INFILL-TRATION: RE-THINKING THE LA RIVER
ZOLTAN NEVILLE University of Southern California School of Architecture | Class of 2010 m: +1.818.618.1203 e: zoltan.neville@gmail.com
INFILL-TRATION: RE-THINKING THE LA RIVER
ZOLTAN NEVILLE University of Southern California School of Architecture | Class of 2010 m: +1.818.618.1203 e: zoltan.neville@gmail.com
Table of Contents INTRODUCTION
Preface..................................................................................................................................................................................
03
Site Information..................................................................................................................................................................
05
Project Summary................................................................................................................................................................
18
RESEARCH
Open Spaces........................................................................................................................................................................
21
The Los Angeles River.........................................................................................................................................................
31
Hypothesis...........................................................................................................................................................................
50
DESIGN
Project Development.........................................................................................................................................................
73
Drawings..............................................................................................................................................................................
98
Details...................................................................................................................................................................................
104
Sketches...............................................................................................................................................................................
125
Models..................................................................................................................................................................................
136
WRITING Research Paper....................................................................................................................................................................
143
potential urban scenario
Preface: This project represents a critical investigation into a set of existing urban conditions in Los Angeles, particularly focused around the evolving industrial district to the east of downtown Los Angeles, adjacent to the L.A. river. The river itself, which has drawn criticism since its channelization in the first half of the 20th century, has progressively attracted attention as a civic issue, especially in light of growing ecological concerns. The design exercise is a continuation of ideas initially explored through a research paper about the movement coined “Landscape Urbanism� and its investigations - particularly figure/field relationships, dynamic solutions, and social and ecological functions - and made an effort to deconstruct the ideas independent of the rhetoric and expose the relevant issues by pushing them to the limit, testing their validity, capacity, and potential. Especially important in the exploratory process was to retain the interdisciplinary nature of the issues at hand. The project exists at the overlap between architecture, landscape, infrastructure, and public space, giving each equal consideration during the progression of the project. In this way the it truly recognizes the complexity of the contemporary city and tries to avoid the unfortunate common practice of attempting to solve a multi-faceted urban problem within the scope of a single discipline. This project fights disciplinary hierarchy.
03
SITE INFORMATION
SITE - STUDY AREA
07
STUDY AREA - AERIAL MAP
4th STREET
ALAMEDA STREET
6th STREET
7th STREET
EWAY
E 10 FR
09
BUILDINGS AND PLOTS
11
SIDEWALKS
NON-INDUSTRIAL PROGRAM 13
BUS ROUTES
WALKABLE RADIUS FROM TRANSIT 15
EMPTY BUILDINGS
UNBUILT SPACE 17
Project Summary INFILL-TRATION proposes a solution that begins with the reconsideration of the under-utilized, existing resources of the area in order to improve the industrial corridor, the natural water system, and the urban experience. The project acts more as a method for regeneration and growth rather than a specific design, providing a dynamic framework in which the natural process of development can occur. Two major resources are identified as inefficiently used: water and space. The fabric of the industrial neighborhoods straddles the LA River, a major geographic feature that has been neglected until recently, engineered to flush every drop of water from this droughtprone region out to sea as quickly as possible. The second resource is space, both planar and volumetric. This industrial districts reveal themselves in plan as the fabric becomes unwoven, the buildings bigger, and the streetscape loses almost all definition. Most of the surface area is paved parking lots, sitting empty for most of the day either absorbing the heat of the sun or keeping rain water from entering the ground. Furthermore, a large number of warehouses are unused or underused, representing empty volumes in the map. For a city continuously threatened by drought, the volume of water that flows through the adjacent channel is significant. Presently, the river water is polluted and the city faces the task of keeping the water clean enough to enter the sea. Two reclamation plants upstream work at cleaning run-off water entering the river, though only 25% gets recycled back into the system for irrigation purposes. Still, the water needs to be cleaner whether it is expelled or re-used.
The first step of this project proposes to store valuable river water in empty warehouses. Because the water is polluted, natural filtration methods can be employed on the surrounding open spaces, simultaneously functioning ecologically as well as providing public space for the growing residential population in the neighborhoods. The treated water would then support other public functions, raising adjacent values and allowing for further development. Considering that about 40% of the surface area in the neighborhood is open space, the various spatial qualities that exist in the current fabric are incredibly rich and diverse and could accommodate a wide range of open / public programming, as well new development. As opposed to the traditional two-dimensional method of separating uses into different areas, one could program based on spatial quality rather than location. Some of these under-utilized lots would become filtration sites, which would in turn generate re-programming of surrounding spaces. The filtered water would then be used for various “green” spaces or public amenities before recycling back into the river. The system inserts itself into the ecological cycle, the process allowing water to return to the aquifer and the atmosphere through transpiration, and emits excess clean water back into the river to run out to sea, as well as providing urban albedo and vegetative cover which will reduce the heat island affect in the heart of the city. The implementation of INFILL-TRATION as a method was carried out on one block which contained two possible water storage buildings. In addition to existing spatial qualities, microclimate conditions are important in determining where certain
natural filtration systems can go. Therefore, a mapping of micro-climate conditions was done of the block to begin to delineate where the three systems (evapotranspiration garden, phytodepuration wetlands, and lagooning ponds) can go, depending on their spatial needs as well as sun requirements, and proximity to storage site based on volumetric flow. The filtration systems become placed first based on their optimum locations. Then, based on the water output from these systems along with the adjacent spatial qualities, various program becomes aggregated where appropriate. In this scenario various public amenities are put in place due to the large number of renovated loft buildings in the direct vicinity. The system is intentionally dynamic; the program will affect the existing urban fabric which will eventually circle back in order to re-program the site. The method will catalyze a process which will continue to develop itself, allowing the natural process of investment and growth to occur simultaneously. In turn, the programs can continuously change, though the larger interventions like deeper pools may “scar” the landscape and have further implications on what the future use may be. Additionally, this method of growth and generation of value lends itself to the taxincrement financing method of the CRA. Finally, INFILL-TRATION provides a solution that is not only dynamic and flexible to meet the needs of the modern city, but also links building and landscape, ecology and urbanism, public space and private development into a unified system that can continue to grow and have a lasting positive effect on not only the neighborhoods in focus, but the entire metropolitan area.
19
OPEN SPACES
Los Angeles
New York
Paris
URBAN FABRIC COMPARISON
Barcelona
London
Kyoto
23
OPEN SPACES
IDENTIFICATION OF SPACES 25
SLIVER
SMALL COURT
CARVED
NARROW
COURT
SQUARE
S
STRAIGHT
CIRCUIT
RESIDUAL
FRINGE
CATALOGUE OF OPEN SPACES WITH PROGRAMMATIC ASSOCIATIONS 27
Open Spaces : Immediately apparent upon examination is the extremely low density of the urban fabric, with almost half of the surface area designated to parking lots and storage yards. As the open spaces occupy such a large area of the site, further investigation was taken in an exercise to record and catalogue the different kinds of spaces that currently exist in the unbuilt portions of the fabric. A catalogue of spaces was then created, and when taken out of context begin to imply a different understanding and interpretation of their nature. Programmatic implications were assigned based on the quality of the spatial conditions of each individual space. The study about open spaces begins to demonstrate how much usable space exists within the fabric as it is now. Additionally, as cities and their programs are dynamic and changing, the study begins to implicate a new understanding of programming based on spatial quality rather than prescribed zoning. The different types of spaces are naturally arranged in an even distribution across the site.
POTENTIAL PROGRAMMING OF SITE BY SPATIAL QUALITY 29
THE LOS ANGELES RIVER
The Los Angeles River: The river has been a source of controversy in Los Angeles for most of its history. Once an alluvial stream which constantly fluctuated in volume and course, the river became channelized to protect the growing metropolis around it from seasonal floods. Today the river acts as a large storm drain, representing an engineering feat and an ecological disaster. Now, a region consistently challenged with drought can flush every drop of water out to sea with maximum efficiency. The water flushed out to sea has become so polluted as storm water run-off that the city faces federal fines in order to improve quality of output water. The city still struggles to meet high water demands. The LA River Revitalization Masterplan, developed in response to many of these issues, proposes a re-naturalization of the river bed through a “green-ing””of the river. However, the proposed “re-naturalization” is just a new layer of engineering disguised as an homage to a fictional historic existence. Thorough research on the historic river was conducted to allow for a re-examination of what a re-naturalization would mean and how the true nature of the river might manifest itself given the current metropolitan conditions.
33
LA RIVER LAR WATERSHED
15
ift sh
o
until 1
825
f1
8
shi ft o f1 88 9 25 f 18 if t o sh
LA RIVER LOS ANGELES RIVER OVER TIME
35
AFTER FLOOD CONTROL BEFORE FLOOD CONTROL
LA RIVER FORMER INUNDATION AREAS
37
Historic Zanja (canal) system; Los Angeles, 1880 39
Los Angeles river, Alluvial flow; 1887
Historic Water System overlaid on current city fabric 41
WASTEWATER
WASTEWATER
RECLAMATION PLANT
WASTEWATER
RECLAIMED WATER (25%)
TREATED WATER (75%)
LA RIVER TO HARBOR
L.A. River today: one-way system
WASTEWATER
WASTEWATER
WASTEWATER
RECLAMATION PLANT
RECLAIMED WATER (25%)
TREATED WATER (75%)
REDISTRIBUTION
Future System Potential revitalization of the historic two-way zanja system 43
LA River Cross Section
30’ section of LA river - 100 yr storm
site adjacent distribution building volumetric capacity
River volume comparison
Maximum Capacity flow
Upstream treatment output
Minimum flow volume
= 30 seconds of water during a 100 year storm
7 hours 12 minutes
of water
during dry season.
45
On-site empty building volumetric capacities
LA River system potential 47
0.170 ppm
OZONE LEVEL
.100 ppm
0.050 ppm
TEMPERATURE
40 ° c
25 ° c 42 ° c
7.87 in 36.98 in
RAIN GAUGE DATA 12.71 in
4,061 sq mi
site
LOS ANGELES COUNTY
0.170 ppm
OZONE LEVEL 0.050 ppm
42 ° c
TEMPERATURE 25 ° c
36.98 in
RAIN GAUGE DATA 7.87 in
LOS ANGELES COUNTY
Existing Heat-Island Analysis
0.170 ppm
OZONE LEVEL
.100 ppm
0.050 ppm
TEMPERATURE WITH ALBEDO AND VEGETATIVE COVER
38 ° c
25 ° c 39 ° c
7.87 in 36.98 in
RAINFALL IN LA RIVER CATCHMENT AREA
12.71 in
4,061 sq mi
site
LOS ANGELES COUNTY
OZONE LEVEL
39 ° c
REDUCED TEMPERATURE 25 ° c
RAIN GAUGE DATA IN LA RIVER CATCHMENT 36.98 in
LOS ANGELES COUNTY
Potential Heat-Island reduction 49
HYPOTHESIS
Premise: What if empty warehouses were used to store water from the Los Angeles river, a valuable resource? Can the water storage catalyze new urban activity? Can this process activate other empty spaces and create a more cohesive relationship between volume and surface in the urban fabric?
Buildings for Sale or Full Lease 53
Water Storage Locations
New Water Network 55
Areas of Influence
Affected Open Spaces 57
Affected Blocks
PALOMARES APPAREL JOKER BRAND CLOTHING ADVANCED PARKING SYSTEMS ACME WIPING MATERIALS
INTERSTATE SEAFOOD NIPPONSLO INT CORPORATION
SERIOUS CLOTHING
M & P FASHION SPILO WORLDWIDE MGM FASHION BLACK HALO
STOVER SEED
LUMARY TIRE SERVICES SHUAN HWA FLOWER SHOP SYSTEMATIC OFFICE SUPPLY LOT
DIGITAL SURVEILLANCE CARIBE FASHION
AJ PRODUCE ONIK’S TRUCK SERVICES EVEREST TRADING
LOTTE TRADING CO TOY FACTORY LOFTS
ELEGANT KID 2000 JOE’S MARKET ROYAL CLAYTON’S
BLUE DESIGN STUDIO WORKS ARCHIECTS
SHOWA MARINE
CHURCH AND STATE TERESA TARRYN GALLERY BISCUIT COMPANY LOFTS
MCDONALD’S
PARA LOS NINOS MIDDLE SCHOOL YMC TOYS EL TEXTILE
CENTRAL DE AUTOBUSES FK FAMILY SHOES
MASTERCRAFT WOODWORKS AUTENTICACOMIDA MEXICANA
AMERICAN MOVING PARTS
TONY’S
FRENCH GARDEN LA REYNA CHECK CONNECTION TD BEER & WINE
CHAVEZ CAFE
GREYHOUND
EL WORKSHOP
M & H VIEW M CO PRODUCE
METROPOLITAN HIGH SCHOOL SHARP EDGE INC
OPERA PAINTS
PAPILLON EASTERN IMPORTS WEST CENTRAL PRODUCE TARA PRODUCE ENVY CLOTHING
ASTRO BUS LINES
VEGETARIAN CONNECTION BRAND CONNECTIONS
STUDIO MTLA
YEREVAN TRUCK & EQUIPMENT GOLDEN ISLAND INTERNATIONAL JADE EXPRESS
LA FRESH CUT
LA TERRE FASHION BAY STREET FINISHING
DOUBLE L CUTTING
KMQ INTERNATIONAL
MV TRANSPORTATION INC
RR SHOWCASE PACIFIC COAST BACH LABEL HANGAR 1018 CITY CLUB
JD BEDDING & UPHOLSTERY PLAY PEN
MORTON SCRAP METAL
BLACKDUST DESIGN
NICK RODRIGUEZ
OCEAN GROUP WOLFSON KNITTING
BROADWAY CHEERLEADING
CARMEL SHOE
SHRINE G & B ENTERPRISES
LA MILLS
SWINSTAR SERVICES
IN & OUT CUTTING
Superimposition onto existing Program BRUCK BRAID
59
HINT MINT MASON MICHELLE
Study Area
Potential Sequence of Influence 61
water stored as warm mass
maximum southern exposure
water used as cool mass
limited southern exposure
mass used to warm space
mass used to cool open space
Potential to Affect Thermal Space
daily and seasonal fluctuation causes shift in activities and programming
ACTIVITY IN TEMPERATE ENVIRONMENT
warm day/night temperatures increase activity near cool thermal mass
RESPONSE TO WARM ENVIRONMENT
cool day/night temperatures increase activity near warm thermal mass
RESPONSE TO COOL ENVIRONMENT
63
Explorations on spatial effects
65
How could WATER affect the empty sites?
69
71
PROJECT DEVELOPMENT
Focus Area: In order to test the questions and hypotheses, one block of the area was taken to be developed further as an implementation of a development and growth method for a hypothetical time frame. The process started with the research of natural filtration systems to treat the water on site. The goal was to recover the ecological cycle of the river why catalyzing urban growth. The new system would be an urban reincarnation of the historic zanja system and an alternative the “re-naturalization� efforts of the River Masterplan.
75
LAGOONING SYSTEM
8-12 ft depth
1-3 ft depth
wastewater inflow
algae
ANAEROBIC POND
AEROBIC POND
PHYTODEPURATION SYSTEM
wastewater inflow approx. 36 sq ft min. pond size macrophyte / hydrophilic planting 1-3 ft depth
subsurface flow system
9 ft
70% water output (with waterproofing)
20% water output (no waterproofing) 4 ft
cleansed effluent water
CONSTRUCTED WETLAND
Water filtration system options
SIZING AND OUTPUT
approx. 81 sq ft min. pond size 3-6 ft depth
no max. size limitation
9 ft
85% water output (with waterproofing) clean effluent water
approx. 10 day cycle
9 ft
MATURATION POND
SIZING AND OUTPUT
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION SYSTEM
wastewater inflow perennial herbaceous plants and shrubs
approx. 20 sq ft min. bed size
1 ft depth
20% water output (with waterproofing)
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION GARDEN
SIZING AND OUTPUT
77
94,210 cu ft storage volume
139,760 cu ft storage volume
Building volume output through different filtration systems
lagooning system
lagooning system
phytodepuration system
phytodepuration system
evapotranspiration system
evapotranspiration system
79
Site shadow mapping
81
Site Microclimates
83
Filtration options in different microclimate conditions
85
affects building fabric
EXISTING FABRIC
SURFACE PROGRAMMING
affects surface programming
COEXISTING AFFECT/EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS
affects surface condition
MICROCLIMATE CONDITION
87
LAGOON FILTRATION
WETLAND
GARDEN
COOLING TOWER
THERMAL MASS MICROCLIMATE MIST
FOG
LAP POOL ACTIVE AMENITY
FOUNTAIN
SPORTS LAWN
GREENHOUSE
NURSERY PRODUCTIVE FARM/ORCHARD
FISH FARM
CANAL TRANSPORTATION BOAT DOCKS
PERFORMANCE
PASSIVE AMENITY
MEETING
BATH
FLOWERS AESTHETIC NATIVE PLANTING
microclimate programming 89
Generation of Plan through sequence of affects
91
Future site influence sequence studies
93
NEIGHBORHOOD AREA SEQUENCING
EXISTING CONDITION
WATER STORAGE
TERTIARY OPEN SPACES
NEW DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH
ADJACENT OPEN SPACES - FILTRATION
FURTHER DENSIFICATION
SECONDARY OPEN SPACES
POTENTIAL FUTURE SCENARIO
95
LAGOONING SYSTEM
NEW URBAN ECOLOGICAL CYCLE
empty warehouses
rainfall
wastewater inflow
a
ANAEROBIC POND
PHYTODEPURATION SYSTEM
water storage LA River
wastewater inflow
natural filtration systems
CONSTRUCTED WETLAND
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION SYSTEM 5000 cu ft water storage
glass panels wastewater inflow
steel frame
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION GARDEN
approx. 81 sq ft min. pond size 8-12 ft depth
1-3 ft depth
3-6 ft depth
no max. size limitation
new activity
9 ft
85% water output (with waterproofing) clean effluent water
9 ft
approx. 10 day cycle
algae
AEROBIC POND
MATURATION POND
SIZING AND OUTPUT
approx. 36 sq ft min. pond size macrophyte / hydrophilic planting 1-3 ft depth
subsurface flow system
9 ft
70% water output (with waterproofing)
new urban spaces
20% water output (no waterproofing) 4 ft
cleansed effluent water
SIZING AND OUTPUT
return to ATMOSPHERE through evaporation return to AQUIFER through ground permeation surface unconfined aquifer confining bed
perennial herbaceous plants and shrubs
approx. 20 sq ft min. bed size
1 ft depth
confined aquifer confining bed
20% water output (with waterproofing)
earth SIZING AND OUTPUT
excess FILTERED water flows out to sea
97
Focus Block - Site Plan
99
Isometric Sections facing East
101
Isometric Section facing South
103
evaporative cooling towers
wood deck
thermal masses
wetlands
gardens
decomposed granite cornfield
lap pool
bath laqooning ponds
EXPLODED LAYERS The scheme is composed of various material layers on the ground-plane, together with several object insertions.
OBJECTS
HARD-SCAPE
PLAN
The plan is composed of various surface conditions, aggregated based on microclimatic conditions existing across the ground-scape.
GREEN-SCAPE
WATER-SCAPE
BUILT FABRIC
CATALOGUE OF NEW SPACES The resulting spatial configurations in combination with surface conditions creates opporunity for dynamic emerging programming.
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subsurface flow phytodepuration system
evapotranspiration garden
emerging macrophytes
herbaceous perennial planting
new sediment
perforated inlet/outlet pipes
inert filling material waterproof geomembrane
existing earth
subsurface flow phytodepuration system lap pool
new sediment inert filling material perforated inlet/outlet pipes waterproof geomembrane
filtered water
plaster finish vertical reinforcing bars existing earth
fiber reinforced shortcrete structure
wood deck lap pool
filtered water
existing earth
plaster finish vertical reinforcing bars fiber reinforced shortcrete structure
existing building
existing concrete block wall subsurface flow phytodepuration system
corten steel L-channel
existing foundation
new sediment inert filling material perforated inlet/outlet pipes waterproof geomembrane
existing earth
existing building
existing roll-up door
bath
continuous wood flooring
existing foundation
filtered water plaster finish vertical reinforcing bars fiber reinforced shortcrete structure
107
superficial stream wetland
emerging macrophytes floating macrophytes
decomposed granite corten steel plate
flooded macrophytes waterproof geomembrane existing earth
existing building
superficial stream wetland existing roll-up door evapotranspiration garden new sediment waterproofing membrane steel L-channel existing foundation
emerging macrophytes floating macrophytes flooded macrophytes waterproof geomembrane
existing earth
superficial stream wetland
emerging macrophytes floating macrophytes
wooden deck
flooded macrophytes waterproof geomembrane existing earth
anaerobic lagooning pond
aerobic lagooning pond
algae growth
existing earth
vertical reinforcing bars shortcrete structure
grow net
perforated metal screen subsurface flow phytodepuration system vertical steel tube emerging macrophytes new sediment inert filling material
continuous wood flooring
existing foundation
waterproof geomembrane
existing earth
109
LiTraCon translucent concrete radiant tubes
inlet/outlet water
concrete slab AXONOMETRIC
LiTraCon translucent concrete radiant tubes PLAN
LiTraCon translucent concrete
radiant tubes
light fixture
radiant tubes concrete slab
SECTION
THERMAL MASS ELEMENT
PLAN
operable louvres pressurized mist nozzles
diagonal stiffener rod vertical stiffener rod
exterior canvas horizontal steel pipe cross connector
CONNECTION ELEVATION
diagonal steel rod
vertical steel rod
vertical steel tube
horizontal steel tube
steel tube column
SECTION
EVAPORATIVE COOLING TOWER
111
Phytodepuration Gardens | Lap Pool
Solar Heated Water | Public Bath House
Thermal-mass Elements | Evening Public Space
Evaporative Cooling Towers
Constructed Wetlands
Program Transformation
Sketches
127
129
131
133
135
Models
139
141
Research Paper
Evolving Multiplicity: Landscape Urbanism in the Contemporary City “Landscape Urbanism describes a disciplinary realignment currently underway in which landscape replaces architecture as the basic building block of contemporary urbanism.” (Waldheim 2006, 011)
In response to the changing nature of cities and the global condition, city planners and urban designers have taken many different approaches into dealing with the problems of today’s cities. One of these emerging disciplines is known as Landscape Urbanism, whose primary ideology lies in the belief that landscape can replace architecture as the key element in building more successful contemporary cities. While Landscape Urbanism has gained momentum through various conferences and publications, implementations of the ideas through physical projects have yet to successfully support its claim to replace the traditional role of architecture with landscape. This paper will take a critical look at the assertions made by Landscape Urbanism supporters through three different projects—Downsview Park Toronto, Rebstockpark in Frankfurt, and Schouwburg Plein in Rotterdam—in an attempt to extract and present the essential themes of the movement, exposing a much more complex set of conditions. In looking at these projects one can see that although Landscape Urbanism represents certain beliefs, the movement as a whole does not present many tangible solutions or ideologies. Therefore, it cannot be seen as a new manifesto for city-making, but instead as a constructive critique of traditional
urban-design, introducing various elements and ideas into the profession’s scope of interest. It functions as a tool to critique traditional methods, and move the entire discipline of urban design towards a higher degree of multiplicity in various dimensions.
The Emerging Discipline The Ideology in Rhetoric Contemporary society is faced with ecological, natural, and sustainability issues in addressing the built environment, as the detrimental effects of the advancement of society following the industrial revolution becomes increasingly clear. Meanwhile, cities have begun to outgrow their infrastructures and resources, and the undesirable conditions created by expanding metropolises call for a rethinking of urban spaces. It is within this context that the Landscape Urbanism movement has emerged as a major force in thinking about the contemporary city. As James Corner points out, the emergence of landscape is the resultant of the “remarkable rise of environmentalism and a global ecological awareness, the growth of tourism and the associated needs of regions to retain a sense of unique identity, and to the impacts
upon rural areas by massive urban growth” (Corner 2006, 023). The belief in the ability of landscape to mediate these conditions has led to the development of this school of thought by a group of professionals who have begun to reconsider landscape as a primary element in the creation of the contemporary city, for many reasons. The term Landscape Urbanism is paradoxical, and rightly so as it embodies the complex relationships that the movement promotes. The principal aim is a move away from traditional thinking about landscape as a separate and distinct discipline, and towards a contemporary model in which landscape begins to blend with architecture and urbanism. The traditional relationship that Landscape Urbanism addresses has been one of man versus wild, the city versus nature. Corner describes it as the “total dissolution of the two terms into one word… yet at the same time each term remains distinct, suggesting their necessary, perhaps inevitable separateness” (Corner 2006, 024). However, as professionals are still dealing with how to bring open space into city centers, and how urban edges interface with the natural environment, landscape has become a framework through which these relationships can be more effectively resolved. Corner describes four fundamental themes for the new discipline: “processes over time, the staging of surfaces, the operational or working method, and the imaginary” (Corner 2006, 028). Essentially, the new mode of urbanism is fluid and
changing; it embraces the two-dimensional surfaces as a means of organization, and works through processes rather than products. In explaining infrastructure as an understanding of surface, Corner states that “unlike architecture, which consumes the potential of a site in order to project, urban infrastructure sows the seeds of future possibility, staging the ground for both uncertainty and promise” (Corner 2006, 031). It is apparent that the Landscape Urbanism movement is a response to the emerging urban condition, promoting an ideology that encompasses elements of flexibility, growth, functional systems, using landscape as a medium, and prioritizing the potential of the two-dimensional surface, as opposed to the traditional role of landscape as the field condition in which the figures of architecture sit; that is, landscape has been the background for architecture in thinking about making cities. Additionally, in considering the application of their ideas about the using landscape as a primary tool in city making, the Landscape Urbanists argue that the modern state of the city (the seemingly endless sprawled suburban landscapes) would benefit greatly from their approach; the two-dimensional city could best be dealt by those who can successfully organize spaces through two-dimensional surfaces. Stan Allen describes the current state of the city as “mat urbanism” and claims that “mat urbanism would in turn connect to recent tendencies in landscape architecture, where
145
the ‘thick 2D’ of the forest, field, or meadow creates mat like effects of connectivity and emergence” (Allen 2001, 123). Therefore, Landscape Urbanism provides a new opportunity to develop our sprawling cities in a more successful way. Furthermore, the canvas, so to speak, for city making is rarely blank, but are increasingly requiring designers to deal with existing urban or industrial fabrics. This fact would be argued as additional proof of the need for Landscape Urbanism, which is increasingly interdisciplinary, working with buildings, landscapes as well as systems, and can carry a performance agenda in dealing with the ecological implications of existing urban areas.
Rhetoric in Action: Three Projects While significant publication has given the Landscape Urbanism movement ideological support, one can only test the presented ideas through physical manifestations of these ideas. Three projects will be investigated in order to analyze the various dimensions of Landscape Urbanism in a tangible way: the winning entry for the Downsview Park Toronto competition submitted by Bruce Mau and OMA titled “Tree City,” Rebstockpark in Frankfurt by Peter Eisenman, and Schouwburg Plein in Rotterdam by West 8. These projects have been selected as they particularly address the context of the city, as opposed to the
many successfully completed projects in more rural settings. Additionally, they represent the broad range of scale and scope of interest with which the Landscape Urbanists contend. The Downsview Park Competition in Toronto was an international competition held in 1999 to create a new urban park on a former Air Force base. As outlined in the brief, the competition’s objective was “to promote innovative design proposals that would respond to the social and natural histories of the site while developing its potential as a new landscape” (Pollak 2002, 41). On its web site, Parc Downsview Park inc. describes the intent of the design to structure the transformation of the site while remaining open to change and growth over time. The language of the competition brief implies a call for a Landscape Urbanism approach to the problem of the site, dealing with issues of re-using old infrastructure, creating high-performance natural space, addressing ecological issues, while simultaneously serving as a public space, integrally connected to the city. The competition encouraged the submission by interdisciplinary teams, and required entries to deal with phasing in five year increments, injecting the dimension of time into the designs. Of the five finalists, “Tree City” (Fig 1-2) was chosen as the winner. Tree City was submitted as collaboration between graphic designer Bruce Mau, and the internationally known Office of Metropolitan Architecture (OMA), led
Figure 1. Tree City.
Source: Czerniak, p. 76 (2002)
by Rem Koolhaas, along with a list of consultants. Tree City presents itself as an urban park in which “trees rather than buildings will serve as the catalyst of urbanization,” almost directly in aligned with Waldheim’s exclamation of Landscape Urbanism’s motion to replace architecture with landscape (Czerniak 2002, 74). The project embraces the suburban setting of the park, creating a low-density proposal with the intent of embracing and affecting the entire city of Toronto. One of the project’s main points is the sacrificing of static buildings for investment into landscape which will grow; “Tree City treats the park as if it is an adult soon capable off sustaining itself rather than a child in need of eternal care” (Czerniak
Figure 2. Tree City.
Source: Czerniak, p. 80 (2002)
2002, 74). The natural elements supposedly will then become a self sustaining natural environment which they intended to connect with the rest of the city through this “tree infrastructure” (Czerniak 2002, 74). The plan leaves program unassigned allowing for culture and program to grow and change throughout the lifespan of the park. Meanwhile, the park can become a transportation center where streets, subway, and rail transportation will intersect, allowing the park to serve as a “point of destination and dispersal” (Czerniak 2002, 74). The defining theme in the project in comparison with the other submissions is its relentless flexibility. It implants the site with infrastructure which will
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allow it to grow, essentially capable of accommodating various future uses. Anita Berrizbeitia describes how “like the city around it, the park will be in a permanent process of transformation, self-organizing as it responds to changes in the social uses of the site” (Berrizbeitia 2002, 122). Due to the flexibility of the proposal, and the presentation of a process rather than a final product, the drawings remain diagrammatic. The presentation of both vague diagrams and specific details and processes allow something Berrizbeitia describes as “precisely open rather than vaguely loose” (Berrizbeitia 2002, 124). It is clear how this project, from the competition brief through the design description, is embraced by Landscape Urbanists as a product of their ideals. First of all, it is a green landscape in a more traditional sense, but incorporates a sophisticated level of research and performance ability. Secondly, it places importance on the initial development of landscape rather than the buildings, detailing successful planting strategies to ensure the life of the park as the system from which program will grow. It also avoids traditional figure/ground relationships, rendering the diagrams and program elements using the same language of circles to produce a single two-dimensional surface from which everything is developed (Fig 1). Moreover, it embraces the notion of change and its own role as a strategy or system rather than a static form. Essentially,
the landscape has attained a hierarchical role in the development of the design, and the buildings are left as a secondary effect, a reversal of the traditional roles. A second project which explores the relationship between landscape and building in a new way is the master plan for Rebstockpark in Frankfurt designed by Peter Eisenman (Fig 3-6). Eisenman won an international competition with his design for the redevelopment of Rebstockpark into a residential and commercial park development. Although the design emerged from a number of ideas and concepts, formal, philosophical, and rhetorical, it represents a non-traditional thinking about landscape in a more active way, particularly in its ability to blur the figure and field. In his essay “The Singularity of Rebstock,” Eisenman describes the situational condition out of which the design for the project came, as a response to the general change of the time experience in the human condition. He goes on to describe the change of the role of architecture from being a static element to addressing its role in an event. It is from this that Eisenman begins to develop a premise for the project as a blending of the figure/ground relationship, in response to architectural history, and the changing urban form of Frankfurt from the perimeter block to the ribbon buildings (2003, 131). The traditional urban forms and their figure/ground relationship were “no longer adequate to contain the new complex urban realities” (Eisenman
Figure 3. Rebstockpark
Source: Eisenman, p. 135 (2003)
2003, 131). As a solution, Eisenman proposes the fold as a formal language that produces a more complex figure/ground relationship, and new conditions for the urban structure. The fold would become a system for organization of both landscape and architecture, an evolution of the grid into the third dimension. It is in this way that the distinction between figure and field becomes dissolved. He describes then how the fold, “presents an opportunity to reassess the entire idea of a static urbanism that deals with objects rather than events” (2003, 132). This project is largely written about in regards to its philosophical implications, particularly the relation to the work of French thinker Gilles Deleuze. John Rajchman explains the Rebstockpark project as an architectural interpretation of Deleuze’s work regarding the fold and its implications (Rajchman 1998, 12). Regardless of the project’s philosophical discussion, it becomes important for Landscape Urbanism in its non-hierarchy between the figure and the ground, between architecture and landscape. The concept of
Figure 4. Rebstockpark
Source: Eisenman, p. 137 (2003)
folding becomes the subject for both the architecture as well as the landscape as a part of a larger system. The landscape becomes thoroughly developed in supporting this idea, and as Julia Czerniak points out, the design of the landscape is actually quite successful: “Formally, landscape elements—walks and roads, vegetation, drainage swales, and landform—were used to articulate the folded grid, giving both a new form and image to the park, all while addressing its social and ecological problems” (Czerniak 2006, 115). In addition to a detailed development of the landscaping strategy, the plantings are ecologically successful providing “favorable conditions for increased species diversity and wildlife habitat” (Czerniak 2006, 115). Czerniak praises the high articulation and thoughtfulness of the landscape, and indicates it as a move away from landscape’s role as a background to architecture.
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Figure 6. Rebstockpark Source: Eisenman, p. 139 (2003)
Figure 5. Rebstockpark Source: Eisenman, p. 139 (2003)
This project represents a smaller and more architectural model of Landscape Urbanism in comparison to Tree City. While they share a hybrid identity, blending park and city, the Rebstockpark project is more formally developed. Although still encompassing notions of flexibility, it presents more of a final product than the system of diagrams in Tree City. Additionally, through the conceptual notion of the fold it develops both the architecture and the landscape contiguously. Despite these differences, the components of Landscape Urbanism it contains are quite clear, in fact almost literal: it uses landscape to create an urban scheme. The landscape, like Tree City, is highly articulated and developed with performance factors. The traditional figurefield relationship is reconsidered, using both landscape and architecture to address the concept of the fold, attempting to blend the two into a cohesive whole. Finally, it
addresses the notion of dynamism and event through the conceptual notion of the fold as dynamic and moving. Most importantly, the landscape has not been left as a background to the buildings, as in traditional practice, but rather is granted equality in relation to the architectural elements, in the way that they are both developed complimentarily in support of the conceptual ideas. The third and final project to discuss is the Schouwburg Plein in Rotterdam by West 8, which further represents the diverse scope of the ideas of Landscape Urbanism. Schouwburg Plein, or Theatre Square, is a 12,250 square meter construction in Rotterdam which does not involve any green landscaping, as conventionally conceived. Rather, it has been embraced under the discipline of Landscape Urbanism for its thorough development of surfaces to support urban space making. The project is composed of an underground parking structure, the top of which acts as a public plaza and becomes the focus of the design. Conceptually, the project is designed to act like a stage. Luca Molinary
writes that “the walking surface is 35 centimetres above ground level. No one can walk the square unnoticed; crossing is a conscious act” (2000, 72). This idea becomes explored through two elements: the texture of the surfaces, and the four lightmasts. The surface of the plaza becomes highly articulated, developing potential to articulate space for program that happens on it (Fig 7-10). The surfaces can become a framework for continually changing program. The other element to the design is the light masts, which at 35 meters in height become visible as the primary objects in this space. The masts further complement the idea of a stage and, as Molinary envisions, “are spotlights in which lovers may capture each other and street singers may perform” (2000, 72). The lights that tower above the space are equipped with hydraulic systems, allowing users to position the light as they
wish. Additionally, the lights that project onto the surface can be read as another layer of surface texture, complementing the initial designed surfaces. Although this project can be seen as a being of a complete different nature in comparison to the Tree City or Rebstockpark projects—i.e. smaller and park-less—it actually encompasses the same ideas but on a different scale of operation; it works with two-dimensional surfaces rather than three-dimensional buildings, it begins to represent a different figure/ground relationship through the articulation of the surfaces, and attempts to address dynamism and the fourthdimension of time through the phenomenon of the event. Using these three projects as a lens though which the ideas of Landscape Urbanism can be seen in physical existence, one can begin to see how broad the scope of work that the ideas of the discipline have
Figure 7. Schouwburg Plein Source: Molinary, p. 72-73 (2000)
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Figure 8. Schouwburg Plein Source: Molinary, p. 74-75 (2000)
included. From these existing projects the essential dimensions of the discipline can begin to be extracted. First and foremost, however, one must test the primary claim of Waldheim and the Landscape Urbanists and their ability to replace architecture with landscape in creating the contemporary city.
Failure of the Tested Claim Architectural Dependence: Architecture’s role in Landscape’s success While these three projects use the ground surface as active elements in the design as opposed to interstitial space as traditional urban design may have done, architecture still plays a primary role in each of the schemes. Rebstockpark does so in the most apparent way as buildings are a literal part of the formal design. Although the conceptual
nature of the project attempts to blend the buildings and the landscape together in a cohesive implementation of the idea of the fold, the drawings stray away from the rhetoric and point to a rather traditional relationship, in which architecture remains the primary element. This can be seen in the abstract drawings of the folded grid (Fig 3); as the conceptual grid is folded, the buildings become superimposed without the landscape elements, an indication that the architecture retains hierarchy. Furthermore, the sections through the site show almost no trace of this folded relationship between the buildings and landscape (Fig 6). This shows that the articulation of the landscape cannot stand alone without the presence of the architecture, though the architecture can. The landscaping of the site, if left unrendered, would leave a less articulated landscape with the same buildings on site. The absence of the buildings would, however, render an incomplete landscape,
lacking the definition and program of the spaces as provided by the architecture. The Schouwburg plein displays a similar dependency on architecture for the success of the project. The plaza is described to have been designed conceptually as a stage. However, as much as the articulating of the surfaces can define space, it is all dependent on the articulation of the space for the entire stage (Fig 8). The architecture is the framework on which the entire project depends. The articulation of the surface means nothing if the space is not legible, and the space is framed by the surrounding structures. Additionally, the open space would not serve as a stage for any event without the surrounding structures’ program feeding into the public realm. The success of the plaza depends on the relationship and contrast with the surrounding urban environment. Finally, Tree City remains almost completely diagrammatic and anti-architectural, with almost no tangible images of the buildings to emerge from the design. Instead, the approach lays in the strategy of building a self-sustainable landscape, from which natural growth of buildings would emerge as needed. While this approach seems to be strongly rooted in the dominance of the landscape in creating urban space, it seems to be avoiding the relationship of building and landscape rather than redefining it. The project presents itself as a strategy, rather than a product, one that uses landscape as a means. However, the project also intends
for built program to emerge, stating that “recreational and cultural activities will be programmed to enhance the park’s leisure domain while commercial activities will be assigned when necessary to offset the park’s evolving maintenance costs” (Czerniak 2006, 80). The project intends for architecture to emerge, but seems to allow it to emerge in a traditional way. There is no measure to create a different relationship between the landscape and architecture after the initial diagram. Berrizbeitia points out a discrepancy in the presentation in the juxtaposition of flexible diagrams and processing phases to the static experiential images of the park: “Instead of a heterogeneous site, filled with the tensions created by the contradictory juxtapositions of contemporary urban life, we see a comfortable, homogeneous park” (Berrizbeitia 2002, 125). What seems to be proposed is an elaborate strategy for a park that then serves as the background for traditionally built program. Although the program would become related to the park due to functional relations and necessities, in essence a traditional relationship would re-emerge between the landscape and the buildings. Traditional city growth would take place on a green background. In taking a more critical look at these three projects, one can see that they do not support the claim by Waldheim and the Landscape Urbanists to replace architecture with landscape in contemporary city making. It is clear that the landscape remains dependent
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on the program and the architecture in order to succeed as an urban scheme. While these projects are not able to replace architecture with landscape, they do begin to provide new dimensions of understand of landscape and its relationship with architecture in the city. In its explorations it begins to uproot ideas about landscape as surface, the figure/ground relationship, and the element of time, developing a more complex understanding of the issues regarding urban space.
Deductions from the Discipline Ground-scape: the Two-Dimensional Built Environment While unable to convincingly give landscape priority in building cities, the landscape urbanists have successfully developed a new understanding of landscape in relation to the city. The idea of bringing landscape into cities is not a provocatively new idea. Beginning with Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City in the beginning of the twentieth century, architects, planners and designers have been considering the implications of greenery in cities. The medieval European city was reconsidered in favor of a number of polemic designs which proposed cities composed of architecture allowing residents maximum exposure to the natural elements. Many major American cities even designated large amounts of inner-city land for untouched park and recreation space.
Therefore, the push to create greener cities is not where the innovation lies. Instead it becomes innovative with its redefinition of the idea of landscape. The notion of landscape as a natural scene becomes dissolved by all three of these projects. Tree City, the project which seems to take the most natural stance on landscape by pushing the idea of its independent ability for growth before any architectural insertions, refers to the idea as manufacturing nature: “It is a fabricated landscape designed first and foremost to orchestrate on-site leisure activities, traffic, and commercial development� (Czerniak 2006, 77). Rebstockpark has an even more formally precise landscape plan to support the folding idea, and Schouwburg Plein has no natural elements, but instead a hardscape. Therefore, although supporters have cited the ability for landscape to achieve many ends as far as performance and ecological responsibility, it seems that the essence of the Landscape Urbanism movement is not about landscape as traditionally defined, but rather about the datum that is the ground-scape. As seen through these three projects, all of the ground-scape is part of the built environment as opposed to the natural environment, whether soft or hard. Even green space is manufactured and therefore falls under the realm of the built environment. It is within this idea of the ground-scape that the attention lays for the Landscape Urbanists. They have successfully redefined the It is this redefinition of
landscape that the discipline has developed, a new understanding of the ground as a two-dimensional built environment as a datum in all urban environments, whether paved or green. This new understanding of the ground-scape leads to the next investigation: the relationship between this surface and architectural volumes.
Traditional Figure-Field
Inverse Figure-Field
Figure 9. Schouwburg Plein Diagram
Figure / Ground While these projects have shown that landscape has not been able to succeed in replacing architecture’s role in urban design, the Landscape Urbanists have been successful, however, in the reevaluation of the traditional figure/ground relationship. Each of the projects presents a different way of representing the building and the landscape. The Schouwburg Plein remains the most traditional in its relationship between building and space, but reverses the diagram; in the plan the surfaces are rendered in a highly articulate manner, while the building remains a blank void (Fig 9-10). The articulation becomes the figure, the blank building becomes the ground, and the relation of opposition remains. Rebstockpark shows the buildings and landscape all rendered together as a part of a complete composition (Fig 4). This mode of representation supports the idea that the landscape and the buildings work together to form a cohesive plan for the park; in this case they work together to support an abstract idea of the fold. Tree City
Figure 10. Schouwburg Plein Source: Molinary, p. 78 (2000)
moves the furthest away from traditional representation and removes the figure field relationship altogether. Instead, everything is represented abstractly as circles, whether built program or built landscape (Fig 1-2). While these projects demonstrate that landscape is not able to replace architecture in creating urban space, they do show that Landscape Urbanism has been successful in exploring new ways of thinking about the relationship between volume and surface, on various urban scales. Although they do not conform to a singular method, they do present new ideas in thinking about their relationship that serve the individual purpose of each project; e.g., in attempting to bring the surface to the foreground in Theatre square, in treating them as complementary in Rebstockpark, or in removing distinction through diagram in Tree City.
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The Fourth Dimension In addition to the role of the surface as it relates to the volume in creating urban space, these three projects use it in different ways to begin to address the element of change and time into the designs. The static nature of modern planning has become addressed through the dynamic nature of the Landscape Urbanist proposals. The three projects presented demonstrate three different approaches to address the dynamic nature of the modern city. Schouwburg plein understands the city as an event, and attempts to serve as a stage to capture that dynamism. Additionally, it adds the element of mobility to the light masts to allow the event of the city to begin to affect the site through the form that the lamps take and the placement of the spotlight upon the surface of the plaza. Rebstockpark attempts to address the dynamic nature of the city in its process of the folded grid, being a formal manifestation of the event of the fold itself, while also allowing flexibility of building to take place upon the organizational system the folded grid provides. Tree City remains a process in itself, proposing no form at all, but rather a strategy from which forms would emerge based on the various conditions at play. It would evolve and grow just like the city around it. The fact that neither project addresses the element of time in the same way shows that there lacks consensus on the specific role of the built environment in relation to this
issue. What can be agreed upon is that they disagree with traditional city-making and its ignorance of time and change. Whether the project is dynamic in its actual form and parts, or in its strategy for growth, the dimension of time is the common factor. Christophe Girot explains the new method of digital landscape video as an “ideal tool for such complex observations,” and a “new form of thinking that can integrate the traveling continuum of space and time” (2006, 096). While a universal method of incorporating time into design has yet to be developed, these projects show how Landscape Urbanists are attempting to deal with the dynamic element of the city in different ways.
Developing Multiplicity From looking at these three projects it is apparent that the discipline, as coined Landscape Urbanism, is less defined as one may think, inclusive of projects which vary greatly in many aspects. Waldheim’s assertion of landscape as the primary building block of the contemporary city cannot stand, as each of these projects demonstrates a reliance of architecture as traditionally understood. Rather than a specific assertion made about contemporary city design, what can be drawn from looking at these projects is a set of issues explored in different ways. These issues which have emerged from the discussion are the re-defining of landscape
into a continuous two-dimensional surface for design, the relationship between surface and volume as it relates to the city in the form of figure/ground, and the rising discourse surrounding the dimension of time. Therefore, the Landscape Urbanists do not provide a new manifesto for how contemporary cities should be built, but rather raises a new set of issues to be considered by professionals. It serves contemporary theory not as a replacement of previous ideas, but as an addition. To quote Bjarke Ingels new publication, “Yes is More” (Ingels 2009). It is in this way that the Landscape Urbanism movement adds to contemporary discourse; rather than presenting a new methodology, it critically addresses several issues by reconsidering their traditional relationships, and from there perhaps can add new complexity to the contemporary discourse. It serves by generating multiplicity in the way we design cities, in various dimensions. It begins to uncover traditional oppositional relationships to reveal various scales of gradation. As Michael Pollan explains, “the American landscape that we have created reflects such dichotomous thinking” represented by “the lawn on the one side, and the wilderness, on the other” (Pollan 2008, 67). The multiplicities that Landscape Urbanism begins to create, and the complexities developed, can be considered a step forward in response to this dichotomy in the discipline; a development of what Pollan calls “a middle landscape…a place partaking equally of nature and
culture” (2008, 67). The emergence of the discipline is a tool to push designers into more complex ways of thinking about these traditional relationships. Furthermore, in response to the attempt to reverse the hierarchy of architecture over landscape, as Waldheim’s claim suggests, it can be argued rather, that the projects serve to promote a more intentional relationship between landscape and architecture, or surface and volume, regardless of hierarchy. The projects presented show that landscape does not supersede architecture as a primary element, and the relationship between the surface and the volume does not change in a certain way for all three of the projects. Instead, each project develops its own relationship based on a specific intentionality of the designer. Therefore, rather than proposing that landscape becomes a dominating factor in urban design, perhaps Landscape Urbanism promotes an intentionality of the relationship between surface and volume, landscape and architecture, to serve whichever purpose at hand. The both become tools to be intentionally utilized to design better cities.
Looking Forward A final example that begins to demonstrate the intentional relationship between landscape and architecture, yet does not fall within the work of the Landscape Urbanists,
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Figure 11. Row House
Source: Ishigami, p. 54 (2008)
is the work of Junya Ishigami. Ishigami’s projects begin to develop an intentional and blurred relationship between architecture and landscape, without addressing a hierarchy between the two. In his project “Row House,” he proposes a glass enclosure, within which sit a garden and a small structure (Fig 11-12). This project begins to address seamlessness between landscape and architecture, where both are used as tools of the built environment, rather than opposing forces. It presents a paradoxical nature similar to that of landscape urbanism, where architecture is built to contain landscape, upon which another piece of architecture is built. While these relationships are explored in an architectural level, it represents a refreshing example of similar ideas of landscape urbanism, without the branding of a discourse, and the creation of opposing interests. Landscape Urbanism does not represent a reversal of the roles of landscape and architecture in creating the contemporary
Figure 12. Row House
Source: Ishigami, p. 58 (2008)
city. It critically puts forth a set of ideas to be added into consideration in urban design. Rather than representing a manifesto for building the contemporary city, it serves as an arena for the reconsideration of traditional relationships, providing a set of multiplicities and complexity in the way we think about the contemporary city. It promotes a type of seamlessness between traditionally oppositional components, in the same way as Ishigami’s work. The three projects discussed do not take a singular stance on the nature of the relationship between landscape and architecture in creating the contemporary city, but rather promote intentionality in their correlation as a means to reach an end.
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