Design Thinking_Zezhong Yu by 泽众于

TIME AND HERITAGE Jan Ulmer Kayle Langford

Design Thinking Seminar Graduate School of Architecture & Urban Design Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts Washington University in St. Louis | SP 2017

ZEZHONG YU

CONTENTS

MY MEMORY - Zhongyang Street MY SITE - Cherokee Street MY SPECULATION AND PROGRAM MY SOURCES

01-11 12-45 46-57 58-75

MY MEMORY - Zhongyang Street

MY STORY... China

Heilongjiang

Harbin

I am Zezhong Yu. I am from China. I was born and grew up in Harbin, a north city in Heilongjiang province. Most of my memory relates there.

Sun Island

St. Sophia Cathedral

Ice and Snow World

Flood Control Monument

Zhongyang Street

HomeGrand Community Harbin Theatre

MY MEMORY...

Features •

Zhongyang Street 中央大街

• • •

•

Touring Activities

Cobblestone pedestrian street for shopping and dining. Russian made goods such as furs, souvenirs, imported vodka, Russian dolls, chocolate, furs, and Russian food products. Russian restaurants and a choice of international cuisine. Interesting old architecture of various styles. Lower prices, especially for local food, transportation, hotels, and Chinese and Russian made items.

• • •

Shopping both on Central Street and in the nearby Chinese-Russian Market area. See famous shopping

streets in China. Strolling around and appreciating the old architecture and everyday modern life in China. In the winter, seeing the Harbin International Ice and Snow Festival exhibits that is one of the world's four biggest events of this kind.

Prominent Buildings: • • • •

Jiaoyu ("Education") Bookstore the Mod-Er Hotel Daoliqiulin Shop Xiehe Bank

Highlights

History

Odd Stores:

Purchase:

Restaurants and specialty shops that line the sides of Central Street, 71 of them are either in an original Russian or European style. Central Street has been called an "OpenAir Architectural Art Gallery", not dissimilar from The Bund in Shanghai, albeit, on an incomparably more modest scale.

Most of the facades along Central Street have received a face-lift in recent years, partly in order to preserve them for posterity and partly in order to capitalize on this obvious gem of a tourist attraction, in the same way that city administrators everywhere are eager to restore whatever cultural-historical highlights that their respective cities have to offer, where the aim is to balance commercialism with historical integrity.

Some interesting items can be purchased in the various shops and stores along Central Street – besides a broad range of international and Chinese cuisine. Russian furs, Russian leather products, British "woolens", French perfumes and colognes, Japanese cottons, Swiss timepieces, Indian gunny bags

When the town was first built by the Russians to service a railroad route they built around the turn of the 20th century, this was one of the main streets. It was originally called "Chinese Street". The street was a central avenue in a cosmopolitan city with people from thousands of countries. So you'll see a variety of architectural styles on the street and nearby. This was a center for Jews in Asia, and the city was a refuge for Jews, "White" Russians, Mennonites, and people of other groups in Europe and Asia where they could freely practice their religion and build their own businesses and industry. Harbin had Jewish buildings, many Russian Orthodox churches, and buildings of other religious groups. Many of these buildings can still be seen in the area.

Definition 1 12

Experience ex·pe·ri·ence | [ik-ˈspir-ē-ən(t)s] Merriam Webster 1 a : direct observation of or participation in events as a basis of knowledge b : the fact or state of having been affected by or gained knowledge through direct observation or participation 2 a : practical knowledge, skill, or practice derived from direct observation of or participation in events or in a particular activity b : the length of such participation has 10 years' experience in the job 3 a : the conscious events that make up an individual life b : the events that make up the conscious past of a community or nation or humankind generally 4: something personally encountered, undergone, or lived through 5: the act or process of directly perceiving events or reality Wikipedia Experience is the knowledge or mastery of an event or subject gained through involvement in or exposure to it.The concept of experience generally refers to know-how or procedural knowledge, rather than propositional knowledge: on-the-job training rather than book-learning. Types: Physical | Mental | Emotional | Spiritual | Religious | Social | Virtual and simulation | Subjective

Commerical

Communicative

Food

Experience Architectural

Cultural Historical 14

Definition 2 Heritage her·i·tage | [ˈher-ə-tij, ˈhe-rə-] Merriam Webster 1: property that descends to an heir 2 a : something transmitted by or acquired from a predecessor : legacy, inheritance proud of her Chinese heritage a rich heritage of folklore The battlefields are part of our heritage and should be preserved. b : tradition the party's heritage of secularism 3: something possessed as a result of one's natural situation or birth : birthright - the heritage of natural freedom was long since cast away — V. L. Parrington

Wikipedia History, "heritage" refers to events or processes that have a special meaning in group memory Cultural heritage, the legacy of physical artifacts and intangible attributes of a group or society: man-made heritage Natural heritage, an inheritance of fauna and flora, geology, landscape and landforms, and other natural resources in a specific geographical area

Architectural Heritage

Definition 3 Movement move·ment | [ˈmüv-mənt]

Night

Merriam Webster 1 a (1) : the act or process of moving; especially : change of place or position or posture studying the movement of planets (2) : a particular instance or manner of moving was entranced by her graceful movements b (1) : a tactical or strategic shifting of a military unit : maneuver (2) : the advance of a military unit the steady movement of troops across the border c : action, activity —usually used in plural carefully watched the movements of the crowd 2 a : tendency, trend detected a movement toward fairer pricing b : a series of organized activities working toward an objective; also : an organized effort to promote or attain an end the civil rights movement a movement to increase the minimum wage 3: the moving parts of a mechanism that transmit a definite motion 4 a : motion 7 b : the rhythmic character or quality of a musical composition a dance movement c : a distinct structural unit or division having its own key, rhythmic structure, and themes and forming part of an extended musical composition The symphony consisted of three movements. d : particular rhythmic flow of language : cadence a poem's movement 5 a : the quality (as in a painting or sculpture) of representing or suggesting motion b : the vibrant quality in literature that comes from elements that constantly hold a reader's interest (as a quickly moving action-filled plot) 6 a : an act of voiding (see 3void 1a) the bowels b : matter expelled from the bowels at one passage

Day

Summer

Winter

Wikipedia Movement, or motion, is the state of changing something's position— that is, changing where something is. A flying bird or a walking person are moving, because they change where they are from one place to another. There are many kinds of science and math related to movement. 10

MY SITE - Cherokee Street

Another Street... My site... Cherokee Street, Saint Louis

1,240m2 (13,300ft2)

Site Suggestion

Context: Saint Louis Saint Louis Commercial

Industry Nature

His tor y

Urban Develoment

Transmit Educa�on Music

Cu ltu

re &

Saint Louis

Ed uc a� o

Music Pain�ng

t Universi�es Colleges

Tra ns

(Na�onal Blues Museum)

Primary and Secondary School Road and Highway

po r

ta� o

Light rail and Subway

Ques�ons: 1. Transforma�on: Performing place to shop 2. Outdoor and indoor performing place 3. Combina�on nature with performaing place 4. Music class or pain�ng class 5. Neighborhood basis

Airport

Bus Taxi

Architecture Neighborhood

rap hy

Topography Climate Landmark

Sp or

Ec on om y Co mm eri La nd cal sc Go ape ve rn me nt Po lic

Baseball

Ice hockey Companies Ins�tu�on

Commercial Area: Cherokee Street y

Saint Louis Transportation

Saint Louis Neighborhood

Cherokee Street Transportation

St. Louis Neighborhoods

St. Louis has 79 different neighborhoods, each with its own distinctive style and characteristics. Many of these neighborhoods have very active community organizations and associations. Some are on the rebound, while others have remained stable for decades, and still others are striving for renewal.

Next Great Neighborhood: Cherokee Street in St. Louis

Portrait of a Neighborhood: The People and Places of Cherokee Street

Despite the absence of a master plan, this former no-man’s-land has flourished organically, cultivated by young entrepreneurs. Start on “Antique Row,” a stream of thrift shops dotted with neighborhood cafes. Walk west and the vibe gets more artsy, with progressive galleries, boutiques, and the highest concentration of Mexican restaurants in the city. “Cherokee Street is to St. Louis what St. Louis is to the rest of the country,” says shop owner Randy Vines. “It’s often overlooked, but anyone who takes the time to explore it will find how special and vibrant it is.” Here’s nine of our favorite spots along the up-and-coming street: 1. Siete Luminarias For years, it was the heavy concentration of Mexican restaurants that drew traffic to Cherokee. The latest addition is the kitschy-but-delicious Siete Luminarias. Get the pambazo ($9), a streetfood staple rarely found north of the Rio Grande. 2. The Fortune Teller Bar A throwback to the space‘s previous life as a dive bar run by a tarot reader, the menu honor the owners’ German roots with dark lagers on tap and cocktails such as the Ein Grüne Hut ($8) capped with dill from the garden. 3. Scarlett Garnet In 2012, the owners behind edgy jewelry line Scarlett Garnet opened a storefront where you can shop from the labels’ newest baubles, as well as hand-sewn tops and colorful accessories from other Missouri designers. 4. STL-Style Twin brothers Jeff and Randy Vines opened their shop in 2009 as a source for screen-printed shirts and accessories that rep the city they know and love. Slogans such as “You Can’t Spell Style Without STL,” and “Get Your Thrills in St. Louis Hills” make these T-shirts ($22.95) and posters ($32.95) much cooler than your average souvenir. If you find a design you love, but not the color, have a T-shirt custom-made on the spot.

here’s a recurring metaphor people use with Cherokee Street: roller coasters. A century ago, electric streetcars transformed it from flats and houses to a shopping district with jewelers, saloons, theaters, confectioneries, tailors, shoe shops, an ice rink, and six dry-goods shops. Later, there was a Woolworth’s, a J.C. Penney, a Proper Shoe, taverns, union halls, jewelry stores, sandwich shops and places to drop off your dry cleaning. Then came the first downward roll. Cherokee cycled through upswings and downswings, but always had a spirit to it, even when it was filled with empty storefronts. At its nadir in the ’90s and early aughts, Antique Row still anchored the street east of Jefferson Avenue. West of the Indian statue, there was El Chico Bakery, Aboriginals, The Record Exchange, the first Way Out Club, and Two Pink Brains, which held tiny raves in the garage of the building now occupied by Snowflake. Wat Buddhamanee Ratanaram Buddhist temple and Franciscan Connection are still in their original storefronts. That’s the thing—people of different ages and colors and cultures and backgrounds live and work and shop side-by-side here, sometimes a little uneasily. But at least they mix. It gives you hope for the rest of the city, where lines seem to be more rigidly drawn. Now that it looks like the neighborhood’s climbing the upward track again, people are asking: Where do we go from here? What is gentrification? How can we keep the neighborhood authentically multicultural? And now that more than 50 storefronts are full, what else does the street need? We photographed and interviewed 11 people who work here (two of whom live on the street). We asked them what they do, what they see happening on the street, and what should happen next. Juan Montaña, Cherokee Photobooth, 2637 Cherokee Sitters here get their photo taken in front of a hand-painted backdrop, just like in 1912. But Juan Montaña also shoots green-screen, so he can digitally drop you in the Horseshoe Nebula or between the Sphinx’s paws. Born in Colombia, he got a philosophy degree in New York, and has been working on a Ph.D. in philosophy-neuroscience-psychology at Washington University (he's on leave right now). He loves photography, and the low rent here meant he could risk opening his own studio (he lowered his overhead even more by creating an apartment in the back of the shop).

Photo by Ashley Gieseking

This month, for Halloween, he will have artist Ryan Frank paint a backdrop (last year’s scrim had vampires and werewolves) and will offer free pictures to people in the neighborhood. It’s a 10-person operation. There’s a belly dancer, a photo printer, an envelope stuffer, musicians, face painters, and his wife, Erin Roe, who runs the front of the house. They do this on Easter, too—in April, 900 people showed up, and Montaña took 300 photos. “There’s people here from all over the world, but it’s mostly African-American,” he says of the neighborhood. “All these renovations coming up, all these people moving in—sometimes, they don’t know how to connect

Cherokee Street: Past

It was during the 1890's that Cherokee Street began to assume commercial importance, largely due to the convenience of the new electric streetcar lines.

Two branch lines of the Union Depot, Railroad Company crossed at Cherokee and California Avenue, thereby creating an assembly point for transferring streetcar passengers.

By 1912, the present commercial district, between 2300 and 2900 on Cherokee Street had become well established. A count of the types of businesses there showed a predominance of dry goods stores, with a total of six. Earliest of the variety "five and ten cent" stores in the area was that of F.W. Woolworth, which opened at 2743 Cherokee in 1919.

J.C. Penney opened their store on Cherokee Street in 1936.

In an effort to adjust to the need for more parking facilities, induced by the increased use of automobiles by shoppers, off-street parking lots were built to the rear of some of the stores in the area in the early 1960Ís.

During the late 1940's, the Bellefontaine line on California Avenue was motorized.

The Cherokee car line was replaced by buses in the late 1930's. This ready-made group of potential shoppers attracted merchants to establish stores nearby, marking the beginning of the Cherokee Street business district.

1890’s

Among the early businessmen on Cherokee was Fred Wehrenberg, who opened his first theatre at 1953 Cherokee Street in 1906.

1906

1912

Another early entrant in the amusement field in the district was the Cinderella Theatre at 2735 Cherokee, which opened in 1915.

1915

1919

1920’s

1930’s

Eugene and Harry Freund operated the Cinderella Airdome Theatre at 2727 Cherokee in the early 1920's. A weekly community newspaper that was long identified with the Cherokee Street area was the South Side Journal, which was founded by Frank x. Bick in 1932.

1932

1936

1940

1940’s

1958

1960s

About 1940, the Casa Loma Ballroom at 3352 Iowa Avenue was opened, prior to 1940 it was the Show Boat Dance Hall.

The Ziegenhein Brothers Livery and Undertaking Company was located at 2621 Cherokee from 1901 until about 1940.

The Jefferson car line held out against the trend to buses until October, 1958.

Cherokee Street: Past and Present

Commercial Importance

Replaced by Bus

Cherokee Street historical cultural commercial

Transportation brought merchants.

1930

Convenience of the New Electric Streetcar Line

1890

Passenger

Visitors

Merchants

Food festival nowadyas

Seasonal Festival

Cultural festival

Neighborhood/Block parties

Contemporary Art, Architecture and Culture

Galleries, design studios, art exhibition spaces, public art projects and artistsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; studios

Latino owned businesses

Studio

Seasonal Events

Culture attacts visitors.

Potential Artist

Cheap rent

Exhibition spaces

Diversity of Culture

Black owned businesses

Running art scene

Business and Festivals on Cherokee Street

EXPERIENCE

Cherokee Street creates an independent arts community, where a collective spirit prevails â&#x20AC;&#x201C; of inclusiveness, collaboration, diversity and enthusiasm.

NEIGHBORHOOD HISTORICAL MEMORY HERITAGE SHOP

LIFECYCLE

ACCESSIBLE

COMMERCIAL MERCHANT

CULTURAL DIVERSITY Two branch lines of the Union Depot Railroad Company crossed at Cherokee and California Avenue, thereby creating an assembly point for transferring streetcar passengers. 22

LOCAL

EXHIBITION TEMPORARY POTENTIAL ARTIST ART

WALKABLE

A large concentration of Latino owned-and-operated bakeries, restaurants, shops and grocers.

The Cinco de Mayo celebration on Cherokee Street is a celebration of the Hispanic Culture and creative spirit on Cherokee.

PERMANENT FINANCIAL 27

Cherokee Street Financial Context

WHAT IS A CID? • Community Improvement Districts are organized for the purpose of financing a wide range of public use facilities and establishing and managing policies and public services relative to the needs of the district. • A CID is legally organized funding method to provide improvement, maintenance, and promotion of a community. • There are several CIDs in Metro St. Louis including South Grand, The Loop, Maplewood and The Grove.

The peojects are guided funded by the CID revenue sources, based on the needs of the Cherokee Street Community.

1% sales tax on all retail/food/liquor sales made within CID boundaries

Sales Tax

Governance Community

GOVERNANCE

Food

CID

• A 13 member Board of Directors, comprised of at least two business owners, at least two property owners, at least two residents and at least two tenants • Guide the projects funded by the CID revenue sources, based on the needs of the Cherokee Street Community • Meetings and records are open to the public GOVERNANCE • • • •

1% sales tax on all retail/food/liquor sales made within CID boundaries Every retailer within the district must add the additional tax Current Sales Tax on Cherokee Street: 8.679% 1% CID rate = 9.679% rate for Cherokee Street CID

Environment

CID Budget

Almost half of the CID budget is used for beautification, cleaning and security on environment.

CID Budget

Future development by CID Inactive

Cherokee Street, St. Louis

Active (meetings, concerts, art shows)

Sidewalk: patio improvements can be founded by CID in future Parking lots;

Cherokee Street: Present South Facade

son A ve Jeffer

Ave Texas

son A ve Jeffer

Texas

Ave

Cherokee Street: Present North Facade

34 35

Texas

Ave

Ohio Av

Texas Av e

Ohio A ve

36 37

Ave

Ohio Ave

Iowa

Ohio Ave

Iowa A ve

38 39

ia Ave

Iowa

rnia A ve

Ave

Califo

Iowa Ave

Californ

40 41

Califo

Ave

rnia A ve

Orego n

California A ve

Oregon A ve

42 43

Orego n

Ave

Nebra ska A ve

Oregon Ave

Nebrask a Ave

Luminary

The Luminary is a constellation of ideas and activities: a physical site that opens onto a larger cultural and conceptual space; exhibitions that move through multiple timelines, spaces and forms; music explored as a practice, presence and experience; an equipment library that redistributes tools and creates tangible means for experimentation; residencies with artists, curators and critics meant to test boundaries and continually push forward their individual and collective practice; and wide-ranging projects that critically engage emerging ideas and stretch the definition of the institution itself.

The basis of the organization is experimentation and engagement. Emerging art and ideas are at the forefront of this experimentation, but only as they interact with people: art as an individual and communal experience; call and response; exchange and change; form and reform. We propose, support and present exceptional art embedded in social and cultural contexts, viewing contemporary art as an essential expression of our time. Beyond promoting various modes of artistic exploration, The Luminary investigates its own infrastructure as an artist-run organization in order to advance the understanding of our potentialities within broader social, cultural and political frameworks, documenting these models both in practice and through publishing via Temporary Art Review. Taken together, we seek to be an institution of our time, as malleable as the work we strive to support.

MY SPECULATION AND PROGRAM

Speculation

Long-term Existance Infrastructure Built Continuous Construction Storage Offer Exhibition Place

Speculation Collage

Architecture Strategy

Build infrastructure in the site

Put the neighborhood “memory” on the “shelf”

Different lifecycles, different components

2020s1990s-2020s

1960s-1990s

1930s-1960s

Build a self-driven community

Building grows according to the time

Facades created by their own component

Exhibition Hall & Heritage Achive

Infrastructure Provided and Maitained Levels and ConponentDevelopment Permanent Exhibition | Storage | Archive Works Heritage

Lum Wo rk

Tra

nsm

inar y

Seasonal Events

ittin

Temporary Exhibition

Program

Infrastructure Built

Permanent Exhibition

Educational Part (Children | Art)

Community Gathering Space

Permanent Collection of Local Art

Permanent Archive

Net Studios and Classrooms

Total Area

20,000 sqft

5,000 sqft Varieties of The Plot

Office, Restrooms and Lobby

2,500 sqft Area of The Plot: 5000 sqft Floor Area Ratio: 4 Building Density: 35%

Indoor Exhibition Space(Gallery)

5,000 sqft Area of The Plot: 7150 sqft Floor Area Ratio: 2.8 Building Density: 50%

Achive and Storages

Restaurant and Cafes

Total Area

5,000 sqft

2,500 sqft

20,000 sqft

Area of The Plot: 11800 sqft Floor Area Ratio: 1.69 Building Density: 82.5%

Area of The Plot: 14300 sqft Floor Area Ratio: 1.4 Building Density: 100%

Ã&#x2014;1.5 Gross 58

30,000 sqft 59

Total Area: 20,000 sqft

2 Seperate Buildings 4 Floors Each Building Area of Each Floor: 2500 sqft Area of The Plot: 5000 sqft Floor Area Ratio: 4 Building Density: 35%

4 Seperate Buildings Maximum Floors: 3 Floors Area of Each Floor: 2500 sqft Area of The Plot: 10000 sqft Floor Area Ratio: 2 Building Density: 69.9%

4 Seperate Buildings 2 Floors Each Building Area of Each Floor: 2500 sqft Area of The Plot: 10000 sqft Floor Area Ratio: 2 Building Density: 69.9%

1 Building Maximum Floors: 3 Floors Area of The Plot: 7150 sqft Floor Area Ratio: 2.80 Building Density: 50%

Total Area: 20,000 sqft

Courtyard Maximum Floors: 3 Floors Area of The Plot: 11800 sqft Floor Area Ratio: 1.69 Building Density: 82.5%

Courtyard Maximum Floors: 2 Floors Area of The Plot: 11800 sqft Floor Area Ratio: 1.69 Building Density: 82.5%

1 Building Maximum Floors: 2 Floors Area of The Plot: 14300 Floor Area Ratio: 1.40 Building Density: 100%

MY SOURCES

Precedent 1 Maison Dom-Ino

Dom-Ino House is an open floor plan structure designed by noted architect Le Corbusier in 1914–1915. It is a design idea to manufacture in series, that combines the order he discovered in classical architecture. H 29

This model proposed an open floor plan consisting of concrete slabs supported by a minimal number of thin, reinforced concrete columns around the edges, with a stairway providing access to each level on one side of the floor plan. The frame was to be completely independent of the floor plans of the houses thus giving freedom to design the interior configuration. The model eliminated load-bearing walls and the supporting beams for the ceiling.

During his career, Le Corbusier developed a set of architectural principles that dictated his technique, which he called "the Five Points of a New Architecture". The five points are: Pilotis – Replacement of supporting walls by a grid of reinforced concrete columns that bears the structural load is the basis of the new aesthetic. The free designing of the ground plan—the absence of supporting walls—means the house is unrestrained in its internal use. The free design of the façade—separating the exterior of the building from its structural function—sets the façade free from structural constraints. The horizontal window, which cuts the façade along its entire length, lights rooms equally. Roof gardens on a flat roof can serve a domestic purpose while providing essential protection to the concrete roof.

Precedent 2 Fun Palace by Cedric Price

33 31

The notion of an architecture of movement has always remained problematic given the immobility of typical built environments. Cedric Price, a British architect, not only theorized that movement was integral to architecture but he reflected this in his architectural practice. From the 1960s and into the early 1970s, his visionary thinking contributed to the development of new philosophies about architecture, time, and space and within the city. I

Using an unenclosed steel structure, fully serviced by travelling gantry cranes the building comprised a ‘kit of parts’: pre-fabricated walls, platforms, floors, stairs, and ceiling modules that could be moved and assembled by the cranes. Virtually every part of the structure was variable. “Its form and structure, resembling a large shipyard in which enclosures such as theatres, cinemas, restaurants, workshops, rally areas, can be assembled, moved, re-arranged and scrapped continuously,” promised Price.

Fun Palace for Joan Littlewood was conceived for the East End of London as a "laboratory of fun" and "a university of the streets." Although it was never realized, unlike other visionary projects of the 1960s it was fully intended to be built. Designed as a flexible framework into which programmable spaces can be plugged, the structure has as its ultimate goal the possibility of change at the behest of its users.

According to Price, time played two important roles in architecture, the potential needs of the built form must be recognised. The Fun Palace was conceived by Cedric Price and Theater Director Joan Littlewood as a laboratory of fun and a university of the streets that was not driven by an economic agenda. It was to be located in the Lea Valley in London’s city core. The initial source of inspiration was to re-invent the 18th century Vauxhall Gardens under an all-weather roof. The attraction to the Vauxhall Garden was it encompassing of different social classes, where patrons enjoyed music, lights, fireworks, walking, and the gardens in an open-air atmosphere. They saw this project as an attempt to deviate from the accepted notion of a conformed environment because the individual was in control of their own “self-participation” in creating their own “physical environment.” Price acknowledged that while the activities offered by Fun Palace were already available to the public, it was the ‘inter-accessibility’ of the activities and their juxtaposition to each other that would allow for the creation of new activities and experiences. 35

Precedent 3 Centre Georges Pompidou

Centre Georges Pompidou is a complex building in the Beaubourg area of the 4th arrondissement of Paris, near Les Halles, rue Montorgueil, and the Marais. It was designed in the style of high-tech architecture by the architectural team of Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano, along with Gianfranco Franchini. It houses the BibliothĂ¨que publique d'information (Public Information Library), a vast public library; the MusĂŠe National d'Art Moderne, which is the largest museum for modern art in Europe; and IRCAM, a centre for music and acoustic research.

Centre Georges Pompidou

39 40

National Geographic described the reaction to the design as "love at second sight."[12] An article in Le Figaro declared "Paris has its own monster, just like the one in Loch Ness." But two decades later, while reporting on Rogers' winning the Pritzker Prize in 2007, The New York Times noted that the design of the Centre "turned the architecture world upside down" and that "Mr. Rogers earned a reputation as a hightech iconoclast with the completion of the 1977 Pompidou Centre, with its exposed skeleton of brightly coloured tubes for mechanical systems. The Pritzker jury said the Pompidou "revolutionised museums, transforming what had once been elite monuments into popular places of social and cultural exchange, woven into the heart of the city."

Precedent 4 Grundbau und Siedler (Basic Structure and Settlers)

Prices of apartments have been rising successively for years, making it practically impossible for many people to be able to afford to buy their own apartment in popular urban areas. "Grundbau und Siedler" (Basic Structure and Settlers) is a project based on DIY construction by buyers of apartments in multi-storey dwellings. It reduces the cost of an apartment by up to 25 per cent and taps the potential of self-determined action. The basic structure of these houses is a reinforced concrete skeleton with all the technical connections in place. The interior finishing work is then completed individually by the apartment owners.

The layout of each apartment is flexible and can be changed independent of the supporting structure. Owners buy a complete construction kit for building a typical settler's housing unit. The kit contains all the construction materials, and a detailed manual describing all the steps of work that can be carried out independently.

Visual Bibliography

Bibliography

1. http://www.placestoseeinyourlifetime.com/visit-the-biggest-ice-and-snow-festival-in-harbin-china-14969/ 2. http://www.chinaculturetour.com/harbin-tours/ 3. http://www.pandaguides.com/heilongjiang/Harbin/attractions/SunIslandScenicArea.html 4. http://www.nipic.com/show/1/48/e2ed65a2d0651f8b.html 5. http://www.gsh-ly.com/guonei/heilongjiang/haerbin/jingdian/c975.html 6. http://www.bjsoyo.com/db/ts/517415.shtml 7. http://travel.sina.com.cn/hlj_heilongjiang_2770-xiangqing-gonglue/ 8. http://bbs.zol.com.cn/dcbbs/d232_622521.html 9. http://www.ce.cn/culture/photo/200906/22/t20090622_19367371.shtml 10. https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%97 11. http://iguang.tw/u/4195295/article/680212.html 12. http://www.cnledw.com/blog/1449516/Article-91519.html 13. http://hlj.sina.com.cn/travel/wzlj/2012-02-27/10763.html 14. http://bj.crntt.com/doc/1043/2/3/1/104323197.html?coluid=11&kindid=0&docid=104323197&mda te=0726141023 15. http://forum.china.com.cn/thread-4343106-1-1.html 16. http://travel.sina.com.cn/hlj_heilongjiang_2770-xiangqing-gonglue/ 17. http://forum.china.com.cn/thread-4343106-1-1.html 18. https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%97 19. http://www.hljjiaye.com/LindJingDian.asp?id=30 20. https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%97 21. http://www.nipic.com/show/5734147.html 22. http://preservationresearch.com/south-st-louis/cherokee-street-decorated-for-the-holidays-1940s/ 23. http://www.hispanicartscouncilstl.org/professionals-media 24. https://www.stlmag.com/The-Arts-Cherokee-Street-Cinco-de-Mayo/ 25. http://theluminaryarts.com/about/space-rental 26. http://theluminaryarts.com/about/space-rental 27. http://www.fondationlecorbusier.fr/corbuweb/morpheus.aspx?sysId=13&IrisObjectId=5972&sysLangua ge=en-en&itemPos=103&itemSort=en-en_sort_string1+&itemCount=215&sysParentName=&sysParent Id=65 28. https://archidialog.com/tag/maison-domino/ 29. https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/lecture-10/deck/897125 30. http://www.interactivearchitecture.org/fun-palace-cedric-price.html 31. https://cup2013.wordpress.com/tag/so-called-utopia/ 32. http://www.leoniewelling.nl/portfolio-view/fun-palace/ 33. http://www.audacity.org/SM-26-11-07-01.htm 34. http://www.harrywei.com/dys-Functional-Machines 35. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/441282463469688930/ 36. http://www.parisdigest.com/monument/centre-pompidou.htm 37. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/319544536037194569/ 38. https://biometriccityparis11.wordpress.com/2011/07/30/deconstructing-the-pompidou-an-architecturalanalysis/ 39. http://www.worldfortravel.com/2015/04/15/the-centre-georges-pompidou-paris-france/ 40. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/340444053054053033/ 41. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/340444053054053035/ 42. https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/72/4c/d7/724cd7c1a4e1017f38cded9d301921e1.jpg 43. - 49. http://afasiaarchzine.com/2013/04/be/

A. http://www.chinahighlights.com/harbin/attraction/the-central-street.htm B. https://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/heilongjiang/harbin/central-street.htm C. http://thedailysouth.southernliving.com/2013/11/12/next-great-neighborhood-cherokee-street-in-st-louis/ D. https://www.stlmag.com/Portrait-of-a-Neighborhood-The-People-and-Places-of-Cherokee-Street/ E. http://www.cherokeestation.com/history.html F. http://cherokeestreetnews.org/ G. http://theluminaryarts.com/about H. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom-ino_House I. https://citymovement.wordpress.com/2012/03/24/cedric-price/ J. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Georges_Pompidou K. http://afasiaarchzine.com/2013/04/be/