STEP IN AND OUT Aesthetic Considerations for Preservation and Reuse of Post-Industrial Landscape Design Project 03: Design Research Report
LAND 7313 2020 T3 Master of Landscape Architecture Zilong Ma z5226341
CONTENTS
Part I
Foreword
Page 02
Part II
Introduction
Page 05
Part III
Frameworks and assumptions
Page 07
Part IV
Methods and techniques
Page 09
Part V
Site context and rationale
Page 13
Part VI
Testing of methods and techniques
Page 25
Part VII
Synthesis and findings
Page 41
Part VIII
References
Page 48
Fig.01 The post-industrial traces have been gradually concealed by nature, which is the loss of the contemporary public, photoed by Author, 2020.
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PART I FOREWORD
Design research journey From post-industrial site to aesthetic theory Starting from the research course in 2019, post-industrial landscape design as a key word has run through my whole research process. At the beginning, through literature review and case analysis, we understanded the characteristics of post-industrial sites and the different orientations and concepts of landscape design. In this process, in addition to the post-industrial landscape design of environmental restoration and industrial transformation, the discussion of aesthetics is also a direction worthy of attention. At the same time, the interest in history and art makes the author shift the focus to the aesthetic theory of post-industrial landscape in the first stage of capstone course, and learn the definitions and views of different scholars on the beauty of post-industrial landscape.
Fig.02 Two main topics of research, by Author, 2020.
At this stage, this report is going to explore what aesthetic considerations need to be included in the protection and reuse of post-industrial landscape, and how to implement and display in the specific design. Compared with the previous studies, the topic of post-industrial landscape design is constantly refined in the further accumulation of knowledge: from different types of postindustrial design to the theory focusing on aesthetics, and finally returning to practical application.
Project plan Connected with Capstone Part I and the Research course, the main schedule of T3 is as follows (see Fig.03). Part of the time will focus on the design and optimization of the theoretical framework, and most of the time will be spent on the theoretical visualization process as well as detailed site modelling and design drawing. Depending on the actual situation, the corresponding time may be slightly modified.
Fig.03 Project plan from week 01 to 10, by Author, 2020.
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Part I Foreword
Fig.04 A general summary of design research journey in 2020, by Author, 2020.
Post-industrial landscape design is a very broad topic. Researcher should first understand the characteristics of such design type and classify and refine it. Obviously, not all design intentions are able to apply to SOP’s post-industrial sites. After establishing the design direction of SOP site, from the most intuitive and subjective perspective, I believes that aesthetic theory is crucial in the protection and reuse of
post-industrial landscape, thus turning to the research on post-industrial aesthetic theory. It then leads to the relationship between different aesthetic theories, and tries to find the most suitable aesthetic position for the post-industrial site of SOP (see Fig.04). Finally, it forms the current research problems, frameworks and methods, which will be introduced in detail in the following parts.
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Part I Foreword
Fig.05 Literature review findings, from LAND7311, by Author, 2020. MATERIAL QUALITIES
SPATIAL QUALITIES
TEMPORAL QUALITIES
MATERIAL QUALITIES
SPATIAL QUALITIES
TEMPORAL QUALITIES
Most huge rusty oil tanks were demolished.
Develop new landscape layers and broaden vision. Lead the vision to the open water and harbour on the opposite side.
Some mechanical parts from the brick making machine were displayed.
A brand-new layer above the brickpit.
A series of circles were left on the lawn as footprint and clues of removed tanks.
The post-industrial heritage remains as traces, which enables visitors to recall.
Modern materials, structure and bold colour matching, are in sharp contrast to the ruinous site.
A replica with wind turbines and artworks formed by oil tanks skin.
New and old materials and construction technology are juxtaposed.
Ballast Point Park
Picturesque landscape
Are not eye-catching enough and plays a limited role in the narrative.
Relatively independent from the sinking brickpit, lacking of spatial interaction and connection.
Lack of elements that can make people associate and recall, as well as monumental symbols.
The Brick Pit Ring
Dialectical landscape
Picturesque landscape
Dialectical landscape
MATERIAL QUALITIES
SPATIAL QUALITIES
TEMPORAL QUALITIES
MATERIAL QUALITIES
SPATIAL QUALITIES
TEMPORAL QUALITIES
The crane and steel structures of dock were retained and other redundant structures were removed.
Has change in the original spatial pattern, expanding the activity space and focusing on the waterfront area, extending to the inner lake.
Reinterpret the history of the Cultural Revolution as part with recycled steel box painted in bright red.
Reproduce the lost scenes through the old photos and construction drawings
Add different landscape layers by reproduce the local historical buildings or structures
Create monumental symbols that visitors can evoke resonance and memory with.
Be connected with the factories and brickpit in shape, layout or form.
Juxtaposing contemporary materials, functional areas and design languages with the elements of the industrial period.
The green box made of hedging follows the spatial dimensions of dormitories The water tower was transformed into a light tower.
By planning a new diagonal path, the spatial pattern formed by the original building was broken.
?
Water tower wrapped by glass is reminiscent of the exhibits of the museum. With the heritage skeleton and the ancient banyan tree, reveals the local memory.
Zhongshan Shipyard Park
Picturesque landscape
Dialectical landscape
Picturesque landscape
Dialectical landscape
Fig.06 Case studies of design qualities and aesthetic theoretical position, from LAND7312, by Author, 2020.
In the process of literature review and case studies, I found that Catherine Heatherington’s typology of qualities of post-industrial landscape design can well interpret and correspond to previous research findings (see Fig.05 and 06). From theory to practice, such typology of qualities, as an evaluation and reference standard, runs through the whole research and design process (Ma, 2020).
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PART II INTRODUCTION
What is going on? An overview of Capstone Project Starting from the quality typology mentioned above, I have found more aesthetic theories related to post-industrial landscape design, among which the two most critical theories are derived from Frederick Law Olmsted's picturesque landscape and Robert Smithson's dialectical landscape theory. The former thought that landscape design should use natural and pastoral elements to repair the traces of human production activities, and improve the aesthetic value by covering the unsightly elements. The latter believed that the traces left by industrial production in nature are the dialectical existence of human activities and social changes, and are the real source of aesthetic value. The two views are opposite to each other, but at the same time, it also provides an inspiration and reference for me, that is, what kind of aesthetic point of view is applicable to the SOP site. My previous studies have been devoted to discussing the reasonable theoretical position between dialectical landscape and picturesque landscape in post-industrial landscape design and the corresponding specific measures. I believed that, the eliminated industrial sites no longer export products and economic benefits, but instead produce cultural and aesthetic values. However, if the vision is further broadened, in a much larger time span, when more elements full of changes are considered, how to better find the balance point between dialectical landscape and picturesque landscape becomes more complex and difficult. And this is what this report wants to further explore and try.
What is the mission? What, why it matters. With the development of society, industrial production is gradually replaced by emerging industries in developed countries and regions. A large number of industrial lands has been abandoned, and through landscape design to dispose of these post-industrial lands has become one of the mainstream means (Loures, 2008; Loures, 2015). Among them, aesthetic consideration, as the most important part of landscape design in the post-industrial era, plays a basic role in guiding the design direction. The main mission of this report is to find a new design scheme suitable for SOP Brickpit, and explore
the post-industrial landscape design concept dominated by aesthetic considerations. At the same time, a research framework for post-industrial landscape design needs to set up to evaluate the aesthetic value in a more objective way, so as to help and guide designers to analyse and design the site in different projects. Generally speaking, a set of theoretical framework and aesthetic guidelines for postindustrial landscape design can help designers and the public better understand and evaluate post-industrial design projects, and avoid the loss of post-industrial aesthetics and culture caused by too subjective interpretation and design. At the same time, it also leads to the research question and two sub questions:
WHAT AESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS SHOULD BE INCLUDED IN THE PRESERVATION AND REUSE OF SOP POST-INDUSTRIAL LANDSCAPE? Sub questions: • What is the right balance point between picturesque landscape and dialectical landscape, between preservation and complete change? • How to elaborate and express the aesthetic value and its corresponding balance position through the design of materials, space and time?
Challenges and issues at SOP The obliterated historical traces and the beauty of the times SOP is a place full of historical footprints, from the ancient geological changes to the Aboriginal settlements, from the developed industrial areas in the early 20th century to the large-scale sports venues and buildings. It can be said that SOP is mixed with rich historical elements. However, the rapid urban construction is now gradually erasing these historical traces, especially the industrial relics which were once full of vitality in the last century. State Abattoirs and State Brickworks are the two most representative industrial sites in SOP, which have had a profound impact on Sydney and even Australia in terms of environment, society and economy. But in the past 40 years, the two factories have gradually disappeared from the public view, and the traces left by them have become more and more obscure (Devine, 2013). Considering the scale and size of the site and the feasibility of design and construction, this project selects Brickpit of SOP as the research object. Compared with the State Abattoirs, there are fewer mature development projects around the State Brickworks, such as commercial area, residential and public buildings, leaving more design space.
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Part II Introduction
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1:5000@A3 Fig.07 Site location in SOP, 1:20000@A3, by Author, 2020.
The main body of the site I chose is SOP Brickpit and some surrounding areas, which are located in the northeast side of Sydney Olympic Park and divided by Australia Ave, Murray rose Ave and Bennelong Pkwy (see Fig.07 and 08). As a typical industrial site, State Brickworks was established in 1911 and temporarily closed in 1940. After World War II, it developed rapidly again, until 1988, with the market depression, it gradually
Fig.08 Overview of the brickpit, site plan 770m x 770m, 1:5000@A3, by Author, 2020.
closed down. In the 1990s, it was once proposed that the pit should be backfilled and reconstructed, but it was finally retained, a circular footpath, namely Brickpit Ring Walk, was added to the top of the pit, which initially formed the present appearance.
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PART III FRAMEWORKS AND ASSUMPTIONS Key concepts This report mainly refers to four theories related to post-industrial landscape design: Picturesque and Diagonal landscape, Ruinous landscape and Typology of postindustrial landscape qualities. These four seemingly independent theories do have certain common ground, and also provide an indispensable basic reference for the following theoretical framework and research methods (see Fig.09 and 10).
Picturesque and dialectical landscape As mentioned above, dialectical landscape and picturesque landscape are opposite to each other in terms of post-industrial aesthetics. Picturesque landscape: Frederick Law Olmsted, a famous American Landscape Architect as a representative, influenced by the traditional British garden design, concluded that the aesthetic value of landscape design comes from the visual experience of nature, while for industrial elements, it is advocated to restore the natural environment, such as Central Park in New York, by adding green vegetation to cure the ugly traces of human activities on the natural environment. Robert Smithson, an American artist, challenged Frederick's design concept and put forward the dialectical landscape theory. He (1973) believed that landscape design should completely retain and accept the appearance brought by production activities and social changes. As mentioned in Robert's research on Central Park, the traces left by the changes of times confirm the social characteristics of a particular era. The lush Central Park will also be occupied by sewage and graffiti. Designers need to retain these seemingly ugly elements to protect their intrinsic historical, cultural and aesthetic values (Martin, 1973). His art work, Asphalt rundown, also emphasizes that people need to dialectically look at the changes that industrial production brings to the site. These elements are the indispensable aesthetic basis of the post-industrial era (Chan, 2009).
Ruinous landscape Ellen Braae (2015) put forward the concept of ruinous landscape in her book Beauty Redeemed. She mentioned that ruins are generally considered to have great historical and aesthetic value as they are fully reflected in different periods and carriers, especially in paintings and literary works. The creators have the same understanding of the beauty of the ruins’ scene - as a contemporary ruinous landscape, the post-
Fig.09 A simple summary of different concepts of post-industrial landscape aesthetics theories, by Author, 2020.
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Part III Frameworks and assumptions
industrial sites also have aesthetic value (Jackson, 1980). This aesthetic value originates from the coexistence and integration of natural environment and ruins or the post-industrial heritages. This provides a basis for the later research framework to find the feasibility of the aesthetic theoretical positions between picturesque landscape and dialectical landscape.
Typology of post-industrial landscape qualities Catherine Heatherington (2018) introduced the concepts of material, spatial and temporal qualities of post-industrial landscape design. This typology is suitable for the analysis of post-industrial design under different context. This will be introduced in more detail in Part V, page 17.
This is the challenge In my opinion, it is unreasonable to simply copy the dialectical landscape and picturesque landscape in SOP sites. Similarly, for sites under different context, unilateral appreciate for dialectical landscape and picturesque landscape is divorced from reality and extreme. Therefore, in order to better protect, reproduce and enhance the aesthetic value of the post-industrial landscape, the designer must refer to these two theories at the same time, and find a balance in between, which is in line with the integration of natural environment and historical relics mentioned by Braae in ruinous landscape. Finally, the specific design principles and strategies proposed by Heatherington's theory are used to illustrate how to elaborate and express the corresponding aesthetic theory balance point through the quality of materials, space and time. In capstone 1, I analysed three successful post-industrial landscape precedents to speculate on the aesthetic considerations of designers for their projects, and then explore the aesthetic standpoint suitable for SOP sites (see Fig.10). This report needs to add a more objective research method to come to a conclusion.
Key questions: What is the right balance point between picturesque landscape and dialectical landscape, between preservation and complete change? How to elaborate and express the aesthetic value and its corresponding balance position through the design of materials, space and time?
Fig.10 Relationships between theories of post-industrial landscape design and SOP, from LAND7312, by Author, 2020.
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PART IV METHODS AND TECHNIQUES Precedent 2018 ASLA RESEARCH AWARD OF HONOR: Design with Dredge: Resilient Landscape Infrastructure in the Chesapeake Bay by Mahan Rykiel Associates Resilient dredged material management in the Baltimore region The project is a collaborative research led by landscape architects, which is conducted by experts and scholars from many fields. It includes the compound research methods of historical research, case study, typology research and so on. Among them, mapping and evaluation are the most enlightening methods. In order to better understand the site and set up a strong guidance for the dredging design in Baltimore, the research team established a set of suitability model, and showed the priority of the suitable design type through mapping. Aiming at the systematic division of large-scale site, the existing situation can be presented intuitively and put forward guidance and suggestions for the future design.
Fig.11 Suitability Model of Resilient Landscape Infrastructure, Mahan Rykiel Associates, 2018.
The mapping and evaluation are detailed in the Baltimore dredging project. First, the team established a set of landscape criteria to functionally classify the different types of soil in Baltimore Harbor. Then, according to the study of coastline typology, the site is divided into existing conditions and opportunity sites. Combined with the above elements, a suitability model was concluded, applied and analysed for each grid of Baltimore Harbor, and the suitable location for development can be obtained after the whole process. Based on previous research and findings, I believe that in the way of research direction and early stage preparatory, the precedent is similar to the current project, and the method is also applicable. This is because they share a similar set of mature evaluation system and typology research. As the research methods, Evaluation and Mapping can be well applied to the current project as long as it refers to the research flow in Baltimore to a certain extent, providing a basis and framework for the subsequent site analysis and testing.
For more information, check the link below. https://www.gooood.cn/2018-asla-research-award-of-honor-design-with-dredge-resilient-landscapeinfrastructure-in-the-chesapeake-bay-by-mahan-rykiel-associates.htm?lang=cn Fig.12 Shoreline Typology Studies of Resilient Landscape Infrastructure, Mahan Rykiel Associates, 2018. LAND7313 Assignment 03 Page | 09
Part IV Methods and techniques
Fig.13 Refer to the precedent methodology and structure to find the appropriate research method for the SOP project, by Author, 2020.
Different from the Baltimore project, as an individual research project, based on the findings of previous literature review and case studies, the author combines the typology of post-industrial landscape design qualities and post-industrial aesthetic theories. Comparing with the suitability model, an evaluation model was established. Through the model, the existing situation and opportunities of the site can be analysed
and mapped out, so as to carry out the testing and design afterwards. The research model of Baltimore tells designers where to design, while the evaluation model of SOP Brickpit tells how to design at the corresponding location (see Fig.13).
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Part IV Methods and techniques
Method Mapping and evaluation The selection of mapping and evaluation as research methods is also a choice based on the actual situation. It is hard to realize the abstract concept of landscape aesthetics through quantitative measurement and statistics. In addition, due to the limitations of the site, it is difficult to have a comprehensive understanding of the site through users’ feedback, and it lacks pertinence in reflecting the site issues. In contrast, mapping and evaluation is the most practical approach, which can analyse sites of different sizes and scales, and better fit for the abstract theme of post-industrial landscape aesthetics. This method is a continuation of Project 1. In the absence of a detailed evaluation model, the author subjectively summarized the existing situation and design tendency of balanced point between picturesque and dialectical landscape of the site, and mapped it out (see Fig.14). This report will first evaluate the material, spatial and temporal qualities of the site, then map the results out. The next step is combing the three qualities to give the theoretical position for the site between the dialectical and picturesque landscape, and finally get the distribution map again (see Page17-24).
Techniques
Fig.14 Draft idea of mapping and evaluation for SOP brickpit from Project 1, by Author, 2020.
Two types of model Modelling mainly refers to the site model, which is used as a technique in conjunction with the research methods and as a major aid to site analysis and testing. There are two kinds of models. One is an accurate digital model based on contour lines and field measurements, which is much more accurate than the open source 3D model provided by Google Earth and so on. Considering the effect of online interaction and presentation, the other one is the physical model (digital handcraft model) derived from the previous digital model, which extracts the main spatial relations for design, testing and presentation (see Fig.15).
Why modelling? According to the site visit, I found that besides the Ring Walk, where visitors are allowed to "enter" the pit for observation. Pedestrians' vision and route are often blocked by the tall and dense vegetation groups and fence everywhere around Brickpit, which seriously hinders the site analysis. Brickpit itself cannot be seen standing on Fig.15 A digital handcraft model can intuitively summarize the site's features and bring perspectives into the pit, by Author, 2020. LAND7313 Assignment 03 Page | 11
Part IV Methods and techniques
Fig.16 Different types of barriers between brickpit and visitors, by Author, 2020.
most of the sidewalks along the motorway (see Fig.16). Similarly, the viewing angle is limited standing on the ring walk, with perforated, colour guardrails cutting off most of the outside-facing view. Finally, the visual information and spatial relationship obtained through the 3D models and maps provided online are also extremely fuzzy and inaccurate. Therefore, it is in urgent need of a technology that can observe and
measure the site from a full perspective anytime and anywhere, and digital modelling of the site can solve this problem to a large extent.
Fig.17 Digital model making process, by Author, 2020.
Based on CAD contour file, the basic terrain was formed after Grasshopper processing. Finally, the high-definition map provided by Nearmap was projected in Rhino and the building model was attached. With the help of the 3D models, the spatial relationship of the whole site will be clearer for the researcher and provide a good foundation for the following series of tests and drawings.
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PART V SITE CONTEXT AND RATIONALE Targeted site analysis Marjorie Jackson Pkwy
How it is relevant for this design research project
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This part is mainly divided into two parts. One part is the macro investigation of the site context, including the impact of the future planning of SOP and the changes and characteristics of the site at different historical stages. The other part is the specific analysis into the site. According to the existing theoretical basis, the analysis will be divided into different qualities of post-industrial landscape: material quality, spatial quality and temporal quality. The different performance and possibility of these qualities in different locations will determine the testing content and design direction thereafter.
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Because of the large size and complex contents, I first roughly divided the site into four sub-divisions for a separate evaluation. As the performance of each quality varies greatly among the four regions, I decided to further subdivide the site through grids, and finally summarized it more intuitively through mapping. Finally, the aesthetic theories will be taken as the summary of the comprehensive analysis of three qualities and the theoretical basis of the design tendency.
Four regions The current division of the four regions is mainly based on their existing functions and spatial location. The terrain of region 1 (Carpark), 2 (Horse trail) and 3 (Brickworks) is relatively flat and the elevation is equivalent to the ground level. They belong to the periphery of the Brickpit, and part of these areas with modern infrastructure and buildings has been used frequently. On the other hand, region 4 (Brickpit) is the area within the cliff, which is not accessible and becomes the object of key analysis.
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Fig.18 Site plan and four subdivisions, by Author, 2020. LAND7313 Assignment 03 Page | 13
Part V Site context and rationale Proposed light rail route by SOPA
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Proposed Metro station
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Existing Train station
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Proposed Light rail station
Original access to brickpit ring
Bike lanes
Existing access to brickpit ring
Bike lanes Proposed light rail route Access to Ring Walk
Proposed Light rail station
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Brickpit Ring Walk
Blocked access Sydney Showground
Original access
Bike lanes ANZ Stadium
The Dome
Existing Train station Proposed light rail route by SOPA
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Proposed Metro station Fig.19 The Brickpit will have to be opened to the public for future traffic planning, by Author, 2020.
Before heading to a more detailed analysis of the site, the surrounding context factors are also worth exploring. Although the Brickpit itself was not highlighted in SOPA's future plan, City Council's planning for the light rail route across SOP has re raised the importance of redeveloping this area. The light rail station along Australia Ave will bring a large number of floating populations to Brickpit. It is a reasonable development trend
to optimize the accessibility and make it open to the public. In the close future, these additional transportation stations will shorten the physical distance between the site and visitors and make the surrounding area energetic.
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Part V Site context and rationale
What happened?
1943
1955
1965
1970s
1986
1990s
2000s
2020
Fig.20 Traces of human activity in the site gradually expanded, base maps provided by NSW, Spatial Services., 2020.
After the establishment of the State Brickworks in the 1910s, the landform and landscape changed far more rapidly than ever before (see Fig.20). When the industry stepped into this area, it brought indelible marks, and now, when industry has stepped out, what else steps in the site? Is it natural environment and ecology like the Golden Bell Frogs, or culture and aesthetics...
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Part V Site context and rationale
What was there?
Fig.21-1 Cliff in 1911, provided by State Library of NSW, 2020.
Fig.21-2 Productions scene in 1911, provided by Rex, H., 2014.
Fig.21-3 Rails and chimneys in 1911, provided by Rex, H., 2014.
Fig.21-4 Productions scene in 1911, provided by Rex, H., 2014.
Fig.21-5 Productions scene in 1912, provided by State Library of NSW, 2020.
Fig.21-6 In a state of ruin around 1980, provided by flickr.com, 2005.
Fig.21-7 A red rattler passed in 1982, provided by Graeme Skeet/ nswrail.net, 2012.
Fig.21-8 Mad Max shooting site in 1985, provided by madmaxmovies. com, undated.
Railway track, chimney and the exposed rock layer --- the local industry once brought distinctive marks in the site (see Fig.21). Although a large part of the traces has been erased, such elements and symbols should not be ignored, but should be discovered and valued and appreciated by people. For designers, these elements are rare sources of inspiration, and the inside aesthetic value is self-evident.
Combined with the previous case studies and three qualities proposed by Catherine Heatherington (2018), the author established an evaluation model for current site analysis and subsequent testing. In the following page, it will take Ballast Point Park as an example to introduce the concrete embodiment of three kinds of quality in the analysis.
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Part V Site context and rationale
Material quality Structures and footprints of buildings Relics and artefacts
Reused and repurposed materials
The quality of materials here is mainly reflected in two parts. One is whether the site has structures and traces left by previous buildings and facilities, as well as whether there are relevant cultural relics and artworks. The second is whether the former areas and materials are reused for new purposes and functions.
Fig.22 In Ballast Point Park, you can find obvious traces of old facilities and the design of material reuse, from LAND7311, by Author, 2020.
Spatial quality Abundant topography
Create new spatial relationships
Similarly, the space quality is also divided into two parts. Topography mainly refers to whether the design or the site has multiple landscape layers, while landscape layer refers to the platform or area for sightseeing and observation. The spatial relationship is whether there is a new space in the site for visitors, which is reflected in a new vision or perspective. Fig.23 The spatial quality embodied in Ballast Point Park, from LAND7311, by Author, 2020.
Temporal quality Possibilities for recollection
Juxtaposition
In temporal quality, the possibilities for recollection refer to various elements that evoke memories and reflections on local history. Juxtaposition refers to whether there is a sharp contrast in age between the technology and materials. Placing old and new materials together can emphasize the value of the old elements and the long time span as well. Fig.24 The temporal quality embodied in Ballast Point Park, from LAND7311, by Author, 2020. LAND7313 Assignment 03 Page | 17
Part V Site context and rationale
Evaluation of Material quality Structures and footprints of buildings Relics and artefacts
Reused and repurposed materials
Repurposed parklands
P6 Sydney Olympic Park Car Park
Lion and Samsung Service Centre
Potential elements
Evaluation of Spatial quality Abundant topography
Create new spatial relationships
Evaluation of Temporal quality Possibilities for recollection
Juxtaposition
Evaluation Existing and potential qualities of four regions From here on, I will evaluate the quality of material, space and time of the whole site, and mark out the elements corresponding to relevant quality in the site. In addition to analysing the three qualities, I divided them into existing elements and potential qualities (opportunities), including the original but currently erased elements (see page18-20).
Mapping Based on the results of the assessment, I separate the site into smaller 10 X 10 grids and map the distribution of material, space and time quality respectively. The colour from dark to light indicates the sufficiency and lack of specific quality in the unit area. When there are only a few elements that can reflect the quality of materials in an area, such as the structure and footprint of buildings and reused materials, that is, the area is deficient in terms of material quality.(see page21-24).
One of the few clear views from the top to the bottom
Existing elements Original pasture of State Abattoir
Potential elements Fig.25 Quality analysis of subdivision 1, by Author, 2020. LAND7313 Assignment 03 Page | 18
Part V Site context and rationale
Repurposed bridle path
Repurposed parklands
Potential elements
Potential elements
SOP water recycling station
Restored factory sites
Footprint of State Brickworks Existing elements
Potential elements
(The current view is covered by dense woods and fences)
Open up a new vision towards the brickpit
(The current view is covered by dense woods and fences)
Potential elements
Open up a new vision towards the brickpit Potential elements
Wreckage of brick making machine
Original site of State Brickworks
Existing elements
Potential elements Wreckage of brick making machine
Restored factory sites Existing elements Fig.26 Quality analysis of subdivision 2, by Author, 2020.
Existing elements Fig.27 Quality analysis of subdivision 3, by Author, 2020. LAND7313 Assignment 03 Page | 19
Part V Site context and rationale
Wreckages of brick making machine
Repaired brick warehouse
Frog breeding ponds based on existing materials
Existing elements
Existing elements Landscape layer connecting the top and bottom Potential elements
Existing elements
(Now used as vehicle road for administrator)
Reused construction vehicle lane Existing elements
Brickpit Ring- an additional landscape layer above the ground Existing elements
Potential platform, landscape layer on top Potential elements New perspectives Potential elements
Frog breeding ponds
Exposed ancient shale accumulation
Existing elements
Potential platform, landscape layer in between Potential elements
Existing elements Fig.28 Quality analysis of subdivision 4, by Author, 2020. LAND7313 Assignment 03 Page | 20
Part V Site context and rationale
Mapping: Material quality •
STRUCTURES AND FOOTPRINTS OF BUILDINGS
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RELICS AND ARTEFACTS
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REUSED AND REPURPOSED MATERIALS
Fig.29 Mapping of the site existing material quality, by Author, 2020.
Existing qualities DEFICIENT
SUFFICIENT
Potential qualities DEFICIENT
SUFFICIENT
Fig.30 Mapping of the site potential material quality, by Author, 2020.
Overall, the existing material quality is deficient and scattered throughout the site. However, there is still a good potential to improve the quality, and these opportunities are mainly concentrated in the northeast corner of the site such as the footprint of the original brickworks factory. LAND7313 Assignment 03 Page | 21
Part V Site context and rationale
Mapping: Spatial quality •
TOPOGRAPHY
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SPATIAL RELATIONSHIPS
Fig.31 Mapping of the site existing spatial quality, by Author, 2020.
Existing qualities DEFICIENT
SUFFICIENT
Potential qualities DEFICIENT
SUFFICIENT
Fig.32 Mapping of the site potential spatial quality, by Author, 2020.
Due to Brickpit's unique topographic features, the stepped landform brings excellent spatial quality to the site, and the subsequent design is able to further improve it by connecting landscape layers and having more open perspectives. LAND7313 Assignment 03 Page | 22
Part V Site context and rationale
Mapping: Temporal quality •
POSSIBILITIES FOR RECOLLECTION
•
JUXTAPOSITION
Fig.33 Mapping of the site existing temporal quality, by Author, 2020.
Existing qualities DEFICIENT
SUFFICIENT
Potential qualities DEFICIENT
SUFFICIENT
Fig.34 Mapping of the site potential temporal quality, by Author, 2020.
Similar to the case of material quality, the existing temporal quality of the site is not ideal but has great room for improvement as well. There are a lot of opportunities in the vicinity of the original factory, bottom of brickpit and around the exposed shale. LAND7313 Assignment 03 Page | 23
Part V Site context and rationale
Summary: Theoretical position •
PICTURESQUE LANDSCAPE
•
DIALECTICAL LANDSCAPE
Fig.35 Summary and mapping of the site existing theoretical position, by Author, 2020.
Existing situation PICTURESQUE LANDSCAPE
Completely change
DIALECTICAL LANDSCAPE
Completely preserved
Design tendency PICTURESQUE LANDSCAPE
Completely change
DIALECTICAL LANDSCAPE
Completely preserved Fig.36 Summary and mapping of the design tendency and theoretical position, by Author, 2020.
According to the above evaluation of three qualities and mapping, the post-industrial aesthetics theoretical preference of the renovation project around 2000 was inclined to the dialectical landscape as the original appearance of Brickpit is basically retained. Paradoxically, the situation on the north and south side of the site is completely opposite, with most of the footprints erased. The author defines this part as picturesque
landscape that serves the visual aesthetic, but it can also be claimed that the existing situation or design of these areas is lacking in any kind of aesthetic consideration. The new design tendency is to slightly shifting towards the picturesque landscape based on the current situation, but the overall focus is still on the dialectical landscape. For the above sites on the north and south, the dialectical landscape will be adopted to reproduce the industrial traces, historic and aesthetic value. LAND7313 Assignment 03 Page | 24
PART VI TESTING OF METHODS AND TECHNIQUES As a guide and frame How to improve the qualities based on a new theoretical position? Through the site evaluation and mapping, there is now a complete framework to guide the design, and on the basis of the new aesthetic theory position, designers are able to optimize the design in terms of materials, space and time at the corresponding location. Different design concepts and random ideas will follow the grid and map matching, resulting in an overall scheme. The digital model will then help further verify the feasibility of the scheme and adjust the details according to the actual situation.
Fig.37 Design ideas need to be classified and organised, by Author, 2020.
Potential material quality
Potential spatial quality
Potential temporal quality
Summary: Theoretical position Fig.38 Evaluation and mapping helps to integrate piecemeal ideas, by Author, 2020.
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Part VI Testing of methods and techniques
Fig.39 Sketches for different areas based on the mapping result, by Author, 2020.
New viewing perspective for visitors
Potential walking outes
Tour route connecting landscape layers
Vegetation area, soft partition
Elements that recollect memories
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Part VI Testing of methods and techniques
Fig.40 Sketches for different areas based on the mapping result, by Author, 2020.
New viewing perspective for visitors
Potential walking outes
Tour route connecting landscape layers
Vegetation area, soft partition
Elements that recollect memories
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Part VI Testing of methods and techniques
Fig.41 Sketches for different areas based on the mapping result, by Author, 2020.
New viewing perspective for visitors
Potential walking outes
Tour route connecting landscape layers
Vegetation area, soft partition
Elements that recollect memories
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Part VI Testing of methods and techniques
Fig.42 & 43 Combined sketches and condensed into a materplan draft, by Author, 2020.
According to the existing quality distribution map and the aesthetic positioning of the whole site, I integrated the sketches of the three key design parts together to form a general masterplan (see Fig.42 and 43). The next step is to convert the sketch into a digital model for testing.
New viewing perspective for visitors
Potential walking outes
Tour route connecting landscape layers
Vegetation area, soft partition
Elements that recollect memories
Infrastructure: Hardscape, platform and walkways
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Part VI Testing of methods and techniques
Picturesque landscape: Visual aesthetic improvement
Paths link landscape layers of different heights
Repurpose parkland as outdoor exhibition area
Viewing deck that breaks through the vision obstacle
+ Repurpose parkland as public lawn
Group of monument referring the chimneys of Brickworks
+ Footprint of original pasture of State Abattoir
The juxtaposition of structures in different periods
Footprint of State Brickworks
Dialectical landscape: Preservation / re-excavation of industrial heritage
Path connecting ground and bottom, referred to the original route Dialectical landscape: Preservation / re-excavation of industrial heritage
Viewing platforms: The relative high points at the bottom of the brickpit Picturesque landscape: Visual aesthetic improvement
Paths allowing a close observation of shale
Fig.44 Transform the sketch into digital model and combine with the site model for testing, by Author, 2020.
What is new? Based on the aesthetic tendency mentioned in page 24, part of the overall design strategy adopts the viewpoint of enhancing visual aesthetics in picturesque landscape. The material and space quality of the site can be improved by reusing more materials, changing the use of the areas, constructing more complex terrain and establishing new spatial relations. The other part is the idea of protection and re-excavation of industrial heritages and elements in dialectical landscape, which evokes memories by reappearing architectural footprints and juxtaposition of new and old elements, so as to strengthen the time quality of the site (see Fig.44).
Theoretical position Visual aesthetic improvement
Design responding to Spatial quality Preservation of industrial heritage
Design responding to Material quality Structures and footprints of buildings Relics and artefacts
Reused and repurposed materials
Abundant topography
Create new spatial relationships
Design responding to Temporal quality Possibilities for recollection
Juxtaposition
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Part VI Testing of methods and techniques
Fig.45 How the design proposal connect different landscape layers in detail, by Author, 2020.
Due to the previous excavation work here, three big steps have been formed between the parking lot of region 1 (see page 13) and the bottom of brickpit. I try to connect these landscape layers with different heights by walkway and staircase, guide visitors into these areas, and observe and experience the spatial quality of the whole site from different heights and perspectives.
Fig.46 How the proposed path can get a closer observation to the shale, by Author, 2020.
Similarly, on the south side of the site, through the design of path and plank road, people can step into the bottom of brickpit again, and closely observe the shale formation formed by geological changes 200 million years ago and exposed again about 80 years ago, so as to feel the time quality of the site.
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Part VI Testing of methods and techniques
Fig.47 How the proposed paths and platform connect different landscape layers, by Author, 2020.
On the basis of the original transport road, a ramp to the bottom of the pit is developed once again. At the same time, a viewing platform is set up at the relative high ground of the bottom to create a new and interesting spatial relationship.
Fig.48 A group of structure and momument referred to the Brickworks footprint, evoking memories, by Author, 2020.
By using the large-scale shelter, monument and sculpture group to reproduce the footprints of the original brickworks, and also repurpose the parking lot for visitors to carry out activities like industrial culture promotion and exhibition. It not only improves the material quality, but also achieves the juxtaposition of new and old elements, so as to arouse memories and improve the quality of time. Such design complies with the research framework in different aspects and conforms to the above aesthetic standpoint (see page 24), and achieve a reasonable balance between the picturesque and the dialectical landscape. LAND7313 Assignment 03 Page | 32
Part VI Testing of methods and techniques
P1
Fig.49 The intuitive spatial relationship and connection via physical model, by Author, 2020.
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Part VI Testing of methods and techniques
Fig.50 Perspective 01 (P1), with less fence and brand new perspective to see the pit and Ring walk, by Author, 2020.
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Part VI Testing of methods and techniques
P3
P2
Fig.51 Path, deck and platform: Detail of physical model, by Author, 2020.
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Part VI Testing of methods and techniques
Fig.52 Perspective 02 (P2), Spatial testing via human perspective 1.6m, get a closer look at the shale and vegetations, by Author, 2020.
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Part VI Testing of methods and techniques
Fig.53 Perspective 03 (P3), Spatial testing via human perspective 1.6m, get a closer look at the shale and wetland, by Author, 2020.
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Part VI Testing of methods and techniques
P5
P4
Fig.54 Structures, monuments, and shelters interweave with modern building and heritage, by Author, 2020.
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Part VI Testing of methods and techniques
Fig.55 Perspective 04 (P4), Spatial testing via human perspective 1.6m, a new open view breakign through the woods, by Author, 2020.
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Part VI Testing of methods and techniques
Fig.56 Perspective 05 (P5), Surrounded by factory skeleton-like shelter and chimney shaped monuments, by Author, 2020.
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PART VII SYNTHESIS AND FINDINGS
PLAN 2
Masterplans The current design is still in the preliminary stage, which aims to provide reference for the site analysis and aesthetic consideration of post-industrial landscape design by using the research methods of evaluation and mapping, so no further detailed design will be undertaken at this stage. Using the three quality-based evaluation model to get the aesthetic balance point suitable for the site, and then through mapping to assist in the planning and design of the subdivision site. DETAIL
PLAN 1
Newly planted trees Corymbia citriodora, Lemon Scented Gum Tristaniopsis laurina, Water Gum Callitris canescens, Scrubby Cypress Pine Eucalyptus camaldulensis, River Red Gum Group of existing trees
Fig.57 Masterplan 1:3000, by Author, 2020. LAND7313 Assignment 03 Page | 41
Part VII Synthesis and findings
Existing fence
Viewing platform
Buffer planting
AA
AA
BB
BB
Three meter wide metal framed walkway
Buffer planting
Area that visitors can walk around Chrysanthemoides monilifera, Boneseed Lantana camara, Common lantana Cortaderia rudiuscula, Pink Pampas Fig.58 Plan-1 1:1000, The curved plank road fits the terrain, visitors will take a winding tour of brickpit from top to bottom, by Author, 2020. LAND7313 Assignment 03 Page | 42
Part VII Synthesis and findings
Horse trail
Brickworks sculpture and shelter group
Frog breeding ponds
SOP water recycling station
Wooden monument in the shape of brick chimney
Viewing platform
Frog breeding ponds CC
CC
Newly planted trees Corymbia citriodora, Lemon Scented Gum
Buffer planting
Tristaniopsis laurina, Water Gum Callitris canescens, Scrubby Cypress Pine Eucalyptus camaldulensis, River Red Gum Group of existing trees
Area that visitors can walk around Viewing platform
Chrysanthemoides monilifera, Boneseed Lantana camara, Common lantana Cortaderia rudiuscula, Pink Pampas
Fig.59 Plan-2 1:1000, by Author, 2020. LAND7313 Assignment 03 Page | 43
Part VII Synthesis and findings
Existing fence
Frog breeding ponds
Garden bed
Redbrick paving and curbing
Precast concrete slab
Chrysanthemoides monilifera, Boneseed Lantana camara, Common lantana Cortaderia rudiuscula, Pink Pampas Fig.60 Detail plan 1:200, by Author, 2020. LAND7313 Assignment 03 Page | 44
Part VII Synthesis and findings
Sections
Fig.61 Section AA 1:750, Close to the water surface and close to the shale wall, by Author, 2020.
The Ring Walk
The new entrance
Fig.62 Section BB 1:750, by Author, 2020.
Viewing platform
Fig.63 Section CC 1:750, Look at the Brickpit from different heights, by Author, 2020.
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Part VII Synthesis and findings
Fig.64 Perspective, The plank road corresponding to the arc of the Ring walk, the perspective moves from the top pit to the point close to the pit, by Author, 2020.
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Part VII Synthesis and findings
Post-industrial landscape design Aesthetic considerations and three qualities Generally speaking, the design of post-industrial landscape requires designers to set an aesthetic balance point suitable for the site in advance, which plays a guiding role in the later design on the theoretical basis. The lack of relevant aesthetic considerations makes the design tend to be purely functional, and it is difficult to keep consistent in the design concept, which can neither enhance the visual beauty of the site nor highlight the local industrial culture and history. Before setting the aesthetic balance point, it is a very intuitive and easy to understand method to analyse the site and help design from the quality of site materials, space and time. These three qualities have good pertinence for post-industrial landscape. From the design process of SOP brickpit, the three qualities are reflected both in the existing status and landscape design, and the whole process is objective and efficient. The research method (evaluation and mapping) based on these qualities has great potential to be applied to post-industrial sites under different contexts.
Applications on a larger scale For SOP post-industrial sites and more The above research methods and design process provided a feasible idea for postindustrial landscape design. Starting from the aesthetic theoretical position, the site features were deconstructed into the quality of materials, space and time, and optimized and improved one by one in the subsequent targeted design, so as to obtain the final overall scheme. I believed that, not limited to individual and landscape architect, collaborative research methods and team cooperation can greatly extend the applicability of the above. It is not just the Brickpit site. The same or even more complex evaluation model and more accurate digital models can be applied to all postindustrial sites of SOP, such as the Newington Armory the industrial sites of large and small size along the Homebush Bay.
Fig.65 Apply the above research process on a larger scale to preserve and reuse more post-industrial sites, by Author, 2020.
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PART VIII REFERENCES
Reference
Image reference
Braae, E 2015, Beauty redeemed: recycling post-industrial landscapes, IKAROS; Press Birkḧauser Verlag, Risskov: Basel.
flickr.com, 2005. Sydney Australia Homebush State Brickworks In A State Of Ruin. [image] Available at: <https://www.flickr.com/photos/158830710@N02/48834046727/in/photostream/> [Accessed 18 September 2020].
Chan, E., 2009. What roles for ruins? Meaning and narrative of industrial ruins in contemporary parks. JoLA - Journal on Landscape Architecture, 2009(2), pp.20-31. Devine, M., 2013. ABATTOIR HERITAGE PRECINCT SYDNEY OLYMPIC PARK. [ebook] Sydney: Government Architect’s Office, Available at: <https://www.sopa.nsw.gov.au/-/media/files/sopa/sopa/ publications/planning-documents/abattoirheritageprecinct_cmp.pdf.> [Accessed 10 June 2020]. Gooood.cn. 2019. 2018 ASLA RESEARCH AWARD OF HONOR: Design With Dredge: Resilient Landscape Infrastructure In The Chesapeake Bay By Mahan Rykiel Associates. [online] Available at: <https://www.gooood.cn/2018-asla-research-award-of-honor-design-with-dredge-resilient-landscapeinfrastructure-in-the-chesapeake-bay-by-mahan-rykiel-associates.htm?lang=en> [Accessed 23 October 2020]. Heatherington, C 2018, Reimagining industrial sites: changing histories and landscapes, Routledge, Abingdon, Oxon. Jackson, J., 1980. The Necessity For Ruins And Other Topics. Amherst: The University of Massachussets Press. Loures, L 2008, ‘Industrial Heritage: The past in the future of the city’, WSEAS transactions on environment and development, vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 687–696. Loures, L 2015, ‘Post-industrial landscapes as drivers for urban redevelopment: Public versus expert perspectives towards the benefits and barriers of the reuse of post-industrial sites in urban areas’, Habitat International, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 72–81. Ma, Z. (2020) ‘Aesthetic Considerations for Preservation and Reuse of Post-Industrial Landscape Design’, LAND7312 Master Landscape Studio 6: Capstone Part 1. University of New South Wales. Unpublished essay. Ma, Z. (2020) ‘Post-industrial landscape design: preservation and re-use.’, LAND7311 Contemporary Theory and Research. University of New South Wales. Unpublished essay. Martin, T., 1973. Robert Smithson and the Anglo-American Picturesque. Landscape, [online] 62. Available at: <https://www.getty.edu/museum/symposia/pdf_stark/stark_tmartin.pdf> [Accessed 27 July 2020].
Graeme Skeet/nswrail.net, 2012. A Red Rattler Passes The State Brickworks, 1982. [image] Available at: <https://pastlivesofthenearfuture.com/tag/state-brickworks/> [Accessed 23 August 2020]. Mahan Rykiel Associates, 2018. Shoreline Typology Studies. [image] Available at: <https://www.gooood. cn/2018-asla-research-award-of-honor-design-with-dredge-resilient-landscape-infrastructure-in-thechesapeake-bay-by-mahan-rykiel-associates.htm?lang=en> [Accessed 23 October 2020]. Mahan Rykiel Associates, 2018. Suitability Model. [image] Available at: <https://www.gooood.cn/2018asla-research-award-of-honor-design-with-dredge-resilient-landscape-infrastructure-in-the-chesapeakebay-by-mahan-rykiel-associates.htm?lang=en> [Accessed 23 October 2020]. n.d. Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome Filming Locations Bartertown. [image] Available at: <https://www. madmaxmovies.com/mad-max-beyond-thunderdome/filming-locations/bartertown-sydney-brick-pit/index. html> [Accessed 23 September 2020]. NSW, Spatial Services, 2020. Historic Image Index. [image] Available at: <https://portal.spatial.nsw.gov. au/portal/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=f7c215b873864d44bccddda8075238cb> [Accessed 15 October 2020]. Rex, H., 2014. State Brickworks, Homebush. [image] Available at: <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:State_Brickworks_Homebush_A2020003h.jpg> [Accessed 24 September 2020]. Rex, H., 2014. State Brickworks, Homebush. [image] Available at: <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:State_Brickworks,_Homebush_A2020004h.jpg> [Accessed 28 September 2020]. Rex, H., 2014. State Brickworks, Homebush. [image] Available at: <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:State_Brickworks,_Homebush_A2020006h.jpg> [Accessed 26 September 2020]. State Library of NSW, 2012. State Brickworks, Homebush, 1912. [image] Available at: <https:// pastlivesofthenearfuture.com/tag/state-brickworks/> [Accessed 27 September 2020]. State Library of NSW, 2020. Brick Pit In 1911. [image] Available at: <https://www.abc.net.au/news/202009-06/brick-pit-in-1911-1/12633850?nw=0> [Accessed 28 September 2020].
Meyer, E., 2012. Sustaining beauty. The performance of appearance. Journal of Landscape Architecture, 3(1), pp.6-23. Smithson, R 1973. Frederick Law Olmsted And the Dialectical Landscape.
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LAND 7313 2020 T3 Master of Landscape Architecture Zilong Ma z5226341