FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, TECHNOLOGY & BUILT ENVIRONMENT SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTUTE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Architecture History & Culture 3 MPU3323 Ms Ida Marlina Binti Mazlan Group 6 Church of Our Lady Of Lourdes Darren Ooi Teng Lok: Design Concept Chung Yao Yu: Site Context Carey Omenya: Physical Characteristics Lian Jia Le : Religious Influence Kong Wen Hau: Cultural Influence Foo Dick Seng: Climate Influence
CONTENTS 1.INTRODUCTION TO CHURCH OF THE HOLY ROSARY
pg 3-4
2.DESIGN CONCEPT
pg 5-11
3.SITE CONTEXT
pg 12-17
4.PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
pg 18-24
5.RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE
pg 25-31
6.CULTURAL INFLUENCE
pg 32-38
7.CLIMATE INFLUENCE
pg 39-45
8.REFERENCES
pg 46-48
INTRODUCTION
ABOUT OUR LADY OF LOURDES The Church of Our Lady of Lourdes, built in August 1928 on Jalan Tengku Kelana in Klang, is a Catholic church dedicated to Our Lady of Lourdes. The name "Church of Our Lady of Lourdes" comes from the town of Lourdes in France. It is now one of Klang's oldest religious structures. This church founded by Reverend Father John Baptists Souhait in 1928.
FUNCTION: Church of Our Lady of Lourdes serves as a church to reach out and give spiritual and social attachments to Catholicism. Besides that, the church is also providing a connection between the migrants' homeland and new communities. In addition, the priest was crucial in being a friend for guidance and offering counsel under challenging times when the British colonized Malaya.
DESIGN CONCEPT Darren Ooi Teng Lok 102058808
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
The Church of Our Lady Lourdes has been influenced by Gothic architecture. This church exhibits the Gothic style in many of its features, including the nave, transepts, sanctuary, and ribbed dome. This church gives a feeling that it looks similar to Notre Dame de Paris because it contains many Gothic architectural elements. Most of the churches were built facing the west, but the Church of Our Lady of Lourdes faces the east to obtain morning sunlight, symbolizing the birth of new life. The church was also built based on the transformation of Malay village houses, especially when using overhanging pitched roofs.
CONCEPT IDEA VISUAL BALANCE ENTRANCE
SYMMETRICAL BALANCE FLOOR PLAN
The 7:10:7 width ratio of the roman arches entrance creates a harmonious and visually balanced appearance for the building façade
The front façade facing southeast reduces the heat gain while allowing sunlight to penetrate the rose window in the morning. And the Jalousie windows beside the building provide better ventilation.
ENTRANCE
FACING SOUTHESAT
SPIRAL STAIRCASE It is right in front of the door, between the vestibule and the nave. This spiral staircase was only built a few years ago because it was a stone staircase before that. It is made of wrought iron and has 26 threads in total. It helps save the spaces in front of the entrance of the church.
FEATURES ELEMENTS BY GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE ROSE WINDOW In Gothic architecture, a rose window, also known as a wheel window, is a decorative circular window typically glazed with stained glass. It is usually used for those in Gothic cathedrals and churches. A rose window's tracery consisted of a succession of radiating shapes, each of which was topped by a pointed arch at the circle's outer edge. A perforated circle of stone connected the bars between these shapes in the middle.
ARCHED STAINED GLASS WINDOWS An arched stained glass window can usually find in Gothic cathedrals and churches. Arched stained glass windows are also known as archtop stained-glass windows or radius stained glass windows. The bottoms of these windows are square, with an arch or half-circle on top. The arched stained glass window describes the different stories and chapters of the bible.
FEATURES ELEMENTS BY GOTHIC INFLUENCES BELL TOWERS The bell towers on the corner of the façade rise in three stages, with cross-tipped pinnacles at four corners and arcaded railings connecting them. The upper two stages are separated from the base by a blind arcade.
GABLE ROOF Used it as a main roofing, It is a characteristic of the Gothic Revival style. The gable roof, which is made out of imbrices and clay tiles, as well as steel trusses and a wire plastering board ceiling.
PINNACLE Pinnacle, a vertical decorative feature topping a buttress, turret, parapet, spire, or other building. Pinnacles are typically made of stone and used for ornamental purposes. It is widely used in Gothic buildings. Usually, the function of pinnacle is disguising the often abrupt shift from a square tower to a polygonal spire.
FEATURES ELEMENTS BY MALAY INFLUENCES OVERHANGING PITCH ROOF The overhanging pitch roof was utilized in the church of Our Lady of Lourdes to adapt to the Malaysian heat and enable cross ventilation to lower the temperature in the church and therefore promote sanctity. It is located near the church's side doors as a source of shade and is inspired by local Malay village homes.
JALOUSIE WINDOWS The Jalousie window type is utilized for the windows, which are influenced by the fenestration of Malay House and cover both the southeast and northeast sides of the façade. The jalousie window provides ventilation for the church while also reducing direct sunlight penetration. The tops of the Jalousie windows are also lined with lintels to allow rain to fall off the windows. To accommodate our tropical environment, every tracery of the window and nave doors was framed in wood.
VERSUS BETWEEN OUR LADY AND NORTE DE DAME Before that, we said that Church Of Our Lady Of Lourdes has the same elements as Notre de Dame’s Gothic design. So, what is the difference between them? Let‘s use a chart to express.
CHURCH OF OUR LADY OF LOARDES
CHURCH’S NAME
Church Of Our Lady Lourdes
Norte Dame de Paris
BUILT TIME
1928
1345
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE MATERIAL USED
Gothic Revival
French Gothic
Brick and wood
Stone and Oak
PLAN SHAPE
NORTE DE DAME
Bent axial
ROOF TYPE
Overhanging pitch roof & Gabel roof
Lead pitched roof
WINDOW TYPE
Jalousie window
Stained glass window
HEIGHT
19.1 m
69m
ARCHES
Roman Arch
Pointed Arch
FAÇADE ORIENTATION
East
Wes
SITE CONTEXT Chung Yao Yu 1002058214
SITE CONTEXT
Heritage Building surrounded The church is strategically located on Jalan Tengku Kelana in Klang, which is surrounded by buildings and roads. It is surrounded by few buildings, including Kuil Sri Sivan, a Hindu temple, the SMK convent, a school where the teachers are nuns, which increases educational opportunities for the residents of the area. There are several other churches in that area and one of them is the Church of Our Lady of Lourdes, which provides convenience to the Christians in that area.
Heritage Building & Landmarks Around The Church The history timeline of the Church of Our Laday Of Louared Before: In the early 1900s, the Parish of Our Lady Lourdes Klang had a humble beginning. As a result, priests from St John's Church in Kuala Lumpur used to travel to Klang once a month to celebrate Masses. Following that, in 1923, Rev. Fr John Baptist Souhait was tasked with overseeing the spiritual well-being of the Catholic residents of Klang and the surrounding districts of Port Swettenham (now Port Klang), Kuala Selangor, and Kuala Langat.
Wood Chapel
The wood chapel was a 10 by 40-foot wooden structure. Soon after his appointment, Fr Souhait constructed a second structure by the chapel's side that served as the Parochial House. This structure still stands today, opposite the Bus Station on Jalan Tengku Kelana, housing the Government Antenatal Clinic. Some Catholic leaders from the Public Works Department (PWD) Quarters in Tepi Sungai and elsewhere assisted in preparing the people and the 'chapel' for the Eucharist.
Father Of Souhait
After: In 1923 Rev. Fr John Baptist Souhait was directed to take charge of the spiritual welfare of the Catholic residents in Klang and the surrounding districts of Port Swettenham (now Port Klang), Kuala Selangor and Kuala Langat.
Heritage Building & Landmarks Around The Church Before: Around the same time that Fr Souhait arrived in Klang, the Holy Infant Jesus Sisters from Kuala Lumpur's Bukit Nanas Convent (Pineapple Hill Convent) began traching classes. Mother Superior Adele, along with two nuns, Sisters Stephanie and Mathew, rented a shophouse on Jalan Tengku Kelana from a Chinese towkay and began with 19 students, both boys and girls. The school was run as a branch of the Bukit Nanas Convent from 1924 to 1951.
After: The construction of a new building on the site next to the Church of Our Lady of Lourdes began in 1926. Sir William Peel officially opened it on January 1, 1928. H.R.H. The opening was attended by the Sultan Alaeddin Suleiman Shah, the Raja Muda Selangor, Fr Souhait, and Mother Provincial Tarcisius. It became a girls-only school in 1930. After the last nun, Sr Florena, retired in 1976, the Convent School was led by Malaysian lay principals, the first of whom was Puan Ng Thiam Hoo.
Heritage Building & Landmarks Around The Church TUKU KERIS The Perak Jubilee Monument was built on the outskirts of the Klang Municipal Council area to commemorate the Silver Jubilee of DYMM Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Alhaj's reign. The memorial, which was dedicated on September 30, 1985, is in the shape of a keris, a weapon that represented the strength and independence of Malay rulers in the past.
Kwan Imm Temple Kwan Imm Temple is a Buddhist temple in the core of Klang. The temple is a Klang historical landmark and is the oldest Kwan Imm temple in Malaysia. The location is now a tourist hotspot in Klang, Selangor. The original location of the temple, built by Chinese immigrants in 1892, was thought to be somewhere near the Klang railway station.
Heritage Building & Landmarks Around The Church
Indian jewellery
Indian traditional saris
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS Omenya Carey 1001956498
BACKGROUND RELATED TO PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS Our Lady of the Lourdes is a Catholic Church located at Jalan Tengku Kelana, Klang, Malaysia completed in august 1928. Rev. Fr John Baptist Souhait played a major role in the design of the church. He modelled it inspired by the Pilgrimage Church in Lourdes. Both churches the precedent (Pilgrimage Church in Lourdes ) as well as Our Lady of Lourdes Church follow a Gothic style of architecture. The Gothic style of architecture was an architecture movement popular in the late 12th century till the 16th century during the middle ages in Europe that spread all over the world. It is imperative to note that this spread went hand in hand with the spread of the catholic Christianity. During the peak of Christianity where it had been established as both political and religious power allowing for its favoured style of architecture (Gothic) to spread with it. The gothic style of architecture can be seen in the building throughout its design.
EXTERIOR FAÇADE FEATURES 1.Arcaded railings and cross-tipped pinnacles The façade of the church consists of arcaded railings and cross tipped pinnacles on the church bell tower walls.
2. Blind arcade and decorated frieze The church also boasts a blind arcade typical of its gothic design
3. Rose window décor The church has rose window décor on its main façade at its main entry into the church. The rose window design was very popular in Gothic church architecture.
6. blind arcade
4. Jalousie window
The church exhibits a nonopening arcade typical of the gothic architectural style
The jalousie windows in the church are wooden and have louvres all through as a sun shading mechanism.
7. Roman arch
5. Curved brick & wooden window lintels
The church has roman arcs located on its exterior façade. This feature is very common in gothic architecture
Also typical of the archetypal gothic design the church has both brick as well as wooden lintels to prevent rain from entering its windows
EXTERIOR FAÇADE FEATURES 1.FASCIA BOARD The fascia board on the church is borrowed from the eclectic style of architecture and the fascia board is a design like those found in local Malay houses
2. DIAGONAL BUTTRESS The church exhibits a diagonal buttress on its columns all around the building as a decorative feature. This buttress is a design also commonly found I the gothic style of architecture
3. GABLE ROOF The church has a clay brick gable roof that prevents rainwater from entering its interior as well as blocking direct sunlight from hitting worshippers in the church.
4. OVERHANGING PITCH ROOF Above the doors on either side of the building the church exhibits a pitch roof to prevent rainwater from pouring through its doors
5. WOODEN WINDOW The church has wooden windows that prevent direct sunlight from entering the building. They can also be closed as a security measure against burglaries.
6. WOODEN DOOR The church has wooden doors that control the flow of worshippers in and out of the church. They also can be locked as a security measure.
INTERIOR FAÇADE FEATURES Barrel vault The building consists of barrel vaults on its ceiling. A challenge they faced when constructing the barrel vaults was that the walls supporting the ceiling feature would have to be significantly thicker in order to cope with the overlying weight. This was solved by having several parallel lying barrel vaults to cancel each members downward moments along the nave of the church. The structures are further supported by buttresses on the exterior walls. Use of barrel vaults is typical of the gothic style of architecture.
DIAGONAL BUTTRESS AN EXAMPLE OF A BUTTRESS ON THE EXTERIOR OF THE BUILDING USED TO REINFORCE THE BARREL VAULTS.
Stained glass windows The building consists of stained-glass windows depicting images of Jesus and other catholic saints. They also feature biblical scriptures. The use of stained glass is common in Gothic chapels
INTERIOR FAÇADE FEATURES
SPIRAL STAIRCASE The church has a spiral staircase that allows worshippers, the priest as well as clergy members of the church to access the above floor. The spiral staircase design used in the church is however uncharacteristic of the Gothic style architecture used in the church.
INTERIOR FAÇADE FEATURES
Ionic and Corinthian columns The church nave is supported by 2 distinct types of columns it is imperative to note that these were 2 distinct orders of architecture borrowed from the greeks and applied in the gothic design of the church. Ionic order
Gothic style of architecture has borrowed a lot of its decorative elements from the ancient Greeks style of architecture and the use of these two columns is a revival of the ancient style.
Corinthian order
RELIGIOUS INFLUNCES LIAN JIA LE 1001849989
LAYOUT OF CHURCH ARCHITECTURE
Plan of Church , lady of Louders
Church architecture an architectural styles that symbolize to the Christian churches. It has evolved and develop approximately around two thousand years with the Christian religion, partly by own innovation and imitating other architectural styles while still responding to changing beliefs, practices and local traditions. The church layout are mainly form by several key components such as aisles , column , crossing , transpex , atrim , chancel and altar.
Plan of Old St. Peter
Plan of Enschau Church , France
Plan of Chora Church , Istanbul
Plan of church ST.John the evangelist , Ephesus
ELEMENT IN LAYOUT OF CHURCH ARCHITECTURE SANCTUARY ALTAR
NAVE
CHURCH PEW
CHURCH PEW
CHANCEL
NARTHEX
SANCTUARY
ALTAR
In a lot of Western Christian traditions such as Catholic, Lutheran, Methodist, and Anglican churches, the area which is surrounded around the altar is called the sanctuary; holy places due to its characteristic that act as a symbol of God in the Eucharist, both during the Mass and in the church tabernacle the rest of the time. A lot of churches share the same architectural term that chancel are same to sanctuary because they covers the same area.
An altar is architecture elements of a church that represents of religious offerings with a purpose of belief sacrifices, or for other ritualistic purposes. Altars are found at Japan traditional shrines, Hindu temples, Christian or catholic churches and other places of worship. They are used particularly in Christianity, Buddhism and Hinduism religious practice places. Churches normally with only one altar, but for larger churches will have one or more side chapels, each with its own altar.
ELEMENT IN LAYOUT OF CHURCH ARCHITECTURE SANCTUARY ALTAR
NAVE
CHURCH PEW
CHURCH PEW
CHANCEL
NARTHEX
CHANCEL In christian architecture, the chancel is the space that surrounded the altar, including the choir and the sanctuary , at the liturgical east end of a traditional Christian church building. Sometime it might terminate in an apse. The chancel are function noramly as the clergy and choir during worship, while the congregation is in the nave. Direct access into the church were provided by a priest's door commonly , on the south side of the church.
NAVE The nave ,is the central and architectural element that symbolizing the Christianity architecture, it was extending from the entrance of church which is the narthex to the transepts a transverse aisle crossing to the nave at the front of the sanctuary or if there is did not have any cross section , to the chancel area that surrounded the altar.
ELEMENT IN LAYOUT OF CHURCH ARCHITECTURE SANCTUARY ALTAR
NAVE
CHURCH PEW
CHURCH PEW
CHANCEL
NARTHEX
CHURCH PEW A church pew ,it was originally a raised and enclosed place in a church that only specify for an ecclesiastical dignitary or officer use ; later was extended to include special seating in the body of the church for distinguished laity and, finally, to include all church seating. Pews are generally made of wood and arranged in a straight rows that were facing the altar in the nave of a church. Normally , arrange in an axis way with divided by the nave into half.
NARTHEX The narthex is an architectural element that was very common on Christian and Byzantine basilicas or churches function as the entrance or lobby area, located at the west end of the nave and was opposite the church's main altar. In short , the narthex was a part of the church architecture, but was not symbolize the all of church architecture.
ROSE WINDOW AND CROSS ROSE WINDOW AND CROSS As a church that had history over 100 years of history , that is no doubt that the church of Lady of Louders also have the symbolic features such as rose window and cross that located in the front façade of it .To go through even more detail about the features , the style and type the rose window that it apply are the Flamboyant Gothic and Latin cross.
FLAMBOYANT GOTHIC The name was refer to the flame like form and design within the patterned tracery. It is a part of gothic style architecture was on era around 11501450.
LATIN CROSS A Latin cross is a type of cross in the iconic design were the vertical beam sticks above the crossbeam, with the three upper arms have the same length or with the vertical arm at the top shorter than the two other horizontal arms, and bottom arm are always shorter than it.
STAINED GLASS WINDOW
The church of Lady Lourders also come with the iconic symbol such as stain glass window located in the sanctuary of it , to tell the story of bile for guest.
STAINED GLASS WINDOW Medieval stained glass are glass that being colour or stained start from medieval Europe from the 10th century to the 16th century. Stained glass windows were used very common in churches , but we also found in luxurious mansion or public building for example such as town halls. The main ideology of stain glass windows are aim to enhance and embrace the greatness of Christianity to the guest that visiting church. The art on the stained glass were strongly related with bible story , normally come out with the portrait of Jesus or Mary( Jesus mother).
CULTURAL INFLUNCES KONG WEN HAU 1001953921
EXTERIOR FEATURES THAT INFLUENCE CULTURE DIRECTION The direction of church are always changed from east to west with the chancel, sanctuary and altar in the east. This is because the east faces the sacred city of Jerusalem, where god's presence was thought to be strongest in mediaeval writing. Additionally, it also has a connection to the Christian tale of Jesus rising from the grave on easter morning. As a result, Christian burials are turned with their feet to the east and heads to the west, so that when they rise from their graves on judgement day, they will face the east and their fate.
The rising sun is also visible through the east end of the building's window, symbolising god as the world's light. Although, in mediaeval times, when candles were scarce and electricity was unknown, this would also serve the utilitarian purpose of lighting up a gloomy church.
EXTERIOR FEATURES THAT INFLUENCE CULTURE NARTHEX The narthex is a church's entrance entryway and porch area, which is generally located on the west end of the building.
This is not only a simple entry into the church, but it also serve as a point of passage between the outside world and a spiritual environment. It is a location where workshipers would leave their daily lives behind, adapt and prepare themselves to enter a sanctuary of meditation and silence dedicated to god’s work ship.
ROSE WINDOW The rose window is often associated with the virgin Mary in modern catholic thought because one of her titles, referred to by St Bernard of Cairvaux, is the "mystical rose."
PINNACLE The church have certain pointed arches with some cultural influence. In the culture of Christianity, the pointed arches is a design that receive massage from the god.
INTERIOR FEATURES THAT INFLUENCE CULTURE NAVE The nave is the broad central aisle in the heart of the church's western end, where most people sit during a service. The term nave is derived from the Latin word Navis, which means ship. This is significant because it alludes to Christian doctrines such as Noah's ark and Christians' journey through life. Many roofs of Christian and catholic churches resemble the belly of a ship when viewed from the nave, almost as if you were standing inside an upside down ship with the floor being the deck upside down.
CROSS ARRANGEMENT The nave has a cross arrangement of church pew. It is another transitional space same as the narthex. It is a crossing space like the narthex as people can pass from the nave where the normal ‘less holy’ people would sit and the chancel and sanctuary in the east where the priest or vicar would be.
INTERIOR FEATURES THAT INFLUENCE CULTURE
SANCTUARY The Sanctuary is the area which found in the easternmost end of the church and is where the altar is located. It is also regarded holy because god is physically present in the eucharist, both at mass and in the church tabernacle during the rest of the year. As previously said, the altar is placed in the holiest portion of a church, which is located in the far east. The 'tabernacle,' which is where objects used in communion are stored, such as the chalice, which carries the "blood of Christ" that individuals who attend communion drink, may also be found here.
TYPES OF CULTURAL INFLUENCE TOWARDS LOCAL SOCIETY WEDDING Due to the culture handed down from history, Christians are commonly married in churches. Marriage is essentially believed to be ordained by god for the union of a man and a woman in all protestant denominations. They see intimate companionship, child rearing, and mutual support for both husband and wife to fulfill their life callings as the primary purpose of this union.
CHURCH CHOIR During some specific festival, such as Christmas, Christians usually choir in the church between the nave and the altar. Additionally, they sing beautiful & demanding songs in order to honour god and edify the congregation. Lastly, the interior construction works excellently to lead and enliven the congregation's song.
TYPES OF CULTURAL INFLUENCE TOWARDS LOCAL SOCIETY SUNDAY SCHOOL Sunday school is an important part of their culture, as it brings all of the people in the church together. The nave spaces are large enough for all of the Christians to come together for Sunday school. The real value of a Sunday school is one with a dynamic ministry to every family member. Sunday school, also known as church school or Christian education, is a religious education school for children and young people, usually part of a church or parish... It has been the foremost vehicle for teaching the principles of Christian religion and the bible.
THE HRC PARENT GROUP (HUMAN RIGHTS CAMPAIGN) The HRC parent group is a group where a group of parents who had never performed on stage before were able to dance and sing with zeal. The club was created with the primary goal of connecting parents with one another and strengthening their faith in their religious beliefs. They generally take part in prayer services, sharing conversation topics, morning exercises, singing practise and current events discussions.
CLIMATE INFLUENCE Foo Dick Seng 1002059171
CLIMATIC INFLUENCE( KLANG ) Temperature The temperature in Klang does not change much throughout the year, and it does not make much sense to discuss the hot and cold seasons. The climate in Klang is hot, muggy and cloudy. Throughout the year, the temperature usually varies between 23°C and 33°C, rarely below 23°C or above 34°C.
Rainfall
SUN PATH DECEMBER BETWEEN MORNING AND EVENING
(9.00 am)
Rain falls all year round in Klang. It rains most in the 31 days around November 15, the average total rainfall being10.7 inches. It rains least on June 25, with an average total rainfall of 4.4 inches.
(6.00 pm)
BUILDING FORM FOR CLIMATE
The design of a clay tile gable roof is very suitable as it is adapted to the hot and humid climate in Malaysia. The steep roof allowed rainwater to flow down the slope to prevent the roof from flooding. This mechanism protects the building from destruction during the rainy season. In addition, tinted glass windows and rose windows allow sunlight to enter and illuminate the space while controlling heat by filtering excess sunlight entering the building.
The shutters on the front of the church provide better ventilation. Cold air enters the building, while hot air rises and escapes through the windows located in the bell tower. This helps regulate the internal temperature of the building.
As a former architect, Farther Souhait of the church has introduced crossventilation and the air-stack effect to the church building to provide sufficient air ventilation and minimize heat. Thus, through the jalousie window on the façade of the church, cross ventilation and air stack effect occurs to reduce heat within the church.
SECTION AND MATERIALS DETAILS Air ventilation pathway
Section Ventilation The heat is dissipated through the shutters of the bell tower. It uses convection (air accumulation) to move up and out of the window, causing the hot, lower-density air to rise above the colder, denser air.
Plan Ventilation The both side of the church has Jalousie window which allow the church to have better ventilation and at the same time provide sufficient light. The design of the Jalousie window makes the interior of the church look alive and more spacious. Besides that, the design of the window also allow the air to circulate continuously in the building and keep it cool.
SECTION AND MATERIALS DETAILS Jalousie Window Wooden shutters and fixed shutters. The windows on the clock tower are similar to the windows of the local Malay buildings. The downward blinds can also block sunlight and rain.
Glass-Stained Surface It adds colour and light to the building when the light passes in through the stained surface. Stained glass enhances the sense of sacredness and holiness of the church. .
Overhanging Pitch Roof The overhanging pitch roof built along the perimeter of the church exterior provides shelter from rain and sunlight in certain areas, ensuring the building keep it cool. .
MATERIALS DETAILS
Timber Roof The overhanging pitched timber roof was constructed from abundant local Merant timber along the sides of the building.
Ceramic Flooring Ceramic tiles are mainly used for the interior floor of the church. This is because they prevent bacteria and fungi from growing and destroying the church. Ceramic also has good thermal insulation properties and has a cooling effect suitable for Malaysian weather.
CLIMATIC INFLUENCE
Due to the hot and humid climate in Malaysia, the church need to plan how to design the form, space and ventilation of the building. Timber framing was used for all tracery of the window and nave doors to suit our tropical climate. The rain determines the shape of the roof.
Planning
Structure
Type of Roof
The presence of solar paths, wind, and humidity guide the handling of openings and their locations.
Human Comfort
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