La selva de los numeros

Page 1

$/)$*8$5$ ,1)$17,/

/D 6HOYD GH ORV Q~PHURV

5LFDU GR *yPH]

O OX VWU DFWF QHV GH 7HVD *RQ]iOH]

BB

I B a

a WL ÂBQ

a U ? L

?

O

?

U

,

£

O

,



‹ 'HO WH[WR 5LFDUGR *yPH] ‹ 'H ODV LOXVWUDFLRQHV *RQ]iOH] 7HVD ‹ 'H HVWD HGLFLyQ

6DQWLOODQD 6 $ 'HO (GLILFLR GH $YLDFLyQ &LYLO /D 8UXFD 6DQ -RVp &RVWD 5LFD 7HOpIRQR 7HOHID[

‡ $JXLODU $OWHD 7DXUXV $OIDJXDUD 6 $Y /HDQGUR 1 $OHP %XHQRV $LUHV ‡ 'LVWULEXLGRUD \ (GLWRUD $JXLODU $OWHD 7DXUX &DOOH 1R ‡ 6DQWLOODQD (GLFLRQHV *HQHUDOHV 6 $ $YGD 8QLYHUVLGDG &RO 'HO 9DO 0p[LFR ' ) & 3 ‡ 6DQWLOODQD (GLFLRQHV *HQHUDOHV 6 / 7RUUHODJXQD 0DGULG ,6%1 ,PSUHVR HQ &RVWD 5LFD

3ULPHUD HGLFLyQ 0DGULG 3ULPHUD HGLFLyQ HQ &RVWD 5LFD 0DU]R 'LVHxR GH OD FROHFFLyQ 0$18(/ (675$'$ (GLWRUD 0$57$ +,*8(5$6 'Ë(=

7RGRV ORV GHUHFKRV UHVHUYDGRV (VWD SXEOLFDFLyQ QR SXHGH VHU UHSURG QL HQ SDUWH QL UHJLVWUDGD HQ R WUD SRU XQ VLVWHPD GH UHFXSHUDFLyQ GH LQIRUPDFLyQ HQ QLQJXQD IRUPD QL SRU QLQJ~Q PHGLR IRWRTXtPtFR HOHFWUyQLFR PDJQpWLFR SRU IRWRFRSLD R FXDOTXLHU RWUR VLQ SUHYLR SRU HVFULWR GH OD HGLWRULDO


/D 6HOYD GH ORV Q~PHURV 5LFDUGR *yPH] LOXVWUDFLRQHV GH 7HVD *RQ]iOH]



&DStWXOR 7XJD OD WRUWXJD

+DFH PXFKR PXFKR WLHPSR DX FXiQWR KDEtD XQD HQRUPH 6HOYD HQ JDFHODV DOJXQRV OHRQHV PXFK PXFKtVLPRV FDUDFROHV DOJXQRV GH ODJDUWLMDV \ XQD WRUWXJD (Q GHILQLWLYD KDEtD R PHQRV SRFRV JUDQ D \ PXFKRV DQLPDOHV R PHQRV SHTXHxRV PiV < O ,JXDO VXFHGtD \ KLHUEDV FRQ iUEROHV +DEtD SR SHUR PXFKDV DFDFLDV 0XFKRV D JLJDQWHV < XQD FDQWLGDG HQRUPH \ QR GH S GLJDPRV KLHUELWDV 'H OR GHPiV SRU HO HVWLOR ODUJR \ OXHJR PiV ODJXLWRV \ FKDUFDV ULDFK + FXHYDV UHIXJLRV SUDGHUDV \ XQ Q WURQFR GH iUERO YLHMR \ UHVHFR (Q HO KXHFR \ UHVHFR YLYtD GHO iUERO YLHMR OD W /D WRUWXJD QR HUD QL JUDQGH Q PXFKDV QL SRFDV WRUWXJDV FRPR HVSHFLDO 7DQWR TXH D SDUWLU G 7XJD OD WRUWXJD YLYtD \ HQ H YLHMR /DV WRUWXJDV YLYHQ PXFKR WLH VDEH SHUR 7XJD HUD OD WRUWXJD \ VH KDEtD YXHOWR OD PiV VDELD GH WRGDV TXH 7XJD GHFLGLy PHWHUVH HQ H HUD UHVHFR \ YLHMR \ VLQR MRYHQ OOHQR GH KRMDV 7XJD VH UHIXJLy \ VH HQ GHGLFy HO KXHFR D SH PRYHUVH PLHQWUDV HO iUERO HQY DOJXQDV KLHUEDV TXH FUHFtDQ H


SHQVDU $Vt WLHPSR \ WLHPSR KDVWD TXH XQ Gt TXH \D KDEtD SHQVDGR OR VXILFLHQW iUERO \ HFKy D DQGDU 'HVSDFLWR SRUTXH ODV \ DGHPiV WRUWXJD 7XJD HUD YLHMD 1DGLH HQ OD 6 KDEtD YXHOWR HVD WRUWXJD


&DS t WXOR 8Q QHFLR HQ PHGLR GH OD VHOYD

&DPLQDQGR GHVSDFLWR VH OOHJD GH W L HPSR \ GH SDFLHQFLD \ 7XJD WHQtD DPEDV F $XQTXH HVWDED OHMRV WH UUL WRULR 7XJD EX GH OR SXH V TXHUtD HQFR Q WUDU D O 5H \ GH OD 6HOYD 0L GHVS D FLWR G H MDED QR GH SHQVDU K HQ D Et D OD LQYHQWD GR \ TXHUtD O /HyQ FRQWDU D 3U HJXQWy D XQRV \ D RWURV K D VWD TXH HQFRQWUy 5H\ HFKDGR D VRPE OD U D GH XQ 7XJ D iUERO V H D FHUFy KL ] R H XQ JHVW UHVS HWR FRQ OD FDEH]D ¢ 4X p TX L H U HV " /DV WRUWXJDV QR O RV OHRQHV WLHQHQ S RUTXH V X PLHG FDS D UD]yQ GXU R \ HV OR V GL H QWHV OR V OHRQHV GH U HVE D ODQ FRQ 3RU OR PLVPR WLHQ H Q ORV LQWH U pV SR OHRQHV UODV WRUWXJD V D QR TXL H QH V RQV F L GHUDQ DGH Pi V XQR V E LF KRV OHQW R V WRUS H V \ Q FR ROR U D YLHMR 0 DMHVWDG Y H QJR D FRQ WDU OH XQ VFX EULPLHQWR GH T KHFKR TX H FRQ HO VH SRGUi S R QHU R U GHQ HQ OD 6H OYD ¢ 2UGHQ " ¢< SDUD TXLH UR TXp \ R RU GH Q " <R GR\ yUGHQ H V SHUR QR TXL H UR SDU D QDG D HO RU GHQ 0H JXVWD GHVRUG H Q HO (O OHyQ KDEO D ED DEXUULGR FRQ D EH]D OD F HQWUH SDW DV O LQW HQ WDQGR SUR W H J HUV H GH O D V PX F KDV PRVFDV SHT KDE tD HQ O RV DOUHG H GRU H V &RQ PL LQYH Q WR VDE Ui FXiQWRV KD \OHRQHV H Q PDQ VX D GD FXiQW D V JDF HODV SUDGH HQ UD \ OD Fi XW QRV iU EROH V HQ O D VHOYD \ OD IUXWD TXH GD FD GD XQ R ¢ < SDU D TXp TXLH U R \R VDEHU HVR" 3XH V 3XH V SRGUt D RUG H QDU OR V U D HEDxR V GH J DF HO DV T XH YD \ DQ GRQGH Pi V KLHUE KD\ D 2 H YLWDU tD ODV S H OHDV HQWU PR QRV F XDQ G R VH U H S DUW HQ FRPLG D 2 GLU tD D ORV OHRS DU GRV FX iQWRV D QLPDOHV SXHGHQ FD]DU


/HyQ DEULy XQ RMR HQWUH ODV LQWHUHVDGR HVR GH ORV OHRSDUG SHOHDQGR FRQ HOORV 6LJXH (O DVXQWR HVWi HQ TXH SRU PDQDGD VH OH GD XQ QRPEUH HV WHUPLQDGR GH SRQHU HVRV QRPE FXiQWDV JDFHODV KD\ HQ WRWDO (O OHyQ QR HQWHQGtD R QDGD PXFKDV £6 JDFHODV HQ OD SUDGHUD FRQ Vy TXH HUD XQD WRQWHUtD D7XJD PLHQWUDV 6H OR GL HVSD PRVFDV GH VXV RMRV (VR HV XQD WRQWHUtD £6DEHU SRQHUOHV XQ QRPEUH £%DK 3HUR 7XJD WHQtD SDFLHQFLD $ PXFKtVLPDV PRVFDV SRUTXH VX SL (VWDED FRQYHQFLGD GH TXH VX G DVt TXH FRQWLQXy 9HUi 0DMHVWDG 812 ¢'H DFXHUGR" 8VWHG HV 1R GH DFXHUGR <R VR\ 5H\ 6t Vt XVWHG HV 5H\ 812 <R WDPELpQ SHUR 812 FXDQGR HVWR\ VROD SHUR FX MXQWRV '26 VRPRV (O OHyQ VH DEXUUtD \ QR OH XQD WRUWXJD FRQ XQ OHyQ SHUR ODV PXFKDV PRVFDV QR OH GHMDE VLWLR 7XJD VLJXLy KDEODQGR 6L XQD JDFHOD 812 HVWD 3HUR VROD WD FXDQGR FRQ RWUD JDFHOD '26 ¢0H HQWLHQGH" WDPELpQ IRUPDQ 1L SDWDWD (O OHyQ QR HQWHQG WRUWXJD KDEODUD 6L GH OD R FKD HFKDU D ORV OHRSDUGRV GH VX W XQ UDWR HVD FKiFKDUD HVW~SLGD 2 VHD TXH D OD SULPHUD FRVD GH XQD 812 &XDQGR RWUD FRVD VH MXQWD '26 < VL FRQ KD\ RWUD FRVD 75(6 $ HVWR IRUPDQ \R OH 812 OODP '26 \ 75(6 $O GDU HO ~OWLPR QRPEUH 75(6 ¢0H \R


VLJXH" ¢< T X p WL H QHQ TXH YHU ORV OHRSDUGR HVR " &RQ ORV OHRSDUGRV SDVD OR XQR OX H JR RWUR \ OXHJR 75(6 +D\ 75(6 RWUR OHRSDUGR GLF HQ WRWDO ¢< GLFLHQGR ©WUHVª SXHGR $ HV OR PHMRU pVD HV OD SDODEUD WHUULWRU TX (O OHyQ VH XQ SRFR LQFRUSRUy HQFLPD GH ODV © £7UUUHHVVVV ª £<D HVWi ¢6H KDQ LGR" ¢4XLpQ VH KD LGR" /RV OHRSDUGRV ¢1R VH KDQ LGR ORV ©WUHVª" 7XJD WHQtD PXFKD SDFLHQFLD 3DUD VHU 5H\ DTXHO DQLPDO HU 1R QR PDMHVWDG 9DPRV YHU D &XDQGR KD\ OHRSDUGRV ¢XVWHG G L FH DO UHVWR GH ORV TXp 3XHV PX\ IiFLO *ULWR ©£+D HVSDQWDUORV ª < D SHUR VL ©YDULRV GLFH ª QR VDEH FXiQW H[DFWDPHQWH 75(6 3HUR HQWRQFHV 75(6 VL OHRQHV GLFH SXH VDOLU D SHUVHJXLUORV D YHFHV ¢1R OH KD SD TXH FUH HVSDQWDGR D WRGRV ORV OHRSDUG 0XFKDV YHFHV ¢/R YH" &RQ PL LQYHQWR ¢+ D \ SXHG '26 OHRSDUGRV" £3XHV '26 OHRQHV ORV 75(6 HVSDQW ¢+D\ OHRSDUGRV" £3XHV 75(6 ORV OHRQHV ¢ /R SHUVLJ YD HQWHQGLHQGR" < D OR HQWLHQGR 2 VHD TXH VL YHR YDULRV YDQ D ]DPSDU D YDULDV PtDV GLJR ©WUHVV JDFHODV < UXJLy GH QXHYR ©M ,UUUHHVVVVV ª £1RRR 6L KD\ 812 XQ 6L OHRSDUGR KD\ PiV RWUR GLFH '26 < VL VH XQH 75(6 (VR RWUR HV SDUD GLFH U V FXiQWRV KD\ QR SDUD HVSDQWDUORV 2 VHD ¢D YHFHV GHF L U ©GRVV ª WHQJR RUD WV ©XQQR ª \ TXH RW UDV ©WUHVVª " 0iV R PHQRV (O OHyQ VH TXHGy PHGLWDQGR \ D OR KDE


HQWHQGLGR >4Xp WUDEDMR (OOD K HVWDED HQ ',(= SDVDU SHUR HVH QHFLR GH VH KD

Q~PHUR 5(6 3XHV D Pt QR PH JXVWD GHFLU SDODEUD GH JDFHOD ª ©M8QQR FRPR VL XQF KLHUED 7DPSRFR PH JXVWD Oª SDUHFH ©GRV VHUSLHQWH $ Pt PH JXVWD ª HV ©WUH PXF PiV DJUHVLYD <D SXHV HO VLJXLHQWH &8$752 GH OD ©¢*XDWUR"ª £(VR Vt HVWi ELHQ UXJLGR EXHQR ©*JJJXDWURª >0H JXVWD (VR TXL]i SXHGD HV OR PHMRU SXHGH HVSDQWDU D PXFK $ 7XJD \D QR OH TXHGDED VLTXL GH WRUWXJD %XHQR 0DMHVWDG PH YR\ 4XH $K Vt JUDFLDV &UHR TXH O KDPEUH 9R\ D YHU VL HQFXHQWUR 7XJD VH DOHMy GHVSDFLWR 0LH GHO 5H\ GH OD 6HOYD 3DUHFtD 5H\ *JJJXDWUR 7UUUHHVVVVV *JJJXDWUR 7XJD VH \ YLR YROYLy DO OHyQ VROLWDULR HVWiQ VRORV PHQRV FXDQGR VH H[WUDxR HO OHyQ TXH IXHUD XQ DQLPDO \ HV HVSDQWiQGRVH ODV PRVFDV


&DStWXOR 8Q PRQWyQ GH VHQWL FRP~Q

7XJD LED GHVSDFLWR 3HUR FRPR OHMRV +DEtD RtGR KDEODU GH ORV H PDQDGD WRGD OD IDPLOLD FRQ \ V SDUHFtDQ EDLODU PLHQWUDV PRYtD FRPHQWDED TXH WHQtDQ EXHQD PHP (O ~QLFR SUREOHPD DO WUDWDU FR TXH WHQHU FXLGDGR FRQ VXV SDW WRUWXJD $GHPiV FRPR HUDQ WDQ £(KKKK ¢4XLpQ OODPD" £$TXt DEDMR &XLGDGR TXH VR $K \D WH KH YLVWR ¢4Xp TXL 4XLHUR KDEODU FRQ HO MHIH $TXt QR KD\ MHIH 6L TXLHUHV W /H JXVWDED HVR GH TXH QR KXE PHMRU GRV YLHMRV VH HQWHQGtDQ 7XJD HVWDED VHJXUD HUD EXHQR GH \ TTXH XH D VX DOJXLHQ OH YHQGUtD ELHQ (VWDE (O 9LHMR DFXGLy SURQWR 7DPEL FDGD SDVR TXH GDED HUD \ GDED HQRUPH SDVR OHQWRV \ JUDQGRWHV 'HVSXpV GH VDOX HQ HO VXHOR SDUD TXH OD WRUWX (UD PX\ FRQVLGHUDGR ¢< TXp WUDH SRU DTXt D XQD S 7XJD H[SOLFy DO 9LHMR OR TXH HQFRQWUDGR XQ VLVWHPD SDUD VDE \ HQ PXFKRV 4XH VyOR \D FRQ VH VDEt SRQ FXiQWRV KDEtD \ TXH H[DFWDPHQWH DGHPiV HVH Pp SDUD RWUDV FRVDV TXH KDEtD LPD


3HUR GHVSXpV HVFXFKDU Hā O HGH OHIDQWH V LHP S U H HQFRQWUDEa DOJ~Q LQFRQ Y HQLHQWH 3HUR VL FDGD H QH QRPEUH XQ FRVD V H QHFHVLWDUiQ WL QRPEUHV F RPR F RV DV D UD 3 P XQD DQD GD GH H O H ID QWH V QR H V W i PD O SHUR SDUD KRUP L JX HUR XQ V H Ut D GHPDVLDGR < R WHQJR EXHQD PHP RULD SH UR YDPRV £1R QR 6RQ PXFKRV SHUR I iF LO QRPEUHV H V GH UH F R U GD U (Q U H D OLGDG V yOR KD \ TXH D FR U GDUV H GH WDQWRV QRPEU HV L PSRUWDQWHV H Q FRPR H V H Q O DV SD W XxDV D V \ XQ D V SRFD WL V F RV D V PiV 3RFR WLHPSR GHVSXp V H O HOH I DQWH \ D KDEtD FRPSU H QGLGR HO DVXQWR $V t TX H 812 '26 75( 6 &8$752 \ &,1 &2 ¢YHUGDG " (VR HV /R KDV PX\ EL H Q GLFKR


a aa  a W

¢< GD OR PLVPR &,1&2 HOHIDQWHV TXH &,1&2 VHDQ WRUWXJ D V &,1&2 SOiWDQRV &,1&2 SiMDURV &,1&2 KRUPLJDV" R MOJX D O GD &,1&2 VRQ XQR RWUR RWUR \ RWUR RWUR 'D PLVPR TXp 2 VHD &,1&2 TXH HOHIDQWHV SXHGHQ &,1&2 UD iUEROHV XQR SDUD FDGD SHOHDV &,1&2 XQR HOHIDQWHV &,1&2 VH UDFLPRV FRPHQ GH &,1&2 GiWLO PRQWRQHV KLHUED %RQLWR GH ERQLWR ¢< FyPR VL 6(,6 6,(7( 2&+2 18(9( \ ',(= ¢1DGD PiV" 1DG DPiV SRU DKRUD &RQ H VR HV VXILFLHQWH ¢$V t TXH QR SXHGR FRQWDUPH '26 PiV SDWDV" Y D\ D £3XHV UROOR ¢< B TX p KDJR \R G FRQ H O DV OD SDWDV " GH DWUiV $O HOHIDQWH O H KDEtD JXVWDGR HVR GH F RVD V TXH FRQW D ED HV WDED \ XQ SRFR GL V JXVWDGR SRU H W SDUDU HQ ',(= 1R W H SUHRFX SHV \D OR YHUHPRV 'H PRPHQWR TXLHUR T OR UH F XHUGH V EL H Q \ V H OR HQ V HxH V D WX PDQDG D 0DxD QD VHJXLUHPRV ( VH S UD H V S HUD 1R WH YD \DV ¢< SXH GR F RQW DU D O U H Y p V"


%XHQR FDVL VLHPSUH VH FXHQWD DO GHUHFKR 812 '26 75(6 &8$752 &,1&2 6(,6 6,(7( 2&^,2 18(9( < ',(= 6H DxDGH XQR DO DQWHULRU eVH HV HO

WUXFR <D ¢< GHVSXpV GH ',(= VH GLFH ©PXFKRVª" 1R QR WRGRV WLHQHQ QRPEUH SHUR WHQ FDOPD 7H YR\ D HQVHxDU XQ WUXFR SXHGHV FRQWDU DO UHYpV HQ DOJXQRV FDVRV ā$K

"H ā FXHQWD aH VL XHQWD ā 6L SRU HMHPSOR WLHQHV ',(= SOiWDQRV VHJ~Q WH FRPDV 812 D O-12 GLFHV ',(= 18(9( 2&+2 6L SDUDV HO VLJXLHQWH GLFH ORV SOiWDQRV TXH TXHGDQ £(VWXSpQGR 2 VHD TXH VL PH FRPR HO ',(= HO 18(9( HO 2&+2 HO 6,(7( \ HO 6(,6 PH TXHGDQ &,1&2 'DED JXVWR FRQ HO 9LHMR 6HQWDGR SDUHFtD XQD PRQWDxD GH VHaWLGR FRP~Q $GHPiV WHQtD XQD PDJQtILFD PHPRULD \ UHFRUGDED D OD SULPHUD 2\H ¢\ FRQ HVWRV QRPEUHV VH SXHGH KDFHU P~VLFD" 3XHV SXHV HQ HVR QR KDEtD SHQVDGR /RV '26 YLHMRV VH GHVSLGLHURQ KDVWD HO GtD VLJXLHQWH 7XJD HVWDED FDQVDGD GH VX ODUJR YLDMH DVt TXH EXVFy XQD VRPEUD JXDUGy VXV SDWLWDV \ VX FDEH]D HQ VX HVWXFKH \ VH HFKy XQ VXHxR 6H GHVSHUWy D ~OWLPD KRUD GH OD WDUGH (O FLHOR HVWDED URMR FRQ QXEHV QHJUDV TXH OR FUX]DEDQ 3RGtD YHU OD ILOD GH HOHIDQWHV GHVILODQGR D FRQWUDOX] HQ OD OODQXUD 6XV FRUSDFKRQHV SDUHFtDQ EDLODU PLHQWUDV PDUFKDEDQ FRQ ULWPR 'HODQWH LED HO 9LHMR PDUFDQGR HO FRPSiV 2\y XQD FDQFLyQ TXH GHFtD 8QR GRV WUHV WHQHPRV HO ULWPR HQ ORV SLHV &XDWUR FLQFR VHLV PDUFKDPRV FRQ JUDFLD ¢/R YHLV" 6LHWH RFKR QXHYH EDLODPRV FRPR HO 9LHMR VH PXHYH $O ILQDO GH OD OLVWD HVWi HO GLH] \ SRGHPRV FRQWDU DO UHYpV 1XHYH RFKR VLHWH FDQWDPRV DO VRO TXH VH PHWH


V H LV FQ L FR FXD WUR HO T XH Q R V H PX H Y D HV XQ SD WR WUHV G RV XQ R SDUD G R QR TX HVH D GQ LQJXQR 8QR GRV W UH V WHQHPRV H Q HO ULWPR ORV SLHV

7XJD SHQVy TXH Q~PH UR V HVR HUD GH WRGDY ORV GLYHUWLGR GH OR TXH KDEtD LP


&DStWXOR /D QDGD VLHPSUH VL

&RPR HUD YLHMD 7XJD GRUPtD R\HQGR V ORV JULOOR \ ORV SiMDURV (UD PDGUXJDGRUD SHUR £TXH DQWHV GH V DOLHUD TXH HO VRO VLQWLHUD

FDSDUD]RQ 6DFy OD FDEH]D \ YLR OD WURPS 2\H ¢SRGHPRV VHJXLU" ¢7DQ R" SURQW (VSHUD XQ SRFR 9LHMR D ODYDUPH (O HOHIDQWH V D OLy WURWDQGR PLHQWU DV OD WRUWXJD H Q VH PRYLPLHQWR 6H SXVR D WDUDUHDU W DU GH DQWHULRU 8QR GRV WU H V W H QHPRV HO ULWPR HQ ORV SLHV

/D P~VLFD QR HUD OR VX\R VH HOHIDQWHV VH PRYtDQ ULWPR SHUR V X FDSDUD]yQ FRQ RVF JUDFLD $SHQDV K D EtD GD GR WUHV SD V RV FXDQGR VLQWL y HO WURWH HOHIDQWH V H SDUy TXH HOO DQWH D 6LQ D YL V DU ODQ]y SRU XQ FKRUUR D JXD GH £< D H VW i V O D YDG D ¢3RGHPRV HPSH]DU " £4XLHUR F R QW DU Pi V GH GLH] 5HVXOWDED I DV WLGLR V R H O 9LHMR FRQ S U VXV L VD V $ 7X JD QR O H TXHGDE D PiV UHPHGLR VH JXLU H [ SOL TXH FDQ GR 3H UR QR OH JXVW D E D KDFHU O DV FRVDV UiSLGR $QW HV GH FRQWLQXDU YDPRV D KDFH U XQD F RV D V DPH $Ot XQ SRFR H O V X HOR SRU IDYRU < QR KDJDV TXH PH GD SROYR W RV OD (O YLH M R WUDE D My FRQ OD WURPSD \ GHMy V XHOR XQ OL VR /X HJ R V H VHQWy HVFXFK D QGR D O D W RUWX JD TX HH PS H]y KD FD HU UD \LWDV PL H QWUDV K D EODE D +HP RV Y L VWR TXH VL YDPR V DD xGL H QGR XQ R DO WH QH PRV GR V


WUHV FX DU W R FLQFR VHL V £< GLH] 6t Vt HVSHUD XQ SRFR $ GLEXMDUOR (PSH]DPRV \ VHJXLPRV FRQ DxDGLH XQR GLH] (Q HO VXHOR KDEtD DSDUHFLGR

(O 9LHMR VH HVWDED LPSDFLHQW HQ KDFHU FDGD UD\LWD SDWDV &XDQGR HQ HO VX YLR VH SDUDED GLMR 7H IDOWD XQD ILOD FRQ GLH] < D \D $QWHV HVSHUD D KDFHU YR\ FRVD XQD (Q OXJDU ODV UD\LWDV TXH VRQ LQFyPRGD PiV FRUWRV pVWRV 6RQ 'HVSXpV GH LU \ YHQLU GH XQ GLEXMRV HQ HO VXHOR TXH WHQtDQ

¢< HVR TXp HV" 6RQ JDUDEDWRV VLJQLILFD M VLJQLILFD VLJQLILFD \ DVt V XFH V LYDPHQWH (V PiV \ FyPRGR UiSLGR LU KDFLHQGR TXH UD\LWDV 1R Vp TXp WLHQH TXH YHU HVW %X H QR HVWR QR HV FRQWDU VLQR XQ DIRUPD GH HVFUL


VH FXHQWD /DV UD\DV GH VRQ M DV OR HQ FRPR V O iUEROHV FXDQGR UDVFDV 3HUR H WH VW D V PDU FD V W L HQ H Q XQ VL JQ LILF DG R (O J DUDE DW R V LJQ L ILFD \ VH O H H ©V LHWH ª < R D

H VWRV JDUDEDWRV OO D PR &,)5$6 ORV %XH QR VLJX H VLJ XH 6L Q S ULVDV V L Q SULVDV TXH PH IDOWD X JD U DED W R £(O GHO GL H] 3X HV QR + H L Q YH QD W GR XQ V L VWHPD D O SU TXH L QFLS L R SDUHFH PiV O D W RV R SHUR TX H HV PiV U iSL GR 3HUR GHE HV WHQ H U SDFLH Q FLD (O JDUDEDWR TXH IDO W D HV pVWH 6H OO DPD &(52

R

¢&(52" TX p¢< H V &(52" 1DGD &(5E HV Q D GD &(5 2 HV H O Q~PHUR GH S OXP DV TXH W L HQH V SR UHMHP S OR &(52 HV WDPELpQ Q~ PHUR FR HO O PLOORV GH TXH W HQHPRV O D V W RUW X J D V R HO Q ~PHUR FDSDUD] RQH VT XH W LH QHQ OD V M L UD IDV ¢ (Q WL H QGH V " 3RFR ¢3DUD F TXp RQWDU &(52 TXHUHPRV VL &(52 QR HV Q DGD" S RGH £1R PRV QL SR Q HU X QD UD\ LW D SDUD L U &(52 GHF 3DFLHQF L D SDFLHQ FL D

O X HJR YHUiV OR 9R\ D KDFHU X QD F RVD /D FDQ WL GDG GL H ] OD SR GP HR V H V F U LE L U D V t

¢Y HUG D G"

& O DUR £U (D O R TX HIDOWD E D $K RUD YR\ D K DFHU XQ DFRVD 3DUD HVF ULE LU G LH] H Q OXJDU GH SRQH U YR\ HVFULE D L U D V t < D O R YR\ D OODPDU '(&(1$ 2 VHD T XH VLJQLILFD GL H] R'( &( 1$ £(VR HV < V L HVFU LE R , V L J QL ILFD GLH ] \ XQR £< D 9R\ DxDGLHQGR D O UD\LWDV 6t HVR YH Q WDMD WLHQH G H TXH SRU HMHPS OD O R V L WLH QH VGL H] \ O XHJR VLHWH SXHGHV HVFULE L U H V W R

<D \D O R HQ W L HQG R ¢< Q R V HUtD Ii FLO PiV HVF U LELUOR " £0X \ EL HQ £0X \ EL H Q /R YV D SV H FDQGR $ Y HU ¢TX p VL J QLILFD HVWR " R

R

3XH V GLH] \R WUR V GL H] \ RWURV GL H] RW URV \ GLH ] \V HL V ¢Q R"


7X JD EU L Q F D E D VREU H VX V SDWDV GDQGR V DOW RV G H DO HJ U tD SRUTX H VX V LVWHPD IXQFL RQ D ED K /H D EUtD JXV WDGR GD YROWH U HW D V HQ DLUH HO SHUR V D EtD HV TXH R QR SRGU tD KD FHUOR Q X QF D < D HVWiV S U HSDUDGR VLJX SDUD L HQWH S D VR HO $ YHU V HVFULEL U HVWR XWLOL]DQGR FLIUDV

āāāāāāāāā

(VWR D YHU VRQ QXHYH '(&(1$6 \ VHLV ¢QR" &ODUR FO DUR (O 9LHMR XQ WRPy WUR]R G H UDPD FRQ \ HVFULELy OD WURPS HO VXHOR ā

£%UDYR EU D YR JULWDED OD WRUWXJD FRPR XQD FDODED]D Y D FtD £(UHV XQ FKLFR OLV 3HUR HO HOHIDQWH VH TXHGy S SHQVy TXH HVH VLVWHPD XQ LQFRQY H QL H QWH WHQtD £3HUR HVR FRQIXQG L SXHGH U (VR WDPE GH Lp Q SXHGH UHSUHVHQWDU VH LV '(&(1$6 \ QXHYH 1R QR FLIUD /D GH L]TXLHUG OD D L QGL F D '(&( 1$6 3RU H M HPSOR V L JQLILFD '(&(1$6 WUHV \ VLHWH Y ¢9DOH" D ORU GHSHQGH O D SRVLFLyQ GH OD F L IUD GH 6t W~ OR GL F HV 6t GLJR OR ¢3RGU t DV DKRU D HVFULE L U VLHWH '(&(1$6 \ VLHWH (O 9LHM R V H UDVFy XQD GH VXV JUDQGH UDP LW D \ SRFR GHVSXp V DOLVy H O VXHOR JDU D E DW Hy \

&X DQG R 7XJD O D HV F YLR ULWXUD V ROWy XQ JULWLWR FRQW HQ W R GH TXH SRGUtD HVFULELUVH ©£ *XD\ ª FRPR ¢ *X D\ "¢ 4Xp VLJQLILFD ©JX D\ª" SUHJXQWy H O 9L H MR DO J R PRVTX H DGR 1D GD QDG D FR VV DPtDV 4XLHUR DOJ GHFLU R DVt FRP ©£(V WX SH QG R ª /R HVW iV K D F L HQ G R ELHQ $ Y H U VL D WUHY WH H V DKRUD HVFULE LU D FLQFR '(&( 1$6 ¢ &L QFR '(&( 1$6 \ TXp Pi V" 1DGD 6yOR FLQF R '(& (1$6 9LH M R PRY Ly OD WURPSD \ ODV R U HMDV GH XQ VL WL R D RWU R S HQV DQGR 9HQtD ELHQ SR UTX H \D F RPH Q] DD E KDF D H U FDORU \ D


7X JD O H JXVWDED IU HV FR HO 1R DLUH HQFRQWUDED PDQHUD OD GH HVFULELU FL Q FR '(& (1$6 VLQ TX H SDUH FLH U D Q FL QFR XQ L GD GH V

3HUR D O ILQ D O H V FU L ELy R

R

£0X\ LQJHQLRVR GtMR 7XJ D 3HUR D YHU VL HUHV HVF U LELUOR XWLOL]DQGR V yO R FLIUDV (O HOHI DQWH VH PRYLy V REUH SD WDV VXV PLUy W RGR V O RV JDUDEDWRV K H FK RV SRU 7XJD \ āVROWy OD U DP L WD OHYDQ W DQGR XQ SRFR GH SROYR OR TXH K L ]R TXH O D WRUWXJ D W RVL HUD ā ā £0 H ULQGR 1R SXHGR HVF ULELU SR U TXH VL JQ LILFD FLQF SRUTXH VLJQLILF D FLQFR '(& (1$6 Pi V FLQFR QL SRU HV FL QF R '( &(1$6 PiV XQR 2 VH D TXH QR VH SXHGH 9LHMR PRYtD RU HMR W DV FDGD VXV Y H] P i V UiSLGR FR V D TXH 7XJD DJ UDGHFtD U TXH OD SR PDxDQD HUD \ VX PX\ FDSDUD]yQ P VH XFKR DO FDOHQWDED VRO /a WRUWXJ D VH SX V R H V F ULELU FRQ VX V SDWLWDV PLHQWUDV GH F tD ā ā 3XHV FLQFR '( &(1 $6 VH HVFULEH D Vt

TXH VLJQLILFD ! GHFHQDV FLQFR PiV ā FLQFR QDGD GHF H QDV < VL TXLHUR HVF UL ELU GRV '(&(1 $6 HV FULER

£<D \D Vp 2 VHD TXH VL JQLILFD GRV '(&(1$6 \ QDGD PiV 3RU HVR GHFtDV TX H2 VLJQLILFD QDGD ā (UD PX\ ā OLV W R HO ā HOH I DQWH %XVFy H O SDOL W R T X H DQWHV KDE tD GHVHFK D GR \ VH SXVR D HVFULELU $V t TXH ODV '(&(1$6 VH HVFULEHQ

ā

< VH TXHGy RWUD YH] SDUDGR SRUTXH Q R SRGt D HVFULELU YH] QL WHQtD PiV FLIUDV FRQ OD H FRPELQDU ¢0 H SXHGHV GH FL U TXp KDJR DKR UD" ¢ &R PR VLJR" $KRU D D HVSHUDU <D VDEHV H VFU L WD GH D T XH HV H ~OWLPR ©PXFKRVª H GHV TXH FRQWDU 0Dx SXDQD VHJXLU HPRV +R\ TXLHUR GHVFDQVDU TXH WRGR PX \ Ui S L GR SDUD Pt 9LHM R Q R SURWHVW y 6H IXH FRQ W HQW R S RUTXH KDEt FRPSUHQGLG R F yPR FR QDU GHVGH W XQ RK D VWD PXFKR V SH U R QR GHPDVLD GRV < D SRGtD V XV XxD V FRQWDU GLH ] GHODQWH \ RFKR GHWU i V 7H Q tD V X IL FLHQWH SDUD F RQW DU VX V KM L RV V XV QLHWRV \


KDVWD VXV EL]QLHWRV (UD SRVLE FRQWDU D WRGRV PDQ ORV D GD HOHIDQWHV GH 3RFR DQWHV GH DQRFKHFHU 7XJ HOHIDQWH OH OOHYDED SDU D FHQ XQ DU $ UDPLOOHW 7XJD IR

VRUSUHQGLy TXH XQ MRYHQFLWR HO HOHIDQWH OO H YDUD XQ PDUFDGR FRQ EDUUR HQ HO ORPR 9LHMR DSUHQGtD WDQ UiSLGR 3HUR FXDQGR HO SHTXHxR HOHID HO RWUR FRVWDGR WHQtD GLEXMDG HOHIDQWHV FRQ Q~PHURV HQ ORV Q~PHURV DSDUHFtDQ YHFHV GRV £(UD XQ GHVDVWUH 3HUR 7XJD SRQGUtD DOJXQDV FRVDV FODUDV


&DStWXOR 3RQLHQGR XQ SRFR GH

7XJD VH GHVSHUWy EDMR XQ FKR HO 9LHMR PDGUXJDGRU FRQ VXV SU 0LUD 9LHMR QR

GXFKHV PH JXVWD FRQ WX TX 6XHOWDV XQ DJXD \ FRQ FDOHQWRUUD RORU D KLHUED QDGD %XHQR SHUGRQD SHUR HV TXH ¢4Xp KRUD HV" ¢&yPR TXH ©TXp KRUD HVª" /D 0H SDUHFH TXH DOJ~Q GtD LQY SDUD VDEHU HO WLHPSR (VSpUDP DJXD IUHVTXLWD £6L TXLHUHV WH DFHUFR \R 3 1R JUDFLDV SUHILHUR LU GDQG 7XJD DQGDED GHVSDFLWR \ FRQ HVWDED LPSDFLHQWH \DQGDED UiSLGR \ FRQ JUDQG TXH SDUDUVH R UHWURFHGHU QRSHUGHU GH YLVWD D OD SDUD 0LV FRPSDxHURV HVWiQ WDQ F Q~PHURV $\HU WRGRV TXHUtDQā T HQ HO ORPR <D \D OR YL /D WRUWXJD WHQtD PXFKDV QR JDQDV GH KDEOD \ OOHYDED GRV GtDV PDGUXJDQGR Pi 7RGRV VHU TXHUtDQ HO SHUR OHV GLMH OR TXHGDUtD SDUD Pt SRUTXH H FODUR HV D Pt D TXLHQ FRUUHVSRQGH 1R HV HO PiV JUDQGH ¢&yPR TXH QR" $\HU GLMLVWH TXH SRGtD SDUWLU FRQWDU $ GH \D VRQ ©PXFKt 1R 7XJD LED (O GHVSDFLWR FDPLQR GHVGH HO i DUUR\R \ HUD HO HOHIDQWH ODUJR SHQVy TXH


SDUD UHPHGLDUOR (O 9LHMR WURWy KDFLD HO UtR HQ HO \ VXHOR D OHYDQWDU WLHUUD FRQ VRUSUHQGLy D 7XJD TXH FUH\ GLVJXVWDGR (O 9LHMR \ OHYDQWDQGR VLJXLy W S GLUHFFLyQ KDFLD 7XJD WDQ \ DVX VX FDEH]D 6X PLHGR FUHFLy FX TXH OH WHPEODED WRGR HO FDSD UXLGRV \ ORV WHPEORUHV R\y £<D HVWi 7XJD VDFy OD FDEHFLWD \ OR S HQRUPH /XHJR DO ODGR XQ FK SHQVy OR SHRU SHUR OXHJR FRP XQ SHTXHxR HO FDQDO UtR KDVWD GHVGH HOOD HOHIDQWH WHQtD SULVD SRU DSUH (O DJXD HVWDED WDQ WXUELD TX SRVDUD HO EDUUR DQWHV GH EH SUHJXQWDU ¢$Vt TXH GHVSXpV GH QR K %XHQR Vt KD\ PXFKRV PXFKt WRGRV ¢7RGRV" ¢7RGRV WLHQHQ Q~PHU JUDQGH 1R KD\ XQ Q~PHUR ©PiV JUDQG XQD UD\LWD PiV DXQTXH WHQJDV 9LHMR SHQVy HQ OR TXH GHFtD KXELHUD PXFKDV KRMLWDV HQ XQ XQD PiV $XQTXH EULOODUDQ PX WRGDYtD FDEtD XQD PiV LQFOXV JRWDV GH DJXD HQ OD FKDUFD PXFKtVLPDV KRUPLJDV H LQFOXV JUDQRV GH DUHQD (QWRQFHV ¢TXp Q~PHUR SXHGR < R PH TXHGDUtD HO XQR ¢(O XQR" ¢(O PiV SHTXHxR" (O DJXD \D HVWDED OLPSLD DV GH VHJXLU \ VH DFODUy OD JDUJDQWD ¢&XiQWRV HOHIDQWHV KD\ WX PDQDGD" HQ


$K Vt FRQWDPRV D\HU 6RPRV QRV SHUR VH UHPRV SURQ WUHV PiV DX QTX H GLH ] My YHQ HV TX LHUH Q L U VH SDU D I RUPDU RWUD PDQD G D ¢/ R YV H" 6L WH SRQHV HO OX H J R WHQHV L TX HFDPELD UO R D O

SDUD SRQHUWH 6H UtD X Q HO OtR TX L HUH V RWUR XQ 6L G Q~P HUR TXp GW DH H O O (V H Q~ PHUR L QGLFD 35, 0©HO (52ª DX QT XH W X PDQ D GD FUH ] FD R G L VP L QX\D ¢2 V HD TXH HO H V HO Q ~ PH U R PiV LPSRUWDQ W H " 6HJ~Q PL UH VH /RV Q~PHURV V LUY HQ V yO R S QR DUD &217$5 V LQ R WDPELpQ SDUD 25' (1$5 3RU HMHP SO R D O PiV YLHM R GH WX PD QDGD OH SR GP HRV GDU HO Q ~PH UR HVR LQ GL FD ©H OPiV Y L HMR GH O D OL VWDª £(V H VR \ \ R 3HUR VL TXHUHPRV SRU WDPDxR D O Pi RUGHQDU V JUDQGRW H GH O D PDQ DD GO H SRG H PRV WD GDU PEL pQ HO Q ~P HUR H VR LQGL FD ©HO PiV JUDQ GRWHª £ (V HWD PELpQ VR\ \R < V L RUGHQDPRV SRU UDSLGH] D O PiV UiS L GR OH GDPR W DPEL p Q HO TX HLQGL FD ©H OP iV Y H O R] ª £ (MHP HMH P WRV L y HO 9L HMR PL UDQ GR KDF L D RWUR O DGR % XQ HR QR V H SXHG H VHU H O 35 ,0(52 H Q W RG R &RQI yUPDW H F RQ VHU HO PiV YLHMR J UDQ G RWH HO PiV \ HO TX HPiV PDQ GD HQ O D PDQD GD 9LHMR QR GH OWRGR HVWDED FRQY H QFLGR SHUR O H SDUHFtD O HO VLVWH PD GH 7XJD 6L p O HUD 35 ,0(52 WHQtD KDEH U TXH D O J XL HQ GHV S XpV < V L \R V R\ 35 ,0(52 ¢FyPR VH OODPD HO TX Y D GH V SXpV" 6H ODPD O 6(* 81'2 H O V L J XL H Q WH 7( 5&(52 H O RWUR &8$572 *UD FL DV V X D EX HQ DPH PRUL D H O 9LH MR S XGR

UHFRUGD U O RV 1Ò0( 526 25',1$/ (6 GH O 35,0(52 D O 'e&,02 /XH J R OH UHV XO Wy GL YHUWL GR VDEHU TX H O RV V L JXLHQWHV OO DPDEDQ VH '(&,023 5, 0(52 'e&,02 6(*81'2 '(&,027(5&(52 (O 9LH M R D GHPiV W H QHU GH PRQWyQ XQ GH VH Q WLGR FRP~ Q \ GH PHPRULD H U D PX\ LPDJLQDWLYR D Vt TX HVH SXVR S L H GH HQ D O HJUtD \ GLM R ā £/ R E L HQ P TXH H YD D YHQLU H V W R S DU D ORV G HVILO H V $GHPiV SX H GR KDFHU MXHJRV \ WUDED O H Q JXD V FDQ FL RQ HV \ DGLYLQDQ]D


< VH IXH GHMDQGR VROD D 7XJD SDUD GDUVH XQ ODYDUVH ODV SDWDV EXHQ WUDJR \

SDVDU &,(1 GH TXH HUD DOJR PiV FRPS TXHGDED SRU FRQWDU 23(5$&,21(6 OR £8IIO >4Xp GH OD WUDEDMR 'XUDQWH WRGD OD PDxDQD 9L 1XHVWUD DPLJD OD WRUWXJD VH FDSDUD]yQ DO VRO FRPHU D OD \ HFKDU DOJ~Q VXHxHFtWR (UD MXVWR OD KRUD GH OD VLH HO UHWXPER GHO GHVSHUH]y $ SHVDU GHO FDORU ORV HOH SUDGHUD PDUFDQGR HO SDVR \ F GHVILOH OR HQFDEH]DED HO 9LH PiV SHTXHxR 2WUD YH] DO UH HO SDVR PLHQWUDV HO 9LHMR D 'HVILODURQ \ GHVILODURQ PXFKDV YHFH FULWHULRV VH RUGHQDEDQ ORV H SRU YHORFHV R SRU OLPSLRV JXDUGDEDQ XQ RUGHQ +DVWD HOOD OOHJDURQ ODV OHW HOODV GHFtD

/R GH FRQWDU HV IDEXORVR SDUD FDOFXODU FXiQWRV HOHIDQWHV YDQ D GHVIL 3HUR RUGHQDU HV QHFHVDULR SDUD VDEHU TXLpQ YD SULPHUR \ TXLpQ YD GHVSXpV 'H PD\RU D PHQRU GH PHQRU D QR VH VDEH TXp HV OR PHMRU <R VR\ SULPHUR W~ HUHV VHJXQ SHUR VL QRV GDPRV OD YXHOWD \R VR\ HO ~OWLPR \ W~ HUHV SHQ~OWLPR 2UGHQDPRV SRU HGDGHV RUGHQDPRV SRU SHVRV RUGHQDPRV SRU YHORFHV SRU RUGHQDPRV OHQWRV 'H PHQRU D PD\RU GH PD\RU D QR VH VDEH TXp HV OR PHMRU

'HVSXpV GH OD H[KLELFLyQ O


TXLHQ OO HYDURQ IOR U XQD (Q PHG L R GH HVH PRQWy Q GH IORU HV PLH QWUD V ORV HOH ID Q W HV FDQW D EDQ \ EDLODED Q QX HWUD V DPL JD

VLQWLy TXH VH SRQtD XQ SRFR FRVD TXH QR SR H[ SOLFDU (O 9LHMR VH DGHODQWy £0DJQtILFR £(V WXSHQGR (VWR GH OR V Q~PHURV HV OR PH M RU TXH KD\ SDUD MXHJRV \ GHVILOHV 9DPRV D S PLHQWUDV GHVILODPRV GH XQ VLW RWUR 0H DOHJUR SHUR WRGDYtD FRV D V SRU TX FRQWDU 3HUR HO 9LHMR GLMR D 7XJD 0LUD DPLJD QR WH PDO SHU R D Pt \D QR OR WRPHV LQWHUHVD VL KD\ PiV ©PXFKRV Q~PHURV ª &RQ FRQWDU KDVWD \ QXHYH \ QRYHQWD VDEHU RUGHQDU \ WHQHPR V VXILFLHQWH SDUD MXJDU \ GHVILODU


&DStWXOR 8QD HQRUPH FROHFFLy GH EDLODULQDV ]XPER

3DVDGRV DOJXQRV GtDV XQ SRFR HPSUHQGLy GH QXHYR VX YLDMH ( SDUD LQLFLDU VX D FDPLQR SDVR GH ,ED WRUWX G ULWPR OHQWLWR TXH D HOOD OH DS /DV FDQFLRQHV GH ORV HOHIDQWH PXFKRV DQLPDOHV WDQWR GLXUQRV VH KDEtD KHFKR IDPRVD HQ OD VH 6HJ~Q FDPLQDED VH FRUUtD OD DOJXQRV DQLPDOHV VH DFHUFDEDQ ¢0H HQVHxDUiV D FRQWDU SDUD GHFtD XQD JDFHOD ¢0H HQVHxDUiV D RUGHQDU SDUD VDEHU F DGHFXDGR SDUD PL QLGR" SUHJXQ ¢0H HQVHxDUiV D EDLODU \D HQFXHQWUDQ VRVR \ IHR" SUHJXQ 7XJD TXH HUD SDFLHQWH WUDW VHUYtDQ ORV Q~PHURV \ OHV GHFtD TXH HUD OD EDLOH GHO < FXDQGR PXQGR FRPHQ]DED VXV DEXUUtDQ \ GHFtDQ %XHQR JUDFLDV SHUR HVR D P < VH LEDQ FRVD TXH H[WUDxDED SHQVDED TXH \ RUGHQDU FRQWDU HUD VLHPSUH ~ SDUD VDEHU FXiQWRV OHRQHV DWDF GLVSRQLEOHV R FXiQWRV SDVRV G DQWHV GH JLUDU 8Q JUXSR GH HVFDUDEDMRV SHORW GH HOORV TXH HUD HO TXH GLU LQWHUHVDGR ¢(V SRU DKt GRQGH YLYHQ ORV 6t HV SRU DKt


¢< H V FLHUWR TXH XQD V ERxLJDV KDFHQ WDQ JUDQ GLF HQ " 0XFK D V YH FHV PiV JU D QGHV TXH PL FDSDUD]yQ £$ K TXp ELH Q GLM R H O FR QX GW F RU GH O JUX SR £+ DOD YD PR V 7XJ D SXGR FR QWD U YHL QW L G yV H VFD U D E D MR V Q HJURV FR PR X QD QRFK H V LQ HVWU H OODV 6L OR V H VFD UDE DMR V VXSLHUD Q FRQ WD U SHQ VD ED O D W RU WXJ D S RG U tD K D EH UO HV L Q GLF DG R FXi Q WR IDOWDE SDU D HQFR Q WUDU O D PD QD GD £3HUR TXp V H OH LE D DK DFH U (V RV ELFKR V WHQt DQ WDQWD S U L VD (Q VX O HQWR FD PLQ DU SD V D R GH WRUW XJ D Q XH VD WU D PLJ D V H HQ FQ R W U DED FR Q DL Q PD O H V TXH SUHJ XQWDED Q FRVDV FDGD YH H[W UD xDV ¢ 6DE HV V L Y D D OORY H U PDxDQ D " S UH JX QDED W XQ DO HF K X]D ¢< GyQGH HV Wi K RUP HO LJ XHUR J U PiV D QG H" GH FtD XQ RVR K RF L F XG R ¢ 6DEH V FyPR OODP VH D HVH iU ERO " G HFtD X Q S iMD UR FDUS L QWHUR 7XJD HV WDED GH KDUWD TX HW RGR V TXL VLH UDQ VD EHU FRV DV T XH HOOD VDE tD QR \ T X H QD GH LO H S U HJ XQW DUD S RU ODV FRV DV TXH V DEt D 8Q D YH ] FXDQGR XQ D ODJ DUWLMD SUHJXQ Wy YRODUtD VL Q iJXLOD V FXOHE U HUDV S RU O D ]R QD 7X JD GLM R £1L LG HD 3HUR D TXH Q R V DE HV F X iQWDV WHQp SDWDV L V ODV O DJDUW LM DV 3X HV YDU L DV 3XH V Q R K LM D Q R 6RQ FD XWUR >&X D WU R ([DFW DP HQ W H F X D WU R S D W DV £+ X \ FKLF D T Xp PD O K XP RU < O D O DJD UW LMD VH G DQ GR IXH VDO W L WRV 1X HV W U D D PLJD GHFLG Ly F D PL Q DU S RU OX JD U HV SR FR KDE LW DGRV 3HQVy TX HO RV D Q LPD O HV GH O D VHOYD KDEtD Q Y VH XHO W R O RFRV FRQ W D Q WDV SUHJ XQW DV U DU DV 1XQ FD OH K DE t D RFX U U LG R QD GD SDUHF L GR $O Q D O IL G H O G tD FDQVD G D 7XJD VH H Q HO WURQFR UHFRVWy G

XQ iUE RO O HM RV GH O DUUR \R 7RGDYtD H O VR O Q R KD VH EtD SX HVWR +DEtD FR PLG R X Q DV IO RUHV G LVSRQtD \ VH HF K DU XQ D D FDEH ] DGD F X DQ G R R\y XQ £] XP < O XH JR R W UR \ RW UR RW UR \ Pi V £=XP ]XP ] XP ] XP 0XUP XU y 9D\ D T X p FDV X D OL GD G LU GHVFDQVD D U D O OD GR GH X Q


DYLVSHUR 6LQ RIHQGHU HK 1R VRPRV DYL GH HOODV UHYRORWHDQGR DQWH VXV %XHQR HV OR PLVPR ¢$YLVSDV ¢7RUWXJDV R JDOiSDJRV TXp UHVSRQGRQD %XHQR $EHMDV EXHQR 2\H ¢QR VHUiV 7XJD OD WRUW VHOYD" ¢&yPR TXH KDEOD WRGD OD VHOYD 6t SRU DKt VH KDEOD GH TXH H DQLPDOHV ¢$ EDLODU" ¢< R SURIHVRUD GH %XHQR HVR GLFHQ 7XJD SHQVy TXH GH YHUGDG ORV MXLFLR $ OD FKDUOD VH LQFRUS PRYLpQGRVH HQ ]XP ]XP HO DLUH ,QWHQWy FRQ ]XP VXV DF

ODV FRVDV /HV KH HQVHxDGR D FRQWDU $ TXp HV HVR" 1L LGHD ¢3RU TXp QR PH OR 1XHVWUD SDFLHQWH WRUWXJD FRQ ORV Q~PHURV \ SDUD TXp VHUYtDQ 3DU DOJXQDV YHQWDMDV 8VWHGHV SXHGHQ VDEHU FXiQWD WRGDV HQ OD FROPHQD D TXp G IORUHV FHUFDQRV FXiQWD \ UHVROYH PLHO SUHJXQWDV GH HVH WLSR 3DUD HQWRQFHV KDEtD \D XQD DOUHGHGRUHV \ 7RGDV DJLWDEDQ ]XPEDEDQ ODV DOD XQ SRFR PDUHDGD \ SLGLy ¢1R SXHGHQ HVWDU TXLHWDV XQ ¢4Xp" ¢9 DPRV PX\ UiSLGR SDU ML ULy OD DEHMD $ SHVDU GH OD SURWHVWD ODV $XQTXH GHMDURQ GH YRODU \ VHJ DJLWDQGR VX FXHUSR /D TXH DQW LJXDOLWD D WRGDV ODV GHPiV SU ¢< QRV HQVHxDUiV HVR GH FRQ


%XHQR SHUR PDxDQD ]XP /DV ]XP ]XP DEH XQDV WUHLQWD \ GHVDSDUHFLHURQ YHFHV HO DJXMHUR HQ GH V /DV ~OWLPDV FDQWDEDQ =XP ]XP ]XP $ FDVD QRV YDPRV GHVSXpV GH OLEDU PDQ]DQRV FLUXHORV \ IORUHV GH D]DKDU =XP ]XP ]XP

7XJD VH DOHMy XQ SRFR \ VH SUHSDUy GHO iU SDU FDEH]DGLWD 3HQVy TXH VH KDEt LQWHQWDU H[SOLFDU HVR GH ORV DEHMDV ]XPERQDV 3HUR 7XJD VDEtD SRFDV FRVDV


&DStWXOR 9RODQGR UiSLGR

$QWHV GH TXH VDOLHUD HO VRO GHVSHUWDURQ D 7XJD TXH SHQVy VHOYD WRGRV VH OHYDQWDQ SURQWR *UXSRV GH DEHMDV VDOtDQ GH GLUHFFLRQHV /D QXEHFLOOD SRU VX ODGR GH FDQWDED XQD FDQFLyQ =XP ]XP ]XP 6RPRV ODV PiV UiSLGDV VRPRV ODV PHMRUHV HQ HQFRQWUDU IORUHV GH ULFRV VDERUHV =XP ]XP ]XP

(UD LPSRVLEOH GLVWLQJXLU D KDEODGR HO GtD DQWHULRU GH OD HQ WRGDV ODV GLUHFFLRQHV $GH TXHGDED QLQJXQD SRU DOOt \ 7DO KDFHU RWUDV FRVDV WDPSRFR KDEt 7XJD HFKy D FDPLQDU KDFLD OD >]XWQ

£(K ¢$GRQGH YDV" HUD OD D SDUHFtD $ ODYDUPH \ D EHEHU DJXD 3XHV D HVH SDVR FXDQGR OOHJ 0X\ VLPSiWLFD ¢< GH OR GH DQRFKH TXp" ¢1R 1R Vp 3HQVp TXH VH OHV KDEt -L ML ULy FRQ XQD YR] EXUORQD PHPRULD \ QR ROYLGDPRV QXQFD 3RU HQ TXp VH SDUHFHQ \ XQD SLHGUD" XQD WRUWXJD 3XHV QR


3XHV HQ TXH ODV \ GRV VH PXHYHQ VRQ GXUD S

-L ML ML 7XJD QR VDEtD TXp HUD SHRU ]XPELGRV 6LJXLy FDPLQDQGR K DEHMD LED XQ \ ODGR YHQtD D GH RWUR 1XHV DUUHSLQWLy GH KDEHU SDUDGR HQ LQVLVWHQWH \ PROHVWD DEHMD SHJDGD D V SRGtD TXLWDU GH HQFLPD FRQ VX ¢< TXp HV HVR GH FRQWDU" < HVR GH FRQWDU ¢TXp HV" 2\H ¢WDPELpQ HUHV OHQWD GH /D WRUWXJD QR UHVSRQGtD $Q DGHPiV QR HVWDED VHJXUD GH T HQWHQGHU HVR GH ORV Q~PHURV 7XJD DFFHGLy D FRQWiUVHOR <D \D OR HQWLHQGR GtMR OD FRQWDU GH XQR HQ XQR R GH GLH VH OODPD GHFHQD 3DUHFtD PHQWLUD OR UiSLGR TX $O SRFR WLHPSR KDEtD HQWHQGLG HUD XQD &(17(1$ 3HUR OD DEHMD VLHPSUH QR HQFRQW HVWDU GH DFXHUGR 3HUR QR Vp SRU TXp KDV KHFK 3RGtDV KDEHUFRQWDGR LJXDO FRQ JUXSRV HOH GRFH R GH TX 7XJD UHFRQRFtD TXH OD DEHMD 3RGtD KDEHU HQ '(&(1$6 DJUXSDGR R HQ 48,1&(1$6 +DEtD HOHJLGR GLH] SRUTXH OD PD\RUt GHGRV HQ \ DOJXQD QR VH OH SDWD KDEtD RFXU DEHMDV 3HUR QDGD \ FRQWLQXy QR GLMR VXV H[SOL DEHMD ]XPERQD SDUHFtD FRPSUHQ <D \D OR HQWLHQGR OD DEHMD GHFtD $Vt TXH VRQ &(17(1$ XQD R VHD FLHQ 3HUR XQ JUXSR ¢FyP GH FLHQ GH RWUR JUXSR GH FLHQ 6HQFLOOR GHFtD 7XJD $O S VyOR &,(1 /XHJR ORV RWURV JUXSRV V '26&,(1726


75(6&,(1726 &8$752&,(1726 48,1,(1726 6(,6&,(1726 6(7(&,(1726 2&+2&,(1726 129(&,(1726

1R OR HQWLHQGR SURWHVWy OD ]XPERQD 'HEHUtD VHU FLQFR FLHQWRV VLHWHFLHQWRV \ QXHYH FLHQWRV 3XHV QR KH GLFKR TXH HV DVt 0H JXVWD PiV \ VXHQD PHMRU 6L HPSLH]DV D SURWHVWDU OR GHMDPRV 9DOH YDOH 9D\D JHQLR TXH WHQHPRV ¢HK" £(VR WH GLJR \R $ HVR GHO PHGLRGtD OD DEHMD \D KDEtD HQWHQGLGR WRGR OR TXH TXHUtD VDEHU 3RGtD FRQWDU GHFHQDV FHQWHQDV \ DOJXQRV 0,//$5(6 7DPELpQ HUD FDSD] GH RUGHQDU FDQWLGDGHV \ GH KDFHU DJUXSDFLRQHV UiSLGDV 2 VHD TXH HQ VHLVFLHQWRV FXDUHQWD \ GRV KD\ VHLV FHQWHQDV FXDWUR GHFHQDV \ GRV XQLGDGHV ¢QR" ([DFWR &UHR TXH SRU ILQ OR YDV HQWHQGLHQGR < FXDQWRV PiV PLOODUHV R FHQWHQDV WLHQH XQ Q~PHUR PiV JUDQGH HV 6t VHxRUD 0X\ UHTXHWHELpQ %XHQR SXHV PH YR\ D FRQWiUVHOR D PLV DPLJDV 1R FRUUDV PXFKR TXH OXHJR WH FDQVDV -L ML /D DEHMD KL]R >]XP ]XP < GHVDSDUHFLy GH OD YLVWD GH 7XJD (VWD SHQVDED HQ OR GLILFLO TXH LED D VHU FRQWiUVHOR WRGR D ODV FHUFD GH PLO DEHMDV TXH FRPSRQtDQ HO DYLVSHUR SHUGyQ OD FROPHQD 3HUR 7XJD VDEtD SRFDV FRVDV GH ODV DEHMDV 3RFR UDWR GHVSXpV HO DLUH VH OOHQy GH ]XPELGRV £=XP ]XP ]XPO GHFHQDV GH DEHMDV YRODEDQ VREUH VX FDEH]D $QWHV GH TXH 7XJD GLHUD GLH] SDVRV PiV XQD QXEH GH DEHMDV UHYRORWHDED VREUH OD FRSD /RV ]XPELGRV HUDQ WDQ LQWHQVRV TXH QR VH RtDQ QL ORV JUD]QLGRV GH ORV FXHUYRV (O JUXSR GH DEHMDV FRPHQ]y VX UHXQLyQ FDQWDQGR


=XP ]XP ]XP /DV DEHMDV YDPRV D KDFHU QXHVWURV SODQHV &XLGDGR DQLPDOHV FRQ ORV SLFD]RQHV =XP ]XP ]XP

&RPR 7XJD VDEtD SRFR GH ODV OD FROPHQD VH UHXQtD SDUD DSU HVD PDxDQD /H GROtD OD FDEH]D GH WDQWR DOHMDUVH GH DOOt 0LHQWUDV HV VH DVRPy GHWUiV \ FKLVWy GH XQD SLHGUD D OD WRUW £&KVW FKVWO ¢4Xp" 2\H ¢VDEHV TXp HVWiQ KDFLH 1R WHQJR QL LGHD (V TXH DOJXQRV DQLPDOHV HVW TXH VH UHXQLHURQ VH GHGLFDUR SOXPDV QL FDSDUD]yQ TXH VL YLYt SUHSDUDQ DOJR" 1R WHQJR QL LGHD (V TXH HVWRV ELFKRV WLHQHQ


LP D J L Q D V 0 H OR Y DV D FRQ W DU D Pt (VSHU R TH XQR QRV K D\DV PHW L GR XQ HQ Ot R ¢ <RR RR " &O DU R F RPR W~ WLH QHV FDSDUD]yQ SLH O GXUD \ D W OD L QR WH LPS RUWDQ OR V SLFRW D] R V GH H V R V ELFKRV (O ODJ DUW R VH IXH UHIXQIXxDQG R \7XJD VH D GHVFDQVD VHQWy D VRP OD E U D G H XQ i U E RO PLH Q WUD V URtD XQDV SODQ W DV 'HVG O H MR V VH RtD HO ]X PE LGR G H PLOHV GH DEHMDV $O UD WR OD QXE H VH GLV SH Uy V $OJR U DUR VXFHGtD D TXHOOD WDUGH S R UT X H O DV D E H M DV Y RO D QG R HQ JUXSR V QR V H DOHMDE D Q PXFK R G H OD FRO PHQ D 'H Y H] HQ FXDQGR FDQWDE D Q XQD FD Q FLyQ

=XP ]X P ] XP 1RV RWU D V DE HDV M YD PRV D SH Q VDU FyPR ORV Q ~P H URV QRV YDQ D D\XGDU =X P ] XP ] XP


&DStWXOR /D GDQ]D GH ODV DEHMDV

/D PD xD QD D PDQ H FL R V LQ T X H O DV DE H M D V KXEL HUD Q GG DR V HxDO HV GH Y LGD $OJ R UDUR V XF H GtD VH GL M R 7X JD PLH Q W U DV L E D KD FD LH O iUER O GHO TX HVL H PS UH VD Ot D DOJ ~Q ] X PEL GL WR ¢ 6H O HV KDEUt D LQG LJ HVW D GR HV R GH ORV Q ~PHUR V" &XD Q GR OOHJy 7XJD JULWy DO WR TX OR HSX GR PiV $O SRFR WL HPS R > ]X PO V DOLy D EHMD XQD O D FROP GH H QD \ V H SR V y HW QH U O RV RM RV GH OD W RUWXJD TXH O RV FRQ RMR V E L ]FRV SU HJX Q Wy 2\H ¢SDV D D OJR" 1 D GD Q D GD (V TXH D Q WHV G H VD OLU H V WDP RV KD FHQ LG R U H FXHQWR GH OD UY DV F H OGLOO D V ] iQJ D QRV \ KXH YR V 3RU FL H UWR ¢V DEH V TXH QXH V WUD U H LQD SX V R DH \U RFK RL F H QW RV FLQ F XHQ WD \ VLHWH K XHY RV " ¢ 7DQWR V" 7 DW QRV 6HJ XUR PXFK TXH RV PiV GH ORV T X H SR Q H XQD WRUWX J D 6 HJ XR U$KRU D T X H VL W H QHP RV HQ F XHQW D H O W DP Dx R -R KLM D FyP R WH S LFD V O D GLMR D EHMD VH IX \ H FR QX Q ] XPELG R 7X J D GH FLGL y GHMD U HQ S D ] D DTX H OO RV SUH V XPLGR V \ S LFDMRVRV D QLP D O H V &DP L Q y K DF L D O D FKDUFD GL V SX HVWD D F R Q WLQXDU V X YLDMH S RU OD VH OY D 7H QtD T XH U HF RQ R FH U T XH O D PXV L TXLOOD G H OD V DE HMDV H UD FDV L PH MRU T X H O D G H O RV H OH IDQWHV FR QD O J XQD V SH T XH x DV Y DUL DQ W HV >3RP SR P S RP 3X HV W D D FD PLQ DU GH VDFL S R VL Q SULVD V D W RG RV OR V VLWLRV VH SX HGH OO HJD U £3RP SRP SRP


(O DJXD GHO DUUR\R OD D\XGy D WUDJDU DOJXQDV IORUHFLOOD <D KDEtD FDUJDGR DJXD SDUD DWUDYHVDU ORV FDPSRV PiV VHFRV GH OD VHOYD \ HVWDED OLVWD SDUD HO YLDMH FXDQGR R\y GH QXHYR DOJXQRV ]XPELGRV ©>2K QR ª VH GLMR 9HQ YHQ UiSLGR 7HQHPRV XQ SUREOHPD 7XJD TXHGy PLUDQGR DO JUXSLWR GH DEHMDV TXH UHYRORWHDE D VX DOUHGHGRU (VRV ELFKRV HUDQ XQRV PDOHGXFDGRV DVt TXH VH GHVSLGLy GH HOORV \ HPSUHQGLy VX FDPLQR HQ GLUHFFLy RSXHVWD 3HUR XQD GH HOODV LQVLVWLy $QGD YHQ DXQTXH QR VHD UiSLGR 3RU IDYRU WHQHPRV XQ SUREOHPD (VR HVWDED DOJR PHMRU SHQVy 7XJD TXH GLR PHGLD YXHOWD &XDQGR OOHJy D OD FROPHQD XQD DEHMD VH SRVy HQ VX QDUL] (UD PROHVWR SRUTXH OD REOLJDED D EL]TXHDU SHUR SRU OR PHQRV HVWDED TXLHWD \ QR ]XPEDED 7XJD QR VDEtD VL HVD DEHMD HUD OD PLVPD TXH OD DQWHULRU $GHPiV GH VHU LGpQWLFDV WRGDV WHQtDQ OD PLVPD YR] FRPR VL IXHUDQ KLMDV GH OD PLVPD PDGUH 7HQHPRV XQ SUREOHPD ¢4XLHUHV TXH WH OR FRQWHPRV" $ OR PHMRU SXHGHV D\XGDPRV


% XHQ R ¢4 X p SV DD" &RQ Q~P ORV HURV S R \D GHPRV FR Q W D U \ K HPRV SHUIH FFLRQDGR QXHVW UR VLVWH PD SU DD L QGLF DU FDPS RV GH IOR U H V S HUR QR VHVWDP RV KF D LHQGR X Q OtR ¢ 8Q OtR F RQ OR V Q~PH URV" 1R SXHG H V HU 2\H ¢QR VH SXHGHQ T X LH HVWDU W DV FRP WXV SDxHUD V " /D D EH MD TXH HV WDE D SDU D GD V R EUH O D QU DL] GH 7XJ D D O ]y HO YXHOR GHVFUL ELy XQ DV FXUY DV H Q HO DLUH WR GDV \ O DV GHP iV VH SRVDURQ 8QD V HQ V XHOR HO RWUD V HQ ODV UDP DV \ RUDV W VREUH O D V IORUHV £4Xp W U DQ TX LOL G D G *UD FLD V GLMR 7X JD ¢&X i O HV S UREO HO H PD" 9 HUiV &X D QGR XQD D DEHM TXLHU H OD PDU O OD DWHQ FLy Q GH RWU D KDFH YD ULDV &, 5& 81) (5(1&, $6 HQ H O D L U H ¢(QWLHQ GHV" ¢8 Q D &,5 &81) (5 (1&, $" (M H P ¢ $ TX p OO D PDV &,5&81) (5( 1&, $" ¢1R VDEH V TXp HV &,5&81) XQD (5(1&,$" -L ML DVt TX HO D WRUWXJ D OW LV D QR V D EH T Xp HV XQ D&,5 &81)( 5( 1&,$ /D VG HPi V DEHMD V SDUHFL HU RQ PXUPXUDU VX V DODV S FRQ H UR QR GL HURQ VLT QL X L H U D XQ ]X PELG L WR 0HQ RV PD O SHQ VD ED 7XJD 8Q D &,5 &81)( 5(1 &,$ HV XQD &859$ FHUUDG D TXH WL HQH SXQWR V D PL OD V PD G LV WDQFL D GHO &(1752 &RPR ERUG HO H GHO ERWyQ G H XQ DP DUJDULW D ¢0 H Q W H LHQG HV" 6t V t FODUR XQD FLUFXQ IHUH QFLD 3X HV HV R TX H GD YX H OW DV H Q &,5&81)(5(1&, $ &XDQG R K D OO D PD GR DWH OD QFLyQ G H O DV GHPiV SDUD LQ GL FD U OD G L UH FFL yQ GH XQ F DP S R G H IORU HV F RP LHQ ]D WUD] D D U (/, 36(6 ¢/ RH QWL H QGH V" $ Vt TX HG L F HV TX HG HV SX pV XQ D( /, 36 ( ¢K H " &O D UR \ D VD EH V XQ D &, 5&81 )( 5( 1&,$ GHIRUP D GD \

DF KDW D G D SRU GRV ODGR V FR PR ERUG HO H G H W X FD S DUD]y Q 3 RU VX SXHV WR SRU VX SXHVW R /R K D E tD HQW H Q G LG R / DOt Q H D PiV ODU JD TX HVH S XHG H WU D]D U HQ OD (/,36( R VH D HO ', È0(7 52 PD\ R U LGLFD Q O D GLUHFF Ly Q GHO FDPS R GH IR O U HV ¢0H FRPSUHQGHV" 7X JD OR H Q WH QGtD \ H U D IDV FLQDQ W H ,P DJ LD Q ED XQD &,5&81 )(5(1& ,$ F RQ V XV ',È 0(7 526 LJX D O HV X QD \ (/,36 ( FRQ V XV ',È0 (7526 GL VWLQ WRV XQR SH TXH xR \ RWUR J U DQ G H ,QW H UH VD QWH OR TX HV D EtDQ HVDV DE HLW M DV


&ODUR TXH WH HQWLHQGR 6LJXH 8QD YH] VHxDODGD āDH OD IORUHV GLUHFFLy TX SRU LQGLFDU OD GLVWDQFLD \ Q~PHURV <D VDEHPRV GHFLU SRU ¢'RVFLHQWDV YHFHV TXp" 3XHV ©GRVFLHQWDV ',È0(752 PD\RU YHFHV (/,36(ª" GH OD HO ¢(QWLHQGHV" (UD VRUSUHQGHQWH HO PpWRGR PDUFDEDQ XQD H LQGLFDEDQ GLUHFFLyQ FXiQWR WH (UD FRPR FRQWDU HQ SDVRV SHUR QR HQWHQGtD VX SUREOHPD \ SUHJXQWy SHQVD < D FRPSUHQGR 0(',5 (VR $O 0(',5 VH GLFHQ OODPD FXiQWDV YHFHV OD GLVWDQFLD ',È0(752 /R HV KDFHQ PX\ ELHQ SHUR HQWLHQGR £3HUR VL HV IiFLO 'HFLU ©F TXH GDU FXDWURFLHQWRV ]XPELGRV QR SRGHPRV JULWDU WDQWR SDUD T $ YHU VL 2 OR VHD HQWLHQGR TXH VL XQ FD ',È0(7526 GDQ PLO ]XPELGRV < VL FLQFXHQWD VHUiQ WUHVFLHQWRV LQGLFDQ 0(','$ PHGLDQWH OD ]XPELGRV &ODUR 1R PH H[WUDxD TXH ORV DQLP WDQWR M]XP ]XP 3DUD QRVRWUDV WDPELpQ HV XQ TXH VHJXLU FRQWDQGR DVt TXH VRVSHFKDPRV TXH HVWR VH SXHGH 7XJD VRQULy DO SHQVDU TXH Vt 3HUR HVRV ELFKRV PDOHGXFDGRV W VDEHUOR +DEtD RtGR TXH OD PL GHOLFLRVDV TXH SRGtDQ HQFRQWU WRUWXJD OOHJDU D XQD FROPHQD 2\H ¢\ VHJXUR TXH PHUHFH O PLHO TXH IDEULFDQ" +H RtGR TX IDEULFDQ PHMRU ¢0HMRU" ¢0HMRU " >9DPRV FKLFDV TXH OD QXHVWU HVWD YLHMD WRUWXJD OR TXH HV E 8Q PRQWyQ GH DEHMDV VH OHYD












































Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.