Biology in English. Bilingual class. 2015/2016 l​ ink
CHAPTER 1 What is Biology. BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE PDF - Part 1 New Senior Biology What is Biology? Biology is a science. Biology is the science of life. Biology is a science about living things (=organisms). Biology is a science. The science is easy.
Branches of Biology Botany Microbiology Zoology Taxonomy Genetics
the study of plants the study of tiny microscopic organisms such as bacteria the study of animals the study of classification the study of inheritance – the study of passing information into new generations
Evolution
the study of how organisms change over long periods of time. Embryology the study of the development of an organism from a fertilised egg. Ecology the study of living things and their environment. Biotechnology the use of living cells or parts of cells to make useful products for humans Anatomy the study of the structure of organisms Physiology the study of the workings of organisms Biochemistry the chemistry of organisms
The diagram shows the food web. a hawk a spider a caterpillar a cabbage
jastrząb pająk gąsiennica kapusta
a crow a ladybird a greenfly a rose
krukowaty biedronka złotook róża
CHAPTER 2 The characteristics of life PDF - Part 2 New Senior Biology The characteristics of organisms 1. 2. 3. 4.
metabolism e.g. to make energy (anaerobic, aerobic), nutrition (autotrophic, heterotrophic) new generations – reproduce and pass the genetical information, made of cells – highly organised, or a cell highly organised by having lots of different organelles, 5. grow and move, 6. react to the surroundings/environment
Introduction to the Characteristics of life The scientific method 1. 2. 3. 4.
Make observation Aim of the research. Form a hypothesis Test the hypothesis Collect data and interpret results/discussion/conclusion/form hypothesis for future investigation 5. Form a conclusion 6. If hypothesis is supported this can lead to new knowledge 7. If hypothesis is not supported a new explanation needs to be found and tested/the researcher has to put new hypothesis or/and make experiments.
The characteristics of life 1. Suggest a definition of life. - all living things are highly organised - they are all composed of tiny units called cells - they grow and they move - they react to changes in their surroundings - they reproduce and pass on information from one generation to the next
2. List the five characteristics of life - nutrition (odżywianie się) - excretion (wydalanie) - response (reakcja na bodźce) - reproduction - organisation 3. The levels of organisation of life. atoms, molecule, (cząsteczka w zn, zwiazków chemincznych) organelle, cell, tissue (tkanka), organ np. bones, body system (układ narządów), organism, population, community (siedlisko), ecosystem, biosphere.
4. Write the simple food chain. grass - rabbit - fox - eagle dead body of eagle - fly - beetles - rats - fox - eagle
5. Definitions of five characteristics of life. Nutrition - is the intake and use of energy and materials from the environment. (autotroph - samożywne , heterotroph - cudzożywne )
Excretion - is the removal of wastes made in the body cells e.g. urea, carbon dioxide and water (skin, lungs, liver, kidneys)
Response - is the ability of organisms to react to changes both inside and outside their bodies Reproduction - is the ability of an organism to produce new individuals of its own kind. The are two types of reproduction: asexual and sexual reprodution. Sperm Cell + Egg Cell (fertilisation) = zygote (możliwość organizmów do produkcji nowych osobników swego gatunku)
Organisation - all living things are composed of cells. Cells are made up of atoms and molecules (chemicals). The chemicals combine together forms structures called organelles. There are unicellular and multi-cellular organisms.
CHAPTER 3 THE INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGY PDF - Part 3 New Senior Biology Ecology - is the study of the interaction between groups of organisms and their environment. Ecosystem = Community of organisms + Environment Habitat - is the place where an organism lives e.g. fox - habitat: meadows, fields, forests. Biosphere - is that part of the earth (land+water) and its atmosphere in which life can exist Biotic factors - refers to the living component of the environment e.g. the plants, animals, decomposers (destruanci) Abiotic factors - refers to the non-living component of the environment e.g. the rocks, soil, water
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CLIMATIC FACTORS EDAPHIC FACTORS AQUATIC FACTORS link - revision
Students work - environmental factors Tasks: 1. In pairs work on questions ex. 4, 5, 6/28 (5 min.)
2. In groups of 3-4 ex. 12, 13/28 (7-8 min.) Homework ex. 9/28 ​and make a diagram in Note Book Facultative task: ex. 14/29 Energy flow in the Ecosystem (energy loss through an ecosystem) SOLAR ENERGY - (transfer of energy)
- PRIMARY PRODUCERS (green plants) (transfer of energy)
- PRIMARY CONSUMERS (herbivores) (transfer of energy)
- SECONDARY CONSUMERS (carnivores) (transfer of energy)
- TERITARY CONSUMERS (top carnivores) Energy is lost as heat due to metabolism e.g. respiration, excretion
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnAKICtJIA4
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_flow_(ecology)
Carbon (C) and Nitrogen (N) cycle in nature.
How do organisms lose their energy?
FOOD CHAINS AND FOOD WEBS Food chain - is the feeding relationship between organisms through which energy is transferred. Food web - consists of two or more intersecting food chains.
FOOD WEB - consists of two or more intersecting food chains. food chains (can create a food web): e.g. leaves - greenfly (złotook) - ladybird - blackbird - sparrow hawk leaves - caterpilar - blackbird - sparrow hawk leaves - earthworm - hedgehog - fox leaves - snail - hedgehog - fox leaves - mouse - sparrow hawk leaves - mouse - stoat (gronostaj) - fox
leaves - rabbit - stoat - fox
ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS
HABITAT AND NICHE Habitat - is an ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular species of animal, plant, or other type of organism. It is the natural environment in which an organism lives, or the physical environment that surrounds a species population.
Niche - is a term describing the way of life of a species. Each species is thought to have a separate, unique niche. The ecological niche describes how an organism responds to the distribution of resources and competitors.
RECYCLING OF NUTRIENTS THE CARBON CYCLE, THE NITROGEN CYCLE
CHAPTER 4 ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS Chapter 4 PDF Ecological Relationships by Bozeman Science
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KFViSog6ZJw
POPULATION, POPULATION SIZE, COMPETITION, TYPES OF COMPETITION, PREDATION, PREDATIOR AND PREY ADAPTATIONS, PARASITISM, SYMBIOSIS, POPULATION DYNAMICS, DISEASE, WARS, CONTRACEPTION Population (populacja) - a group of all individuals of the same species living in a habitat at any given time, for example the diving beetles in a particular pond or the oak trees in a woodland. Communities (zgrupownia) - are made up of groups of species living together. The size of population is controlled by a number of factors: competition, predation, parasitism, symbiosis and birth-death, immigration-emigration.
competition - occurs when two or more organisms seek a resource that is in short supply in a habitat. predation - occurs when one organism kills another organism to obtain food. parasitism - is a relationship between two organisms in which one lives on or in the other and from which it obtain nourishment (food). symbiosis - can be defined as a close relationship between two organisms of different species in which at least one of them benefits. predator - (drapieżnik) prey - (ofiara)
Chapter 5 The effects of Humans on the environment Chapter 5 PDF
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lrxZ_UqQKyI pollution - is the addition of harmful substances to the environment. domestic pollution = household waste, (paper, plastic, metal, glass, sewage, detergents, organic - biodegradable) - recycle agricultural pollution, (herbicides, pesticides, fungicides, insecticides) industrial pollution, (silage, chemical, carbon dioxide, methan, sulphur dioxide, nitrates) Conservation - is the wise management of our environment to ensure the survival of organisms and their habitats. - is the protection of our land, water and organisms for future generations. Waste Management - Three RRR - Reduce, Re-use, Recycle.
Students answers: 1-16 link
Chapter 6 The study of an Ecosystem Chapter 6 PDF a qualitative survey (badania jakościowe) - is a record of the types of organisms present or absent in the ecosystem. It answers the question “who lives in the ecosystem?”. A qualitative survey is carried out by collecting and indentifying the species found. a quantitative survey (badania ilościowe) - deals with the numbers of organisms present. It answers the question “how many of a particular species are present”? This method tells us more about the inter-relationship in the ecosystem and is more useful. random sampling - losowe pobieranie prób
CHAPTER 7 The Chemicals Chapter 7 PDF
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QWf2jcznLsY
Three activities for which we need food: 1. energy - we need glucose 2. raw materials - used to build our bodies 3. metabolism - to control chemical reactions
Food is made of the four elements: 1. carbohydrates 2. proteins 3. lipids 4. vitamins
The name of six very important (major) elements common to living things. C - carbon H - hydrogen O - oxygen N - nitrogen S - sulphur P - phosphorous
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PYH63o10iTE Trace elements - are simple chemical elements which exist in very tiny amounts. Usually found in combination with large organic molecules like proteins - N - nitrogen. Ca - calcium, K - potasium, Mg - magnesium, Cl - clorine, Na - sodium, Fe - iron, Cu - copper, Zn- zinc, Organic molecule (biomolecules) - are molecules which are in organisms eg. proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, Inorganic molecules - are known as molecules which do exist and do not exist, too in organisms eg. CO2 - carbon dioxide, H2O - water, NaCl - chloride sodium Compounds - are molecules consisted of different number of molecules. eg. Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates, Vitamins. Name carbohydrates (węglowodany) (1C, 2H, 1O): 1. monosaccharides - glucose, fructose,
2. disaccharides - lactose, sucrose, 3. polysaccharides - cellulose, starch (skrobia), chitin (chityna), glycogen, Functions of carbohydrates: 1. to form cell walls 2. metabolism - in energy flow reactions - catabolic and anabolic reactions. Anabolism (anabolic reactions) - are reactions in which simple molecules CO2, H2O are built up into complex ones. (energy loss) Catabolism (catabolic reactions) - are reactions in which the glucose break down into simple molecules like water, carbon dioxide and energy is released. (energy gain)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L9NnnCH4xmo Lipids Name the types of molecule of which fats and oils are made. 1. fatty acid 2. glycerol The simplest lipid is made of one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids. 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids = lipid
Fats - are lipids which are solid in 20 degrees Celsius temperature e.g. butter, sued (łój), cream, lard (smalec).
Oils - are lipids which are liquids in 20 degrees Celsius temperature e.g. sunflower, maize (-kukurydza) Functions of lipids: 1. cell structure - form cell membranes, 2. isolation body parts and organs parts (kidney, heart, nerve system (signals go faster)) 3. waterproof 4. metabolism - storage energy in long-term Name proteins (C, H, O, N (+S)) - proteins molecules are made up of sub-units called amino-acids, often twisted chains. Functions of proteins: 1. cell structure - form membranes, skin, hair, nails, fur, claws, 2. metabolism - is controlled of chemical reactions in cells/organisms (enzymes, hormones) Vitamines - are organic compounds made of proteins and micro-elements. Vitamines solved in water: C, B, Vitamines solved in oils: E, D, A, K,
Enzymes - link Water
Water plays a very important role in not only in chemical reactions: 1. it is the main source of the oxygen produced by plants during photosynthesis
CO2 + H20 = C6H1206 + 02 2. when two monosaccharides join to form a disaccharides, water is removed, e.g. glucose + fructose minus water forms sucrose
3. water is produced as a result of respiration
C6H1206 + 02 = CO2 + H20 4. water is a universal solvent 5. Water is good absorber of heat energy. This means it holds its heat and is slow to cool down. 6. Lots of substances (e.g. glucose) move in and out of cells dissolved in water. 7. Water controls the shape of the cells.
CHAPTER 8 Cell Structure Chapter 8 PDF Cell Theory states that all living organisms were made up of cells and all cells were made by pre-existing cells. Microscopes: 1. use light 2. use electrons
- bright-field microscope (a light microscope) beam of light. - transmission of electrons
The tour of the cell - link
Animal Cell Structure
Cell organelles Ultra Cell Structre
Nucleus (jądro) - it is surrounded by a nuclear envelope (=membrane), it controls the metabolism of the cell, it contains DNA - the hereditary material. Nucleolus (jąderko) - it makes another chemical called RNA. Cell Membrane (plasma membrane) - it is the bounduary between the cell and the outside, it determines what gets into and gets out, it is selectively permeable. Cytoplasm - most of the metabolic activities take place in it. Mitochondrion - the process of respiration takes place (both in plants and animal’s cells) here and in
this process energy contained in food is given to a chemical called ATP - a source of energy. Inner membrane is folded. Ribosome - contains RNA and protein, it manufactures protein.
The cell membrane - link Plant Cell Structure
Differences between animal and plant cells Cell Wall - it is tough and slightly elastic structure found outside the plasma membrane and made of cellulose (polysaccharide). It gives a shape of the cell. Vacuole - it has a single membrane and it is filled with cell sap. It gives a shape of the cell. Chloroplast - it traps sunlight energy and uses it to make carbohydrates in process called photosynthesise. It contains chlorophyll. It has got a double membrane.
Eukaryotic Cell - has a membrane around their DNA and thus they possess a nucleus.
Prokaryotic Cell - has does not possess a nucleus but contain a strand of DNA that forms a ring and is sometimes called a chromosome.
https://play.kahoot.it/#/k/73d19672-37bc-4f44-b efd-7913261511d0
Unit 9 Cell Metabolism Chapter 9 PDF Metabolism - is the term used to describe chemical reactions in cells. Enzymes – organic catalysts made of protein, which speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy without being changed permanently (na stałe) by them. Their shape controls their function. They change the shape of the active site to fit the correct substrate exactly ( dokładnie). The complex enzyme-substrate is built temporarily (tymczasowo) finally giving the products and unchanged enzyme. Factors affecting enzyme action Temperature - increases ( zwiększa) the rate of reactions, doubles every 10օC; - enzyme will stop working if temperature gets too high pH - affects the specific shape of enzymes and it works best at one specific pH. The shape of it controls its function. TP - carries energy in small manageable quantities around the cell. It breaks down A to produce ADP and phosphate realising (uwalniając) energy. ATP is reformed (from ADP+P+energy) during respiration or photosynthesis.
NAD/NADH – (non-protein chemical) in catabolic (breakdown) reactions, energy and hydrogen ions, or energy and electrons are released. These hydrogen ions or electrons need to be attached to something and NAD carries these hydrogen ions. Then
NADH can be oxidised (releases hydrogen). This releases energy in small quantities so can be used to make ATP. NADPH – in anabolic (synthetic) reactions, hydrogen ions are often needed to make more complex chemicals, e.g. glucose from carbon dioxide in photosynthesis. In these reactions a molecule NADPH is used to reduce (add hydrogen to) the substrate. During photosynthesis, the light energy is used to make NADPH then it is manufactured to make sugar by reducing carbon dioxide.
CHAPTER 10 Biochemical Reactions Chapter 10 PDF Respiration - is the process by which glucose molecules are broken down ( rozkładane)
to release energy for cell metabolism.
Aerobic respiration - is the breakdown of sugar with oxygen to release energy. Anaerobic respiration - is the breakdown of sugar to release energy in the absence of oxygen. In humans, the product of anaerobic respiration is lactic acid ( kwas mlekowy). In yeast ( drożdże) alcohol, and the process is called fermantation.
Cellular respiration
CHAPTER 11 Chapter 11 PDF Movemement through cell membranes Diffusion - is the movement of molecules form areas of high concentration to areas of lower concentration. Gases diffuse in and out of cells. Osmosis - is the movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration across a semi-permeable membrane. The proteins in the membranes control which chemicals can get through the membrane. Different membrane let different chemicals through them as they contain different proteins. Turgor pressure - is the force of the cell contents against the cell wall in plant cells. And the cell wall pushes against the expanding cell and the cells become rigid. Green plants use their turgor pressure to keep upright. Active transport - is the process by which chemicals are drawn into a cell against the diffusion gradient using energy, e.g. minerals into the root hairs.
Transport across cell membranes - link
CHAPTER 12 Cell Continuity Chapter 12 PDF Cell Continuity films in real time of mitosis and mejosis Cell continuity Chromosomes Diploid Haploid The Cell Cycle Mitosis Meiosis Cancer Carcinogens
Cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis
Cell division
CHAPTER 13 Cell Diversity Chapter 13 PDF
Anatomy and physiology Tissues Animal Tissues a) b) c) d) Plant Tissues a) b) c) d)
Organs Organism Classification -
Muscular system
Connective tissue
Epithelium - the basics
Skeletal system
Nervous system
Organ system
Sensory system
CHAPTER 14 Genetics and evolution Chapter 14 PDF
DNA profiling
Advanced genetics
DNA replication
Transcription and translation
DNA replication - animation 3D
Mutations
Genotypes and Phenotypes
Microevolution
Evidence of evolution
Genetic engineering
What is genetic engineering
Biotechnology - papaya example
CHAPTER 15 Genetics Chapter 15 PDF
Mandelian genetics - LINK
Linked genes - LINK
Sex-linked genes
https://youtu.be/YoEgUqHOcbc Non-nuclear Inheritance
https://youtu.be/yyM0yIOJ2yE Protein synthesis
https://youtu.be/2Jgb_DpaQhM
https://youtu.be/2zAGAmTkZNY
CHAPTER 16 Diversity of organisms Chapter 16 PDF Prokaryote Kingdom
https://youtu.be/h-z9-9OOWC4 Bacteria, disease, antibiotics
https://youtu.be/znnp-Ivj2ek
Fungus Kingdom
https://youtu.be/m4DUZhnNo4s
Other Kingdoms
https://youtu.be/8deF3Rw4ti4
https://youtu.be/X4L3r_XJW0I
Industrial Microbiology
https://youtu.be/V0BzQQCCwgo
CHAPTER 17 The structure of flowering plants Chapter 17 PDF Growth and tissues in plants Classification of flowering plants
https://youtu.be/zHp_voyo7MY
CHAPTER 18 Transport in the Flowering Plant Chapter 18 PDF
https://youtu.be/bsY8j8f54I0
CHAPTER 19 Transport in Humans Chapter 19 PDF
https://youtu.be/NJzJKvkWWDc Kahoot.it https://play.kahoot.it/#/k/8ea542fe-7686-4f00-9488-d362429a883c https://play.kahoot.it/#/k/ff8182ad-d171-4dde-975a-a13cfe4995ff
https://www.kenhub.com/
CHAPTER 20 Blood Chapter 20 PDF
https://youtu.be/KXTF7WehgM8
CHAPTER 21 Animal Nutrition Chapter 21 PDF
https://youtu.be/nM5kMSjBrmw
CHAPTER 22 Gas Exchange in Organisms Chapter 22 - PDF
Task 1. Watch the film above and answer for the following questions. 1. Do we have an influence on breathing? 2. What do we breathe for? 3. What does respiratory system consist of? How are lungs built? 4. How does the breathing process work? 5. What bronchioles look like? 6. What is alvelous filled with? 7. What is diffusion? 8. How many litres of air do lungs work out in a day?
https://youtu.be/MrDbiKQOtlU
CHAPTER 23
Homeostasis and Exrection Chapter 23 - PDF
​https://youtu.be/_0afKWu4yVg
CHAPTER 24 Plant response to Stimuli
https://youtu.be/HdwIcIkSoBY
CHAPTER 25 Animal response to Stimuli
https://youtu.be/BUlBwe8miTQ
CHAPTER 26 Reseption of Stimuli
https://youtu.be/qOVkedxDqQo
CHAPTER 27 The Endocrine System
https://youtu.be/-S_vQZDH9hY
CHAPTER 28 The Musculoskeletal System
https://youtu.be/m2GywoS77qc
https://youtu.be/mejCXr7p37U
https://youtu.be/UPrxQkjjExI
CHAPTER 29 Human Defence System
https://youtu.be/z3M0vU3Dv8E
https://youtu.be/sYjtMP67vyk
CHAPTER 30 Vegetative Reproduction in Plants
https://youtu.be/ExaQ8shhkw8
https://youtu.be/iWaX97p6y9U
Chapter 31 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
https://youtu.be/X7zW5W6XGeg
Chapter 32-33 Human Reproduction
https://youtu.be/QSN5gfbzgwc
G L O S S A R Y wytłuszczone tzn. dodane do ogólnego słownika lub tam istniejące zaznaczone na zielono - należy dodać do słownika
Chapter 1 biology
Biology is a difficult subject.
science -
I prefer Science to history or languages.
scientific method -
There is no scientific proof that it's good for your health.
botany -
Botany is a very old science.
microbiology -
Microbiology deals with microscopic organisms.
zoology -
I'm studying Zoology but I don't want to be a vet.
taxonomy -
The Taxonomy of plants is a fascinating science.
genetics -
Some cases of mental disorders can be explained by genetics.
evolution -
Evolution is a constant process of change.
embryology -
Embryology studies how organisms are formed and grow
ecology -
In my opinion, ecology and the protection of natural environment are the most important issues today.
biotechnology -
There have been many breakthroughs in Biotechnology in the recent years.
anatomy -
The Renaissance rediscovered human anatomy.
physiology -
Physiology is the study of how organisms function.
biochemistry -
Biochemistry is concerned with chemical substances and processes in living organisms
hypothesis -
I haven't yet formed a hypothesis explaining the victim's death.
involve -
I don't want to be involved in your argument. It's none of my business.
form -
There are six chapters but they do not form a book.
design -
My younger sister designs shoes.
interpret -
It was a mistake to interpret his weird behaviour as a result of problems at home.
conclude -
The meeting will conclude shortly.
compare -
If you compare their essays, you'll find out one of them cheating.
report -
He gave a report on the current situation.
develop -
They are trying to develop their business.
suppose -
I suppose we should cancel the meeting.
bias -
A judge cannot be influenced by a personal bias against the defendant.
knowledge -
She does not have much knowledge of ancient history.
principle -
She sticks to her principles.
data -
My computer crashed and I've lost all the data.
journal -
I have subscribed this journal since it first appeared.
Chapter 2 nutrition
We usually think of nutrition as being something to do with food.
anaerobic
Anaerobic respiration is the breakdown of sugar to release energy in the absence of oxygen.
aerobic
The breakdown of sugar with oxygen is called a erobic respiration.
metabolism
Metabolism is the term used to describe all the chemical reactions that take place within living cells.
autotrophic
Plants are autotrophs; that means they make their own nutrients (food) from simple raw materials such as water and carbon dioxide using energy from the sun.
autotroph
Plants are autotrophs.
heterotrophic
Animals are heterotrophs.
generation
Genes are hereditary factors that are passed on from one generation to the next during reproduction.
reproduce
All living things reproduce a nd pass on information form one generation to the next
pass on
They reproduce and p ass on information from one generation to the next.
genetical
None had a genetical p redisposition to Alzheimer's and they were too young to have developed the disease naturally.
organelles
These chemicals are not alive but they combine together to form structures in the cell called organelles. / In cell biology, an o rganelle is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function.
grow
They grow corn on this farm. The nutrients are needed to allow the organism to g row and develop.
surroundings
They react to changes in their s urroundings. / They live in beautiful surroundings.
research
The scientist is doing r esearch c oncerning cancer.
conclusion
In conclusion, to define something as ‘alive’ it must possess and carry out a combination of all of the characteristics of life. / I've come to a conclusion that all our attempts were pointless.
supported
Their support meant a lot to us.
explanation
I didn't follow the teacher's explanation.
reject
Why did you reject her offer?
rejection
Scientists cannot agree whether the rejection of this theory was grounded.
prediction
Do you ever make prediction about the future?
remain
She tried to remain quiet as she realised an argument wasn't a good idea.
Chapter 3 ecosystem
These rare ecosystems with all the animals and plants must be protected.
biosphere
We're making a biosphere in a bottle.
producer
There are producers, which make their own food (the green plants)
consumer
There are consumers, which feed on the plants and animals.
decomposer
The bacteria and fungi which feed on dead and decaying plants and animals are called decomposers.
relationship
They have a close relationship with their children.
mantle
This is an Earth's mantle.
to influence
Your opinion won't influence my own judgement.
edaphic
Edaphic factors are factors related to the soil.
to affect
Smoking can affect your health.
tertiary consumer
The energy flows in the ecosystem from the sun through producers, consumers to tertiary consumers.
herbivore
Primary consumers are called herbivores and they feed on primary producers (green plants)
carnivore
The cat is a carnivore, so don't try to feed him with cabbage.
to flow, a flow
A heart attack happens when a blood flow to the heart is limited. - v. przepływać, n. przepływ
detritus
The primary consumers feed on detritus (dead organisms) e.g. dead leaf - woodlouse - blackbird.
to graze
Cows were grazing in the field.
trophic
The t rophic level of an organism is the position it occupies in a food chain.
due to
He was absent last week d ue to illness. - z powodu
to capture
Dolphins and other small whales are still c aptured f rom the wild.schwytać
biomass
Biomass i s a mass of living material at a given time.
niche
Each species is thought to have a separate and unique n iche.
habitat
I've seen foxes in the zoo, but not in their natural habitat.
diurnal /da’jernal/
These monkeys are diurnal and live together in social groups.
nocturnal /noc’ternal/
The owl is a nocturnal bird.
to recycle
Everyone who calls themselves an ecologist should recycle glass and paper.
photosynthesis
Plants use CO2 to make food in the process of photosynthesis.
respiration
When the plants are eaten, than the carbon (in the form of C6H12O6) becomes part of the animal and then during respiration, all living things break down their food and release carbon dioxide back out into the atmosphere.
combustion
The combustion of all fossil fuels follows a very simple reaction: fuel (any hydrocarbon source) plus oxygen yields carbon dioxide and water and energy.
nitrogen
There is nitrogen in the air we breathe.
ion
An ion is an atom that is electrically charged.
ammonia
When plants and animals die, the process of decomposition takes place and protein is converted into ammonia (NH3)
nitrite /naitrait/
The nitrifying bacteria convert the ammonia (NH3) into nitrite (NO2).
- azotyn
nitrate /naitreit/
The nitrite (NO2) is converted into nitrate (NO3).
- azotan
nodule /nodjul/
Nodules contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
nitrogen-fixing bacteria
A group of bacteria known as the n itrogen-fixing bacteria live in nodules and are able to convert free nitrogen (N2) form the soil air into nitrate ions, which are used by the plant to make protein.
excessive
The control of excessive use of nitrate and nitrites in food items, is required in order to prevent outbreaks of toxic methaemoglobinaemia. - nadmierny
organic
They only eat organic food and vegetables from their own garden.
fertilizer
Try it. It is the best fertilizer ever. The effects are spectacular.
eutrophication
Eutrophication i s the enrichment of an ecosystem with chemical nutrients, typically compounds containing nitrogen, phosphorus, or both.
lightning
There was lightning in the sky and it started to rain. błyskawica
interaction
Ecology is the study of interaction between groups of organisms and their environment. B iologists investigate large-scale organism interactions in field ecology.
community
In ecology, a c ommunity is an assemblage (group) of populations of different species, interacting with one another.
biotic
The living component of an ecosystem is called the biotic component.
depend on
All animals depend either directly or indirectly on plants to supply food and oxygen. zależeć -
environmental factor
The example of the environmental factors are the abiotic factors which
are the physical elements that influence the organisms in the environment, including climatic, edaphic (soil) and aquatic factors. ecological pyramid
An ecological pyramid (also trophic pyramid, energy pyramid, or sometimes food pyramid) is a graphical representation designed to show the biomass or biomass productivity at each trophic level in a given ecosystem.
food chain
In nature, most food chains overlap with other food chains and this results in a food web.
food web
A food web consists of two or more intersecting food chains.
intersect
A food web consists of two or more i ntersecting food chains.
primary consumers
Plants are producers and they are eaten by the p rimary consumers (eg. caterpilars).
secondary consumers
Then they can be eaten by s econdary consumers e.g. birds.
tertiary consumers
The energy flows in the ecosystem from the sun through producers, consumers to tertiary consumers. And finally they can be eaten by tertiary consumers ( e.g. eagles, hawks)
consumer
There are consumers, which feed on the plants and animals.
nutrient
These n utrients are important early in life, but they may also help as you age.
nitrifying bacteria
Ammonia and other nitrogen-containing compounds such as urine are released by animals during excretion and certain bacteria in the soil, known as nitrifying bacteria, convert the ammonia (NH+3) into nitrite (NO-2) and then nitrite into nitrate (NO-3).
heat
Most of the energy is used up in metabolism or is lost as heat.
stoat
The stoat is a small sized mammal, closely related to weasels, ferrets, otters, badgers and wolverines.
duckweed
I passed a pond covered with d uckweed w here a blue heron walked at the water's edge.
perch
I caught some perch last weekend.
requirement
You don't meet the requirements to enter the competition.
to require
This plant r equires watering every second day.
bank vole
The bank vole lives in woodland, hedgerows and other dense vegetation
field mouse
Field mice is a term used for a variety of mice found in the U.S., Europe and Asia including house mice (Mus musculus).
curlew /kerlju/
Curlews feed on mud or very soft ground, searching for worms and other
invertebrates with their long bills. turnstone
As the name implies, these species readily turn stones or seaweed looking for hidden invertebrates.
Chapter 4 relative number
Larger areas tend to contain larger numbers of species, and empirically, the relative numbers seem to follow systematic mathematical relationships.
heat
Most of the energy i s used up in metabolism or is lost as heat.
indigestible
Some of the food that is eaten is indigestible and leaves the animal's body as undigested material (faeces).
faeces ​/fisiz/
Feces, or faeces also known as excrement, is waste product from an animal's digestive tract expelled during a process called defecation.
perch
I caught some perch last weekend.
duckweed
I passed a pond covered with duckweed where a blue heron walked at the water's edge.
diurnal
These monkeys are diurnal and live together in social groups.
inverted pyramid
A single rose bush, can support thousands of greenfly which would give us an upside down pyramid called inverted pyramid.
biomass
Biomass is a mass of living material at a given time.
respiration
When the plants are eaten, than the carbon (in the form of C6H12O6) becomes part of the animal and then during respiration, all living things break down their food and release carbon dioxide back out into the atmosphere.
nitrogen-fixing bacteria
A group of bacteria know as the nitrogen-fixing bacteria live in nodules and are able to convert free nitrogen form the soil air into nitrate ions, which are used by the plant to make protein.
scramble competition
(konkurencja o zasoby) occurs when each organism tries to get as much of the resource as possible.
predation
Predation occurs when an organism (the predator) lives by killing and eating another organism (the prey).
monoculture
Modern farming practice includes the cultivation of a single crop such as oats or barley, in huge fields, year in, year out. This method of growing crops is known as monoculture.
pesticide
Avoid spraying your plants with pesticides.
ditch
He got drunk and fell into a ditch. - rĂłw
contest competition
Contest competition occurs when two organisms engage in active physical confrontation.
insecticide
So far, the county has stopped short of applying insecticides.
fungicide
A number of fungicides are also used in human health care.
elm
Elms are deciduous and semi-deciduous trees comprising the genus U ​ lmus.
flock
A flock of sheep has escaped onto the road.
- gromada, stado,
school (of fish)
If the shoal becomes more tightly organised, with the fish synchronising their swimming so they all move at the same speed and in the same direction, then the fish may be said to be schooling
herd
A polar bear can decimate a herd of reindeer in a matter of minutes. - stado owiec
stick insect
The stick insect can sometimes reach over 13 inches (33 cm) long. - patyczak
thorn
Many plants, such as holly and cacti, have developed thorns, spines and stings to ward off predators. - cierń, kolec,
spine
Many plants, such as holly and cacti, have developed thorns, spines and stings to ward off predators. - kolec, cierń, kręgosłup,
sting
Many plants, such as holly and cacti, have developed thorns, spines and stings to ward off predators.
ward off
Many plants, such as holly and cacti, have developed thorns, spines and stings to ward off predators. - odstraszać
to lag
There is often a lag between becoming infected and the first signs of the illness. opóźniać się, zostawać z tyłu,
to blight
War and poverty have blighted the entire country. - dosłownie - niweczyć
to decline
The politician's popularity declined after his decision. -
to obtain
Predation occurs when one organism kills another organism to obtain food. uzyskiwać, o trzymywać
potato blight fungus
Examples of parasites include disease-causing bacteria, fleas, lice, tapeworm and the potato blight fungus (Phytophtora infestans) - zaraza ziemniaczana
tapeworm
Examples of parasites include disease-causing bacteria, fleas, lice, tapeworms and the potato blight fungus
louse (l.mn. lice)
Examples of parasites include disease-causing bacteria, fleas, lice, tapeworms and the potato blight fungus
disease
- tasiemiec - wszy
Is that a serious disease? Examples of parasites include disease-causing bacteria, fleas, lice, tapeworms and the potato blight fungus
parasite
Parasitism is a non-mutual symbiotic relationship between species, where one species, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host.
endoprasite
Endoparasites can exist in one of two forms: intercellular parasites (inhabiting spaces in the host's body) or intracellular parasites (inhabiting cells in the host's body).
ectoparasite
Parasites that live on the outside of the host, either on the skin or the outgrowths
of the skin, are called ectoparasites mycorrhiza
A mycorrhiza is a relationship between a fungus and the roots of a plant. mikoryza
mutualism
Long-term coevolution sometimes leads to a relatively stable relationship tending to commensalism or mutualism,
lichen
Lichens are a good example of symbiosis called mutualism, where both organisms benefit from the relationship and neither suffers harm.
unit - Classes I a, c - finished
inability
Her complete inability to live on her own makes me furious.
fluctuate
The prices still fluctuate.
sanitation
A system for protecting public health, especially by removing waste is called sanitation. - kanalizacja, higiena
famine
All the country was suffering from famine. - głód
staple food
The huge fall in population in Ireland was caused by the failure of the potato crop which was the staple food of the majority of people. - podstawowy produkt
plentiful
Fruit is plentiful in the summer here. - obfity
nettle
Adaptive techniques of prey (plants) are: stings (e.g. nettle) and poisons (e.g. mistletoe). - pokrzywa
curve
He drew a curve to illustrate their progress over time. A general population curve.
host
Parasites reduce host biological fitness by general or specialized pathology - gospodarz
trout
Trout is the common name for a number of species of freshwater fish - pstrąg
conceal
Camouflage, which allows the predator to be concealed while hunting its prey. ukrywać
concealment /konsilment/
Concealment was no longer possible, and they could only hope for the best.
camouflage
Camouflage, which allows the predator to be concealed while hunting its prey.
prey
Camouflage, which allows the predator to be concealed while hunting its prey.
hunting
Hunting is the practice of killing or trapping any animal, or pursuing it with the intent of doing so
mimicking
The genes of the better mimics become more common in the species, so mimicking animals would normally avoid the danger.
mimic
- naśladowanie
The genes of the better mimics become more common in the species, so mimicking animals would normally avoid the danger.
- naśladowca
hoverfly
The hoverfly is a harmless insect which protects itself by mimicking the colouration of wasps. - bzyg
holly
Many plants, such as holly and cacti, have developed thorns, spines and stings to ward off predators. - ostrokrzew
corncrake​ -
The corn crake or corncrake (Crex crex) breeds in Europe and Asia as far east as western China, and migrates to Africa for winter.
- derkacz zwyczajny
Chapter 5 conservation
is the protection of plants and animals and the environment from harm.
indicator species
Some organisms are easily damaged by (sulphur dioxide) SO2 and thewe can be used as pollution indicators. Lichens, apart form a few resistant species, act as indicator species. gatunek wskaźnikowy
plot
Using graph paper, plot a graph of the given results in the table. - kreślić, nanosić
discharge
The oil which discharged into the sea killed a lot of animals. - wydzielać
downstream
We will be going downstream now, moving with the current.w dół rzeki z prądem
horizontal
He drew a horizontal line across the blackboard, not vertical.
axis
put distance on the horizontal axis.
insecticide
But the use of insecticides is usually a last resort.
fungicide
A number of fungicides are also used in human health care.
threat - threatened
There are many animals threatened with extinction such as the giant panda in China.
extinction
The world might look very different today if this extinction had not happened.
toxic
There are generally three types of toxic entities; chemical, biological, and physical.
waste disposal
Right now, the whole business of nuclear waste disposal is a disaster area.
symbiosis
There is a symbiosis between the two: they live off each other.
landfill site
Most of the area was a landfill site for domestic waste until a few years ago.
incinerator plant
Chemicals can also react in incinerator plants and in landfills, causing fires that can emit. spalarnia (śmieci)
aquaculture
Over the last 20 years, the aquaculture industry has grown by more than 11 percent each year. h ydroponika ( uprawa roślin bez gruntu)
agriculture
But what are the problems we have in the common agriculture policy?
fishery
All of us know that fisheries is not the same as any other business.
forestry
The community has since turned to forestry as its main industry.
biodegradation
Temperature is also an important factor in determining the rate of biodegradation.
lubricate (oil)
The wheels of a train must be lubricated each week. naoliwiać, natłuszczać -
Chapter 6
Chapter 7 soluble
Monosaccharides are soluble in water. - rozpuszczalny
water-soluble
Polysaccharides are not soluble in water (are not #) and they do not taste sweet. rozpuszczalny w wodzie
fat-soluble
- rozpuszczalny w tłuszczach
starch
Potatoes are rich in starch. - skrobia
hydrogen
A hydrogen bond is the electrostatic attraction between polar molecules that occurs when a hydrogen (H) atom bound to a highly electronegative atom such as nitrogen (N), or oxygen (O). - wodór
to bond
In saturated fats, all the bonds are occupied, whereas in unsaturated fats not all the bonds are occupied. - wiązać
ratio
The ratio of boys to girls in this class is 2:1. - stosunek
ion
An ion is an atom that is electrically charged. - jon
copper Cu
Copper is a good insulator. - miedź
chlorine Cl
- In additon to carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur, the elements # (Cl), sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) are also found in living things, but usually exist as ions in dissolved salts.chlor
sodium Na
- sód
potassium K
- potas
magnesium Mg
- magnes
calcium Ca
- wapń
zink Zn
- cynk
iron Fe
Other elements such as iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), though equally important for life, are found in much smaller amounts.
dissolve
In general, SOLUBILITY is an ability of a substance to #. In the process of dissolving, the substance which is being dissolved is called a solute and the substance in which the solute is dissolved is called a solvent. A mixture of solute and solvent is called a solution.
trace elements
- śladowe ilości
haemoglobin
Examples of trace elements include the element manganese, which is an enzyme activator, and iron in the red pigment # in the blood of animals. hemoglobina
inorganic
Carbon dioxide and sodium chloride are examples of inorganic molecules. - nieorganiczne
approximately
There were approximately ten thousand people at the rally.
carbohydrate
Carbohydrates contain the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (C, H and O), in ratio of 1C:2H:1O.
simple sugar
Glucose and fructose are the examples of monosaccharides and they are commonly referred to as # #. cukry proste
cellulose
Cellulose is an organic compound - a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of Ă&#x; linked D-glucose units - celuloza
glycogen
Starch is the store of carbohydrate in plants but glycogen is the store of carbohydrate in animals, mainly muscles and liver tissue.
sucrose
Sucrose is a sugar, the organic compound commonly known as table sugar, cane sugar, usually, just sugar.
lactose
Lactose is a disaccharide sugar derived from galactose and glucose that is found in milk.
sugar cane
Sugar cane is an important plant. - cukier trzcinowy
digest
This kind of food might be difficult to digest by young puppies.
fibre
Eat more fibre, less fat.
catabolic reaction
In respiration, glucose molecules break down, releasing energy, carbon dioxide and water and this is an example of catabolic reaction (i.e. complex molecule breaks down into simpler ones).
anabolic reaction
Catabolic reactions generate ATP and anabolic reactions consume it.
saturated fat
There are two main types of fat - saturated fat and unsaturated fat.
occupy
As long as they occupy this room, there will be a mess.
blood vessels
The blood vessels are the part of the circulatory system that transports blood throughout the human body.
vessels
The reason saturated fats are considered harmful to the body is because they
are more easily converted into cholesterol in the blood and too much cholesterol sticks to and thickens the lining of our blood vessel. fatty acid
Lipids are composed of two main types of molecule: fatty acids and glycerol.
- kwasy tłuszczowe glycerol
- Glycerol has three hydroxyl groups that are responsible for its solubility in water and its hygroscopic nature.
rapeseed
Unsaturated fats are found most commonly in plant oils, such as corn oil, rapeseed oil and sunflower oil, and in fish oils.
- nasiona rzepaku
suet
All lipids as lard, suet, cream, oil are insoluble in water.
- łój
lard
Fats are commonly found in butter, suet, cream and lard.
maze
- kukurydza
to stick
Stick this note at the door so that everybody can see it.- przykleiać
to storage
Lipids are also important as storage molecules, e.g. under the skin for insulation,
- smalec
and as protection around body organs, e.g. the kidney. - przechowywać myelin sheath
- Myelin is a dielectric material that forms a layer, the myelin sheath, usually around only the axon of a neuron. mielina
insulation
- Lipids are also important as storage molecules, e.g. under the skin for insulation, and as protection around body organs, e.g. the kidney. - izolacja
fibrous protein
- Fibrous proteins are usually used to construct connective tissues, tendons, bone matrix and muscle fiber. białka fibrlarne
fibrous
- włóknisty, łykowaty
phospholipid
Phospholipids are important in the formation of cell membranes.
amino acid
- Protein molecules are made up of sub-units called amino acids, which link together in long, often twisted, chains.
lean meat
Lean meat is meat with not lots of fat in it e.g. chicken without the skin or pork or beef with no fat. chude mięso
pulses
Pulses are used for food for humans and other animals. Included in the pulses are: dry beans like pinto beans, kidney beans and navy beans, dry peas, lentils, and others. strączkowe
myosin
Myosins comprise a family of ATP-dependent motor proteins and are best known for their role in muscle contraction and their involvement in a wide range of other eukaryotic motility processes.miozyna
comprise
About 27 percent of the population comprised men between 16 and 60 years old. zawierać, tworzyć, składać się,
lentil
Lentil is healthy, but I don't like it. - soczewica
chick pea
The chickpea or chick pea (Cicer arietinum) is a legume of the family Fabaceae, subfamily Faboideae. It is also known as gram. - ciecierzyca pospolita
to thrive
Their business used to thrive a decade ago. - to grow vigorously
connective tissue
Special connective tissue consists of reticular connective tissue, adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood. Groups of cells that hold the body together and support it are called connective tissue. tkanka łączna
cartilage
Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue found in areas in the bodies of humans and other animals, including the joints between bones, the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the bronchial tubes and the intervertebral discs. chrząstka
ligament
In anatomy, a ligament is the fibrous tissue that connects bones to other bones. ścięgna
bone
She's broken her bone in two places. - kości
scurvy
Scurvy is a disease resulting from a deficiency of vitamin C, which is required for the synthesis of collagen in humans. szkorbut
gums
This toothpaste is good for your teeth and gums. - dziąsła
to heal
This wound will heal soon. - goić się, leczyć,
a wound
His wound is not as dangerous as we thought. - rana
egg yolk
We don't need whole eggs, just the yolks. - żółtko
dairy
A dairy product or milk product is food produced from the milk of mammals nabiał
rickets
Rickets is defective mineralization of bones before epiphyseal closure in immature mammals due to deficiency or impaired metabolism of vitamin D, phosphorus or calcium, potentially leading to fractures and deformity. krzywica
osteomalacia
Osteomalacia is a generalized bone condition in which there is inadequate mineralization of the bone. rozmiękczanie kości
rigid
The cell wall pushes against the expanding cell and the cells become rigid. - sztywny
solvent
A solvent is a substance that dissolves a solute (a chemically different liquid, solid or gas), resulting in a solution. rozpuszczalnik
solute
substancja rozpuszczona
waterproof
Put a waterproof cover on the bag. - wodoodporny
protection
In my opinion, the protection of the natural environment is an essential issue. - ochrona
Chapter 8 permeable
Semipermeable or permeable membrane is a membrane which will allows certain molecules or ions to pass through it.
plasma membrane
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment.
chromatin
Chromatin is a complex of macromolecules found in cells, consisting of DNA, protein and RNA.
cytoplasm
Cytoplasm, a jelly-like substance that fills cells, suspends and protects organelles.
stain
The water was stained brown and black, but after a time it began to run clear. plamić, barwić - 94
mitochondrion
The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a membrane bound organelle found in most eukaryotic cells (e.g. plants, animals, fungi)
fold
Mitochondria are tiny rod-like structures with double membranes the inner of which is folded.
inner
Intuition can be described as an inner voice which tells you what to do.
outer
The outer chloroplast membrane is a semi-porous membrane that small molecules and ions can easily diffuse across
nucleolus
The nucleolus is the largest structure in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells where it primarily serves as the site of ribosome synthesis and assembly.
ribonucleic acid RNA
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule. It is implicated in a varied sort of biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes. RNA is more often found in nature as a single-strand folded unto itself, rather than a paired double-strand.
deoxyribonucleic acid DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule that encodes the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and many viruses. bright-field light microscope The light microscope employs visible light to detect small objects, is probably the most well-known and well-used research tool in biology. grana
With electron microscopy, it became possible to see the thylakoid system in more detail, revealing it to consist of stacks of flat thylakoids which made up the grana.
ribosome
The ribosome is a large and complex molecular machine, found within all living cells, that serves as the primary site of biological protein synthesis (translation)
Chapter 9 substrate
Enzymes work by joining to the substrate molecules. The position on the enzyme where this happens is called the active site.
catalyst
Enzymes are organic cataclysts, normally proteins, which speed up chemical reactions without being changed permanently by them. katalizator
tube
Leave the test tubes in the water bath for 10 minutes - tubka
range
They offer a wide range of services. - zakres
solution
Let's find another solution to that problem. - rozwiązanie
set up
They set up a new business. - założyć
buffer
She was wrong to buy those shares as a buffer against future inflation. - zabezpiczenie
stopwatch
Our PE teacher always has a stopwatch to check our time.
interval
She returned after a short interval.
induce
When the substrate joins the enzyme, it will change the shape of its active site slightly to make a better fit for the substrate. This is called the induced fit theory. - powodować Is there anything that might induce her to agree?
denature
Pressure can denature proteins too, but usually it's very high pressures.
permanently
She lives here permanently. - stale
temporarily
He will move in with his parents temporarily and keep looking.
denaturation
Denaturation is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose the quaternary structure, tertiary structure and secondary structure which is present in their native state, by application of some external stress or compound such as a strong acid.
quaternary structure Denaturation is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose the quaternary structure. - struktura czwartorzędowa tertiary structure
- struktura trzeciąrzędowa
immobilise
In the industrial use of enzyme some of them are put into a gel (sodium alginate) which will not let the enzyme diffuse out. The enzymes we call are immobilised. unieruchamiać
drip
He could feel water dripping on his face and body. - kapać
bioprocess engineering - Bioprocess engineering is a specialization of e.g. biotechnology, biological engineering, and it deals with the design and development of equipment and processes for the manufacturing of products such as food, feed, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, polymers and paper from biological materials based on using living cells or sub component of such cells. - inżynieria procesów biologicznych halt
The lead car had h alted in the middle of the road. - przerwać, zatrzymać się
rapid
They made rapid progress. - gwałtowny
hydrogen bonding
A hydrogen bond is the electrostatic attraction between polar molecules that occurs when a hydrogen (H) atom bound to a highly electronegative atom such as nitrogen (N), or oxygen (O). wiązanie wodorowe, mostek wodorowy
induced fit theory
When the substrate joins the enzyme, it will change the shape of its active site slightly to make a better fit for the substrate. This is called the induced fit theory. - teoria doposowania prowokowanego
mould
- An enzyme is specific for a particular substrate because it acts like a mould that fits to the substrate very closely. foremka, pleśń
activation energy
This is due to the fact that heat is energy, and as more heat is added to a reaction, the molecules move around more rapidly, collide more often and more molecules have the activation energy when they collide, thus they react more quickly.
NAD
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. NAD exists in two forms, an oxidized NAD+ and reduced NADH. In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons (or H called also high energy hydrogen) from one reaction to another. - dinukleotyd nikotynoamidoadeninowy
NADHP
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, abbreviated NADP+, is a cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as lipid, sugar and nucleic acid synthesis, which require NADPH as a reducing agent (adding H to the substrate). fosforan dinukleotydu nikotynoamidoadeninowy
ultimately
Could any man say for certain how he would ultimately face death? - w końcu, ostatecznie
Chapter 10 BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS chlorophyll
Photosynthesis require the presence of a green pigment, chlorophyll, in the plant cell.
palisade mesophyll
Palisade mesophyll is build of plant cells found right below the upper epidermis and cuticle of the leaves. They are vertically elongated. - miękisz palisadowy
spongy mesophyll
A different shape forms the spongy mesophyll cells beneath palisade mesophyll in the leaf. Their chloroplasts absorb a major portion of the light energy used by the leaf. - miękisz gąbczasty
epidermis
The epidermis cells is a single-layered group of cells that covers plants' leaves, flowers, roots and stems.
cuticle
In botany, plant cuticles are protective, hydrophobic, waxy coverings produced by the epidermal cells of leaves.
vascular bundle
A vascular bundle is a part of the transport system in vascular plants, which exists in two forms: xylem and phloem. - wiązka przewodząca
xylem
The word xylem is derived from the Greek word ξύλον (xylon), meaning "wood". The basic function of xylem is to transport water, but it also transports some nutrients.
phloem
In vascular plants, phloem is the living tissue that carries organic nutrients (known as photosynthate), in particular, sucrose, a sugar, to all parts of the plant where needed.
thick
This book is very thick.
light-dependent stage
The light-dependent stage (reactions), or photoreduction, is the first stage of photosynthesis, by which plants capture and store energy from sunlight. In this process, light energy is converted into chemical energy, in the form of the energy-carrying molecules ATP and NADPH.
light-independent stage
In the light-independent (or "dark") stage (reactions), the enzyme RuBisCO captures CO2 from the atmosphere and in a process called the Calvin-Benson Cycle, releases three-carbon sugars, which are later combined to form sucrose and starch.
intensity
Increasing or decreasing the light intensity is the main factor that controls the
rate of these reaction.
photon
A photon is an elementary particle, the quantum of light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force.
wattage
"Our system can do this using very little wattage” - moc w watach
thus
He reduced his expenses thus saving some money. - stąd, tak więc, tym samym
aerobic respiration
The breakdown of sugar with oxygen is called aerobic respiration.
anaerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration is the breakdown of sugar to release energy in the
absence of oxygen. lactic acid
In humans, the end product of anaerobic respiration is lactic acid. kwas mlekowy
cramp
Cramps are more common in older people but may happen to anyone. - zakwasy
pasteurise
The milk is then pasteurised at 95 Celsius degree and held at this temperature
for 20 minutes. amylase
Barley contains starch and amylase to convert it into sugar.
germinate
The barley produces the enzyme (amylase) as it germinates. - kiełkować
hops
Hops have been produced here for more than seven centuries. - chmiel
pyruvic acid
Pyruvic acid can be made from glucose through glycolysis, converted back to carbohydrates. - kwas pirogronowy
malt replenish funnel seal seal
Malt beer is a sweet, low-alcohol beer. - słód, dodawany do piwa The electrons from the chlorophyll come from the splitting water. - uzupełniać These molecules are grouped together in a funnel-shaped structure. - n. Lejek, v. nalewać - foka n. uszczelka, plomba, v. uszczelniać,
Chapter 11 motion
The movement of molecules is called Brownian motion.
motionless
The water was tranquil, almost motionless.
tranquil
The sea was tranquil and quiet.
motion sickness
Children often suffer from motion sickness while travelling by bus.
gradient
The difference in concentration of gases in these two areas is called the concentration gradient.
diffusion
The gases oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse freely into and out of cells.
osmosis
Osmosis is the movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration across a semipermeable membrane.
passive
Diffusion is a passive process that uses the natural heat energy concentration of a substance and does not require any other energy.
selectively permeable
Such membranes are called selectively permeable or semi-permeable membranes.
contractile vacuole
A contractile vacuole is a sub-cellular structure (organelle) involved in osmoregulation. The contractile vacuole pumps excess water out of the cell. wakuola pulsująca
osmoregulation
pure purebred salt gland turgor cells. turgid plasmolysis active transport wilt
The kidneys carry out the process of osmoregulation in the body. If the blood is more concentrated than the cells, water will leave the cells and flow into the blood. If the solution of sucrose (water and sugar) was seperated from pure water by a semi-permeable membrane, only the water would move across the membrane. He owns three purebred horses. - czystej krwi Some marine birds drink salt water and have a salt glands in their head which removes the salt and releases it via their nostrils. gruczoł solny Turgor pressure is the force of the cell contents against the cell wall in plant napięcie tkankowe If placed in water the cell swells up. Such a cell is said to be turgid. nabrzmiały, napęczniały If placed in a strong salt solution the cell cytoplasm shrinks. The process is called plasmolysis. Active transport is the process where chemicals are taken into a cell against the diffusion gradient. When the plant loses too much water, it also loses turgor and the plant will wilt. więdnąć, usychać
preservation
influx
root hair rigid upright
Finished Klasy II
The death of cells due to water loss from osmosis is the mechanism by which some forms of food preservation work. In jam-making, a high level of sugar is added to the fruit. When microorganisms land on the jam they cannot survive because they lose water due to osmosis. Single-celled organisms without a cell wall found in fresh water have to protect themselves from an influx of water. wpływ, przepływ Active transport is the process by which chemicals are drawn into a cell against the diffusion gradient using energy, e.g. minerals into root hairs. włośnik, The cell wall pushes against the expanding cell and the cells become rigid. napięty Green plants use this turgor pressure to keep upright. - pionowo, prosto
Chapter 12 haploid meiosis
mitosis diploid fold fruit fly aid chromosome cancer to cause coil interphase karyogram
A cell is h aploid (n) when it contains one copy of each chromosome. There are two different types of cell division: one produces cells that are identical to the original parent cell, known as m itosis, and the other produces cells that have only half the genetic information of the parent cell, known as m eiosis. The process of mitosis produces two identical cells. A cell is d iploid (2n) when it has two copies of each chromosome. Mitochonria are tiny rod-like structures with double membranes the inner of which is folded. The most extensive scientific work on genetics has been carried out on f ruit flies. muszka owocówka Our situation - learning on instaling platform a ids progress. A chromosome is a structure found in the nucleus containing DNA and proteins. Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells. Cancer is caused w hen a change (mutation) has taken place in the DNA of the cell, in the exact part that controls cell division. Chromosomes contain about 60% protein around which the DNA is wrapped and this structure is very tightly coiled together. When the cell is not dividing, it is said to be in interphase. A picture of chromosome that have been arranged in matching pairs is referred to as a karyogram. - graficzne przedstawienie zestawu chromosomów danej komórki.
finished 01 03.2015 II klasy
Short Test Chapter 11-12
prophase
metaphase anaphase telophase
centromere chromatid spindle
In the first stage of mitosis, called prophase, the chromosomes thicken and become visible as a pair of structures, the nuclear membrane disappears and threadlike structures become visible. In metaphase, the chromatid pairs migrate to the centre of the cell (the equator). At the beginning of a naphase, the centromeres of the chromatid pairs split. The spindle fibres disassemble in t elophase, a nuclear envelope is formed around each new nucleus in which a nucleolus reappears and the chromosomes uncoil to become the more diffuse chromatin threads. As the cell starts to divide in prophase, the chromosomes are visible as pairs of chromatids joined together at a region called the c entromere. In metaphase, the chromatid p airs migrate to the centre of the cell (the equator). The spindle fibres disassemble in telophase, a nuclear envelope is formed
disassemble
uncoil
centriole pole tumour tubule microtubule cell plate chromatin thread
cleavage cleavage furrow cleave
vesicle
nuclear envelope split carcinogen oncogene radiation
around each new nucleus in which a nucleolus reappears and the chromosomes uncoil to become the more diffuse chromatin threads. - wrzeciono podziałowe The spindle fibres d isassemble in telophase, a nuclear envelope is formed around each new nucleus in which a nucleolus reappears and the chromosomes uncoil to become the more diffuse chromatin threads. - rozpadać się The spindle fibres disassemble in telophase, a nuclear envelope is formed around each new nucleus in which a nucleolus reappears and the chromosomes uncoil to become the more diffuse chromatin threads. - rozwijać się The locations of the centrioles a re at either side of the old nucleus and are thus said to be at the poles. At the end of metaphase sister chromatids face opposite p oles. A large mass of cells is produced, called a t umour. - guz, nowotwór Tiny tubules are formed in the cell called microtubules. Tiny tubules are formed in the cell called m icrotubules. The vesicles fuse to produce a c ell plate along which the new cell wall and membrane are constructed. - framgmoplast link The spindle fibres disassemble in telophase, a nuclear envelope is formed around each new nucleus in which a nucleolus reappears and the chromosomes uncoil to become the more diffuse chromatin threads. In animal cells, the membrane around the middle of the cell is drawn inwards to form a cleavage f urrow. - podziałowa In animal cells, the membrane around the middle of the cell is drawn inwards to form a cleavage furrow. - bruzda podziałowa A plant cell cannot c leave i n this fashion as it has a rigid cell wall, so they produce small membrane-bound sacs (vesicles) which migrate to the equator of the origin cell. - podzielić się, rozdzielić A plant cell cannot cleave in this fashion as it has a rigid cell wall, so they produce small membrane-bound sacs (vesicles) which migrate to the equator of the origin cell. Finally the nuclear envelope breaks down (totally disintegrated) and the metaphase starts. - błona jądrowa At the beginning of anaphase, the centromeres of the chromatid pairs s plit. Any factor (chemical, physical) in the environment that mutetes DNA is called carcinogen. The parts of DNA that control cell division are called o ncogenes. Ultra-violet radiation f rom the sun, which causes tanning, is one such carcinogen.
finished gr I pods 2016 20.05
Chapter 13 apart meristematic tissue epithelial tissue dermal tissue connective tissue ground tissue muscular tissue vascular tissue nervous tissue vast majority to contract tension cardiac muscle skeletal muscle smooth muscle slender szczupły) fibre myofibril alimentary canal
sheet of muscle parallel
Some family members live together, some live apart. Groups of cells that are dividing and growing in plants are called m eristematic tissue. (tkanka merystematyczna) Groups of cells that line the body parts in animals are called e pithelial tissue. (tkanka nabłonkowa) Groups of cells protecting the outside of the plant are called d ermal tissue. (tkanka okrywająca) Groups of cells that hold the body together and support it are called c onnective tissue. (tkanka łączna) Groups of cells filling the inside of the plant are called g round tissue. (miękisz, parenchyma) Groups of cells that move the body parts are called m uscular tissue. (tkanka mięśniowa) Groups of cells that carry water and nutrients around the plant are called vascular tissue. (tkanka przewodząca) Groups of cells that respond to stimuli and transmit nerve message are called nervous tissue. () The country used to be covered with v ast a reas of forests. The majority of students approved of the new rule. Muscle tissue is unique because it has the ability to c ontract. Muscles can change their length or it can develop t ension. Cardiac muscle can be found in the wall of the heart. Skeletal muscles are attached to the skeleton. Muscles which can be found in the gut, blood vessels and other structures in the body cavity are called smooth muscle. (mięśnie gładkie) Slender cells of smooth muscles are called muscle fibres. (smukły, Slender cells of smooth muscles are called muscle f ibres. (włókno) Normally, calcium ions are used by the body to activate muscles, composed of myofibril cells. mikrofibryl Alimentary canal, is also called digestive tract, digestion: human pathway by which food enters the body and solid wastes are expelled. The alimentary canal includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. przewód pokarmowy In each sheet of muscle, all the fibres run parallel to each other. (wiązka mięśni) In each sheet of muscle, all the fibres run parallel to each other. (równolegle)
alimentary canal cartilage longitudinal matrix
to attach suspend rubbery matrix joint to tear epidermis comprise plant. guard cell
In the alimentary canal one layer of muscle circles the gut and a second layer runs parallel to the gut. (przewód pokarmowy) Cartilage is a type of connective tissue. (chrząstka) Two to three longitudinal veins are present on each side. (podłużny) In biology, m atrix (plural: matrices) is the material (or tissue) in animal or plant cells, in which more specialized structures are embedded, and a specific part of the mitochondrion that is the site of oxidation of organic molecules. non-cellular material How do you attach this device? All connective tissue contains cells s uspended i n some of matrix (zawieszone) A rubbery matrix i s flexible yet strong separates the cells. In my anatomy class yesterday, we learnt all about j oints. staw I saw a single tear slowly going down her cheek. v. zdzierać, n. rozdziercie The outside of a herbaceous plant is covered by a layer called the e pidermis. The epidermis c omprises a layer of cells that protect the inner layer for the
stomata root hairs root tip shoot tip callus transgenic plants distinct stem urinary system
bladder kidney ureters urethra skeletal system respiratory system lymphatic system female reproductive system digestive system muscular system circulatory system endocrine system nervous system to contract
In the leaf, guard cells surround air spaces known as stomata (komórka szparkowa) In the leaf, guard cells surround air spaces known as s tomata (komórka szparkowa) Active transport is the process by which chemicals are drawn into a cell against the diffusion gradient using energy, e.g. minerals into root hairs. (pęd) (pęd)
(wyraźny) The stem of the flower broke and I couldn't put it in the vase. The urinary system, also known as the renal system, consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra. Each kidney consists of millions of functional units called nephrons.
microfibril gut - jelito longitudinal vessel - naczynie vessel walls - ściany naczyń herbaceous plants - /haerbejszes/ species genus (plural genera) family order class phyla (singular phylum) kingdom binomial system mule sterile jenny interbreed
- muł - sterylny A jenny (also sterile) is the offspring of a male horse and a female donkey. A group of organisms that share a large number of physical features and can normally interbreed to produce fertile offspring is called a species.
Chapter 14 interbreed species generation heredity gene trait allele gene expression haploid diploid fertilisation gametes chromosome homozygous heterozygous protein sperm exon interon (intron) semen junk gene genetic screening
A species is a group of organisms that can interbreed. A species is a group of organisms that can interbreed. Heredity is the study of the inheritance of characteristics form one generation to the next. Heredity is the study of the inheritance of characteristics form one generation to the next. A gene is a selection of DNA that codes for a particular trait (characteristic). The phenotype of an organism is the whole set of characters (or t​ raits​) of that organism. Alleles are the alternative forms of the same gene. Gene expression is the process of changing the information in a gene into a protein. Haploid is the term used when a cell has half the usual number of chromosomes. A normal eukaryotic organism is composed of diploid cells, one set of chromosomes from each parent.
If the two alleles are identical, the individual is called a homozygote and is said to be homozygous. If instead the two alleles are different, the individual is a heterozygote and is heterozygous Sperm are the male reproductive cells. plural sperm also sperms Sequences of coding DNA which are joined together in the final RNA after RNA splicing are exons. They code for amino acids in the final polypeptide. An intron is a non-coding sequence in a gene. Semen is the fluid that comes out from the end of a man's organs and contains sperms cells. Non-coding DNA sequences are those parts of an organism's DNA that do not code for protein sequences and sometimes they are called junk genes. Genetic screening finds out genetic susceptibility to a particular disease (genetic disorder).
genetic disorder haemochromatosis cystic fibrosis exact expose
The results of a genetic test can confirm and determine a person's chance of developing or passing on a genetic disorder. (hemochromatoza) Haemochromatosis is a disease caused by genetic disorder in which a person accumulates a dangerous level of iron in a body. If both parents have the cystic-fibrosis gene, and pass it onto their child, the child will get cystic fibrosis. - (mukowiscydoza) The phenotype is important because it is exposed to natural selection: "From Darwin to the present day most evolutionists have considered the individual organism to be the principal object of selection.
unzip base recessive allele
(zasada) The pattern of inheritance of recessive genes is quite simple. If they are heterozygote with a dominant allele, the appearance (phenotype) is the same as a dominant homozygote. phenotype The phenotype of an organism is the whole set of characters (or traits) of that organism. genotype The extent to which the genotype influences the phenotype varies hugely. codominance​ (incomplete dominance) In codominance, however, neither allele is recessive and the phenotypes of both alleles are expressed. autosome An autosome is a chromosome that is not an allosome (i.e., not a sex chromosome) meiosis homologous chromosome A couple of homologous chromosomes are a set of one maternal and one paternal chromosome that pair up with each other inside a cell during meiosis. mutation A mutation is a permanent change of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism. Down’s syndrome Down's syndrome, also known as trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21 carcinogens genetic engineering Genetic modification, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology, known also as genetic engineering. human growth hormone Somatotropin, is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction and regeneration in humans and other animals (=growth hormone). transgenic organism
Transgenic organisms are those that have been modified with genetic material from another species.
plasmid
A plasmid is a small DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from a chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently.
comparative anatomy
Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species.
vertebrate
Vertebrates originated about 525 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion
amphibian
The word "amphibian" is derived from the Ancient Greek term, which means
"both kinds of life". reptile
Reptiles are a group of tetrapod animals comprising today's turtles, crocodilians, snakes, lizards, and their extinct relatives.
mammal
The whale is not a fish. It's a mammal.
pentadactyl (limb)
In biology, it is the number and arrangement of digits (fingers and toes) on the hands, feet, or sometimes wings of a tetrapod animal.
homologous structure
A homologous structure is an example of an organ or bone that appears in different animals, underlining anatomical commonalities demonstrating descent from a common ancestor.
comparative embryology
Comparative embryology is the branch of embryology that compares and contrasts embryos of different species and it is used to show how all animals are related.
vestigiality
Vestigiality refers to genetically determined structures or attributes that have apparently lost most or all of their ancestral function in a given species, but have been retained during the process of evolution. - szczątkowość, rudymentacja
vestigial structure
Vestigial structures (features) may take various forms; for example they may be patterns of behavior, anatomical structures, or biochemical processes.
notochord
In animal anatomy, the notochord is a flexible rod made out of a material similar to cartilage.
gill slits
- struna grzbietowa, chorda
The gill slits of a fish are the external openings to the gills. When a fish breathes, water enters through the mouth (or spiracles), passes into the pharynx and through the gill filaments where the respiratory exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs, and then exits through the gill slits. - otwory skrzelowe
natural selection
Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype and it is a key mechanism of evolution.
warfarin
Warfarin is an anticoagulant used to to prevent heart attacks, strokes, and blood clots.
dominant allele
Dominant allele is an allele that produces the same phenotype whether its paired allele is identical or different.
finished kl III a 2.03.2016
- warfaryna
Chapter 15 Genetics 2 pure-breeding
To begin with, Mendel used p ure-breeding plants.
monohybrid cross
Such an experiment is called a m onohybrid cross.
generation
These plants were called the F1 generation .
dominant
There are two alternative forms of each factor one of which is dominant (tall) and other is recessive(small),
genes
We now know that genes exist, and we explain Mendel’s results in terms of
genes. alleles
These alternative forms of the gene are called alleles.
homozygous
The allele for small recessive because it will only produce small plants in the homozygous c ondition.
probabilities
You must remember, however, that these are only probabilities and not certainties
contrasting traits
The next set of experiments that Mendel did was to study the inheritance of two pairs of c ontrasting traits.
recessive gene
If they inherit the r ecessive gene from their mother, they have no corresponding gene from their father and they are red-green colour blind.
mitochondria
mitochondria contain their own DNA, and these structures are inherited from the female only.
nucleotide
The basic unit that makes up the DNA is much simpler and is called a
nucleotide. hydrogen bonds
Due to their, structure these bases are able to form bonds, called hydrogen bonds.
transcription
This process is called transcription.
Chapter 16 Diversity of organisms Cell wall
On the outside of all bacteria, there is a c ell wall.
Organelles
There are no membrane-bound organelles found within the cell.
Plasmids
These small pieces of DNA usually contain only a few genes and are called
plasmids. Genes
In many disease-causing (pathogenic) bacteria, the g enes for drug resistance
are
carried on these plasmids.
Spores
Many bacteria produce s pores in unfavourable conditions.
Endospore
The contents of the bacterial cell shrink and a tough outer coat is formed within
the
original cell, producing an e ndospore.
Binary fission
Bacteria reproduce by a simple process of binary fission.
Chemosynthetic
Chemosynthetic bacteria use the energy released by a chemical reaction to provide the energy for carbohydrate production.
Symbiotic
Heterotrophic bacteria are either free-living saprophytes or s ymbiotic.
Commensalism
One organism benefits but does not harm its host (commensalism), i.e. bacteria on the skin of a person.
Parasitism
One organism benefits and harms its host (parasitism), e.g.disease-causing bacteria.
Aerobic
Many heterotrophic bacteria can live in the presence or absence of oxygen, undertaking a erobic or anaerobic respiration as the conditions demand.
Obligate aerobes
Others are obligate aerobes.
Pathogens
Parasitic bacteria, called p athogens, cause diseases in their hosts and are the
main reason we tend only to think of the negative aspects of bacteria. Antibiotics
One beneficial effect of some bacteria is their ability to secrete a ntibiotics.
Penicillin
Antibiotics were originally isolated from fungi, e.g. p enicillin from Penicillium.
Plasmids
The gene conferring this antibiotic resistance is usually carried on the p lasmids
in
the bacteria.
Mycelium
If they land on a suitable medium, they will germinate to produce a new
mycelium. Vacuole
It contains a single nucleus, a large central v acuole and a thin cell wall.
Asexual
The main method of reproduction in Saccharomyces in asexual.
Budding
In this case, the process is called b udding.
Yeast
This type of growth of a fungus is called a y east.
Chapter 17
The structure of flowering plants stem
The shoot system consists of an upright s tem bearing buds, leaves and flowers.
the apical bud
At the trip of the stem lies the apical bud which is the place where growth takes place.
axil
Buds are also found on the side of the stem, usually in the a xil of a leaf.
lateral buds
Such side or lateral buds give rise to side shoots and branches.
node
The place where leaves are attached to the stem is called a node a nd the space between nodes is an internode.
lamina
The flattened leaf blade or l amina has many veins which give the leaf support and allow transport of food, water and minerals.
petiole
Typically, leaves are attached to the stem by a leaf stalk or p etiole.
inflorescence
Flowers may occur singly as in the tulip, or in groups known as i nflorescence as in bluebells, wallflowers and foxgloves.
meristem
The region of active cell division in a plant is known as a m eristem.
dermal tissue
Dermal tissue, which forms the outer covering of the plant and is often referred to as epidermis.
Ground tissue
Ground tissue, which makes up the inside of the plant, i.e. cortex and pith in the stem and root and mesophyll in the leaf.
Vascular tissue
Vascular tissue, which transports water and nutrients in the plant.
lignin
The walls of tracheids are thickened with a chemical called l ignin which gives support.
Sieve tube cells
Sieve tube cells are elongated cylindrical cells stacked end on end.
sieve plates
The end walls have holes and are known as s ieve plates.
CHAPTER 18 Transport in the Flowering Plant
photosynthesis
Flowering plants are autotrophic i.e. they can make their own food in the process known as photosynthesis.
osmosis
The water is absorbed, through the root hairs, by o smosis.
cuticle
Root hairs do not possess a c uticle because they must be permeable to water.
diffuses
The water diffuses across the ground tissue (cortex) and into the leaves.
xylem vessels
Water travels up the xylem vessels in the stem and out into the leaves.
transpiration
This loss of water vapour from the surface of the plant is called transpiration.
turgid
When water evaporates from the leaf cells these cells become less t urgid.
root pressure
Water, entering the roots by osmosis, generates a pressure called r oot pressure.
cohesive
This unbroken column of water is made possible because of the cohesive n ature of water molecules, i.e. they tend to cling to each other.
active transport
This type of energy-requiring transport is called a ctive transport.
mitochondria
Root hair cells have a plentiful supply of m itochondria, the cell organelle where energy is produced.
endodermis
A layer of cells called the e ndodermis surrounds the vascular tissue of the root and certain minerals are unable to pass through this layer without the use of energy.
diffusion
The plant obtains its carbon dioxide either from respiration within its cells or by diffusion from the air through the stomata
translocation
The movement of sucrose in the phloem is known as t ranslocation.
oxygen
The oxygen produced during photosynthesis may be used by the plant in respiration or released through the stoma during the by diffusion.
storage organs
Many plants have special s torage organs w hich swell with food.
tap root
In some plants, the first root of the plant grows straight down and forms the main root or tap root.
rhizomes
Horizontal, underground stems called r hizomes can become enlarged with food stores, for example in the iris and nettle.
tubers
Such tips are called t ubers.
bulb
An onion b ulb is a group of leaves that swell and store food.
CHAPTER 19 Transport in Humans Only Unit 19 Did for IIIa and Students beginners 2.04.2016 diffusion
In single-celled organisms, e.g. Amoeba, exchange of materials is brought about by simple diffusion.
open circulatory system
An open circulatory system is one in which the blood is not always found in blood vessels.
closed circulatory system In a closed circulatory system, the blood remains in the blood vessels. tissue fluid
This fluid, called t issue fluid, bathes the organs of the body and acts as a medium through which substances may be exchanged between the blood and the cells of the body. - płyn tkankowy
double circulatory system Humans have a two circuit or d ouble circulatory system. capillary
The blood vessels which carry blood around the body are the arteries, veins and capillaries.
lumen
Arteries are thick-walled tubes with a small l umen through which the blood Passes. Veins have a much thinner wall than arteries but have a larger lumen. - światło
valve
In addition, veins have v alves w hich prevent a backflow of blood.
arteriole
When a main artery reaches a particular organ of the body, it branches into smaller vessels called a rterioles. - tętniczka
portal system
In addition, there is the portal system which begins and ends in capillaries. - układ wrotny
pericardium
Surrounding the heart is a tough, protective sack called the p ericardium. - osierdzie
The wall of the heart is made of a very special type of muscle called c ardiac
cardiac muscle
muscle. Cardiac muscle has its own blood supply consisting of the c oronary blood
coronary blood vessels
vessels. atrium
pl. atria The two upper chambers are thin-walled and are called a tria.
atrium
- przedsionek
The right atrium receives blood from all around the body through the main vein,
vena cava
the vena cava.
- żyła główna
This orderly series of events makes up a cycle known as the c ardiac cycle or
cardiac cycle one
heartbeat.
- cykl pracy serca
Each heartbeat is started by the p acemaker.
pacemaker
- naturalny rozrusznik (węzeł zatokowy)
gut
Gut (anatomy), the tube by which bilaterian animals (including humans) transfer food to the digestive organs.
- jelito,
kiszka cavity
The term usually refers to the space located between an animal’s outer covering (epidermis), and the outer lining of the gut cavity, where internal organs develop jama ciała
ventricle
In the heart, a ventricle is one of two large chambers that collect and expel blood received from an atrium towards the peripheral beds within the body and lungs. - komora
PART 2 not done Chamber
The heart consists of four separate chambers.
atria
The two upper chambers are thin-walled and are called atria (singular atrium) przedsionek
septum
A thick muscle wall called the septum divides the heart into left and right halves.
oxygenated
The left atrium receives oxygenated blood form the lungs via the pulmonary veins.
chordae tendinae
Tricuspid or bicuspid valves are attached to papillary muscles on the ventricle walls by the chordae tendinae or heart strings.
peripheral digestive hypertension hypotension
humerus inflatable cuff stethoscope mercury manometer sphygmomanometer atheroma lymph node antibodies lymphocytes lymph lymphatic system diastole systole sinoatrial node atrio-ventricular (A-V)
The A-V atrio-ventricular valves prevent a back flow of blood from the ventricles to the atria.
tricuspid valve
The valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle is called the tricuspid valve. - zastawka trรณjdzielna
bicuspid valve (mitral valve)
The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle is called the bicuspid or mitral valve.
semi-lunar (half-moon) valve
Semi-lunar (half-moon) valves are found between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and between the left ventricle and the aorta.
bovine cardiac cycle
The orderly series of events makes up a cycle known as the cardiac cycle.
pacemaker sinoatrial node
Each heartbeat is started (initiated) by the pecemaker.
CHAPTER 20 Blood
plasma
Plasma is a straw coloured liquid consisting of 90% water and 10% dissolved substances.
haemoglobin
Red blood cells are filled with the pigment h aemoglobin w hich gives the blood
its
red colour.
oxyhaemoglobin
The function of haemoglobin is to bind with the oxygen we breathe in to from oxyhaemoglobin.
mitochondria
The lack of mitochondria enables red blood cells to transport and release oxygen which would otherwise be used in the mitochondria during respiration.
carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is carried from the cells to the lungs in the red blood cells and as bicarbonate ions in the plasma.
Foods that have
Foods that have been digested are carried from the digestive system to all the cells.
Wastes
Wastes are carried from the cells to cells to the kidneys, skin and lungs.
Hormones
Hormones a re carried from one place to another.
anemia
A lack of iron in the diet is the most common cause of the condition known as anemia.
CHAPTER 21 Animal Nutrition
heterotrophs
All animals, including humans, are h eterotrophs.
autotrophs
organisms that can make their own food are called a utotrophs.
Herbivores
Which eat plant material only e.g.sheep.
carnivores
which eat other animals only e.e. seals
omnivores
which eat both plant and animal material, e.g. humans
digestive system
Digestion takes place in our digestive system.
dental formula
The number of each type of tooth may be represented as the dental formula.
enamel
The outside consists of a very hard substance called enamel.
dentine
Inside the enamel lies a bone-like layer called d entine.
pulp cavity
In the centre is the pulp cavity, which has nerves and blood vessels.
enzymes
Enzymes are chemicals which help breakdown the food chemically.
saliva
At the same time as the teeth are physically breaking down the food, s aliva is pouring into the mouth from the salivary glands.
mucus
Saliva consists of water, m ucus and the enzyme salivary amylase.
oesophagus
The food now moves to the back of the throat where it is swallowed into a narrow muscular tube called the o esophagus.
peristalsis
The alternate contraction and relaxation of the muscles of the gut wall is called peristalsis.
small intestine
The small intestine is so called because it is narrow.
duodenum
Food entering the duodenum from the stomach receives juices from three regions.
lacteals
These lymph vessels are called lacteals.
deamination
This process is known as deamination.
caecum
The undigested remains of our food pass from the ileum into the c aecum.
absorption
The main function of the colon is the a bsorption o f water and mineral salts back into the blood.
anus
Finally the faces is released from the body through the a nus.
egestion
The release of faeces from the body is known as egestion and it is under the
control of the anal sphincter muscle. mutualism
This type of symbiosis is known as mutualism.
dietary fibre
Dietary fibre or roughage is only found in plant food.
CHAPTER 22 Gas Exchange in Organisms kl. III a wprowadzone chapter 22 environment
All living organisms need to be able to exchange materials between their cells and the environment.
diffusion
This exchange of gases is brought about by d iffusion.
stoma pl.stomata
In flowering plants, most of the oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged through the stomata.
lenticels /lenticel/
In woody stems, gas exchange takes place through l enticels.
chloroplast
The CO2 moves to the chloroplasts where it is used by the plant to make
- przetchlinka
glucose in the process of photosynthesis. respiratory surface
Gas exchange in humans occurs at a special area called a r espiratory surface.
thoracic cavity /torasic/
The lungs lie in the t horacic cavity above the diaphragm muscle. - wtórna jama ciała
alveolus, pl. alveoli (air sacks)The base of the trachea branches into two bronchi, down with air passes into /alvilouls/ /alvioulai/
the bronchioles until it finally reaches the a lveoli.
inhale
Getting air into and out of the lungs occurs in two stages called i nhaling and
- pęcherzyk płucny
exhaling. exhale /exheil/
- robić wdech
She took a deep breath, held it for a moment, then exhaled before looking out over the water.
medulla oblongata
- wydychać
Breathing movements are under the control of the respiratory centre in a part of the brain called the m edulla oblongata.
- rdzeń przedłużony
oxyhaemoglobin
Here it combines with the red pigment h aemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin.
respiration
Carbon dioxide is produced in the body cells during r espiration.
bronchus pl. bronchi
The respiratory system consists of the nostrils, nose, pharynx, larynx, glottis, epiglottis, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli.
bronchus pl. bronchi /bronkai/
Bronchus transports air into lung.
bronchiole /bronkioul/ pl. bronchioli /bronkiouli/
Bronchioli transport air into alveoli.
- oskrzele - oskrzelik
respiratory system
Air is moved from the outside through the respiratory system into the lungs.
epiglottis
Epiglottis prevents food passing into the windpipe when you swallow. - nagłośnia
trachea /tra’kie/
Trachea allows air to pass to lungs.
- tchawica
nostril
Nostrils allow air to enter the nose.
- nozdrze
pharynx (throat)
Pharynx connects nose and mouth to larynx.
larynx (voice box) pl. larynges, larynxes glottis
Larynx makes sounds.
- gardło - krtań
The speech therapist says, "Keep your glottis partially open as you speak. - głośnia
nose
Nose warms, filters and moistens air.
cartilage
Cartilage keeps trachea and bronchi open.
- chrząstka
CHAPTER 23 Homeostasis and Exrection dispose
The main role of these organs is to dispose of waste products and to turn them into urine.
ingest
- pozbywać się, rozkładać
The ingredients in your blood are constantly changing as you ingest food and drink.
entwine
- spożywać
Blood enters each kidney through arteries that branch and branch until they form tiny vessels that entine with special internal modules called nephrons. - splatać, opleść
nephrons
Blood enters each kidney through arteries that branch and branch until they form tiny vessels that entine with special internal modules called nephrons. - nefron
array
One million of nephrons form a powerful array of filters and sensors - szereg, grupa
sift
Nephrons carefully sift through the blood. - przesiewać
refined
This is where we see just how refined and accurate that internal sensing system is. - czysty, oczyszczony
glomerulus
To filter the blood each nephron uses two powerful pieces of equipment: a blob-like structure called glomerulus, and a long, stringy, straw-like tubule. - torebka kłębuszka nerkowego
tubule
The tubule sense compounds the body does not need like urea, left over from the breakdown of proteins - kanalik Glomerulus /ɡlɒˈmɛrələs/ is a common term used in anatomy to describe globular structures of entwined vessels, fibers, or neurons.
ureter
Urea is redirected as urine out of the kidneys and through two long sewers called ureters. -
bladder
moczowów
The tubes empty their contents into the bladder to discharged, ridding your body of that waste once and for all. - pęcherz moczowy
renin
Kidneys have the power to activate vitamin D to secrete a hormone called renin
that rises blood pressure. erythropoietin
Another hormone called erythropoietin increases red cell blood production. - erytropoetyna
blob
- kropla
artery
- naczynie tętnicze
urea
- mocznik
vein
- naczynie żylne
urine
- mocz
sewer
- kanalik
rid
- uwalniać, pozbywać
chug
- wypić duszkiem
prompt
- podpowiadać, powodować
spiral
- nieustanny wzrost i spadek
expire
- umrzeć, skonać
dispose
- rozkładać
CHAPTER 24 Plant response to Stimuli
respond to a stimulus
One of the characteristics of all living things is that they respond to a stimulus.
tropisms
When the direction of that growth response is determined by the direction of the stimulus, the responses are called t ropisms.
growth regulator
A naturally occurring chemical called a growth regulator that is produced in the meristematic tissue of the plant controls the tropism.
auxins
The main growth regulators involved in tropic responses are called auxins.
Apical dominance
Apical dominance is the effect that is seen in many plants where the bud at the top of the shoot grows and inhibits the growth of side shoots.
Ethene
Ethene will cause the ripening of fruit.
gibberellins
Seedless fruit can be produced by spraying the crop with g ibberellins which cause fruit formation without fertilisation and hence without seeds.
Phototropism
Phototropism ensures that plants grow towards light and their leaves are facing the sun so maximum photosynthesis can take place.
CHAPTER 25 Animal response to Stimuli
CHAPTER 26 Reseption of Stimuli
CHAPTER 27 The Endocrine System
CHAPTER 28 The Musculoskeletal System
CHAPTER 29 Human Defence System
CHAPTER 30
Vegetative Reproduction in Plants
Chapter 31 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Chapter 32-33 Human Reproduction
EXPERIMENTS Experiment 1. To demonstrate osmosis Student’s work: link
Procedure 1. Take a potato and cut it in half. 2. Dig a small well on the top of the potato. 3. With a piece of filter paper try the well. 4. Place the potato (experiment 1) into a shallow dish of water, cut side down. 5. Put a spatula full of salt into the dry well. 6. Repeat the experiment with a boiled potato ( experiment 2) a s a control (another possibility: or put water into a well (experiment 3 - control)). 7. Leave for the duration of the class and observe results. 8. Write up the investigation in your practical notebook and e xplain your observations. 9. Take photographs of each step and before and after experiment. 10. Make an e-document and send to the teacher as PDF or make drawings in your notebooke. Research problem: What happens when you put some salt into a potato (experiment 1)? What happens with water level after applying salt into a well (experiment 1)? What happens with the boiled potato and the water level (experiment - control 2)? What happens with the water in a well (experiment - control 3). Hypothes 1 (H1): Potato with applied salt will go under osmosis process. Boiled potato with applied salt will not go under osmosis process. Potato with applied water will go under osmosis process (will become more turgid and swell up) Hypothes 0 (H0): Potato with applied salt will not go under osmosis process. Boiled potato with applied salt will go under osmosis process. Provide the experiment to test the hypothesis Note the results / observations: experiment 1 - potato influx salt and gave water into the shallow container. What is more potato became black, smaller (shrank) and soft. experiment - control 2 nothing happened to the boiled potato experiment - control 3 the potato influx only the small amount of water, and became a bit bigger (swelled up) Accept or refuse the hypothes: Accepted: H1 Potato with applied salt will go under osmosis process. Accepted: H1 Boiled potato with applied salt will not go under osmosis process. Accepted: H1 Potato with applied water will go under osmosis process (will become more turgid and swell up) Form the conclusion and compare the conclusion with existing knowledge: Water is one of the few molecules that has the ability to cross most membranes freely. If a solution of salt and water is separated from pure water (a well with salt) by a semipermeable membrane (fesh cells), only water would move across the membrane. There is a higher concentration of water in the pure water as compared to
the creating solution in the well with salt. The water flows alway into hypertonic solution, cause there is more solute and less water. experiment 1 - The solution of the potato was in was hypertonic. H ypertonic solution is one with a higher concentration of solutes (eg. salt) outside the cell than inside the cell. In other words there is more water inside the cell (less solute - salt) than outside in the well (more solute). When a cell is immersed into a hypertonic solution, the tendency is for water to flow out of the cell in order to balance the concentration of the solutes.So, the osmosis took place in the back way. The cells having the contact with strong salt solution shrank and released water (pushed out of them, flew out) experiment - control 2 - Selectively permeable membranes exist only in fresh potatoes, when they are boiled the lipido-protein cell membranes are denatured and osmosis cannot take place. It is the proteins in a plasma membrane that determine what chemicals can get through. experiment - control 3 - there is smaller amount of water in cell than in water solution so the water flowed into the cells and they swelled up. They did not swell too much because of the cell walls.
Experiment 2. The effect of the simple factors (water, temperature and light) on seed’s germination. link Problem badawczy Jakie czynniki mają wpływ na kiełkowanie nasion? Czy światło ma wpływ na kiełkowanie nasion? Prezentowane zagadnienie
Prezentowane zagadnienie dowodzi, iż na kiełkowanie nasion mają poszczególne czynniki…... Opis pokazu/aktywności Pokaz zawiera wszystkie elementy metody naukowej. Od postawienia hipotezy do podania wniosku. Hipoteza: Woda ma istotny wpływ na kiełkownie nasion. H 1 Niska temperatura ma istotny wpływ na kiełkownie nasion. H2 Światło ma istotny wpływ na kiełkownie nasion. H 3 Przebieg doświadczenia: Przygotuj 4 naczynia z watą i nasionami rzeżuchy. Próba kontrolna: 1) Nasiona nie podlewane wodą na parapecie okna 2) Nasiona nie podlewane wodą w lodówce 3) Nasiona nie podlewane w szafce bez dosępu światla Próby badawcze (z jednym czynnikiem): 1) nasiona podlewane na parapacie okna (woda - hipoteza 1 - H 1 ) 2) nasiona podlewane w lodówce (temperatura - hipoteza 2 - H2) 3) nasiona podlewane w szafce bez dostępu światła (światło - hipoteza 3 - H3) Obserwacje Nasiona wykiełkowały w naczyniach:
Wniosek:
więcej: link
Poprawne opisane doświadczenie zawiera: ● problem badawczy (może mieć formę pytania, czyli co doświadczalnie sprawdzimy) ● hipotezę (przypuszczalną odpowiedź na problem badawczy) ● próbę kontrolną i próby badawcze ● obserwacje (to co widać np. zmiana barwy, ilość wykiełkowanych nasion itp.) ● wnioski (potwierdzające lub obalające hipotezę)
Experiment 3. The Isolation of DNA from Onion Cells
Procedure 1 1. Add 10 cm3 of washing-up liquid and 3g of salt to 100 cm3 of water in a beaker and stir well to dissolve the salt. The washing-up liquid will break down the cell membranes and the salt will protect the DNA. 2. Chop up a medium sized onion with a knife and add to the mixture. Place the beaker into a 60 degrees C water bath for 15 minutes. Remove the beaker form the water bath and place into ice-cold water for two or three minutes. The hot water bath will speed-up the enzymes breaking up the cell content but the enzyme that breaks down DNA will not work well at 60 degrees Celsjus. The cold water bath will stop the reaction. 3. Add the cooled mixture to a food blender and switch on the blender for three one-second bursts. The blender will break the cell walls. 4. Put the blender mixture into a large funnel containing coarse filter paper (coffee filters are ideal). The DNA is small enough to pass through the filter paper. 5. OPTIONAL - To about 10 cm3 of the filtrate, add three drops of a protease enzyme and mix. The protease will break down the proteins around the DNA. 6. Very carefully, add 10 cm3 of ice-cold (from the freezer) ethanol down the side of the test tube containing the filtrate. The white threads that become visible in the ethanol layer are the DNA molecules. DNA is insoluble in ice cold ethanol. 7. If you have not added the protease enzyme than your DNA molecules will contain some proteins. Procedure 2 1. Dissolve two spoons of salt in about 200ml of water. 2. In the half of an onion cut a 1 cm3 volume piece. a. TIP: The best way to do this is to cut it out of the internal part, but not in the stem where roots grow!
3. Shred it as finely as you can and put it into mortar and pestle. 4. Put an obtained mass into the small glass and add water with salt so that the volume increases. 5. Add a big droplet of dishwashing liquid and blend it softly in order to avoid formation of foam.
6. Put the glass into the fridge and wait 5 minutes. 7. Take another glass and put a wet tissue on the top of it. 8. Pour the mixture out on the tissue and wait untill the filtrate will gather in glass. 9. Remove the tissue from the glass. 10.
Tilt the glass and pour some cold spiritus down the wall.
11.
Put the glass away for 2-3 minutes when the threads will appear.
p. 150.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IsXxf5VfYaY
Science and Art Festival Augmented Reality Exhibition Biological discoveries which changed our world https://docs.google.com/document/d/1dynw390o87xNJJsTrvF9Y5z7B-4BnGiTQXpIWojuy64/edit?usp=sharing
WYTYCZNE A4 (e-dokument, blog, e-prezentacja (slideshare, prezentacje google etc.)) 1. Temat (chwytliwy) 2. Abstract: - 5 zdań, wytłuszczony 3. Tekst ½ strony z odnośnikami do bibliografi np. (1) 4. zdjęcia, ryciny 5. bibliografia z linkami