The Syntax of Urban Interfaces: Master of Architecture thesis

The syntax of Urban Interfaces and it’s effect on city ecosophies

Masters of Architecture Design Research Thesis Student: Isobella Lord (M.Arch, Student no. 102527792) Course: ARC80003 - Design Research Studio D0: PIVOT the CITY Swinburne University of Technology, Semester One, 2021 Unit Coordinator: Dr Ian Woodcock; Unit Leader: Dr Ammon Beryle

Abstract The urban environment is a complex network of public and private spaces, the junction of which can be referred to as the architectural interface. These interfaces compose the language of the street, informing users of how to move through space, influencing people’s actions and even dictating how people interact with one another. This thesis investigates the syntax of urban interfaces. The aim is to determine how the junction between public and private space effects the ways in which people percieve space. To investigate this, supproting literature from key theoriests such as Dovey and Wood (2015) and Awan, Schnider and Till was reviewed as well as supporting case studies and precedents. Based on their findings six design principles were determined to guide the investigation. This thesis then proposes a new masterplan for Geelong market sqaure,

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followed by three scearios. The first investigates the arragment of urban interfaces. The second investigates the role of the vertical interface in forming the syntax of the street. The fonal scenario looks at the what architectural properties encourage social interfaces. The findings of this study revealed that urban interfaces fomr a language of the street which influence peoples pace. The vertical interface serves two primary roles, conveying saftey to the street and communicating program. The social interface is comprised of a series of elements which must encourage adaptability over time. The conclusion of these findings suggest that the urban interfaces highly influence how we understand urban enviornments and grately effect the sytems which form a cities ecosophy over time.

Contents Chapter 01 | Introduction Pg.05

Chapter 03 | Supporting Work Pg. 21

Chapter 05 | Masterplan Pg.33

Project Motivation Research Objective Limitations Definitions and Key themes

Theories and Literature Precedents and case studies

Proposal Program and Massing Analysis

Chapter 02 | Site Analysis Pg.09

Chapter 04 | Methods Pg. 30

Chapter 06 | Research 01 : Bio-innovation Hub Pg.43

Site Location Current and Future conditions Current Interfaces Analysis and Summary

Design Principles Summary

Proposal Research development Experience Site Connections Analysis

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Contents Chapter 07 | Research 02: Vertical Interface Pg.54

Chapter 09 | Discussion Pg.69

References Pg.77

Proposal Research Development Experience Analysis

Site findings literature relfection Design research findings

Images Theories and Literature

Chapter 08 | Research 03: Social interface Pg.62

Chapter 10 |Conclusion Pg.73

Proposal Research Development Experience Analysis

Final Analysis Future Research Outcome

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01 Introduction Project Motivation Research Objective Limitations Definitions and Key themes

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Project Motivation The urban environment is a complex network of public and private spaces, the junction of which can be referred to as the architectural interface. These interfaces compose the language of the street, informing users of how to move through space, influencing people’s actions and even dictating how people interact with one another.

Thus, the architectural interface can be described as an agent within a network of relating entities, and contributes greatly to the social, economic, environmental and mobility systems that establish a city dynamic. The interface is a driving space which can hinder a cities adaptability over time or be a catalyst for meaningful change over time through its design qualities. According to Dovey and Wood (2015), the productivity and adaptability of a street is determined by the relationship between architectural design characteristics occurring at the interface junction. However, despite this statement, there is a gap in current literature and design research exploring the

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syntax of urban interfaces and the impacts of these spaces on urban ecologies through time. The city of Geelong’s architectural development has been described as stagnant over the last few decades, which has led to the degradation of its social, economic, and environmental ecologies. Investigations into the city’s interfaces, explored in chapter two, revealed a lack of typology diversity, human-scaled design, or public offering along the interfaces of the streets. The conclusion of this investigation suggested that the static nature of Geelong’s built environment does not support its current community, nor is it prepared for the rapid growth in population and density set to occur by 2040.

The identified gap in research has motivated this thesis which will exlore the syntax of architectural interfaces and its effect on urban ecologies over time.

Research Objective The objective of this study is to investigate the syntax of urban architectural interfaces and their impact on urban ecosophies over time. This study will use Geelong’s Market Square to illustrate the research through design.

To explore the objective, this thesis poses a series of questions. The first is explored at masterplan and medium scales, this question is, what arrangement of interface relationships must Market square poses to increase mobility and ensure use over time? The second and third question is researched in small scale design interventions. These questions are: What can the vertical interface offer to the community? And Is there a social interface typology that can morph with the needs of the Geelong community over time?

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Limitations

Definitions and Key Themes

The findings of the research may be limited as the scenarios are hypothetical. The qualitative and quantitative results will be based on current and projected data, precedents, current supporting literature, and case studies, which will be referred to as appropriate throughout. A series of design principles such as biophilic connections, innovation programs and pedestrianization have been applied to guide the research and as such the research will be subjective to these principles.

In the context of this thesis, Interfaces refers to the junction between public spaces such as streetscapes, and architectural forms. Ecosophy refers to the interrelationship between entities within the field of existence, in which a singular entity effects the other entities within a network over time. The ideal urban ecosophy, in this context, is one that promotes sociability, built and natural environmental sustainability and circular economies.

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02 Site Analysis Site Location Current Conditions Current Interfaces Summary

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Site Location

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Current Conditions | Statistics Projected: 395,000

46% Population Increase by 2040

Current: 270,000

Projected: 300 Increase in density by 2040: people per 1km2

Current: 200

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Current Conditions | Massing

Public Space

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Private Space

Current Conditions | Shadow Castings (Summer Soltice) 9am

12pm

3pm

Current Conditions | Shadow Castings (Winter Soltice) 9am

12pm

3pm

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Current Conditions | Time public spends in Market Square Current Mass of Market Square overshadows the public realm. Lack of light exposure keeps temperatures cool and unpleasant to spend long amounts of time. This effects the potential for vegetation to grow and reduces the time people spend in the pubic realm due to lack of comfort. The buiding mass and form must consider environmental factors to ensure urban interfaces are comfortable places to spend time.

15 mins 1 hr 1-5 hrs 5-9 hrs 9+ hrs

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Current Interfacs Initial observations of the interfaces surrounding the market square block revealed the most common interface typology to be ‘transparent direct’, which is typical of retail programming (Dovey and Wood, 2015). The usual assumption is that a certain level of transparency at the interface leads to activation and saftey through visual connection between public and private realms.

However, deeper analysis revealed that most shop fronts included dispay windows with backing boards, manquins and promotional flyers obstructing the windows. As such, a new interface tyology has been identified in this study, titled ‘obstructed direct’. This tyology describes a primary transparent interface which has been obscured by a secondary interface, thus removing the visual connection from urban spaces into private built forms.

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Blank / Impermiable

Opaque Direct

Obscured Direct

Car Setback

Transparent Direct

Pedestrian Setback

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Blank / Impermiable

Obscured Direct

Obscured Direct

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Obscured Direct

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Blank / Impermiable

Summary The primary interface typologies along the juncton of market sqaure are: Obsured direct, and blank impermiable. Secondary interfaces, such as the vertical facades, above awnings and desnse vegetation along the roads edge create a ‘tunnel’ like experience in which people move through extremely quickly. As such, the curerent nterfaces are not encouraging interaction with the programs they front, nor providing break out spaces for users to pause and socialise.

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Analysis and Summary The coastal city of Geelong (see image 2), located 75Km south of Melbourne, is one of Australia’s fastest growing regional cities, with an estimated population growth of 46.19% to occur by 2040 (City of Geelong, 2021). The program surrounding market square is primarily privately owned retail and commercial use buildings. This lack of programmatic diversity results in a lack of use throughout different times of day, such as at night when most Geelong locals retreat to suburban residential zones, or during traditional working hours. Similarly, the interfaces that front the streetscapes are mono-typological, further hindering the mobility and adaptability of Geelong’s urban environment over the course of time.

Despite plans for a ‘Green Spine’ to occur along Malop Street, there is little biophilic connection or human scaled urban design for ergonomic comfort. In addition, the grain size of market square within the urban fabric prevents pedestrianpermeability, and overshadows the

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public realm, making it an uncomfortable place for the community to spend time. This lack of variety in program and interface typology, lack of permeability, overshadowing from building mass and lack of environmental connection is perhaps why Market Square has been labelled as Australia’s ‘worst shopping mall’ by media platforms such as ‘A Current Affair’ (Channel 9, 2019). Car-centrism and the lack of public offering at the interface has led to a static urban environment.

To ensure the safety and useability of Market Square for Geelong’s community over time, the space must become adaptable. What needs to occur at the interface to ensure current and future systems promote an ideal ecosophy?

03 Supporting Works

Theories and Literature Precedents and Case Studies Summary

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Theories and Literature Several theories have been proposed to explain the relationship between architecture and urban spaces, and the systemic entities which they influence. The assemblage of interfaces, architectural form and implementation of certain programs can impact the networks of urban dynamics and induce systemic change. To best understand how the implementation of an innovation hub and its design qualities may affect the systemic structures within Geelong’s Market Square, three topics will be investigated. These topics are urban interfaces, the role of innovation hubs and urban ecosophies and future planning.

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As previously established, the interfaces between the urban realm and built structures contributes greatly to the social, environmental, economic and mobility structures of a city’s dynamics. This notion (specifically sociability) is support by and explored within Dovey and Wood’s 2015 text ‘Public/private interfaces: type, adaptation, assemblage’ in which they state it is not the typologies that determine the adaptivity and productivity of a street, but relationship between the design characteristics concerning the junction where building meets the urban boundary which determines the ontology and epistemology of city dynamics (Dovey & Wood, 2015, Pp. 13). Several designers have developed theories, which resonate the with Wood and Dovey’s research of public private interfaces, in city settings and express the importance of dynamic and adaptable

relationships between built forms and public realms to prevent static spaces (Latour & Yaneva, 2008, Pp. 80).

Many theorists suggest that a wide variety of programs that stimulate street interfaces at different times of the day leads to safety (Jacobs, 1961), and promote pedestrianized, ergonomic, human-centric street design to perpetuate this (Gehl, 2010).

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The implementation of markets in otherwise static spaces demonstrates an adaptable interface. For example, Rose Street Market in Fitzroy, Melbourne presents a direct/opaque interface with the sidewalk (see image 6), however, the otherwise industrial shell has been transformed by housing small-grain sublets for a market, creating a secondary interface that is permeable to the public. This adaption in the interface promotes social interaction through participation and as a place for meeting. It challenges economic structures as the permeability of the interface allows locally crafted goods to be sold and moves towards a circular economic model, which also encourages environmental sustainability.

In comparison Mallop Street, which boarders Market Square in Geelong’s CBD, houses a singular (direct/ transparent) and thus static interface along the entire block and has been described as underutilized for its lack of social usability and economic engagement Page 24 | The Syntax of Urban Interfaces

(Caspani, 2021). Consequently, the adaptation of a streets interface ha a direct impact on systemic structures and the ontology of that area. Nevertheless, there is a lack of robust research concerning the relationship between program and interface typologies. Similarly, many theorists have discussed the impacts of interfaces on social structures within urban realms but there is little investigation into the impacts on other systemic domains such as economic and environmental ramifications.

This model was supported by the findings of Jiménez and Zheng in their research on spatial perspectives of innovation hubs (2017), in which it was found that forms which encourage collaboration within innovation precincts often have positive influence over the social and economic context (Jiménez & Zheng, 2017). An example of this is Botswana Innovation Hub by SHoP (see image 7), in which the government aims to shift the country to a knowledge-based economy. The spatial form includes breakout spaces that promote social interaction and green spaces, plus a green roofscapes encourages sustainable development as seen in image 8 (Cilento, 2011).

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According to Caspani (2021), the Geelong community considers ‘innovation’ a key characteristic of the city’s identity. The effects of globalization, urbanization and deindustrialization are rapidly changing local economies by pushing cities to adopt advance information and communication technologies, resulting in cities perusals of knowledge based urban development or KBUD (Yigitcanlar & Bulu, 2016). The KBUD approach aims to generate economic stimulation, environmental sustainability, and socio-spatial quality within cities (Yigitcanlar & Bulu, 2016), thus suggesting there is a direct relationship between the built form and systemic dynamics.

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To investigate the relationship between innovation hubs and urban spaces, RMIT’s Melbourne CBD campus precinct is particularly interesting. As seen in image 9, the hub itself is woven into the urban fabric, creating a seamless dynamic between education and innovation programs and the surrounding context of Melbourne CBD. The spatial strategies and architectural qualities such as the implementation of laneways, new ‘academic’ streets and a mixed-use of programs (see image 10 and 11) intrinsically links the city to the campus; they inform one another (Lyons, 2017). These findings suggest that the human-centric approach of KBUD models and the unique spatial qualities they generate can create microcosm of the cities they are contextualized within by both feeding off and contributing to the needs of the city. Despite the utopian KBUD model, there is very little empirical evidence on innovation hubs and the effects they have on urban ecologies.

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Precedents and Case Studies As discussed, when investigating Geelong’s Market Square site, several concerns regarding current social, economic, mobility and environmental domains arose.

It was concluded that the current infrastructure does not support the cities present community, let alone the future population and spike in density. Architecture and design have long been regarded as an enabling force for agency to occur within a cities network of entities (Awan et al., 2011). As such it is important to understand cities and buildings as more than just a cluster of properties.

The complexity of a buildings spatial qualities, shapes and materiality effects behaviors and creates movement which shift systemic patterns over time ( Latour & Yaneva, 2008). An example of ar chitecture as agent for creating systemic change

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to benefit future populations is the Sunquiao hub proposal in Shanghai by Sasaki Associates which incorporates circular waste-systems and vertical farming within buildings infrastructures to combat environmental concerns (see image 14). Design decisions such as incorporating food growth and water ponds within the hub prepares the city for the predicted spike in population by combating potential food shortages, generating new job and education opportunities, reducing the heat-island effect and presenting a pedestrian-centric district (Sasaki associates, n.a.). Thus the architectural decisions challenged the urban ecosophy of Shanghai’s current social, economic, mobility and environmental systems to prepare for its future.

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04 Methods Design Principles

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Design Principles

CIVIC CONTRIBUTION

New Market Square Precinct and bio-innovation hub to include educational, environmetnal and socially engaging offerings.

PEDESTRIANISATION

Replacing car-centric streets and carparks with human scaled public realms + urban programmes.

HUMAN-SCALED URBAN INTERFACES Reduced urban grain size, diversification of program and interface typologies, consideration of interface offerings to the community.

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PERMIABILITY AND CONNECTIVITY

BIOPHILIC INTERGRATION

ECONOMIC STIMULATION

New pedestrian thoroughfairs and connection to old and new programmes. On-grade activation for mobility.

Intergrating urban agriculture within the urban fabric, creation of social, economic and environmental systems around this.

Introducing diversity of programmes that generate circular sustainable systems.

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05

The Language of interface arrangements: Masterplan Proposal

Development Summary

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Proposal | Implimentation of design principles process

Strategy 1: Permiability + Connectivity through re-instated streets

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Strategy 2: Pedestrian only zones dividing the urban grain into human scaled publc realm

Stragey 3: Civic Contribution + Economic Stimulation through diversification of programme

Proposal | Final Massing | Implimentation of design principles process

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Proposal | Masterplan On Grade Plan 1 Market Square gardens 2 commercial + retail 3 Bio-Innovation Hub

1

4 commercial + residental

2 3

5 offices

5

6 undercover markets

4 6

7 Theatre / entertainment 7 8 student residencies 8

10m

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0m

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Proposal | Malop St Streetscape Elevation | Interface Arrangement

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40m

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Propsal | Interface arrangement Analysis

5m 0m

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20m 10m

Propsal | Streetscape as imagined (render)

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Development| Iteration one

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Development| Iteration two

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The design research suggests that each interface typology serves a role in the formation of the street: it communicates to users how to move through space, even controlling their pace. If we create predominantly opaque direct streets, people will move quickly through the space due to feelings of unsafety that coexists with the lack of transparency or permeability of a street. If streets are predominantly transparent, you create slower movement and feelings of safety but there is no moment for pause, so over-mobility = lack of sociability. In contrast, a predominantly pedestrian setback street, while generating movement, can result in the dispersion of users and again, reduce chances for social engagement.

The assemblage of interfaces thus becomes critical.

The research suggest that the architectural interface should be comprised of several interface typologies

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to successfully generate social engagement by using pedestrian setbacks as places for congregation. Thus, the use of opaque direct and transparent direct interfaces is equally important to the assemblage of the urban interface as they generate movement, and ultimately lead people to places for socialisation.

06

The Language of interface arrangements: Bio- Innovation Hub Proposal User Experience Development Summary

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Proposal| Bio-Innovation Hub Ground Floor Plan

1 Lecture theatre 2 storage / BOH 3 universal W/C 4 emergency egress +

1

waste route

5 public library

10 2

6 biochemistry labs

9

11

7 tutorial rooms

8

8 collaboration spaces

3 8

7

2

9 community dining

5

10 Outdoor community recreational zones

4

10 6

11 Makers workshop 5m 0m

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20m 10m

50m

Proposal| Bio-Innovation Sectional perspective | Vertical programme

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Proposal| The Interface Arrangements | North Elevation

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Proposal| The Interface Arrangements | East Elevation

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Proposal| The Interface Arrangements | South Elevation

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Proposal| The Interface Arrangements | South Elevation

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Propsal | Interface arrangement Analysis

5m 0m

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20m 10m

Propsal | Interface arrangement Analysis The design research suggests that each interface typology serves a role in the formation of the street: it communicates to users how to move through space, even controlling their pace. If we create predominantly opaque direct streets, people will move quickly through the space due to feelings of unsafety that coexists with the lack of transparency or permeability of a street. If streets are predominantly transparent, you create slower movement and feelings of safety but there is no moment for pause, so over-mobility = lack of sociability. In contrast, a predominantly pedestrian setback street, while generating movement, can result in the dispersion of users and again, reduce chances for social engagement.

The assemblage of interfaces thus becomes critical.

The research suggest that the architectural interface should be comprised of several interface typologies

to successfully generate social engagement by using pedestrian setbacks as places for congregation. Thus, the use of opaque direct and transparent direct interfaces is equally important to the assemblage of the urban interface as they generate movement, and ultimately lead people to places for socialisation.

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Development| Iteration two

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Development| Iteration two

0

3.

-

GSEducationalVersion

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20

30

40

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08 Offerings of

the Veritcal Interface Proposal Development Summary

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Proposal| Section A vertial relationship

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Proposal| Veritcal elements and materials WINDOW-SEATING

Communicates: Public Invitation

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ALGEA BIO- FACADE LOUVERS

Communicates: Building programme

SKY-BRIDGES

Communicates: Circulation

Proposal| The adaptability of the vertical interfaces with time

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Proposal| The adaptability of the vertical interfaces with time

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Development | Interation One

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Development | Interation Two

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The role of the vertical Interface

While one may consider the interfaces, we encounter on grade the primary interface, vertical interfaces can also highly influence the syntax of an urban street as a secondary junction. Most vertical interfaces of Market Square are ‘indirect blank’ interfaces thus providing no affordances to the street. The vertical interface serves a multitude of roles, including: providing safety through visual connection to the public realm if and when this does not exist on a horizontal plane. It also can communicate the buildings function, for example, the use of algae paneled bio-facades fronting the vertical plane communicates the programme of bio-innovation.

Syntax: communicates saftey, inivtation and programme

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07 The Social

interface typology Proposal Structure Development Summary

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Proposal | Social interface locations

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Proposal| Adaptation of the social interface | Current

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Proposal| Adaptation of the social Interface | Evening

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Development | Iteration One Geelong Westfield Method 02

Pedestrian Sidewalk

Interface arrangement + form

green strip bike lane

Malop Street

bike lane green strip Pedestrian Sidewalk

outdoor decking/seating display window

outdoor bench/ breakout zone

Entry/ Thoroughfare BOH bar

Precint Cafe/Bar

Mechanic Technologies Lab workshop area

kitchen communal desks

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robot arm room

Development | Iteration Two

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Summary Syntax: invitation through programme, transparency, adaptability and layers of public offering

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In order to be successful, the social interface must obtain attributes that encourage social participation.

Social interfaces are most successful when fronting layers of different programming which appeal to different user groups. In order to create social resilience, the interfaces must be adaptable. The bio-innovation hubs Malop street social interface is a meeting place that draws in community members through the offerings of education, work and trading of goods.

09 Discussion Design Research Findings

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The design research suggests that each interface typology serves a role in the formation of the street: it communicates to users how to move through space, even controlling their pace. If we create predominantly opaque direct streets, people will move quickly through the space due to feelings of unsafety that coexists with the lack of transparency or permeability of a street. If streets are predominantly transparent, you create slower movement and feelings of safety but there is no moment for pause, so over-mobility = lack of sociability. In contrast, a predominantly pedestrian setback street, while generating movement, can result in the dispersion of users and again, reduce chances for social engagement.

The assemblage of interfaces thus becomes critical.

The research suggest that the architectural interface should be comprised of several interface typologies GSEducationalVersion

0.

trace (6)

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5m 0m

20m 10m

to successfully generate social engagement by using pedestrian setbacks as places for congregation. Thus, the use of opaque direct and transparent direct interfaces is equally important to the assemblage of the urban interface as they generate movement, and ultimately lead people to places for socialisation.

While one may consider the interfaces, we encounter on grade the primary interface, vertical interfaces can also highly influence the syntax of an urban street as a secondary junction. Most vertical interfaces of Market Square are ‘indirect blank’ interfaces thus providing no affordances to the street. The vertical interface serves a multitude of roles, including: providing safety through visual connection to the public realm if and when this does not exist on a horizontal plane. It also can communicate the buildings function, for example, the use of algae paneled bio-facades fronting the vertical plane communicates the programme of bio-innovation.

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In order to be successful, the social interface must obtain attributes that encourage social participation.

Social interfaces are most successful when fronting layers of different programming which appeal to different user groups. In order to create social resilience, the interfaces must be adaptable. The bio-innovation hubs Malop street social interface is a meeting place that draws in community members through the offerings of education, work and trading of goods.

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10 Conclusion Final Analysis Future Research

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The urban environment is a complex network of public and private spaces, the junction of which can be referred to as the architectural interface. These interfaces compose the language of the street, informing users of how to move through space, influencing people’s actions and even dictating how people interact with one another. Thus, the architectural interface can be described as an agent within a network of relating entities, and contributes greatly to the social, economic, environmental and mobility systems that establish a city dynamic.

The interface is a driving space which can hinder a cities adaptability over time or be a catalyst for meaningful change over time through its design qualities.

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The arrangement of interfaces generates mobility or lack there of. While there is no one formula, it can be determined that non interactive interfaces can be useful when leading a user to a social space thus improving social ecosophies over time. The vertical interface can communicate safety when permeable, lessening the potential for crime. The inclusion of certain materials such as algae within façade systems can also improve the quality of urban environments through CO2 absorptation. The inclusion of biophilic design on grade does the same, while providing comfort to users through shading and shelter. The social interface is often layered. It relies on a multitude of programmes which transcend time by appealing to different users at different times of the day, month or year.

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11 References Images Theories and Literature

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Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). (2021) ‘ Population growth of Geelong’. Retrieved from: https://www.abs.gov.au/ Channel 9. (2019) ‘A Current Affair captures shocking footage at troubled Geelong mall’. Rretrieved from: https://www.news.com.au/ entertainment/tv/current-affairs/a-current-affair-captures-shocking-footage-at-troubled-geelong-mall/news-story/5c63646a1c832ba82b6fadcfe5f0a29e Cilento, K. (2011). ‘Update Botswana Innovation Hub/ SHoP’ Archdaily. Retrieved from: https://www.archdaily.com/160416/update-botswana-innovation-hub-shop?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all Crockett, L. (2016). ‘Innovative Self-Sustaining Village Model Could be the Future of Semi-Urban Living.’ Archdaily. Retrieved from: https://www.archdaily.com/794167/innovative-self-sustaining-village-model-could-be-the-future-of-semi-urban-living Dovey, K. and Wood, S. (2015). ‘Public/Private Interfaces: type, adaptation and assemblage’. Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability. 8:1, 1-16.

Gehl, J. (2010). ‘Cities for People’. Chapter 1: The Human Dimension.

Island Press, Ebook Central (ProQuest).

Guattari, F. (1989). ‘The Three Ecologies’. Bloomsbury Academic, 2005.

Jacobs, J. (1961). ‘The Death and Life of Great American Cities’. Random House Inc. New York (Vintage House ed. 1992).

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Sasaki Associate Inc. (2020). ‘Songzhuang Arts and Agriculture City: A revolutionary take on the relationship between cities and farms for a connectivity-focused master plan for a major city bordering Beijing, China’. Retrieved from: https://www.sasaki.com/projects/ songzhuang-arts-and-agriculture-city/ Jiménez A., Zheng Y. (2017) A Spatial Perspective of Innovation and Development: Innovation Hubs in Zambia and the UK. In: Choudrie J., Islam M., Wahid F., Bass J., Priyatma J. Advances in Information and Communication Technology, vol 504. https://doi.org/10.1007/9783-319-59111-7_15 Yaneva, A., Latour, B. and Geiser, R. (2008). ‘Give me a Gun and I will Make all Buildings Move: An ANT’s View of Architecture’ Yigitcanlar, T., and Bulum M. (2016). Urban Knowledge and Innovation Spaces, Journal of Urban Technology, 23:1, 1-9, DOI: 10.1080/10630732.2016.1164443