Finalcfi 531945 shihuizhong pages by SHIHUI ZHONG

ARCHITECTURE Design studio

AIR shihui zhong 531945 Group 10-11

CONTENTS

SELF INTRODUCTION

Part Aâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;The Case for innovation 1. Architecture as a Discourse 2. Computational Architecture 3. Parametric Modelling 4. Algorithhmic Explorations 5. Conclusion 6. Learning outcomes

Part B—Design Approach 1. Design Focus 2. Case Study 1 3. Case Study 2 4. Technique: Development 5. Technique: Prototype 6.Technique Proposal 8. Learning Objectives and outcomes

Part C—Project Proposal 1.Gateway Project: Design Concept 2.Gateway Project: Tectonic Elements 3. Gateway Project: Final Model 5. Learning outcomes

Self Indroduction I am the third year Environment student and my major is Architecture. A lot of different study experiencees affect me as I come from China and I have been in Australia for nearly 5 years. I like doing different type of works, however, I am not good at doing digital programs. Since the start of Year1, I have learnt many useful technical tools such as Auto CAD, Rhino and sketch up, I have also learnt Indesgn and Photoshop as these are important tools for getting good visual effect. I can do these programs, but still not very proficient. Air Studio is the one which has highly technical requirement. In this area, I think we can have a good practice of using computer programs to design modern, digital and more sensitve building and structures. I atempt to understand the theme and purpose of studing Design studio. That is "practice makes perfect" . As I am in the process of coming up ideas and thinking the rationality, it is the time for me to learn how to use my knowledge to solve the problems.

A.1. ARCHITECTURE AS DISCOURSE “Architecture, then, as discourse, discipline, and form, operates at the intersection of power, relations of production, culture, and representation and is instrumental to the construction of our identities and our differences, to shaping how we know the world.” — Dutton, Thomas A. and Lian hurst Mann

Richard Williams, 'Architecture and Visual Culture', in Exploring Visual Culture : Definitions, Concepts, Contexts, ed. by Matthew Rampley (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2005), pp. 102 - 116. dutton, thomas a. and Lian hurst Mann, eds (1996). Reconstructing Architecture: Critical Discourses and Social Practices (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press), p. 1

A.1.1 Architecture-- A Combination of Arts and Digital Technology

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Architecture, then, as discourse, discipline, and form, operates at the intersection of power, relations of production, culture, and representation and is instrumental to the construction of our identities and our differences, to shaping how we know the world.â&#x20AC;?(Dutton, Thomas A. and Lian hurst Mann, 199 6). As Thomas A and Lian Hurst Mann said, the architecture is a combination of technics and the arts. Architectural skills and arts are closely related to each otherâ&#x20AC;&#x153;to make architecture is to construct knowledge, to build vision, and skills always lead the development of Architecture.

For example, if there is no geometric and measuring knowledge for Egyptian pyramids, it cannot be built. If we go to Richard William's article, he defined the Architecture as 'Arts', 'symbolic realm 'and 'spatial experience'. He also claimed that good architects need to have good vision and spatial imagination. The example of Mies van der Rhoe's German Pavilion, which was regarded as "a kind of reality reserve' and "encave capable of resisting as other the destructive onslaught of technological modernisation" in the reading is the one I analysis last year. The dire-

ct rectangular form and the open space are all the expression of the beauty of geometry. And in architecture thinking, I start to less how to stress "less is more". The discussion contributes to my design for the Gateway Project because I have learnt that Architecture design is not a single designing approach, it includes complex thinking which I need to find from the historical buildings. As the discourse, Architecture provides amazing skills which we need to learn and a large number of visual views to us. Thus I need to combine them together by using my own visual experience.

A.1.2 Precedents water cube Linking to the discussion of 'Architecture as a discourse', The Beijing National Aquatics Center in China, which is known as Water Cube(Fig 1.2.1), is my favourite design strcuture and can represent the modern architeture idea-combination of modern technical skills and visual views.

Fig 1.2.2 Weaire-Phelan structure

Figure 1.2.1 Water Cube view

Fig 1.2.3 Steel frames inside water

Although the form of the building is common rectangular shape is the architects put their efforts on the skin and construction, b William says in the reading it is important to "see the look of b initial idea of design is directly shown on the existing building---b traditional chinese meaning, where the square cube represents ea tion of them and represents lucky. The 4000 ETFE bubbles are col shiny, thus look like real bubbles in the visual effect. Another reason I like the building is the technic used for design an are the main support which is quite stableďź&#x2C6;Fig 1.2.3).

PICTURES http://www.chrisbosse.de/watercube/ http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2008/02/beijing-olympic/ http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/2008/2006-12/28/content_769613.htm

Architects: PTW Architects (an Australian architecture firm), Arup international engineering group, CSCEC (China State Construction Engineering Corporation), and CCDI (China Construction Design International) of Shanghai

Fig 1.2.4 Start of grasshopper to creat geomatry structure

It is not hard to see that the computer technic is important for creating the Weaire–Phelan structure. I also try to create the geomatry form myself when I start using grassshopper. It is a good experience to know the original set for the Water Cube. When I create the form, I realise that the geometry can be found in natural systems like crystals, cells and molecular structures. Again the Water Cube design tells us to use computer programs to creat an e, we do not feel boring about this, that is why? The reason amazing space for different shapes and based on Weaire–Phelan structure（Fig 1.2.2). As Richard thoughts, that is modern Atchitecture. building and how is it achieved"(Richard,2005,pp106), the bubbles cover the cube,refers to water. The idea also has the arth and the those circles represent heaven, it is a combinaloured blue because they can reflect the sunlight to become

nd constrcution. Under the light ETFE pillows, steel frames

A.1.3 Precedents Metropol Parasol

Architect: Jürgen Mayer-Hermann

Metropol Parasol(Fig 1.3.1) is a wooden structure which is located atSeville, Spain. The reason I chose it as the second precedent is the structure is quite interesting and it also looks like using the Rhino fabrication to create the form. Actually I have learnt Rhino fabrication in Virtual and it is a good experience to make modern structure. I think the design idea of the structure is mainly focus on the theme--nature and has the purpose of creating an attrative structure which can make a beautiful view with surround site in the urban area. Jurgen Mayer- Hermarn’s design is influence dby the vaults of the Cathedral of Seville and the ficus trees in nearby Plaza de Cristo de Burgos. The effect of city culture can be evidenced here and it becomes one of the “world’s most fascinating cultural destinations”. In order to solve the problem such as the hot weather, the umbrella form was produced. The architect created a 1.5m*1.5m geomatry grids, so that all components and panel are organized intensive in it(Fig 1.3.2). The method is very helpful for my Gatway Project Design because it tellls us how to translate the ideas to the site . The wooden honeycomb structure has six concrete base which form a body(Fig 1.3.3). In the curves, it contains four levels of the public space. The architect uses the different level of the stairs to form the museum space and when you look from up to down, the space looks like a piece of the clouds and people will develop the sense of layers. Things I learnt for my design from the precedent is the “softness” and “Movement” of the design space. Using Rhino skills to create the move and soft form can make the space and surrounding site look more open.

Figure 1.3.1 Metropol Parasol view

Figure 1.3.2 Metropol Parasol original grids set

Figure 1.3.3 Metropol Parasol sit concrete bases

PICTURES

http://www.panoramio.com/photo/53715508 http://www.architectour.net/main/page.php?id=181

http://www.cityup.org/case/zone/20081223/43373-8.shtml

A.2. Computational Architecture “For the first time perhaps, architectural design might be aligned with neither formalism nor rationalism but with intelligent form and traceable creativity.” — Terzidis, Kostas

terzidis, Kostas,Algorithmic Architecture,2006, p. x Yehuda E. Kalay, Architecture's New Media : Principles, Theories, and Methods of Computer-Aided Design (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2004), pp. 5 - 25

A.2.1. Computation—A New Media

Design, as a ‘purposeful activity”, aimed at achieving some welldefined goals(Yehuda E. Kalay,2004). The problem analysis, solution synthesis, evaluation and communication are all parts of design process and affected by computing. Computers, which can do the design process quickly and repeatedly, by following a set of instructions called program, can tells them in minute how to manilulate the electrical impulses in their circuits. Digital program plays important roles in Architecture. It helps people drafting and modeiling architecture. For example, with the continuous development of computer-aided design (CAD) technology, the use of computer graphics and drawing has become the basic requirements of the design work. Compare to the privious hand drawing work, it improve the efficiency as the designers can directly use the program to see the effect before built and do not need to do the reputational work. In contemporary architecutural design, generative design method is highly used to generate a set of images, sound and animations. “models of design capable of consistent, continual and dynamic transformation are replacing the static norms of conventional processes”(Yehuda E. Kalay,2004).Therefore, it is a communication between computing and design which can explore more possibilities. For my own gateway project design, it is helpful to use the computation because of the efficiency and it is innovative. As the purpose of the project is to explore new ideas to meet the theme of discourse, learning of computation is a process which aims to achieve the goal and increase the ability of generating our ideas.

A.2.2 Precedents Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao The Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao is a world-famous museum which is used to display modern and contemporary art. It has been hailed as a "signal moment in the architectural culture", because it represents "one of those rare moments when critics, academics, and the general public were all completely united about something." (Tyrnauer, Matt , 2010). " The Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao was built in 1997.It consists of glasses, steel, limestone and titanium, which is in dialogue with Bilbao’s shipbuilding industry. Besides, The organizing center of the museum is served by the atrium, which Gehry called The Flower because the shape. (Riding, Alan,1997) The most successful factor in the design of the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao is the use of computer software. The software is called Computer Aided Three-dimensional Interactive Application (CATIA), which is originally used for aerodynamics. Gehry used this software when he wanted to fix the process. The software is great tool for him to generate his idea and it can be evidenced as many curves on the exterior of the building, which is a new complex thinking of creating the new shapes. Besides, according to architect, “the randomness of the curves can also be used to catch the light”. (Aggerwal, Artika,2011). It is hard to emerge Gehry by simply hand drawing. With the help of the computer, it is easier for designers to show their designs to the public. Electronic design has become the main design methods. Gehry used CATIA to simulate the process of wind and air. He chose polyhedron as the external structure with surface and curve and it is a brilliant idea to do this. The surface and curve are like playing a symphony. Another highlight of the museum’s design is the use of water and the reflection will increase the brightness of the museum. It is a good example of showing the exploring ideas by using computation. For my gateway project, considering of the surrounding site and make the structure as a part of the site is quite important and I think the computation can help me do it by using different functions.

PICTURES

http://architecturalmoleskine.blogspot.com.au/2012/08/f-gehry-guggenheim-museumbilbao.html

Architect: Frank O. Gehry.

Vanity Fair,Architecture in the Age of Gehry",22 July 2010. Aggerwal, Artika. Frank Owen Gerty,2011 “A Gleaming New Guggenheim for Grimy Bilbao”, The New York Times, 24 June 1997

A.2.3 Precedents Phoenix International Media Center Architect: BIAD UFo Phoenix International Media Center(Figure2.3.1) is a project which is still under construction. The project is invested by Phoenix Satellite Television (East) Beijing. There is no doubt that Phoenix International Media Centre is a great and fantastic building and it will be another landmark in Beijing after its construction. Phoenix International Media Centre is located in the southwest corner of Chaoyang Park in Beijing. The building is designed as the media office, the broadcasting studios and the production offices. Besides, Phoenix International Media Centre is also used as an important place for Phoenix Media to promote itself to the public. It provides the public with some space to get interactive experiences.

Figure 2.3.1

Figure 2.3.2

Except for the practicality, the design for Phoenix International Media Center is another highlight. The central logic of the design concept is to create a buildingin-building concept (Figure2.3.2)which is based on the model of “Mobius Strip”. “The sculptural shape provides the building a harmony relationship with the irregular direction of the existing streets, the sitting corner of the site, and the Chaoyang Park.”

The building’s surface is smooth and gives people a feeling of topological corporate culture of Phoenix International Media Centre. The most feature of the design of Phoenix International Media Center is the application of digital technology. Phoenix International Media Center takes the parametric design. The method helps modern buildings make prospective.The out structure of Phoenix International Media Center is not like a traditional design, it is very creative and Innovative. In the process of designing such a typical computerization example, designers use digital technology to analyze the relationship between related parts. Based on the explanation of “Mobius Strip”, which is “a surface with only one side and only one boundary component”, the model is related to the nature and gives people a feeling of peace. The computer technology used in the design also helps to simulate many possible feasible structures. Many designs of Phoenix International Media Center are not finished by painting. They are completed by programming, which is very advanced. For the design of gateway project, I will consider the situation of how to use the digital modelling connect the area outside. In this case, the circular form and taking views in different angles attract me and I can develop my ideas based on it.

PICTURES

http://www.gooood.hk/_d272427162.htm http://www.architecture-online.org/2012/12/phoenix-international-media-center/

http://wordlesstech.com/2011/08/18/phoenix-international-media-center/phoenix-international-media-center-2/

A.3. Parametric Modelling “Parametric is a set of equations that express a set of quantities as explicit functions of a number of independent variables, known as ‘parameters'" —Weisstein, Eric

Weisstein, Eric.2003. CRC Concise Encyclopaedia of Mathematics. Second. Florida: Chapman & Hall/CRC. doi:10.1201/9781420035223-18 Woodbury, Robert (2010). Elements of Parametric Design (London: Routledge) pp. 7-48 Burry, Mark (2011). Scripting Cultures: Architectural Design and Programming (Chichester: Wiley), pp. 8 - 71

A.3.1. Parametric Modelling

Parametric is a “set of equation” which can “express a set of quantities as explicit functions of a number of independent variables, known as ‘parameters’ ”(Weisstein 2003).It breaks traditional architecture thinking and focus on the “Ontological Shift”(Woodbury,Robert,2010), which means to change the basic way of thinking the entities in the world. In the parametric modeling, the thinking of the basic geometrical elements is transferred to the “Computer script”, which “affords a significantly deeper engagement between the computer and user by automating routine aspects and repetitive activities, thus facilitating a far greater range of potential outcomes for the same investment in time”(Burry,Mark,2011). Therefore, the irregular forms such as Nurb surfaces, curves and point particles can be formed and it is the start to create those amazing and crazing shapes. Why is the Parametric modeling so important? It is not hard to see that we can use the tool to create or change the shapes easily we want during the process. Relate to the Architecture discourse, a successful design is not only visually attractive, but also has its own approach, in this case, parametric modeling is helpful to

transfer the ideas to the most suitable expression in a logical way.It also can be said that the parametric modeling is natural. On another side, the technique also has its shortcomings. “It turns out that these ideas are not easy, at least for those with typical design backgrounds. Mastering them requires us to be part designer, part computer scientist and part mathematic ian.”(Woodbury,Robert,2010)As Robert said, the parametric modeling may have a high requirement of the learning skill of software as well as the Math knowledge. In order to meet the updating requirements, it is also important to put new function in the software, which means designers need to spend times on the functions every time it is updated. Also, it may cost a lot if the designers change the shape for many times in the real design project. For my gateway project, parametric modeling is very helpful. In the lecture, some positive principles are mentioned, “All forms must be soft…All activities communicate with each other”. There are also some negative principles—“Avoid simple repetition…”It helps me to generate my ideas on how to create the attractive model using parametric tools.

A.3.2 Precedents Waterloo International railway station Architect: Nicholas Grimshaw& Partners

Figure 3.2.1

Figure 3.2.2

PICTURES

http://architourist.pbworks.com/w/page/13599732/Waterloo%20International%20Terminal http://ariellespratt.blogspot.com.au/2010/03/kolarevics-architecture-in-digital-age.html http://londonist.com/2007/11/what_now_for_wa.php http://www.eurotrib.com/story/2006/1/16/171313/141 Woodbury, Robert (2010). Elements of Parametric Design (London: Routledge) pp. 7-48

Figure 3.2.3

Although parametric modeling is a modern tool, it cannot only reflect the characteristic of the century, but also show the architecture style. I choose the International Terminal Waterloo as the first precedent because it is “one of the earliest demonstrations of parametric modeling in archi tecture”(Woodbury,Robert,2010). “Easily change the shape” can be evidenced in the previous discussion, the exploring strategy can be evidenced in this example, which is “deferral”(Woodbury, Robert 2010).

Figure 3.2.4

Figure 3.2.5

The existing condition is that the train track curves through the station. However, Nicholas Grimshaw& Partners did not initially set the model to the proper location as they did not want it to be constrained by the curves. The fact is that the initial points and lines in the parametric model can be changed easily, we can see a lot of points which form the surface in Fig3.2.4, and each of the point can be moved. As the result, the designers made the decision in a deliberate strategy and changed a lot. The initial idea of the structure was from the bone structure of animals. Architects drew a lot of drawings to imagine the shape and inner structure. Fig3.2.5 shows the final roof structure. The unsymmetrial form shows the interesting idea, although it looks irregular, it is quite logical as using the math formula and knowledge. The design directly shows the idea of computer scripting, which encourages people to change the way of thinking based on the simple geomatry. Back to my gateway design, I also need to explore my thinking of creating the shapes to not only meet the requirement of the structure and location, but also the user experience.

A.3.3 Precedents Galaxy SOHO

Architect: Zaha Hadid

Figure 3.3.1

Figure 3.3.2

Figure 3.3.4

Figure 3.3.5 Figure 3.3.6

Figure 3.3.3

Another precedent I choose is the Galaxy SOHO in Beijing, China. The project began in 2009 and just finished last year. It consists of 4 towers which are 15 floors in height and the total area is about 46965 square meters. Zaha Hadid not only created a flowing and organic interior space, but also made it as a landmark in the area. The main theme of the design is from the thinking of Chinese courtyard and the purpose is to create a large inner area. Each building has its individual atrium and core traffic, the integration of different levels with the space t creates the outdoor platform. As the result, people can take broad views in all direction at the platforms and it is a 360 degree world without corners. As I said in the previous discussion, the parametric modeling is used to easily change the shape, Zaha Hadid used the tool to make a continuous structure with flowing lines, which contains the combination, division and solvation process. Architectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s idea inspires us that we can develop our own ways of thinking to create shapes and flowing space rather than the regular ones by using the parametric modeling. PICTURES

http://www.huftonandcrow.com/projects/gallery/galaxy-soho/ http://homeklondike.com/2012/10/30/galaxy-soho-by-zahahadid-architects/6-galaxy-soho-by-zaha-hadid-architects/ http://www.arcspace.com/features/zaha-hadid-architects/galaxy-soho/ http : / / w w w. f ang w u z ai x i an . c om / b e n c an d y. p hp ? c it y _ id=1&fid=19&id=1386

Figure1

Figure2

Figure4

Figure6

25 Figure5

Figure 7

A.4. Algorithmic Exploration

Figure3

The interesting example I choose looks like using panelling tool to create but it is actually done by grashopper.It is efficient to use grasshopper to generate the points and we have done a lot in class task. I divided the surface and using explode tree to explore the points, thus I can choose three points in every four to form the triangle. The design can relate to the precedents I choose such as Waterloo International railway station and Phoenix International Media Center which are covered with glass thus light can go through the structure. What I have understood for new architecture is to generate ideas in a new way. For this design, the new idea is to make the space more open ny using the connection with outside area through the empty space.I have mentioned it in the privious chapter and the parametric tool makes the structure more complex.

Figure 8 Class task Vase

A.5. Conclusion Through the case for innovation, the meaning of using digital technology has been identified. Although it is the optional choose in architecture design, more and more architects and designers learn the skill as it is the representation of new architecture and ideas. The argument can be supported by three main area, they are Architecture as a Discourse, Computational Architecture and Parametric Modeling. Architecture as a Discourse has a generate idea that Architecture is a combination of arts and technical skills, Computation shows the importance of learning the computational programs and parametric modeling part tells us the exact task and function the of the skill which we need to achieve. After the research and analysis of these area, I deicide my design approach to be like strips and folding with irregular patterns. I will take the area of continuity and cohesion into special consideration, as the result, I may use some skills from tessellation to make the structure include more patterns and consists of different parts, but it still works as a whole structure. It is innovative for me and it can make the space look more open thus people can take a broad view. Last but not least, digital skills help the architects and us in the designing process because of it efficiency, it is important to continue exploring the technics by ourselves.

A.6. Learning outcomes During the four weeks, I have learnt a lot about the theory and practice of architectural computing. Firstly, architectural discourse gives me the idea of how to make more possibilities by using visual design as well as the digital skills. It is important to look back to the historical buildings to see the changes in the designing the process, thus I can take the ideas in the past to modern architecture in order to generate my thinking in a new way, which towards a logical and complex direction. Also through the experience in learning computing and parametric, it seems that I am in the process to solve different levels of problems. I have known the function and ability of the digital tools which can make the building more fashion and well organized. I am also awared of those

main figures the architects used often to achieve their design approach. The improvement for me is to start using the parametric modeling tool which is grasshopper. It is helpful to get lots of solutions for one problem. At the beginning of the semester, I just knew a little bit about the architectural discourse issue and have no idea with the parametric modeling. The fact is when I look some modern building, I can only say that the building looks cool and it uses the digital technics. However, I couldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t explore my ideas on how to make it look like this. Now I can use grasshopper and try to imitate the structure and understand the important thinking, thus it contributes to my own design. It is also helpful to go back to the past project in order to improve the accuracy and efficiency.

Part B. EOI II Design Approach 30

Figure 1 31

Picture:http://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/pid-3815738-dt-content-rid-10327484_2/courses/ ABPL30048_2012_SM1/Project/Project%20Document%20-%20COMMENTED.pdf

B.1. Design Focus

B.1. Design Focus The Gateway Design Project requires installation to be attractive and exciting. "It should provide an entry statement and arrival experience, and become a new identifier for the municipality.1 "Our group realise that the it is a good way to make our design across all the sites(Figure1), as the result, people will get more experience as they will actually go through it as the movement. Our design is focusing on the area of strips and folding. By connecting to the idea of movement, the design intent will focus on the illusion of speed based on the co-relations between perception of human speed and lines. As the purpose is to create kinetic architecture by using the static form, strips and folding is a good way to achieve because of the repetition of rhythm. For the drivers, it will be the relative movement as they are relative static in the car. Based on the light effect through the strips and folding, shadows can be created in different ways thus can form the spatial continuity. By connecting to the structural and environmental cohesion(choice of materiality) and the relationship with surrounding site, they all contribute to the experiential architecture. In the process of choosing the approach,the flexibility is taken in to the consideration. Strip form is quite flexble and straightforwad for fabrication and construction. Also, the form can be changed in many ways, such as bending, laying and adding patterns, thus can develop many interesting design. More over, enhances the idea of movement, forms of strips and folding are generated from a single element(point) and it is easier to manage the distance and creating the harmony between built and natural environments. 32 1 Gateway competition document

Figure1

Figure2 Figure2

Figur 33

PICTURES http://www.biothing.org/?cat=5 http://www.a10.eu/magazine/issues/20/pa html

vilion_meudon.

re3

B.1. Design Focus Precedent SEROUSSI PAVILLION Our group chooses the Seroussi Pavillion as the start point of our research as it is one of the siginifcant examples which use the strips to create an attractive interior space , and people may have strong feeling of movement when they go through it.The design of Seroussi Pavilion was based on electromagnetic fields (EMF), and the patterns of factors can modify themselves. The logics of attraction/ repulsion were computed in plan and then “lifted” via series of structural micro-arching sections through different frequencies of the sine function1 By connecting our Gateway project, the natural structure of Seroussi Pavilion meets the design approach of us because of the well organization of the strips. It is a good idea to use field to control the points and lines thus we can change the position of points and lines easily. Linear perspective can express the feeling of movement in terms of the repetation and the shadows of different directions(Figure3). In architecture, the streamline Moderne, which emphasized curving forms, long horizontal lines, and sometimes nautical elements is similar to our idea of strips. It is affected by the industry design and represents the movement. Thus the continuity of strips creates the feeling of floating which can attract people’s eyes and create a moveable spatial experience. 1. http://www.biothing.org/?cat=5

B.1. Design Focus

Exploration The exploration we have done is based on the Seroussi Pavillion structure. The fact is we use the sine function to reconstruct the strips. Combing with the control of field, the density and form of strips can be easily changed.In the next chapter, we will focus on how the strips form can change to meet the idea we want.

REFERENCE

http://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/pid-3815738-dt-content-rid-10327484_2/courses/ABPL30048_2012_SM1/Project/ Project%20Document%20-%20COMMENTED.pdf Gateway competition document http://www.biothing.org/?cat=5

B.2. Case Study 1.0 Precedent

PICTURES: http://icd.uni-stuttgart. de/?p=6553 http://www.achimmenges. net/?p=4443

Figure1

Figure2

B.2.Case Study 1.0 ICD Pavillion——Elastic bending structure Our group chooses ICD Pavillion as the precedent for Case Study 1 because the key aspect of the project was to transfer the strip and folding model to elastic bending structure and form the floating interior space.The strips are manufactured robotically as planar elements, and connected subsequently so that tensioned regions alternate along their length1. It meets the design approach of us not only because of the structure, but also the spatial experience, the abstraction of movement and relationship with surrounding context. The space inside is curved and based on the circle so that people can walk around it. It is a good achievement that sunlight can go through the gaps between the strips so that it forms the connection with outside and nature. The intersecting strips create the feeling of floating which can attract people’s eyes and is very affective in visual views. As the start point for our exploration, our group wat to construct our own design based on the bending structure of interior space which shows the experience of movement, rather than the form of the out look.

1 http://icd.uni-stuttgart.de/?p=6553

Figure3

Matrix Donut shape (based on ICD Pavillion form)

Original version from precedent

Intersecting strips (based on ICD Pavilion surface pattern,unroll the surface)

Creating strai rior space

ight inte-

B.2.Case Study 1.0 Smooth the surface

Single form change sequence Developed version by changing the structure form

The explicit design space of our group is the tunnel-like interior space. In the period of learning the precedent, we used the strategy of bending structure to create several version with different patterns. As we learnt the bending structure and use the surface pattern to create irregular and emotional form we want,we tried to create an interor space by changing the parameters and period of the sin& cosine fomula.Then we get the complex form which consists of emotional tunnel strips(refer to the co-relations between human perception of speed and lines) with bending structure which can meet our design idea. . In the process of choosing and analysising the variation, we are trying to learn techniques not only about the form, but also the process how to change the linear outlook to the way we want for our interior experience of movement and continuty, as the result, we are in the way of unroll the surface then create again in our own process. 40

B.3. Case Study 2.0

We select Zaragoza Bridge Pavillion as o Case Study 2.0. The reason that we choo villion is , there is a great chance for us t the idea of (linear) movement by learning precedent.

Our group concentrates on developing t and this part in Zaragoza Bridge Pavilli through enclosing the space at front and row.(Figure1) The bridge pavillion is divid on some interesting and bracing techniqu have chosen Strips & Folding as our appro highly possible to connect with visual and sunlight can go through the space and m This can be related to the experience arch

It is a start point for us to learn how to cre grasshopper. We have learn that is import surface. As the result, We can use the grid and bracing space in the purpose of achiv when you move as well as getting successf

41 Figure 1

B.3.Case Study 2.0

our project precedent for ose Zaragoza Bridge Pato review and strengthen g the technique from the

the feeling of movement ion is done by designers change the space to narded into four parts based ues(Figure2). Because we oach, we realizes that it is d spatial continuity as the make beautiful shadows. hitecture.

eate the effect through the tant to create grids on the ds to control the patterns ving different experiences ful light effect.

Figure 2

Figure 3

PICTURES :http://www.dezeen.com/2008/06/16/ zaragoza-bridge-pavilion-by-zaha-hadid/ h t t p : / / v i s t a d o o b s e r v a d o r. b l o g s p o t . c o m . au/2008_03_01_archive.html h t t p : / / w w w. c h i n a a c s c . c o m / S h o w S p e c i a l . asp?SpecialID=46

B.3.Case Study 2.0

Rebuilding of Zaragoza Bridge Pavillion As I mentioned in the privious chapter, our design is focusing on the illusion of speed and the movement of interior experience. The reason we choose the Zaragoza Bridge as the precedent is not for the form, but the inner design,like the walking tunnel,light effect of patterns have the emotion of movement. At the start, we set up three points and create curves which meet at the top point to create the entrance(Also create another curve formular to set the curve on another side). Then we start to manipulate the curve between the two sides of entrence by using the sine formula of graph mapper. At this stage, surface can be created to form the structure we want. The most important thing in the process is to divide surface with isotrim to change the planar surface into grids. This is becasue we want our model looks like strip structure and easier for creating the patterns . So the last step, we create tile surface for the isotrim input to create the triangular patterns. The triangular patterns create a lot of parallel lines thus give people the feeling of movement and the speed. In this case , we will take the consideration into pure form of stip folding and will try to achieve the same results as the strips with patterns.

REFERENCE http://icd.uni-stuttgart.de/?p=6553 http://www.achimmenges.net/?p=4443 http://icd.uni-stuttgart.de/?p=6553 http://www.dezeen.com/2008/06/16/zaragoza-bridge-pavilion-by-zaha-hadid/ http://vistadoobservador.blogspot.com.au/2008_03_01_archive.html http://www.chinaacsc.com/ShowSpecial.asp?SpecialID=46

B.4. Technique: Development

Matrix

In the way developing the idea of movement, we focus on the illusion of spee speed an lines.As we use the equation of E=mc2, the increase of the energy a when they go through, can be explained as density). Also, the increase of the time, we can get the tunnel like view which is said to be the Aberration.

B.4.Technique:Development

ed and get our research into the relationship between human perception of and speed will results the increase of visual mass( the view drivers will see speed will cause the time dilation when it ups to the speed of light, at that

A â&#x20AC;&#x201D; based on Case study1, curved interior space of linear structure has been created to meet the idea of illusion of speed.

Bâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; based on the rebuilt of Zaragoza bridge,in order to get more outcomes of the effect,we change the patterns to the triangular form and get good result for the sunlight effect.

B.4.Technique:Development C

Câ&#x20AC;&#x201D; Trying to create the netting forms. At this stage we realise that folding and twisting are good ways for constructing our forms rather than just have the cuurved one.

Dâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;Changing into more linear vectors. Based on the technique of Seroussi Pavillion, we use the field control to control the density of strips. Combine with idea of C, it forms the final form direction.

Eâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; Density changes in the sequence to meet the suitable expression.Refer to E=mc2, this can be related to the result of visual mass change.

Fâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;Trying to have angles in the form. Changing the form form curved structure because the experience can be different through different angles.

B.4.Technique:Development G

Gâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;Based on the triangular form, we create the open to narrow space by twisting the structure. It suits our design idea not only because of the strips form, but the feeling of the movement it gives to us through the pure strips. It gives people the sense of illusion of speed by linking to the E=mc2 equation. And people will have different experience when they go through it. Hâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; Final model achievement.

B.5. Technique: Prototypes

As the development from our matrix, the digital model we choose express our idea of illusion of speed and movement based on the equation of E=MC2.Now we are trying to choose the material from plywood, sterl bars and concrete. By connecting to the arguments in design focus, which is strips and folding is easy for fabrication because of the flexibility , plywood becomes our first choice as we can bend it in any way we like. 53

B.5.Technique:Prototypes

Figure1

In the process I search for the fabrication methods, I am quite interested in the two types, which are directly unroll the surface and creating ribs on the strips and shows the joints. Compare the two methods, creating ribs has a good construction of the whole structure as the joints will force each part to have strong forces. In this way, the whole structure can be stable enough to prevent collapsing. However, the ribs may not meet our direction of pure linear structure which is based on the E=mc2, defined as the relationship between human speed and lines. Thus we choose the method with the one with directly unroll the surface. According to what Mies Van der Rohe said," Less is more", we want our design to be dynamic in interior experience. Pure strips meet the idea of us as the streamline Moderne.

PICTURES:http://www.grasshopper3d.com/photo/digital-fabrication-strip/ next?context=user http://www.grasshopper3d.com/video/iterationviewerdemo

Figure2

B.5.Technique:Prototypes Fabrication Research

ModelMaking Process Figure1 : Rebuilt Zaragoza Bridge model

Figure2: Curved model

Figure3: Final model strips detail

57 Figure4: Final model

B.5.Technique:Prototypes In total we have made three different models to see the effect and changes. Initially we made the model for the rebuilt of Zaragoza Bridge by using the paper. In this case( Figure 1), it shows the good effect of achieving the shadows as the interior experience, however, the sense of the movement needs to be developed becasue of the limitation of the straight form. (Figure 2) stats to get more sense about the movement because of the pure strip form. We can experience through the model picture that the space is form open to narrow and it is the tunnel form we are trying to achieve to support the abbration caused by the time dialation, which is the result of high speed. As we have tried different methods of modelling before the final model, we have realised that we can use cardboad to represent the plywood materiality because it is easier for us to organize the random strips. And there are many similarities between the two elements such as the area of connection can be stick together, and the structure can be bend or twisted(Figure3), which meets the design approach in the area of flexibility. The light effect can also be identified by the model in Figure 4&5. It is a good connection with the surrounding site as well as the interior experience when the sunlight go throught the gaps between the strips and create beautiful shadows. As the most important thing in our design idea, the illusion of speed can be accessed through the model based on the abberration view which is the result of E=mc2 equation. Also linking to the achivement of spatial continuity, good light effect, interior experience and the connection with surrounding area, the model is the most successful one of the three.

58 Figure5: Interior experience

B.6. Technique: Proposal As the Wyndham Gateway Project rquires the design should "provide an entry statement and arrival experience, and become a new identifier for the municipality"1 ,our group start to think how the static structure can express dinamic feelings. The conceptual frame work of the Gateway Project stresses us to "support public arts and sculpture"2. In this case, we are trying to achieve the connection between the artisic structure and environment based on the idea of experience architecture. At this stage, the experience of movement is the first achievement of our deisgn. Since the site isâ&#x20AC;&#x153;viewed by motorists traveling at high speed"3, the movement is already existing. Our group uses the repetition of rhythmďź&#x2C6;static structure) 1 Gateway competition document 2 Gateway competition document 3 Gateway competition document

to create a relative movement when the dirvers are relative static in the car. Related to the connection of surrounding site and environmental elements, the sunlight can go throught the gaps between the strips of our design, thus the structure can get nature light as well as beautiful shadows in the area of external and internal experience . To express the feeling of movement , our group also takes the consideration into the flexibility of the material use as well as the fabrication methods to get the bended structure which is bearing the load directly to the ground and easy to construct. We choose the direct unroll form of fabrication which is the the pure strip form and meets the design of repetition of rhythm, clearly shows the idea of movement.

B.6.Technique:Proposal

In the way developing the idea of movement, we get our research into the relationship between human perception of speed an lines, and this become the second achievement which support our deisgn. As we use the equation of E=mc2, the increase of the energy and speed will results the increase of visual mass( the view drivers will see when they go through, can be explained as density). Also, the increase of the speed

will cause the time dilation when it ups to the speed of light, at that time, we can get the tunnel like view which is said to be the Aberration. The physical equation can strongly support our argument why our design is the achievement of the movement and illusion of speed. In addition, we are trying to create the colourful structure which can shows the variation of density thus become more sensible in the way achieving the idea.

B.8.Learning Objectives& Outcomes

B.8. Learning Objectives and Outcomes After the mid semester presentation, we develop our idea by considering the density change of the form and using the colour to represent. It becomes more sensitive as colour can attract peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s eyes and meets the proposal of the Gateway project. Since the start of Part B, the group work is good for me to learn how to discuss the ideas and try to get the most attractive outcomes from many options. As we are in the logical process of learning from the precedents, changing through the precedents then create our own structure, the things we have learnt are not only about the team sprits which we need to come up with ideas together , but also the way of thinking how to support our argument and keep the ideas in the sequence and update. This can be evidenced in our group as develop the idea from movement to the illusion of speed, and do many research and finally use the physical equation which can strongly support our ideas.

Before doing the Case Study research, I have no idea how to construct a model myself, and can only use the grasshopper program to create the surface, not the proper form we want. After doing the research based on the definition we want, we are trying to understand and study to process of doing the parametric modelling of those famous projects. By summarying the important techniques, we practice a lot and thus use them to create the form ourselves. The good example is the rebult of Zaragoza bridge, at that stage, we can create the way we want to support our ideas of movement. Another sucessful outcome for us is to put efforts on developing the form by using the grasshopper, as the result we can see the sequences of change through the different steps. It helps us to define our ideas by using the digital models and change in series as they can support our developing ideas. 62

Part C. Project Proposal 64

C.1.Gateway Project: design Concept

Design Breif The Gateway Design Project requires installation to be attractive and exciting. "It should provide an entry statement and arrival experience, and become a new identifier for the municipality.1 "In order to achieve this, our group is focusing on how to use parametric design to create the most exciting experience viewed by motorists travelling at high speed.

Provide an entry statement and arrival experience

1 Gateway competition document

Viewed by motorists travelling at high speed

Design Concept

Figure 1: Speed

Figure 2: Light

Figure 3: Depth

67 Figure 4: Rotation

C.1.Gateway Project: design Concept

Our concept is based on our initial idea, which is the illusion of speed.The conceptual frame work of the Gateway Project stresses us to "support public arts and sculpture"1. In this case, we are trying to achieve the connection between the artisic structure and environment based on the idea of experience architecture. The four diagrams on the left have shown our conceptual ideas. As we imitate the experience of the drivers, speed(Fighure 1), Light(Figure 2), Depth( Figure3) and Rotation(Figure) are four factors and steps which can influence the feeling of movement and thus form the tunnel which represent illusion. The steps can also be connected to the natural elements. At the start point, the driving experience influences us a lot as our group start to think how the static structure can express dynamic feeling. The thing we find is the increase of speed means he increase of visual energy, 1 Gateway competition document

when the speed up to the value near the speed of light, it will form the time dialation. As the result, speed is the first important thing for our ideas. Because we have chosen Strips & Folding as our approach, we realizes that it is highly possible to connect with visual and spatial continuity as the sunlight can go through the space and make beautiful shadows. This can be related to the experience architecture. Also, the depth and roation change can also support our idea of illusion of speed as both of them are linked to the tunnel shape change. As we mention about the time dialation can be reffered to the tunnel shape, the density and form of the tunnel will give people different feelings as the driving experience. The conceptual idea of tunnel form inspire us of the location choose as well as the form change in the next steps. 68

Site Selection 1TRAFFIC EFFECT

Site B

Site A

Site C

Grass

2.VEGETATION Site B

Site A Grass Site C

C.1.Gateway Project: design Concept

3.LOCATION FORM Site B

Site A Site C

1. Traffic from city to Geelong and the oppisite direction. 2. Site boundary 3.As our group is focusing on the experience of the driving speed, site selection must be on the driving road rather than on the open space. As the result, drivers can go through the tunnel and experience the feeling inside. As the main road which towards the Wyndham City, the road between the site A and site B is the best choice because of the natural curve form, which increase the feeling of undulation. At this stage, the location inspires us to let the structure go along with the road. It meets the harmony bewteen the sites and the deisgn. 70

Form Change---- entrance & Undulation

Figure 1: Linear motion

Figure 2: Twisted linear

Figure 3: Minimal rotation

Figure 4: Optimised undulation 71

C.1.Gateway Project: design Concept

In order to get the best effect which the form can directly express the feeling of speed and movement, the first step we change is the shape of the entrance. As we want our design to be more sensitive so people can have different experiences in the tunnel, we realise that the entrance must be more open to attract the drivers as well as the space can be changed inside to create the sense of undulation. Figure1 is the start point of our design. The form shows our approach of strips and folding and the tunnel shape although the width of the entrance and the tunnel are almost the same. Figure2 starts to twist the strips on top. The angle change can be directly seen in the picture and form the turning points and it looks more intersting than the straight form of entrance. Figure3 not only changes the form of entrance, but also rotates the following curves. Now the entrance is becoming wider and the space following the entrance becomes narrow. The different spitial experience will create the feeling of movements. Figure 4 Final form of triangular entrance and undulation. Space inside the tunnel is not straight but can express the illusion of speed, in terms of showing the different spatial experience(Height and Width). 72

Form Change---- Undulation, Thickness and Scale

1.In the purpose of showing the tunnel shape( which links to the illusion of speed )and the strips and folding design approach, our original form is basically the simple form of continuous strips with the equal depths.

2.At this stage, we start to think about the construction built in real stituation . As the design is a long tunnel which consists of different single strips, every strip must be free-standing and be stable enough to support the live load provided by the winds and any natural factors. As the result, we start to create the thickness of the strips and make the design more than just form, but also have the structural support.

C.1.Gateway Project: design Concept

3.After we change the thickness of the form as well as the entrance , we start to contorl the form change through the whole spaces. As I mentioned in privious chapter, our design is focusing on the experience of driving through the tunnel, thus the tunnel shape (from e=mc2) can help us to express the feeling of speed. However, more than just use the strips to represent the tunnels, we start to use undulation to represent different experience in the tunnel. At this stage, people will have different experiences of different speeds. They may feel fast in the open space such as the entrance and feel slower when they go through the narrow part. Another important thing in this process is the scale. In order to develop the different feeling of illusion of different speeds, we increase our length of model to 500m, thus form the longway for people to enjoy. It is more like a trip rather than just go through it and go out quickly. Also, the maximum height, which is the entrance part, is 20m. The open space at the beginning of the design can catch peoples eyes and space change inside can be more undulate. 3

20m

500m

Adding lights--- Pattern Choice

C.1.Gateway Project: design Concept

As we have changed our form, we start to think about the light in tunnels.Normally, the light in tunnels are aways on the top and both sides of the structure. However, our design is focus on the illusion of speed and the purpose is to create different feelings, as the result, we are trying to create different patterns of lights at this stage.

1.In the first step, we are trying to create triangular form patterns on the strips. Although it looks more interesting than just use the simple form, the interior experience is not very effective as the trianqular shape can not be link to our idea of speed.

2. Another pattern we tried is the circular form. In the porcess we do the animation through the structure, we find the movement is really slow due to the circular latterns. As the result, we start to think about the influence of patterns to the speed. . 76

Adding lights--- Pattern Choice

C.1.Gateway Project: design Concept

3.Linking to the original ideas of speed, the straight lines can express the feeling of illusion of speed better than the other patterns. As the result, we also use the methods on the light patterns. As this step, we are trying to put all the straight light together to form the triangular shape and it will make the light changes in different directions.

Adding lights--- Adding colours

In order to have different colours of light and the colours can be managed in sequence, we start to put colours in spiral.

The colours are added to the form of our tunnel to test the effect.

We pick up the colours we want to get the best effect. Then, we connect the spiral form to the strips of lights, thus the colours only appear on the lights but not the whole structure. The picture above shows the light change in sequences.

C.1.Gateway Project: design Concept

Light experience at the beginning of the tunnel, it makes the space look more open. Figure 1

Turnning points in the tunnel. At this momenment, the space looks narrow and the experience is different from the privious one as having the illusion of slow speed. Figure 2

Colours change in sequence due to the spiral and give people different feelings of the colours. Figure 3 Outside look of the structure. Although the lights connect to the strips outside, it does not break the spatial continuity as the lights are also linear structure. Figure 4

C.2. Gateway Project: Tectonic Elements 81

C.2.Gateway Project: Tectonic Elements

Materiality & Joints

In the process of changing our forms, we found that every single strip has a different angle, which decides the position of the strip. As the result, the structure and the material choose must be stable enough to support the live loads coming from the wind. Since we have hundreds of single strips which need to be free-standing,the first chose for our material is steel. As we take the load bearing capacity and density in consideration, the steel is one of the popular material from construction which has low price but high and realiable performance. After we choose the material, we imitate the angle change as well as the material use. Instead of using real steel, we use 2mm form board to represent it. In order to connect the steel frame together, metal joints are needed as the fixed points. At this stage, we realise the most convenient and stable way to construct the structure is to use steel beams and use nails and panels to fix them.

Materiality & Joints

Joints

Footing

The construction diagram shows the structure for every single strip. At the bottom of the strip, concrete footing was used to support the whole structure and bearing the load from the top. 83

C.2.Gateway Project: Tectonic Elements

Water Proof paint

Instead of using the cladding, we are trying to find the way which can protect the steel from corrosion. By considering the economic and structural problems,he water proof paint is the easist way to cover the whole structure and prevent the steel from rain. 84

Structure Research

Rigid Frame I- beam structure

Figure2 Pictures : Figure1: http://www.steelfactory.com/i-beam-series.htm

Figure2: http://bimandbeam.typepad.com/bim_beam/2008/08/interview-with.html

C.2.Gateway Project: Tectonic Elements

Figure1

In order to support our structure in real construction, I found a similar example of using the joints to connect the steel beams. The rigid frame I- beam structure is always used in the building structure, however, the way of load bearing is almost the same as our design. Like the skeleton of a human body, the structural i-beam system, shown here to the right, works together to create efficient and rugged support resulting in extremely strong buildings with limitless design capabilities1. Figure 1 shows the detail joints in the rigid frame. It can also be used in the connection of our every single stirp as the fixed points will be stable enough to bear the pressure and the tension come from the wind. Also It is needed because the water must be prevented into the structure.

1http://www.steelfactory.com/i-beam-series.htm

C.2. Gateway Project: Final Model

Site Views

C.3.Gateway Project: Final Model

Model Making

Site Model Scale 1:1000

C.3.Gateway Project: Final Model

Detail Model Scale 1:50

Site proposal

C.3.Gateway Project: Final Model

Experience Inside

C.3.Gateway Project: Final Model

Daytime View

C.3.Gateway Project: Final Model

Night View

Screen Shots of Animaition

C.3.Gateway Project: Final Model

100

C.5.Learning Objectives& Outcomes

101

Learning Objectives and Outcomes

After finishing the whole project, I am very glad to say that learning parametric modelling is like a trip, which is full of amazing and cool things. At the beginning of this semster, I have no ideas with doing the parametric models in grasshopper. However, after 9 weeks of group work, which is the process of learning and disscussing, and from learning to creat our own staff, I have learnt a lot of the geomatric form change, pattern change as well as the colour change in parametric modelling. By linking to the learning objectives, firstly, I have understood the Architectur discourse and theme for Studio Air. In the process we find the brief to design the Gateway Project, Architecture discourse influence us a lot as we are going to use the innovative way to design, which can be linked to the connection with surround site and nature, as well as considering different conditions. We are creating our own process by discussing and thinking. Secondly, the learning of parametric modelling helps me to refine ideas and makes the possibilty of bring the ideas to real life. During the 9 weeks of the group work design, we start from researching the precedents to explore our own ideas, then becomes the real models.In the process of exploring matrix, we tried a lot of methods to meet the feasibility as well as the visual continuty. The parametic modelling can directly show the advantages and disadvantages of the form so we can improve a lot by ourselves. Now we can understand and use the simple formual quite fast in grasshopper and we find it is really useful for fabrication. Another important thing I have learnt in this step is how to deal with the 3D images. As we use a lot of computational programs to make the models look more real and exciting, I leart a lot of dealing with different effct of images. Last but not least, during the whole semester, the presentation and journals help me to generate ideas and improve the design through the parametric modelling. Both of them are good medias for me to express my ideas and they are good opitunities for me to show the design in grasshopper and show the process step by step.

102

Reference Images Part A

http://www.chrisbosse.de/watercube/ http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2008/02/beijing-olympic/ http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/2008/2006-12/28/content_769613.htm http://www.panoramio.com/photo/53715508 http://www.architectour.net/main/page.php?id=181 http://www.cityup.org/case/zone/20081223/43373-8.shtml http://architecturalmoleskine.blogspot.com.au/2012/08/f-gehry-guggenheim-museum-bilbao.html http://www.gooood.hk/_d272427162.htm http://www.architecture-online.org/2012/12/phoenix-international-media-center/ http://wordlesstech.com/2011/08/18/phoenix-international-media-center/phoenix-international-media-center-2/ http://architourist.pbworks.com/w/page/13599732/Waterloo%20International%20Terminal http://ariellespratt.blogspot.com.au/2010/03/kolarevics-architecture-in-digital-age.html http://londonist.com/2007/11/what_now_for_wa.php http://www.eurotrib.com/story/2006/1/16/171313/141 http://www.huftonandcrow.com/projects/gallery/galaxy-soho/ http://homeklondike.com/2012/10/30/galaxy-soho-by-zaha-hadid-architects/6-galaxy-soho-by-zahahadid-architects/ http://www.arcspace.com/features/zaha-hadid-architects/galaxy-soho/ http://www.fangwuzaixian.com/bencandy.php?city_id=1&fid=19&id=1386

Part B

http://icd.uni-stuttgart.de/?p=6553 http://www.achimmenges.net/?p=4443 http://icd.uni-stuttgart.de/?p=6553 http://www.dezeen.com/2008/06/16/zaragoza-bridge-pavilion-by-zaha-hadid/ http://vistadoobservador.blogspot.com.au/2008_03_01_archive.html http://www.chinaacsc.com/ShowSpecial.asp?SpecialID=46

Part C

http://www.steelfactory.com/i-beam-series.htm http://bimandbeam.typepad.com/bim_beam/2008/08/interview-with.html

Books Part A

Richard Williams, ‘Architecture and Visual Culture’, in Exploring Visual Culture : Definitions, Concepts, Contexts, ed. by Matthew Rampley (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2005), pp. 102 - 116. dutton, thomas a. and Lian hurst Mann, eds (1996). Reconstructing Architecture: Critical Discourses and Social Practices (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press), p. 1 terzidis, Kostas,Algorithmic Architecture,2006, p. x Yehuda E. Kalay, Architecture’s New Media : Principles, Theories, and Methods of Computer-Aided Design (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2004), pp. 5 - 25 Vanity Fair,Architecture in the Age of Gehry”,22 July 2010. Aggerwal, Artika. Frank Owen Gerty,2011 “A Gleaming New Guggenheim for Grimy Bilbao”, The New York Times, 24 June 1997 Weisstein, Eric.2003. CRC Concise Encyclopaedia of Mathematics. Second. Florida: Chapman & Hall/CRC.doi:10.1201/9781420035223-18 Burry, Mark (2011). Scripting Cultures: Architectural Design and Programming (Chichester: Wiley), pp. 8 - 71 Woodbury, Robert (2010). Elements of Parametric Design (London: Routledge) pp. 7-48

Part C

http://www.steelfactory.com/i-beam-series.htm