Integration Project

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN Modern Architecture Studies in Southeast Asia (MASSA) Research Unit Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture)

BUILDING SCIENCE 2 [BLD 61303 / ARC 3413]

Project 2: Integration Project

Name: Wong Voon Yin ID: 0315151 Tutor: Mr.Azim

Table of Content 1.0

Artificial Light 1.1

1.2

2.0

Artificial Lighting Analysis Space #1 - Cafe

3

1.1.1

Materials/Colours and reflectance in space

4

1.1.2

Type of Luminaries Used

5

1.1.3

Lumen Method Calculation

5-8

1.1.4

Ecotect Simulation & PSALI

8

Artificial Lighting Analysis Space #2 - Quiet Zone (Cubicle Study)

9

1.1.1

Materials/Colours and reflectance in space

10

1.2.2

Type of Luminaries Used

11

1.2.3

Lumen Method Calculation

1.1.4

Ecotect Simulation & PSALI

11-12 13

Acoustic Analysis

14

2.1

External Noise Source

14

2.2

Reverberation Time (RT) - Story Reading Area

15

2.2.1

Material Absorption Coefficient At 500Hz for Peak Hour

15

2.2.2

Material Absorption Coefficient At 2000Hz for Peak Hour

16

2.3

Sound Pressure Level, SPL - Cafe

17-18

2.4

Transmission Loss (TL) - Cafe Area

19-20

Reference

21

2

1.0

Artificial Lighting

1.1

Artificial Lighting Analysis Space #1

Selected space: The Cafe area is located at the ground floor level. Sufficient distribution of lighting is needed to create warm atmosphere for the occupants to chill and relax in the cafe.

Zone A

Zone B

Figure

1: Zoning of Spaces on Plan According to the Height of the Ceiling.

Zone A Zone B

Figure

2: Zoning of Spaces on Section According to the Height of the Ceiling.

According to MS1525, the minimum requirement for a cafe/restaurant is 200 lux.

3

1.1.1

Materials/Colours and reflectance in space

Component

Materials

Colour Dark Grey

Surface Finish Matte

Reflectance Value (%) 15

Wall

Concrete, Painted

Windows/Door s

Aluminium Frame

Black

Matte

10

Clear Glass

Transparent

Glossy

8

Floor

Laminated Timber Parquet

Light Brown

Glossy

35

Ceiling

Concrete Painted

Dark Grey

Matte

15

Furniture

Timber Dining Table & Chair

Brown

Matte

30

&

Table 1: Materials Reflected on Space #1 : Cafe Area.

4

1.1.2

Type of Luminaries Used

Type of Fixture

LED Down Light Output power (per head) Voltage Beam Angle Luminous Flux (lm) Colour Rendering Index (CRI) Colour Temperature (K)

15W 85-265 15 / 30 / 45 / 60 degrees 2520 80 2700 - 3500K

Table 2: Type of Luminaries Used in Space #1 : Cafe Area.

Source: http://www.greenlite.com.pk/led-down-light

1.1.3 Lumen Method Calculation Zone A

Zone A

Zone A

Figure 3 & 4 : Zone A : Cafe Area.

Dimension of Room Total Floor Area/A Height of luminaries (m) Work level (m) Mounting Height /Hm (m) Lumen Lighting Fixture /F (lux) Standard illumination

Length = 5.1m Width = 12.5m Ceiling Height = 6.7m 63.75m² 6.7 m 0.8 m 5.9 m 2520 lux 200 (for cafe/restaurant) 5

required MS1525

according

Reflectance Value

Ceiling = 0.7 Wall = 0.5 Floor = 0.2

Room Index, RI RI=

LxW Hm ( L+W )

RI=

5.1 x 12.5 5.5 (5.1+12.5)

= 0.66 Utilization Factor, UF Maintenance Factor Illuminance Requirement

0.28 0.8

Number of Lamp, N

N=

N=

ExA FxUFxMF

Spacing of the Fitting Smax = 1.0 x Hm

200

=

200 x (5.1 x 12.5) 2520 x 0.28 x 0.8 12750 564.5

= 22.6 (23 lamps) Smax = 1.0 x 6.7 = 6.7m

Fitting Layout For Zone A

Table 3 : Lumen Method Calculation of Zone A : Cafe Area.

6

Zone B

Zone B

Zone B Figure 5 & 6 : Zone B : Cafe Area.

Dimension of Room

Total Floor Area/A Height of luminaries (m) Work level (m) Mounting Height /Hm (m) Lumen Lighting Fixture /F (lux) Standard illumination required according MS1525 Reflectance Value

Length = 3m Width = 12.5m Ceiling Height = 3m 45m² 3m 0.8 m 2.2 m 2520 lux 200 (for cafe/restaurant)

Ceiling = 0.7 Wall = 0.5 Floor = 0.2

Room Index, RI RI=

LxW Hm ( L+W )

RI=

3 x 12.5 2.2(3+12.5)

= 1.1 Utilization Factor, UF Maintenance Factor Illuminance requirement Number of Lamp, N N=

ExA FxUFxMF

0.37 0.8 200

N=

=

200 x (3 x 12.5) 2520 x 0.37 x 0.8 9000 745.92

= 12.06 (12 lamps) 7

Spacing of the Fitting Smax = 1.0 x Hm Fitting Layout For Zone B

Smax = 1.0 x 2.2 = 2.2m

Table 4 : Lumen Method Calculation of Zone B : Cafe Area.

1.1.4

Ecotect Simulation & PSALI

Switch 1

Switch 2

Switch 3

Figure

7 : Overall Light Fittings Layout of Artificial Lighting For Cafe Area with daylight contour.

Figure 7 shows the simulation of daylight value range on the Cafe floor plan. The simulation shows that the space with the highest value of light levels is the top sitting area along with the cafe counter/food preparation area, and second highest would be the center of the cafe and the bottom would be the lowest value. Therefore, lights is zoned in to 3 groups ; Switch 1, Switch 2, and Switch 3. As Switch 1 and Switch 2 can be turned off during the day time when the sunlight projects into the space.

8

9

1.2

Artificial Lighting Analysis Space #2

Selected space: The Cubical Study Area is located at the top most floor of the library - Second Floor.

Sufficient lighting is needed for the comfort of user to study in this area.

Figure 8 : Plan of Space #2: Cubicle Study Area.

Figure 9 : Section of Space #2: Cubicle Study Area.

According to MS1525, the minimum requirement for a cafe/restaurant is 300 lux.

10

1.2.1

Materials/Colours and reflectance in space

Component

Materials

Colour Dark Grey

Surface Finish Matte

Reflectance Value (%) 15

Wall

Concrete, Painted

Windows/Door s

Aluminium Frame

Black

Matte

10

Clear Glass

Transparent

Glossy

8

Floor

Carpet

Grey

Matte

12

Ceiling

Concrete Painted

Dark Grey

Matte

15

&

Table 5: Materials Reflected on Space #2: Cubicle Study Area.

11

1.2.2

Type of Luminaries Used

Type of Fixture

40W led commercial office led pendant light 40W 100-200 20 - 35 degrees 4000 80

Output power (per head) Voltage Beam Angle Luminous Flux (lm) Colour Rendering Index (CRI) Colour Temperature (K)

2700 - 3500K

Table 6: Type of Luminaries used in Cubicle Study Area.

Source: http://www.passun.cn 1.2.3

Lumen Method Calculation

Dimension of Room Total Floor Area/A Height of luminaries (m) Work level (m) Mounting Height /Hm (m) Lumen Lighting Fixture /F (lux) Standard illumination required according MS1525 Reflectance Value

Length = 6m Width = 12.5m Ceiling Height = 3.7m 75m² 3.7 m 0.8 m 2.9 m 4000 lux 300 (for Library) Ceiling = 0.7 Wall = 0.5 Floor = 0.2

Room Index, RI RI=

LxW Hm ( L+W )

RI=

6 x 12.5 2.9 (6+12.5)

= 1.39 Utilization Factor, UF Maintenance Factor Illuminance requirement

0.43 0.8 300

12

Number of Lamp, N N=

N=

ExA FxUFxMF

=

Spacing of the Fitting Smax = 1.0 x Hm

300 x (2.9 x 12.5) 4000 x 0.43 x 0.8 10875 1280

= 8.5 (9 lamps) Smax = 1.0 x 2.9 = 2.9m

Fitting Layout For Zone B

Table 7 : Lumen Method Calculation of Cubicle Study Area.

13

1.2.4

Ecotect Simulation & PSALI

Switch 1

Switch 2

Figure

10 : Overall Lights Fitting Layout of Artificial Lighting For Cubicle Study Area with daylight contour.

Figure 10 shows the simulation of daylight value range on the Cubicle Study Area floor plan.

The simulation shows that the space with the highest value of light levels is the front facing area which expose to the front street. Therefore, lights is zoned in to 2 groups; Switch 1 and Switch 2, as the Switch 2 can be turned off during the day time when the sunlight projects into the space.

14

2.0

Acoustic Analysis

2.1

External Noise Source

Figure

11 : Noise Sources around the location of the site at Jalan Haji Salleh, Sentul.

Legend Noise Source The site is located along Jalan Haji Salleh, surrounded by workshops, mosque, Kindergarten and main road that leads to the KTM station of Sentul. There are also insufficient of plantation around the frontal facade of the site which is unable to aid the reduction of the noise pollution from the surrounding. Meanwhile, the back of the site is consider as a quiet zone than the front. The road the the back leads to a dead end, and it is consider as a back alley, therefore lesser car will pass through that road. The noise sources at the back of the site is slightly lesser. This conclude that the front facing facade is a significant issue to the site.

2.1.1

Type of External Noise Machines and Vehicles Noise from the Workshop Vehicles workshop located next to the site produces noises which contributes to the indoor acoustic levels.

15

Figure

12 : External Noise Source.

2.2

Reverberation Time (RT) - Story Reading Area

Figure

Total Floor Area ( m Volume ( m

3

2

13 : Story Reading Area Plan.

78

)

296.4

)

Occupancy (pax)

40

Table 8 : Story Reading Area Specifications.

2.2.1Material Absorption Coefficient At 500Hz for Peak Hour 2 Building Materials Absorption Area ( m ) Elements Coefficient (500Hz) Wall Concrete Wall 53 0.05 Windows Aluminium Frame 5 0.25

Floor Furniture

Double Glass Carpet Canvas Chair

Occupants Total

Glazing

Wrap

Area x Absorption Coefficient (SA) 2.65 1.25

46

0.10

4.6

78 33(unit)

0.14 0.15

10.92 4.95

40

0.42/per person

16.8 41.17

Table 9 : Material Absorption Coefficient at 500Hz for Peak Hour at Story Reading Area.

Reverberation Time, RT =

0.16 x Space Volume Total Absorption

=

0.16 x 296.4 41.17

= 1.15

16

The reverberation time for the Story Reading Area in 500 Hz of absorption coefficient is 1.15s.

According to the standard reverberation time, the standard comfort reverberation time is between 0.8-1.3. Hence the reverberation time for the story reading area is within the standard comfort reverberation time.

2.2.2 Material Absorption Coefficient At 2000Hz for Peak Hour

Building Elements

Materials

Area ( m

Wall Windows

Concrete Wall Aluminium Frame Double Glass Carpet Canvas Chair

Floor Furniture Occupants Total

Glazing

Wrap

53 5

Absorption Coefficient (2000Hz) 0.09 0.25

Area x Absorption Coefficient (SA) 4.77 1.25

46

0.07

3.22

78 33(unit)

0.20 0.18

15.6 5.94

40

0.51/per person

20.4 51.18

2

)

Table 10 : Material Absorption Coefficient at 2000Hz for Peak Hour at Story Reading Area.

Reverberation Time, RT =

0.16 x Space Volume Total Absorption

=

0.16 x 296.4 51.18

= 0.92s

The reverberation time for the Story Reading Area in 2000 Hz of absorption coefficient is 0.92s.

According to the standard reverberation time, the standard comfort reverberation time is between 0.8-1.3. Hence the reverberation time for the story reading area is within the standard comfort reverberation time.

17

2.3

Sound Pressure Level, SPL - Cafe

Figure

14 : Cafe Plan.

Calculation of Combined Sound Pressure Level , By using formula,

SPL=10 log

( II˳ )

Where I = Sound Power (Intensity), (Watts) I = Reference Power taken as

−12

10

Watts

Peak Hour (Jalan Haji Salleh) Highest Reading: 85dB

85=10 log

l=

Lowest Reading : 71 dB

( 1 x 10I )

71=10 log

I −12 1 x 10

log −1 7.1=

−12

log −1 8.5=

(

)

log −1 8.5=

( 1 x 10I )

( 1 x 10I )

(

−12

I 1 x 10−12

)

−12

1 x 10−12 x 10 8.5

l = 3.16 x

10−4

Total Intensities, I

18

−4

= (3.16 x

10

= 3.29 x

10−4

−5

10

) + (1.26 x

)

By using formula combined SPL =

Combines SPL =

10 log

(

10 log

3.29 x 10−4 1 x 10−12

( II˳ )

)

= 85.2 dB

19

Non - Peak Hour (Jalan Haji Salleh) Highest Reading: 71dB

(

I 1 x 10−12

)

65=10 log

( 1 x 10I )

log −1 6.5=

71=10 log

log −1 7.1=

(

log −1 7.1=

l=

−12

1 x 10

l = 1.26 x

Lowest Reading : 65 dB

−12

I 1 x 10−12

x 10

(

I 1 x 10−12

)

( 1 x 10I ) −12

)

7.1

−5

10

Total Intensities,I = (1.26 x

10−5

= 1.58 x

10−5

10−6

) + (3.16 x

)

By using formula combined SPL =

Combines SPL =

10 log

(

10 log

1.58 x 10−5 1 x 10−12

( II˳ )

)

= 71.9 dB

As a result, the average sound pressure level during Peak Hour and Non-Peak Hour are 85.2dB and 71.9dB at Jalan Haji Salleh. The sound pressure level of a speech is between 55dB and 65 dB, therefore the noise will interrupt the communication within the spaces.

The design solution is proposed as to creating a buffer zone between the indoor space and the public pavement at the front facing street of Jalan Haji Salleh. Therefore, the public spaces such as bookstores and Cafes are placed at the frontal entrance and with operable walls and windows to block out the external noise entering to the building.

20

2.4

Transmission Loss (TL) - Cafe Area

Figure

15 : Cafe Plan.

Sound Reduction Index (SRI) is used to measure the level of sound insulation provided by the structure such as wall, windows, door, or ventilator.

2

Sound Reduction Index (SRI)

Components

Materials

Area ( m

Wall

Concrete Double Glazing Glass Aluminium Frame

28

42dB

174

26dB

8

44dB

Window/Doors

)

Table 11 : SRI of building components.

Wall

10 log

Sound Reduction Index, SRI =

42 =

10 log

log 4.2 =

( T1 )

1 ( Transmission wall )

1 ( Transmission wall )

Transmission Wall = 6.31 x

−5

10

2- Aluminium Window Frame Windows/Doors 1- Double Glazing Glass

Sound Reduction Index, SRI =

44 =

10 log

log 4.4 =

10 log

1 ( Transmission Frame )

1 ( Transmission Frame )

1 T av

( ) 21

Sound Reduction Index, SRI =

26 =

10 log

log 2.6 =

10 log

( T1 ) av

1 ( Transmission Glass )

1 ( TransmissionGlass )

Transmission Glass = 2.51 x

10−3

22

Sound Reduction Index Calculation SRI =

10 log

T Overall =

1 ( Transmission Overall )

(

Sn x T n Total Surface Area

) Area

(

Sound Reduction Index (SRI)

Transmission Coefficient

Components

Materials

Wall

Concrete

28

42dB

6.31 x

10−5

Double Glazing Glass

174

26dB

2.51 x

10−3

Aluminium Frame

8

44dB

3.98 x

10−5

Window/Doors

m

2

)

SxT 1.76x

10−3 −1

4.3x 10 3.18x

10−4 x

4.32

210

−1

10

Table 12 : SRI Calculation of building components.

T Overall =

SRI

S xT ( Total Surface Area ) n

n

=

(

( 1.76 x 10−3 ) + ( 4.3 x 10−1 ) +( 3.18 x 10−4 )

=

(

4.32 x 10 210

=

2.06 x 10−3

=

=

210

10 log

−1

)

)

1

(T ) overall

10 log

(

1 2.06 x 10−3

)

= 26.9dB Sound Reduction in Cafe,

23

85.2-26.9 = 58.3dB

Overall transmission Loss from Jalan Haji Salleh to Cafe is 26.9dB. The maximum sound pressure level of the street is 85.2dB, the sound that would transmitted to the cafe is 58.3dB. The sound pressure level of conversational speech is approximately 60dB, and 58.3dB is at the category of this. The cafe has lower standard SPL which is 65dB. The cafe acts as a sound barrier/sound buffer to the library, as the noise from the external street, would reduce as it transmit through the cafe, while meeting the Sound Level standard of both spaces - the Cafe and the library.

24

References ABLOY, A. (2016). Serenity - Aluminum Frame with STC 35 Wood Door. Frameworks.com. Retrieved 2 July 2016, from http://www.frameworks.com/en/site/frameworks/products/serenityaluminum-frame-with-stc-35-wood-door/ NCMA. (2016). Retrieved 2 July 2016, from http://www.ncma-br.org/pdfs/5/TEK %2013-01C.pdf Sound Transmission Through Floors (Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation).

(2016). Cmhc-schl.gc.ca. Retrieved 2 July 2016, from https://www.cmhcschl.gc.ca/publications/en/rh-pr/tech/96224.htm Viracon. (2016). Retrieved 2 July 2016, from http://www.viracon.com/pdf/ViraconAcousticPerfDataTables.pdf

25