LL*6*"+3%5665,<%"+%6<)%L5C54)L%(5#63% "N%6<)%)'*36*+4%8:*9L*+43%5+L%4)+)#56)%+)Z%N:+,6*"+3 "+%6<)%N5h5L)3%"N%6<)%8:*9L*+43B%7<)%L),5M=%Z<*,<%*3%()#,)*J)L%53%5%L)N),6% 8),"C)3%5%5,,)33*89)%@"+)%*+%6<)%L5C54)L%8:*9L*+4%5+L%*6%,5+%8)%"83)#J)L% 53%5%+)Z%"#+5C)+6=%Z<*,<%*3%,#)56)L%8M%6<)%+56:#)B 7<)%5#,<*6),6:#59%5*C%*3%+"6%6"%#)N)#%6"%6<)%"#*4*+59%*C54)%"N%6<)%)'*36*+4%8:*9LF *+4=%*+36)5L%6"%,#)56)%5%N:3*"+%8)6Z))+%6<)%"9L%5+L%6<)%+)ZB%O#"`),6%L")3+i6% 6#M%6"%<*L)%6<)%5LL*6*"+3B%7<#":4<%*63%6"659%"(("3*6)%5#,<*6),6:#59%95+4:54)=%*6% 5,,)+6:56)3%6<)%+)ZB 7<)%+)Z%,"+36#:,6*"+%*3%5*C)L%6"%5L"(6%*63)9N%LM+5C*,599M%6"%6<)%N"#,)3%"N%6<)% +56:#)%L:#*+4%6<)%6*C)B%7<)%3<)99%"N%6<)%(5#53*6)%*3%L)3*4+)L%53%5%(#"6),6*"+% N#"C%6<)%)'6)#*"#B%^:6%6<)%,<5+4*+4%C56)#*59*6M%"+%6<)%3<)99%(#"J*L)3%5%<"36%N"#% J)4)656*"+%8)3*L)%6<)%3"95#%5+L%56C"3(<)#*,%(#"6),6*"+B%7<)%+56:#)%3))+%53% 5%LM+5C*,%N"#,)%,"+J)#63%6<)%(5#53*6)%*+6"%5%LM+5C*,%5#,<*6),6:#59%)9)C)+6=% Z<*,<%,<5+4)3%Z*6<%6<)%56C"3(<)#*,%)NN),63%L:#*+4%6<)%6*C)B%!<*9)%,"+J)#6F *+4%6<)%9)N6"J)#%*+6"%5%+)Z%:3)=%6<)%(5#53*6)%8#*+43%5%+)Z%:+L)#365+L*+4%*+% 4#))+% :#85+% )+J*#"+C)+6% 8M% 5665,<*+4% 6<)% 4#))+% 53% 5% 3),"+L% 95M)#% "+% 6<)% 8:*9L*+4%N5,5L)3B
;,5L)C*,%!"#$%%;#,<*6),6:#59%;33",*56*"+ &C)#4)+6%%7),<+"9"4*)3%5+L%2)3*4+
Symbiotic Aggregations/ MArch Thesis Architectural Association N = 01 p =x- 1,203.3 y- 988.7 z- 52.0 l = 6.0m w= 6.0m
The thesis proposes an urban infill system as an alternative model for urban growth in Istanbul. The proposed model compliments the two existing ones currently used. The infill system should be capable of adding density to existing urban areas by adapting to the local conditions, while adding a much needed, and recently neglected, quality public space that is based on traditional values. The Infill system interacts symbiotically with the existing urban tissue, growing in the residual spaces of the city and adding diverse programmes, morphological variations and public space to the area. In order to inform the system, key existing public areas, along with vernacular architectural typologies were researched; their social, architectural and environmental qualities abstracted. A sequence of experiments were developed to generate and evaluate the performance-driven infill strategy. The experiments are conducted on Cihangir, a central area of Istanbul; and the results are evaluated and discussed at every stage. The experiments are conducted on two scales: urban neighbourhood and cluster scale. The final growth model, formed by an iterative design process was finally tested according to environmental, architectural and urban performance. A design proposal driven by the generated information serves as a demonstration of the systemâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s robustness and flexibility; concluding with an overview of the potential of this model as an alternative growth strategy.
N = 02 p =x- 1,185.7 y- 971.2 z- 39.0 l = 15.0m w= 8.5m N = 03 p =x- 1,195.2 y- 968.1 z- 49.0 l = 15.0m w= 8.5m N = 04 p =x- 1,203.3 y- 988.7 z- 25.0 l = 18.0m w= 15.0m N = 05 p =x- 1,178.5 y- 898.7 z- 35.0 l = 12.0m w= 6.0m N = 06 p =x- 1,165.8 y- 899.1 z- 33.0 l = 12.8m w= 8.5m N = 07 p =x- 1,099.9 y- 865.0 z- 15.0 l = 26.0m w=20.0m
N = 15 p =x- 1,099.9 y- 865.0 z- 15.0 l = 26.0m w=20.0m
N = 14 p =x- 1,099.9 y- 865.0 z- 15.0 l = 26.0m w=20.0m N = 22 p =x- 1,109.9 y- 865.0 z- 12.0 l = 26.0m w=20.0m
N = 11 p =x- 1,099.9 y- 865.0 N = 12 N = 21 p =x- 1,099.9z- 15.0 l = 26.0m p =x- 1,099.9 y- 865.0 w=20.0m y- 865.0 z- 15.0 N = 22 z- 15.0 l = 26.0m p =x- 1,109.9 l = 26.0m w=20.0m y- 865.0 w=20.0m N = 14 z- 12.0 p =x- 1,099.9 l = 26.0m y- 865.0 w=20.0m z- 15.0N = 22 N = 15 l = 26.0m p =x- 1,099.9 p =x- 1,099.9 w=20.0m y- 865.0 y- 865.0 z- 15.0 z- 15.0 l = 26.0m l = 26.0m w=20.0m w=20.0m N = 16 p =x- 1,099.9 y- 865.0 z- 15.0 l = 26.0m w=20.0m
N = 15 p =x- 1,099.9 y- 865.0 z- 15.0 l = 26.0m w=20.0m
Base patch
V- total volume P- total passages C- contours / levels
-
G10 - 01
V- total volume P- total passages C- contours / levels
P
V
V- total volume P- total passages C- contours / levels
4,617m3 13* 2.53
V
V- total volume P- total passages C- contours / levels
V- total volume P- total passages C- contours / levels
11,799m3 52* 3.76
V
V
G10 - 06
V- total volume P- total passages C- contours / levels
V- total volume P- total passages C- contours / levels
4,320m3 45* 3.33
V
V- total volume P- total passages C- contours / levels
V
V- total volume P- total passages C- contours / levels
10,611m3 38* 3.17
V
V
7,452m3 26* 2.93
V- total volume P- total passages C- contours / levels
V- total volume P- total passages C- contours / levels
10,341m3 30* 3.0
V
V
C
G10 - 11
V- total volume P- total passages C- contours / levels
P
C
12,123m3 43* 3.20
P
C
G10 - 10
P
C
G10 - 08 (selected for comparison)
G10 - 07
P
C
G10 - 09
P
C
11,259m3 31* 3.05
P
C
G10 - 05
P
C
4,941m3 13* 2.60
P
C
G10 - 04
P
V
G10 - 02
P
C
G10 - 03
5,886m3 12* 2.41
11,299m3 48* 3.50
P
C
V
C
S
M
L
Volume: 3,888m3 FAR: 6.1 Public Area: 90m2 Green Area: 36m2
Volume: FAR: Public Area: Green Area:
5,670m3 4.2 261m2 135m2
Volume: FAR: Public Area: Green Area:
61,236m3 3.3 1,420m2 1,080m2
Volume: 1,215m3 FAR: 5.2 Public Area: 73m2 Green Area: 73m2
Volume: 12,748m3 FAR: 5.6 Public Area: 1,260m2 Green Area: 1,080m2
Volume: FAR: Public Area: Green Area:
28,114m3 5.3 1,350m2 1,134m2
Volume: 3,216m3 FAR: 5.6 Public Area: 108m2 Green Area: 90m2
Volume: FAR: Public Area: Green Area:
4,269m3 4.2 189m2 90m2
Volume: FAR: Public Area: Green Area:
42,326m3 2.7 2,505m2 1,350m2
?*+4)#3%P#"33)L O5J*99*"+%N"#%D"+L"+%2)3*4+%?)36*J59 ;;%&C)#4)+6%7),<+"9"4*)3%-./_ ?*+4)#3% P#"33)L% *3% 5% N"#CF5,6*J)% (5J*9*"+% L)3*4+)L% *+% ,"9958F "#56*"+% Z*6<% ;#:(=% 7I;2;=% 5+L% ]5+3"+% O9MZ""L% N"#% 6<)% D"+F L"+% 2)3*4+% ?)36*J59% -./_B^:*96% N#"C% PePFC*99)L% XCC% 8*#,<% Z""L=*6% )'(9"#)3% 5% N#*,6*"+% 853)L% ,"+36#:,6*"+% 6),+"9"4M% 6<56% L")3% +"6% #)R:*#)% C)659% N536)+*+43B% ?*+4)#3% ,#"33)L% 8"6<% )'F (9"*63% 5+L% ,)9)8#56)3% 6<)% C56)#*59% 8)<5J*":#% "N% 6<)% (9MZ""LB
) +0,
, +0 !
"0 $
'
"0 $
' +#,
( +#,
) +#,
$ & "# $ % "#
! "#$
' "#$
( "#$
) "#$
* "#$
, % +#
-
, +# ./
, ! +#
& +#
,
+#
,
* +0,
( +0,
'
* "0$
) "0$
( "0$
!
I)3("+3*J)%7*33:) ]*4<%2)+3*6M%[#85+%&'()#*C)+6%*+%>39)%aN%2"43%D"+L"+ ;;%&C)#4)+6%7),<+"9"4*)3%-./_ 7<*3%(#"`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e)Z%b"#$=%6<56%<5J)%:3)N:9%C"#(<"9"4F *,59%(#"()#6*)3%*+%L*NN)#)+6%:#85+%3,59)3%5+L%,:96:#59%,"+6)'63B%>6%)J59:56)3 7<)% 6"("9"4*,59% "#45+*356*"+% 5+L% 3(56*59% #)956*"+3<*(3% 8)6Z))+% 6<)*#% 8:*9L*+4% C"#(<"9"4*)3% 5+L% +)6Z"#$% ,"++),6*"+3=% 5+L% ()#N"#C3% 5% ,"CF (5#56*J)% 5+59M3*3% Z*6<% 6<)% )'*36*+4% :#85+% 36#:,6:#)% "N% 6<)% >39)% "N% 2"43B >+N"#C)L%8M%6<)%#)956*"+3<*(%Z*6<%6<)%3:##":+L*+4%+)*4<8":#<""L3=%6<)%,53)% 36:LM%533)33C)+6%5,63%53%5%(#)C*3)%N"#%6<)%(#"("3)L%:#85+%36#56)4M%6<56% 5*C3%6"%5,<*)J)%6<)%<*4<%L)+3*6M%65#4)6B%7<)%:3)%"N%5%6"(FL"Z+08"66"CF:(%<MF 8#*L%5((#"5,<%4*J)3%#*3)%6"%5%<*)#5#,<M%"N%*+N#536#:,6:#)=%5%,"+3,*":3%L*36#*8:F 6*"+%"N%(#"4#5CC56*,%N:+,6*"+3%5+L%)C)#4)+6%8:*9L*+4%C"#(<"9"4*)3%6<56%,#)F 56)%+)Z%5+L%:+)'(),6)L%533",*56*"+3%8)6Z))+%+)6Z"#$3=%(:89*,%3(5,)3%5+L% 8:*9L*+43=%6<56%*+%6:#+=%)36589*3<)3%5%+)Z%:#85+%,<5#5,6)#%6"%6<)%>39)%"N%2"43B
composite
6071211
6940823
6777749
6756501
6199973
5432193
6516484
5196283
6010002
6740944
5320801
6343277
Emergence / Architectural Association London
Evo-Devo (Evolutionary developmental biology) draws the relationship between the development of forms and the evolution of their developmental process over time. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the understanding of this concept and the use and scope of its application in the morphogenesis, variation and distribution of any form in a population. Two parallel experiments have been conducted in four sequences, one involving the evolution of a primitive geometry in Rhino computational environment, while the other involving the evolution of an urban block using Octopus, an evolutionary optimization plug-in for grasshopper in Rhinoceros, to understand and evaluate the advantages and limitations of this process with reference to an urban context.
FLOOR COUNT 3 m per floor
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7
Block 6 G5.9
GROUND SHADOW 9 m 15 m
min. max.
23 m 35 m
9 m 15 m
Block 7 G7.5
ůŽĐŬ >ĞŶŐƚŚ͗ ůŽĐŬ tŝĚƚŚ͗ ^ƚƌĞĞƚ tŝĚƚŚ͗ ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĞƉƚŚ͗
DISTANCE VARIABLES
Ϯϵϴ ŵ ϭϰϰ͘ϰ ŵ ϮϬ ŵ ŵĂdžŝŵƵŵ ϭϳ ŵ ŵŝŶŝŵƵŵ ϭϴ͘ϳϱ ŵ
Plot coverage:
Block 8 G6.6
ůŽĐŬ >ĞŶŐƚŚ͗ ůŽĐŬ tŝĚƚŚ͗ ^ƚƌĞĞƚ tŝĚƚŚ͗ ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĞƉƚŚ͗
Ϯϵϴ ŵ ϭϰϰ͘ϰ ŵ ϮϬ ŵ ŵĂdžŝŵƵŵ ϭϳ ŵ ŵŝŶŝŵƵŵ ϭϱ ŵ
Plot coverage: FAR:
FLOOR COUNT
3 m per floor
3 m per floor
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7
,ĞŝŐŚƚ ƐƚŽƌĞLJ͗
max.
9 m 15 m
DISTANCE VARIABLES
GROUND SHADOW min. max.
9 m 15 m
23 m 35 m
9 m 15 m
4.67
,ĞŝŐŚƚ ƐƚŽƌĞLJ͗
ϴ ŵŝŶŝŵƵŵ
ϳ ŵŝŶŝŵƵŵ
ϴ ŵŝŶŝŵƵŵ
ϳ ŵŝŶŝŵƵŵ
ϭϱ ŵĂdžŝŵƵŵ
ϭϱ ŵĂdžŝŵƵŵ
ϭϱ ŵĂdžŝŵƵŵ
^ƵŶ džƉŽƐƵƌĞ͗
^ƵŶ džƉŽƐƵƌĞ͗
^ƵŶ džƉŽƐƵƌĞ͗
^ƵŶ džƉŽƐƵƌĞ͗
ϳϴ͘ϰй ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ^ƵƌĨĂĐĞ
ϳϳ͘Ϭй ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ^ƵƌĨĂĐĞ
ϳϴ͘ϱй ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ^ƵƌĨĂĐĞ
ϳϴ͘ϯϳй ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ^ƵƌĨĂĐĞ
ϳϴ͘Ϯϳй ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ^ƵƌĨĂĐĞ
ϰϵ͘ϴй ŽƵƌƚLJĂƌĚ ^ƵƌĨĂĐĞ
ϯϱ͘ϴй ŽƵƌƚLJĂƌĚ ^ƵƌĨĂĐĞ
ϰϵ͘ϳй ŽƵƌƚLJĂƌĚ ^ƵƌĨĂĐĞ
ϯϱ͘ϴй ŽƵƌƚLJĂƌĚ ^ƵƌĨĂĐĞ
ϯϱ͘ϴй ŽƵƌƚLJĂƌĚ ^ƵƌĨĂĐĞ
KďũĞĐƟǀĞ͗ sŽůƵŵĞ
KďũĞĐƟǀĞ͗ ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĞdžƉŽƐƵƌĞ
DISTANCE VARIABLES
4.61
,ĞŝŐŚƚ ƐƚŽƌĞLJ͗
ϭϱ ŵĂdžŝŵƵŵ
^ƵŶ džƉŽƐƵƌĞ͗
GROUND SHADOW 23 m 35 m
69.27%
FAR:
ϳ ŵŝŶŝŵƵŵ
ϰϱϴϯϲϳ ŵ3 9 m 15 m
Plot coverage:
3.86
,ĞŝŐŚƚ ƐƚŽƌĞLJ͗
Ϯϵϴ ŵ ϭϰϰ͘ϰ ŵ ϮϬ ŵ ŵĂdžŝŵƵŵ ϭϳ ŵ ŵŝŶŝŵƵŵ ϭϴ͘ϳϱ ŵ
66.60%
FAR:
4.75
ůŽĐŬ >ĞŶŐƚŚ͗ ůŽĐŬ tŝĚƚŚ͗ ^ƚƌĞĞƚ tŝĚƚŚ͗ ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĞƉƚŚ͗
ϭϱ ŵĂdžŝŵƵŵ
KďũĞĐƟǀĞ͗ sŽůƵŵĞ min.
Ϯϵϴ ŵ ϭϰϰ͘ϰ ŵ ϮϬ ŵ ŵĂdžŝŵƵŵ ϭϳ ŵ ŵŝŶŝŵƵŵ ϭϴ͘ϳϱ ŵ
57.87%
FAR:
,ĞŝŐŚƚ ƐƚŽƌĞLJ͗
Block 10 G9.2
ůŽĐŬ >ĞŶŐƚŚ͗ ůŽĐŬ tŝĚƚŚ͗ ^ƚƌĞĞƚ tŝĚƚŚ͗ ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĞƉƚŚ͗
Plot coverage:
69.84%
3.86 FLOOR COUNT
ϯϬϭ ŵ ϭϰϳ͘ϴ ŵ ϮϬ ŵ ŵĂdžŝŵƵŵ ϭϳ ŵ ŵŝŶŝŵƵŵ ϭϴ͘ϳϱ ŵ
Plot coverage:
56.31%
FAR:
Block 9 G7.4
ůŽĐŬ >ĞŶŐƚŚ͗ ůŽĐŬ tŝĚƚŚ͗ ^ƚƌĞĞƚ tŝĚƚŚ͗ ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĞƉƚŚ͗
KďũĞĐƟǀĞ͗ sŽůƵŵĞ ϱϲϰϰϲϯ ŵ3
KďũĞĐƟǀĞ͗ ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĞdžƉŽƐƵƌĞ
KďũĞĐƟǀĞ͗ sŽůƵŵĞ ϰϱϴϭϵϱ ŵ3
KďũĞĐƟǀĞ͗ ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĞdžƉŽƐƵƌĞ
KďũĞĐƟǀĞ͗ sŽůƵŵĞ ϱϰϳϳϲϬ ŵ3
KďũĞĐƟǀĞ͗ ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĞdžƉŽƐƵƌĞ
ϱϱϱϭϭϵ ŵ3
KďũĞĐƟǀĞ͗ ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĞdžƉŽƐƵƌĞ
ϮϬϵϬϭϵ ŵ2
ϭϴϳϰϮϬ ŵ2
ϮϮϬϱϰϰ ŵ2
ϭϴϵϯϲϲ ŵ2
ϭϵϳϵϱϯ ŵ2
KďũĞĐƟǀĞ͗ ŐƌŽƵŶĚ ĞdžƉŽƐƵƌĞ
KďũĞĐƟǀĞ͗ ŐƌŽƵŶĚ ĞdžƉŽƐƵƌĞ
KďũĞĐƟǀĞ͗ ŐƌŽƵŶĚ ĞdžƉŽƐƵƌĞ
KďũĞĐƟǀĞ͗ ŐƌŽƵŶĚ ĞdžƉŽƐƵƌĞ
KďũĞĐƟǀĞ͗ ŐƌŽƵŶĚ ĞdžƉŽƐƵƌĞ
ϮϴϯϬϰ ŵ2
ϮϬϯϳϲ ŵ2
ϮϴϮϰϬ ŵ2
ϮϬϯϱϭ ŵ2
ϮϬϯϳϭ ŵ2
7
2 G
Block 26 G9.5
Floors 7 - 15 Select Half of Departments Randomly Scale x = Random Range 50% - 75% Scale y = Random Range 75% - 100% Floors 2 - 6 Select Half of Departments Randomly Scale x = Random Range 75% - 100% Scale y = Random Range 75% - 125% Floors Ground, 1 Select Half of Departments Randomly Scale x = 25% Scale y = 70%
Block 27 G11.2
ůŽĐŬ >ĞŶŐƚŚ͗ ůŽĐŬ tŝĚƚŚ͗ ^ƚƌĞĞƚ tŝĚƚŚ͗ ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĞƉƚŚ͗
Ϯϵϴ ŵ ϭϰϰ͘ϰ ŵ ϮϬ ŵ ŵĂdžŝŵƵŵ ϭϳ ŵ ŵŝŶŝŵƵŵ ϭϴ͘ϳϱ ŵ
Plot coverage:
Plot coverage:
FAR:
ϯϬϰ ŵ ϭϱϬ͘ϲ ŵ ϮϬ ŵ ŵĂdžŝŵƵŵ ϭϳ ŵ ŵŝŶŝŵƵŵ ϭϴ͘ϳϱ ŵ
Plot coverage:
FAR:
,ĞŝŐŚƚ ƐƚŽƌĞLJ͗
Block 29 G11.5
ůŽĐŬ >ĞŶŐƚŚ͗ ůŽĐŬ tŝĚƚŚ͗ ^ƚƌĞĞƚ tŝĚƚŚ͗ ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĞƉƚŚ͗
ϯϬϭ ŵ ϭϰϳ ŵ ϮϬ ŵ ŵĂdžŝŵƵŵ ϭϳ ŵ ŵŝŶŝŵƵŵ ϭϴ͘ϳϱ ŵ
FAR:
ϯϬϭ ŵ ϭϰϳ ŵ ϮϬ ŵ ŵĂdžŝŵƵŵ ϭϳ ŵ ŵŝŶŝŵƵŵ ϭϴ͘ϳϱ ŵ
57.49%
FAR:
55.27%
FAR:
4.06
,ĞŝŐŚƚ ƐƚŽƌĞLJ͗
ůŽĐŬ >ĞŶŐƚŚ͗ ůŽĐŬ tŝĚƚŚ͗ ^ƚƌĞĞƚ tŝĚƚŚ͗ ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĞƉƚŚ͗
Plot coverage:
58.70%
3.80
,ĞŝŐŚƚ ƐƚŽƌĞLJ͗
Block 30 G11.4
ůŽĐŬ >ĞŶŐƚŚ͗ ůŽĐŬ tŝĚƚŚ͗ ^ƚƌĞĞƚ tŝĚƚŚ͗ ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĞƉƚŚ͗
Plot coverage:
56.54%
3.75
4.06
,ĞŝŐŚƚ ƐƚŽƌĞLJ͗
3.98
,ĞŝŐŚƚ ƐƚŽƌĞLJ͗
ϳ ŵŝŶŝŵƵŵ
ϳ ŵŝŶŝŵƵŵ
ϳ ŵŝŶŝŵƵŵ
ϳ ŵŝŶŝŵƵŵ
ϳ ŵŝŶŝŵƵŵ
ϭϱ ŵĂdžŝŵƵŵ
ϭϱ ŵĂdžŝŵƵŵ
ϭϱ ŵĂdžŝŵƵŵ
ϭϱ ŵĂdžŝŵƵŵ
ϭϱ ŵĂdžŝŵƵŵ
^ƵŶ džƉŽƐƵƌĞ͗
^ƵŶ džƉŽƐƵƌĞ͗
^ƵŶ džƉŽƐƵƌĞ͗
^ƵŶ džƉŽƐƵƌĞ͗
ϳϴ͘Ϭϰй ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ^ƵƌĨĂĐĞ
ϳϵ͘ϱϵй ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ^ƵƌĨĂĐĞ
ϳϵ͘ϰϳй ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ^ƵƌĨĂĐĞ
ϳϵ͘ϱϳй ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ^ƵƌĨĂĐĞ
ϴϬ͘Ϭϰй ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ^ƵƌĨĂĐĞ
ϯϱ͘ϴй ŽƵƌƚLJĂƌĚ ^ƵƌĨĂĐĞ
ϰϰ͘ϲй ŽƵƌƚLJĂƌĚ ^ƵƌĨĂĐĞ
ϯϱ͘ϰй ŽƵƌƚLJĂƌĚ ^ƵƌĨĂĐĞ
ϯϱ͘ϵй ŽƵƌƚLJĂƌĚ ^ƵƌĨĂĐĞ
ϯϯ͘ϲй ŽƵƌƚLJĂƌĚ ^ƵƌĨĂĐĞ
KďũĞĐƟǀĞ͗ sŽůƵŵĞ
KďũĞĐƟǀĞ͗ sŽůƵŵĞ ϰϰϲϬϳϴŵ3
KďũĞĐƟǀĞ͗ ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĞdžƉŽƐƵƌĞ
Decrease building exposure due to self shading
ϯϬϭ ŵ ϭϰϳ ŵ ϮϬ ŵ ŵĂdžŝŵƵŵ ϭϳ ŵ ŵŝŶŝŵƵŵ ϭϴ͘ϳϱ ŵ
56.40%
^ƵŶ džƉŽƐƵƌĞ͗
Help increasing the ground exposure
Block 28 G7.9
ůŽĐŬ >ĞŶŐƚŚ͗ ůŽĐŬ tŝĚƚŚ͗ ^ƚƌĞĞƚ tŝĚƚŚ͗ ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĞƉƚŚ͗
KďũĞĐƟǀĞ͗ sŽůƵŵĞ ϰϱϭϮϵϯŵ3
KďũĞĐƟǀĞ͗ ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĞdžƉŽƐƵƌĞ
KďũĞĐƟǀĞ͗ sŽůƵŵĞ ϰϴϭϵϴϱ ŵ3
KďũĞĐƟǀĞ͗ ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĞdžƉŽƐƵƌĞ
KďũĞĐƟǀĞ͗ sŽůƵŵĞ ϰϴϭϴϳϱ ŵ3
KďũĞĐƟǀĞ͗ ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĞdžƉŽƐƵƌĞ
ϰϳϮϲϵϬ ŵ3
KďũĞĐƟǀĞ͗ ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĞdžƉŽƐƵƌĞ
Ϯϯϲϳϭϲ ŵ2
Ϯϵϲϱϵϯ ŵ2
ϮϳϮϴϱϴ ŵ2
Ϯϴϲϵϵϯ ŵ2
ϮϵϮϱϯϯ ŵ2
KďũĞĐƟǀĞ͗ ŐƌŽƵŶĚ ĞdžƉŽƐƵƌĞ
KďũĞĐƟǀĞ͗ ŐƌŽƵŶĚ ĞdžƉŽƐƵƌĞ
KďũĞĐƟǀĞ͗ ŐƌŽƵŶĚ ĞdžƉŽƐƵƌĞ
KďũĞĐƟǀĞ͗ ŐƌŽƵŶĚ ĞdžƉŽƐƵƌĞ
KďũĞĐƟǀĞ͗ ŐƌŽƵŶĚ ĞdžƉŽƐƵƌĞ
ϮϬϯϯϯ ŵ2
Ϯϱϯϯϲ ŵ2
ϮϬϭϯϮ ŵ2
ϮϬϰϮϰ ŵ2
ϭϵϭϭϵ ŵ2
^5+$3*5 I)3)5#,<%"+%^*"C*C)6*,3%;;%&C7),<%-./1 ;;%&C)#4)+6%7),<+"9"4*)3 ;%(#),*3)%5+59M3*3%"N%6<)%8*"9"4*,59%,<5#5,6)#3%"N%^5+$3*5%#)J)593%5%J)#M%*+F 6)#)36*+4%C),<5+*3C%"N%6<)%(95+6%#)(#"L:,6*"+B%;L5(6)L%6"%6<)%)+J*#"+C)+F 659%,"+L*6*"+3%6"%Z<*,<%*6%8)9"+43=%6<)%;:36#59*5+%,"+6*+)+6%5+L%*63%N#)R:)+6% 5+L%()#*"L*,%N*#)3=%^5+$3*5%3:NN)#3%6<)%9"33%"N%,)99%6:#4"#%Z<)+%3:8`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`),6*+4%*6%6"%,<5+4)3%*+%<:C*L*6MB%K:83)R:)+69M=%5((9M*+4%*6%6"%5+% *3"6#"(*,%C56)#*59%3:,<%53%C)659B%a+,)%6<)%95M)#3%"N%L*NN)#)+6%C)6593%Z)#)% 3:()#*C("3)L=%*6%Z53%)J*L)+6%6<56%8*FC)659=%Z<*,<%*3%,"C("3)L%"N%L*NN)#)+6% C)6593%Z*6<%L*NN)#)+6%)'(5+3*"+%,"F%)NN*,*)+63=%Z":9L%599"Z%lC"J)C)+6m%Z<)+% 3:8`),6)L%6"%<)56B%a+%5%C5,#"%3,59)=%^5+$3*5%*3%,<5#5,6)#*@)L%8M%5%3M36)C% "N%6*33:)3%Z*6<%L*NN)#)+6%,"C("3*6*"+%5+L%L)+3*6M=%Z<*,<%*+6)#5,6%*+%5+%*+6)#F ,"++),6)L%Z5M%6"%()#()6#56)%6<)%35C)%(:#("3)%"N%3:#J*J59B%K*C:965+)":39M=% 56%6<)%N"99*,9)%3,59)=%5%C*,#"3M36)C%)'*363%6<#":4<%6<)%#)956*"+3<*(%8)6Z))+% 6<)%N"99*,9)%5+L%3)(5#5F%6"#B%!)%(#",))L)L%6#M*+4%6"%5((9M%6<)%8*FC)659%*+%6<)% #)59*@56*"+% "N% 5%N*+59% ,"+N*4:#56*"+% 6<56% ,"+65*+)L% 8"6<% 3M36)C% <*)#5#,<*)3B
;,5L)C*,%!"#$%% 7),<+*,59%%[+*J)#3*6M%A*)++5
eaeFO#"4#5C T536)#3%7<)3*3%-..X 7),<+*,59%[+*J)#3*6M%A*)++5 7<)%(#"`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`),6%4)+)#56)3%5%(5#599)9%:+*J)#3)%*+%6<)%,*6M% 36#:,6:#)=%3(5,)%"N%N:3*"+=%Z<)#)%6<)%#:*+%6#5+3N"#C3%*63)9N%6"%6<)%,*6M%5+L% 6<)%,*6M%6"%6<)%#:*+B%>+3(*#)L%8M%+56:#59%"J)#4#"Z6<=%6<)%8:*9L*+4%"J)#4#"Z3%6<)% #:*+%5+L%,#)56)3%5%Z<"9)%+)Z%5#,<*6),6:#59%<M8#*LB%7<)%36#:,6:#)%N9"563%*+6"% 6<)%#:*+%6<#":4<%6<)%L5C54)3%"+%6<)%N5h5L)%5+L%4)+)#56)3%5+%:#85+%958M#*+6<B 7<)%3(5,)%L*NN)#)+6*56)3%5,,"#L*+4%6"%6<)%C"J)C)+6%"N%6<)%:3)#B%>+36)5L%"N% 3:44)36*+4%,)#65*+%5#,<*6),6:#59%(#"4#5C=%*6%4)+)#56)3%5%,"+49"C)#56)%"N%L*NF N)#)+6%56C"3(<)#)3B%7<)%)+J*#"+C)+659=%J*3:59%5+L%5,":36*,%L*NN)#)+6*56*"+%*+% 6<)%36#:,6:#)%4:*L)3%6<)%J*3*6"#%6"%L)N*+)%6<)%*+L*J*L:59%:3)B%
;3()#+%P*6M [#85+%T536)#(95+%K6:LM%-..E 7),<+*,59%[+*J)#3*6M%A*)++5 ;3()#+% *3% 5% (5#6% "N% A*)++5% Z<*,<% *3% :+L)#4"*+4% 5% 4#)56% :#85+% L)J)9"(C)+6% ,:##)+69MB% 7<)% 653$% "N% 6<)% T5+:)99)% Y5:6#5+L% K6:L*"% 56% 6<)% 7[% A*)++5% Z53% 6"%)'(9"#)%6<)%(#"("3)L%C536)#(95+%N"#%;3()#+%P*6M%5+L%%L)J)9"(%5%36:LM%"+% ("33*89)%*L)53%L)()+L*+4%"+%L*NN)#)+6%5#,<*6),6:#59%95+4:54)3B%2*NN)#)+6%(9"63% Z)#)%4*J)+%6"%)5,<%36:L)+6%6"%L)J)9"(%6<)*#%"Z+%(#"`),63B% 7<)%3)9),6)L%(9"6%Z53%56%6<)%8"#L)#%"N%+)Z%C536)#(95+%6"%6<)%599#)5LM%)'*36F *+4%+)*4<8":#<""L3%*+%;3()#+B%;%L)65*9)L%36:LM%"+%6<)%8":+L5#M%,"+L*6*"+3%"N% 6<)% (9"6% L*3(95M)L% 6<56% 6<)% 3:44)36)L% 4#))+% ,"##*L"#% 8)6Z))+% 6<)% )'*36*+4% 5+L%6<)%+)Z%L)J)9"(C)+6%,#)56*+4%5%95#4)%L*365+,)%5+L%#)3:96*+4%*+%5*3956*"+% "N%6<)%+)Z%C536)#(95+B >+%"#L)#%6"%"J)#,"C)%6<*3%*3"956*"+=%6<)%(#"`),6%5*C3%6"%,#)56)%5%,"++),6*"+F 8)6Z))+%;3()#+%C536)#(95+%5+L%*63%3:##":+L*+43B%7<)#)N"#)%6<)%L)3*4+%4#"Z3% ":6%"N%6<)%)'*36*+4%8":+L5#*)3%"N%6<)%3)9),6)L%(9"6%5+L%,#)56)3%5%6"("4#5(<M% 6<56%*+<58*63%3)J)#59%N:+,6*"+3%*+,9:L*+4%Z*+6)#%45#L)+3%5+L%9)*3:#)%N5,*9*6*)3B 7<)%36#:,6:#)%)'6)+L3%*63)9N%#)45#L*+4%6<)%36:L*)3%"+%()L)36#*5+%C"J)C)+6% 5+L%)'*36*+4%566#5,6"#%("*+63%5,,"#L*+49M%4)+)#56)3%(56<3%8)6Z))+%+)Z%:#F 85+%L)J)9"(C)+6%5+L%*63%3:##":+L*+43% 5*C*+4%6"%*+,#)53)%6<)%5,,)33*8*9*6M% N#"C%3:##":+L*+4
23,#+-+4&566"*6$-+7%/ !"#$%&'()*"+,*%-&+%&./-$%#01 55&',*"6*%-&8*49%7176+*/&:;<=>:;<?
47%-$4-&+%@7A&B*3%*)&5C/7D& EF&G9*%*3/&H7$I&'<<&EJJ& J7%I7%&!K& ,7#+1*&)97%*A&L=E&MN<&N<OFMEF: *,$+1A&D**%*)$C/7DP6,$+1Q47,