Natural Science 2 ESO
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Let’s find out more about LIVING BEINGS
use food
To be alive, you must:
Heterotrophic
Autotrophic
grow up
reproduce breathe
react to changes in your environment
Living things move, have senses, feed, breathe, excrete, reproduce, grow… We can group all the features of living things in three vital functions: Nutrition, Interaction and Reproduction. All these functions support life.
Can you tell us….. what the difference between feeding and nutrition is?
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What are the vital functions? Feeding. All living organisms need to take substances from their environment to obtain energy, to grow and to stay healthy.
Nutrition means using matter and energy. food digestion
nutrients O2
Respiration water & CO2
ENERGY
This process also produces wastes. Some waste is poison and we must remove it by excretion.
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Interaction consists of all the processes through which a cell interacts with the surrounding environment, perceives what is going on in the environment, and produces responses coherent with the information that was perceived.
Observe the following drawings:
Can you say..? What is the stimulus for the cat?............................................ ......................................................................................... How can the cat perceive this stimulus?................................. ........................................................................................ ......................................................................................... Which is the response?........................................................ ........................................................................................ Interaction among different beings is necessary in order to : Obtain food. Protect against danger Court the females/males in the species.
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Growth , when living things increase in size and become more complex .
When a living thing grows, its cells increase in number or grow larger.
Reproduction, the ability to produce living beings similar to the parental organisms. It may be asexual ,when there is only one parental organism,
or sexual, when two different types of individuals, male and female, are required.
Reproduction is necessary in order to guarantee the perpetuation of the species.
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Classify. Which vital function is illustrated by the examples? Vital function
Action
A gazelle runs away from a lion
A rabbit eats grass.
A tree absorbs water through its roots.
Flowers appear on a rosebush.
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What are the biomolecules? The most abundant types of molecules in living beings are always the same ones, They are the building blocks of life. They may be organic or inorganic . Organic biomolecules:
They are insoluble in wáter.
Examples
Give structure to the cells. Transport substances. Protect the body
Store the
Store
genetic
energy.
material. Participate in the synthesis of proteins.
Dna
Collagen Haemoglobin Antibodies
Rna
Structure of cell membranes. e Fats and oils.
Cellulose.
Cholesterol.
Sucrose
Waxes
Inorganic biomolecules: Water
Mineral salts
- The most abundant
- Form the solid structure
substance in living beings.
of living beings.
- Where chemicals reactions
-Transmission of nervous
take place.
impulses.
- Transport substances. Regulates body temperature.
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What is the basic unit of life?
Robert Hooke
was a great English
experimenter.
He used one of the first microscopes
to look more
closely at the living world.
Hooke came up with the name “cells” to describe tiny compartments he saw in a and after he outlined THE
piece of cork
CELL THEORY
All living things are made of cells. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
All cells are produced from existing cells.
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How is a cell organised ? Cells are the structural and functional units of all living things. Genetic material
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
controls and regulates how cells work. This DNA contains the hereditary information that is passed from one cell to the daughter cell.
is the inside of a cell. It contains the organelles
covers the whole cell
What are the two basic types of cells?
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
PROKARYOTIC CELLS
The DNA is contained in a nucleus.
The DNA is loose in the cytoplasm.
Animals and plants are multicellular eukaryotic organisms.
Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotic organisms.
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CELL STRUCTURE
DESCRIPTION FUNCTION
WHERE?
Cell Wall Plant, Bacteria
Cell Membrane
Outer layer Rigid & strong Made of cellulose Supports
All cells
the thin layer that surrounds the cell. Protects Controls movement of materials in/out of cell
Nucleus
All cells
Controls cell activities Contains the hereditary material of the cell
The jellylike material where organelles are located .
Supports and protects cell organelles
Smooth without ribosomes Rough with embedded ribosomes Carries materials through cell
Cytoplasm All cells
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) All cells
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is made up of two subunits - a small and a large subunit. Synthesizes proteins
An elongated organelle. Where the respiration takes place
Largest organelle in plant cells Stores large amounts of food or sugars in plants
Digests old cell parts
Containing chlorophyll Uses energy from sun to make food (glucose) for the plant by a process called photosynthesis Releases oxygen
Packs & exports proteins from the cell.
All cells
Mitochondrion
All cells
Vacuole Plant cells have a single, large vacuole Animal cells have small vacuoles
Lysosome Plant - uncommon Animal - common
Chloroplast Plants
Golgi Apparatus All cells
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Cell Coloring Two of you work on the animal cell and the others work on the plant cell. Choose a color for each of the parts below and fill in the square with the color of your choice. Color the cell part to match. Cell Membrane
Ribosome
Cytoplasm
Lysosome
Nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nuclear Membrane
Mitochondria
Nucleolus
Vacuole
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color.
Color each of the parts below and fill in the square with the indicated
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Briefly describe the function of the cell parts. ORGANELLES
DESCRIPTION
FUNCTION
Cell membrane Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosome
Nucleus
Lysosome
Mitochondria
Golgi apparatus
Vacuole
Cytoplasm
LANGUAGE HELP e.g. The Cell Membrane is the thin layer that surrounds the cell. Its function is to protect and control movement of materials in/out of the cell . Material creat per Marian Ruiz Sim贸n- Projecte AICLE- Escola T煤rbula 2014-15
Differences between animal and plant cells Let’s see what the most important differences between animal cells and plant cells are. Fill in the following table :
ORGANELLE
TYPICAL PLANT EUKARYOTIC CELL Is it found in a plant cell?
Cell Wall
Yes
TYPICAL ANIMAL EUKARYOTIC CELL Is it found in an animal cell? No
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When you have finished you can discuss your answers with the members of your group.
Then answer the following questions in group : 1. What cell parts do Animal cells have that Plant cells do not have?
2. What cell parts do Plant cells have that Animal cells do not have?
3. Why do Plant cells have cell walls and Animal cells do not?
4. Why do you think Plant cells have bigger vacuoles than Animal cells?
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Useful phrases for discussions
Asking about or for an opinion
What do you think about…? What’s your opinion about ...?
In my opinion… Giving your opinion I think…
Giving an explanation
The reason for this is ....
Agreeing with an opinion
I agree.
Disagreeing with an opinion
I don’t think so.
LANGUAGE HELP e.g. - I think plant cells have cell walls whereas animal cells don’t. - I agree with you.
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Cellular nutrition All the chemical reactions that take place in a cell are called Metabolism. Cellular nutrition consist of all the processes in which cells obtain matter and energy to perform vital functions. Most of the reactions take place in the cytoplasm and others in organelles such as mitochondrion or chloroplast. There are two main types of metabolism. Catabolism is all the chemical reactions that destroy organic molecules in order to obtain energy.
Anabolism is all the chemical reactions that build up complex organic molecules from small ones. It requires energy from catabolism.
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Autotrophic nutrition is characteristic of cells which use an energy source to make their own organic matter. Photosynthesis is when the energy comes from the sun.
Heterotrophic nutrition is characteristic of cells which feed on organic matter produced by other living beings. They transform this organic matter to obtain nutrients and energy. Cellular respiration is all the metabolic reactions which take place in a cell to obtain chemical energy from specific molecules.
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Cellular division The cellular reproduction is the process that gives new cells starting from an original cell. Thanks to this process life can go on. During cellular reproduction it is very important to make sure that all the new cells inherit the genetic material.
Binary fission is a process that happens when an organism duplicates its genetic material and then divides into two parts, which are new identical organisms to the parent one. Those cells can then divide as well. The living thing grows as the process continues. Binary fission is the method of reproduction of prokaryotic organisms.
Synechococcus aeruginosus , with binary fission.
If the parent cell divides into many daughter cells, it is called multiple
fission. It is seen in the life cycle of the protozoa. The nucleus divides many times and then the cytoplasm divides and surrounds the nuclei.
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In pluricellular organisms, all division is involved in growth, development, and repair.
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C-Map Challenge Work in groups of four. Make a C-map using the words below and the information that you have learned in this unit. Each group should present their C-map to the rest of the class.
Starting point:
Living things
LANGUAGE HELP
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…………… goes after ………… because.............. This goes here because...................
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