A2 powerpoint exam

A2 Critical and Contextual Studies - Exam Boundaries Laura Kirk

My Intention For my A level exam I have chosen boundaries as my question. I will begin by focusing on how boundaries can be seen in art through history in regards to reflecting upon war and conflict in. In doing this, I will look at images that were created as a result of different wars and conflicts and how boundaries are used in the work.

The first painting I am going to be studying is the third of May By Francis Goya. I decided to start with this painting as it presents its main barricade to be as a result of authority figures lining up to shoot unarmed civilians. Therefore, it shows that this barricade is strong through the sense of power through weapons.

‘The Third of May 1808’ In this painting (which is also known as The Execution of the Defenders of Madrid), by Francisco Goya, it is shown that some Spanish defendants, pictured on the left, are about to be executed by the French Napoleon, in formation on the right. This image is set at night as it gives a gloomier and mysterious tone to reflect the event that is being pictured; also the lantern that illuminates the foreground creates some dramatic lighting to emphasise the intense feeling felt by the figures in the image.

‘The Third of May 1808, Francisco Goya 268 cm x 347 cm, 1814, Oil on canvas Museo del Prado, Madrid

However, in 1808 Spain became politically and socially corrupted, thus emphasising how weak Charles IV was in power. As a result of this, the French Armies of Napoleon invaded Spain taking power over the country therefore, Goya, aged 62, was then employed by the Napoleon. Although, during the six years of war and revolution in Spain, Goya witnessed tragic events of violence and death but, through fear of losing his life, he wasn’t

allowed to share the experiences as long as he worked for the French rulers. It wasn’t until the Battle of Waterloo that the Napoleon was defeated and there were new Spanish rulers; after this Goya was then allowed to paint his experiences in 1814.

‘The Second of May 1808’

Francisco Goya

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Goya was a Spanish painter who was employed by the Spanish Royal Family at the time (the family of King Charles IV) and painted regular portraits for them. Also, in these portraits he would picture himself in them to make it known he was associated with the family although, he would be pictured in the background to emphasise he is of less importance.

http://totallyhistory.com/the-third-of-may-1808/ https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/artists/francisco-de-goya http://www.richardharrisartcollection.com/portfolio-view/francisco-goya-2/

‘The Third of May 1808’

Hence, in 1814 Goya created both ‘The Third of May 1808’ as well as ‘The Second of May 1808’. The first is about the confusion of the battle and when it first began where as the second is about emphasises of the brutality of war.

The Main Figure The most apparent figure in the painting is the man stood with his hands above his head, this is mainly because of his white shirt. This gives the figure a sense of innocence and this is only heightened by the lantern illuminating him to as a result create a reference to a Christ figure. Also, to support this, the man has stigmata on the palms of his hands to

In the foreground of the painting Goya has included the French firing squad, making them the closest subject to the audience, this is because it emphasises the fact they are acting as a barricade concealing the civilians. Moreover, when paired with the dramatic lighting from the lantern it makes them seem powerful and therefore, feared as they would have been at the time.

The Firing Squad

reference that he, and all the other individuals killed by the Napoleon, will be resurrected and the Napoleon will be defeated by the new Spanish rulers.

Civilian Reactions

Surrounding the Christ figure there are many other French civilians showing various reactions towards the shooting and the reality of death. For instance some people have facial expressions showing fear, disbelief and shock (the figures on the left) where as, the figures where as, the figures on the right can’t even bare to look. Moreover Goya showed this range of reactions to show the reality and cruelty behind the event therefore, the audience can empathise the figures and as a result interact with the painting.

Dead Corpses In the bottom left of the painting Goya has included some dead corpses surrounded by blood, which further adds to the reality of the painting and exposes the truth of what the Napoleon did. The fact he has included the dead civilians as well as the civilians waiting to be killed shows that is was an event over a long period of time, and represents the

mass number of people that were killed and affected. Furthermore, the dead corpses have been left piled over each other presenting the lack of respect they had and conveying a further sense of sympathy towards them. As well as this, this fact they show a lack of respect it can show the authority that they have to reinforce the power of the barricade.

Background Building Goya has used well know buildings of Madrid in the background of the painting, to set where the it is, therefore in doing this it emphasise, again, the event was

truthful. This is because the audience can, in the present day, go and visit the same buildings hence the same area of where it happened. Moreover, this creates a sense of relatability to the painting to allow the audience to feel all of the emotions in the painting to a greater extent.

The next painting I am going to study is the Second of May 1808, this is another piece by Goya where he has aging presented a barricade of people. However, within this piece it consists of both the French troops and the Spanish civilians, this then presents less uniform approach to the barricade which can show that the authority figures (the French Troops) have less power over the civilians compared to in the third of May 1808.

From this, it can show how it is at the start of the war when they French Troops were trying to gain control

In this painting Goya has presented the outbreak of the Peninsular War in Madrid, which can be seen through the types of buildings pictured in the background (pale brick). Despite this the background is monotone, showing little contrast, in order to limit the sharpness of the buildings and promote the figures in the foreground.

In the foreground, Goya has included an excess of figures to promote the chaos of the war as well as reflect the uncertainty and confusion. Although, all of the figures but one (the male on the right hand side with a green jacket, the colour

of fertility, and yellow breeches) are less defined, this singular figure is painted to have larger contrast and be highlighted through the use of lighter tones.

Goya has highlighted this figure as he is presenting him to be the as the painter thus the rest of the image is a scene in a studio.’ For instance, the figure holds a dagger, to represent a paintbrush, that is stabbing the horse and where contact is made blood spurts to represent paint .As well as this, the figure is shown to be crouching like the painter in one of his earlier pieces to suggest the audience is looking at the figures painting.

The Second of May 1808 Family of Infante Don Luis

The Peninsular War On the 2nd May 1808 there was a large uprising in the streets of Madrid where the invaders (the French troops) were able to supress the Spanish civilians who retaliated against the troops. This was because the French army had attempted to move the daughter and youngest son of Charles IV of Spain to the French city of Bayonne where heir to the throne Ferdinand his father, the Spanish King, had already been taken prisoners. Thus, on the third of May the French army had to account for the Spanish rebels hence, a large number of arrests took place as well

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as executions that additionally took place on the hill Principe Pio, on the outskirts of the city. As a result of this invasion Napoleon was able to depose the existing Spanish monarch in April 1808 to allow his own brother Joseph a place on the throne.

Before the outbreak of war in Spain between Spain and France, Napoleon (French military and political leader) had achieved domination over the major parts of the European continent. This was done through victories at Ulm (1805), Austerlitz (1805), Jena-Auerstädt (1806) and Friedland (1807) as well as their armies successfully eliminating Austria, Prussia and Russia as military opponents.

However, France and Spain were considered to be allies thus, Spain allowed

55,000 French troops into the country as they were said to be passing through to Portugal. However, in January 1808 the French army revealed that they were looking to capture and overrule the Spanish to increase their power over Europe.

www.peninsularwar.org/penwar_e.htm Spain and Portugal during the http://historywarsweapons.com/peninsular-war/ Peninsular War , 1808–1814 http://www.everypainterpaintshimself.com/article/goyas_2nd_may_1808/ Art The Definitive Visual guide, Foreword by Ross King, Editorial consultant Andrew Graham-Dixon, Page 306

Next I decided to research this painting by Eugène Delacroix: ‘Liberty Leading the People’ that was painted as a result of the 1830 French revolution. Within this piece there can be seen to be a main barricade along the base of it that consists of dead figures both from the Spanish civilians and the Napoleon soldiers this can present to be a powerful representation of the fact that even though when the individuals were alive they disagreed once they have passed they present to be the same.

This area can be seen to act as a barricade further through the fact other figures are climbing over them, also.

‘Liberty Leading the People’ The piece was created by Eugène Delacroix in 1830 and it captures the point in history of the Revolution that took place in France in 1830 against the Bourbon King Charles X. In the image there is a crowd of individuals pictured that are all walking together although, the most apparent figure is the woman in the centre panel of the piece. Furthermore, the traditional technique of subtlety blending colours and been averted with pungent primary colours being used, the most apparent being in the tricolored flag, which could reflect the colours of the French flag. Also, the background is shown to be clouded over suggesting there has been a form of violence through weapons such as guns as well as the fact it is in the city. The idea of the ‘rays of hope’ has additionally been introduce into this painting, therefore reintroducing the idea of victory.

Notre Dame

In the background of the painting Delacroix has painted the Notre Dame as initially it resembles the Kings power creating pessimism about the revolution. However, on the top of it there is a tricolour flag shown to be flown to counteract the King’s power due to the fact it has been ruled over by the revolutionists. However, this can be a nerving representation of how a mob can cause a society to become unstable, as well as how the French peoples determination allowed them to achieve their aims.

The fact the flag pictured it so small encourages the audience to engage with the painting as it is on a large scale, although because of the overall tone of the painting is optimistic about the revolution many people will agree with the fact it has been flown.

In addition to this, the clouded background of the painting is shown to part and to reveal the Notre dame with the flag, thus Delacroix did this to emphasise this part of the image. Also, this shows this flag in the background has more meaning and controversy than the one in the midground creating more drama and emotion about the piece to make it a romanticism piece.

- https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/artists/eugene-delacroix - http://www.notredamecathedralparis.com/ - http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/july-28-liberty-leading-people

Eugène Delacroix, The Woman of Algiers, 1834

Eugène Delacroix Delacroix was one of the leading artists in the romantic movement along with Géricault, who he was greatly inspired by, so much so he posed as one of the figures in his piece ‘the Raft of the Medusa’.

He contrasted the neoclassicism approach of art that was most common in the time period and began to recreate his new

approach of romanticism in his work, for which he praised for. The work he completed was inspired and developed from emotions he has seen and experiences especially form his travels to Morocco, Algeria and Spain.

The Central Woman

Delacroix has created this woman (Marianne) to be a personification of liberty, for instance he has pictured her to wear the red Phrygian cap that was worn during the first French revolution, Therefore through this it promotes optimism as they expect to gain liberty the same as the first revolution. Also, she is shown to hold the tricolore flag in her right hand, which was banned at the time, this helps present her rebellious nature as well as (when pair with the musket in her left hand) the fight for independence and freedom from King Charles X. In addition to this, it creates a sense of controversy and how she represents the democracy. Therefore, to further this Delacroix painted the figure to be partly nude to reference to work from ancient Greece, where democracy began.

Moreover, the way the figure is highlighted compared to the rest of the figures promotes how she represents democracy as she is seen as the innocent and empowered figure as appose to the royal troop on the floor. As well as this, through this highlight of importance it can also highlight how she is leading the figures over the barricade of people.

Unity of Figures

In the midground there are two men picture who represent two different figures in society. For example, the man dressed in a top hat represents the middle class, where as the man to the left of him represents the working class which can be seen through his simplistic clothes. Therefore, the fact the two classes have come together to fight in the revolution shows the desire for freedom, and the range of people that agree with democracy and want to oppose against the aristocracy. .

The Dead Figures In the foreground there are two further . figures that appear to be dead although for different reasons. The man on the left is shown to be in the working class through his white shirt although he isn’t picture to have any trousers on, this indicates that Delacroix wanted to expose what the Royal Troops did to suspected revolutionary sympathizers; they would murder them in heir sleep then transfer heir bodies to the street to cause fear and help inhibit the revolution. However, through doing this, Delacroix has created a piece of propaganda to support the revolution although he didn’t play a part in it. Despite this the dead figure could have also died, as a sacrifice, on the street to support the democracy with the image of Marianne as his last sight, this would therefore have a large impact on the audience due to the fact it shows the

amount of people that died during the revolution. As opposed to this, on the right Delacroix painted one of the Royal troops which would have been killed in order for the revolutionists to pass through the barricades; these were created by the troops in small alleyways (as it was a medieval city) to prevent the free movement of revolutionists. Therefore, through showing the troops dead, it represents how the revolution was a success and the aristocracy could be overcome; and are venerable as a result. In addition to this, it is these figures as well as the other ones piled over each other that create a barricade as a result of the revolution.

In the background of the painting Delacroix has painted the Notre Dame as initially it resembles the Kings power creating pessimism about the revolution. However, on the top of it there is a tricolour flag shown to be flown to counteract the King’s power due to the fact it has been ruled over by the revolutionists. However, this can be a nerving representation of how a mob can cause a society to become unstable, as well as how the French peoples determination allowed them to achieve their aims.

The fact the flag pictured it so small encourages the audience to engage with the painting as it is on a large scale, although because of the overall tone of the painting is optimistic about the revolution many people will agree with the fact it has been flown.

In addition to this, the clouded background of the painting is shown to part and to reveal the Notre dame with the flag, thus Delacroix did this to emphasise this part of the image. Also, this shows this flag in the background has more meaning and controversy than the one in the midground creating more drama and emotion about the piece to make it a romanticism piece.

After the painting by I decided to focus on another painting

by Jean-Louis Ernest Meissonier that presents another French Revolution in 1848. Within this painting in the foreground there can be pictured the French civilians within a pile of rubble. For instance, the rubble was once a barricade that was built within the revolution, however was later destroyed along with killing the civilians bend it. Therefore, these dead individuals are now presented as the new barricade as well as being combined with the old one.

The Barricade in the Rue de la Mortellerie, June 1848 Within this painting by Jean-Louis Ernest Meissonier he has depicted a true scene from the 1848 worker riots within the French Revolution, for instance the work has been created after his previous water colour that he created at the scene in 1848. For example, it was set after the a barricade of the rue de l'Hôtel-de-Ville had been demolished outside a town hall in Paris.

Furthermore, Meissonier wanted to present the piece within the salon in 1850-51 Salon and initially wanted to title it June, however due to it being a recent event decided to title it Memory of Civil War. Despite this there were still many critics that opposed the painting due to its graphic representation of the events.

Although, even though it was a small image (what Meissonier was known for) he was praised for the impact he had made from it, this made him known as the ‘Giant Among Dwarves’

Ernest Meissonier, The Barricade 1848, Watercolour, 26cm x 21 cm Musée d'Orsay

Jean-Louis Ernest Meissonier, The barricade in the Rue de la Mortellerie, 1848 -1849, Oil on canvas, 29x22cm, Louvre, Paris, France

Comparison In comparison to Delacroix’s depiction of a French revolution barricade, it is considerably different with Meissonier painting from a real scene as oppose to a composed one, this there is no presentation of allegory. For instance, the scene is very monotone with no highlights to draw attention to particular elements therefore Delacroix’s painting is seen to have more movement and life in it. This therefore shows the different outcomes to the boundaries that were created.

Painting Style The way that the painting has been created shows large amounts of detail to not only the figures in the foreground, however also the cobblestones, this then presents the importance to both of them. For instance, the fact the figures are shown to be so lifeless and mutilated helps present the realism of the brutality of the scene. As well as this, the cobblestones can represent the destruction of the riots.

Jean-Louis Ernest Meissonier Ernest Meissonier is a self taught French painter born in 1815. He focused mainly on painting images of war and historical events, with him specifically favouring ‘Napoleonic wars and episodes in the life of Napoleon Bonaparte’. His paintings therefore included the awful and gruesome images of war as well as the successes of the military.

Most of his style of realism within his paintings was inspired by artists in the 17th century and in order to develop this style of work he conducted recordings of costumes, armor, and nature.

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Hausmannisation of Paris Within France there was a divide between the working class and the ruling class and as a result of firstly food shortages due to a poor harvest season which also caused food prices to increase. As well as this, unemployment and economic depression were current which caused the working class to rebel against the ruling class.

Jean Louis Ernest Meissonier, Théobald Chartran watercolour, 1880 31.5 cm x 18.4 cm National Portrait Gallery

Louis Philippe was the King at the time and was well know by the working class to disregard them and only care for the wealthy. This was further highlighted through the fact many of them were not entitled to vote. In the end the working class began rioting to demand work opportunities, fair wages and a limit to the inflation in food prices.

Worker Riots 1848 Trade and movement in Paris was impossible due to the narrow streets so Napoleon the Third created a plan to widen the streets; this would improve traffic flow as well as clear slums.

Georges-Eugène Haussmann was selected to design and carry out the task. Firstly, he created this design in order to remove all of the poor as the would just habitat them, this was done by moving all of the slums to the outskirts of the city. Next he wanted to improve the accessibility of transport especially with the development of railways. From this he created large boulevards to link the railways stations together, this could also help with the economy.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DuPXbFpYra8 As well as this, the large boulevards https://www.artsy.net/artist/jean-louis-ernest-meissonier allowed soldiers to prevent rioting, https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-french-revolution-of-1848.html for instance they were able to have a https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/barricade-rue-de-la-mortellerie-june-1848 clear line of sight down the streets. https://collectionimages.npg.org.uk/large/mw04353/Jean-Louis-Ernest-Meissonier.jpg http://www.musee-orsay.fr/typo3temp/zoom/tmp_09318e15fe792a686db7ac013a2fd210.gif https://www.louvre.fr/sites/default/files/imagecache/940x768/medias/medias_images/images/louvre-barricade-rue-mortellerie-juin.jpg http://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/collections/works-in-focus/graphic-arts.html?no_cache=1&zoom=1&tx_damzoom_pi1%5BshowUid%5D=114052

The next painting I decided to research is ‘The Execution of Emperor Maximilian’. Within this painting it presents again the Napoleon forces however within this painting it shows their direct authority as oppose to the influence they have had like in ‘The Barricade in the Rue de la Mortellerie, June 1848’. For instance it shows the direct barricade they have created with power being shown through their weapons. As well as this it is a similar composition compared to ‘The Third of May 1808’.

The Execution of Maximilian, Édouard Manet, 1867-8, Oil on canvas, 193 x 284 cm The National Gallery

‘The Execution of Emperor Maximilian’ This painting by Manet was created between 1867 and 1868 as part of a series of paintings, in this specific one it shows the execution of Emperor Maximilian I to mark the end of the Second Mexican Empire.

Destruction and Restoration of the Painting The original painting was cut into pieces due to the controversy that it had attached with it for instance, General Mejía on the left of the painting was cut off and it is suspected that Manet did it himself, as it was cut off before 1883 when he died. As well as this, it was found Manet's son Léon Leenhoff separated the remaining canvas into four parts and sold them individually. Despite this, it was also suspected that it was damaged due to poor storage conditions within his studio; where it was found after his death. It was later on that Edgar Degas found all of the available pieces and restored them back onto one canvas.

From this, it was then bought by the National Gallery and displayed.

The Firing Squad In the painting there can be seen to be six men on the right of the painting to make up the firing squad who are pointing their guns to carry out their first execution of General Mejía on 19 June 1867. These individuals were republicans of Mexico and the way they are clustered together can present as being intimidating as well as reflecting a boundary as there can be seen to be no gaps (specifically between the centre group) to show the background. Thus, from this it shows the individuals being executed are trapped.

Moreover, General Mejía was a general for

Austrian Archduke Ferdinand Maximilianalong with general Miramón whom are all stood on the left side of the painting; General Mejía is the only fully visible one with Maximilian’s hand also visible as he is stood to the left of Mejía).

Notably, the firing squad and General Mejía are making direct eye contact which makes the audience seem like they are looking directly on a this historic scene, thus being witnesses as oppose to being directly involved within the event.

The Officer

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Within the main group of the execution squad there can be seen to be an officer who has a sword raised in the air, this is something that is indicating that they should shoot. From this it shows his authority on the group which as a result can add to how intimidating they are and how the boundary can be enforced to ensure this.

http://www.manet.org/images/gallery/the-execution-of-emperor-maximilian.jpg http://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/emperor-maximilian-arrives-mexico-city https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/edouard-manet-the-execution-of-maximilian https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/server.iip?FIF=/fronts/N-3294-00-000069-WZ-PYR.tif&CNT=1&WID=655&QLT=85&CVT=jpeg https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/learn-about-art/paintings-in-depth/in-the-line-of-fire-manets-the-execution-of-maximilian

Ferdinand Maximilian The Austrian Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian (1832 - 1867) was appointed to be the emperor of Mexico by Napoleon III in 1864. It was originally through that he would have been successful within this role however he abolished both serfdom and child labour and antagonised the senior Roman Catholic clergy. Also, he refused to allow Roman Catholic Christianity to be the country’s only permitted religion, as well as not allowing the restoration of church estates hat had been confiscated, bring back the Catholic religious orders and have all the schools run by the church. For these reasons the republican troops turned against him once France had taken over most of Mexico and removed the Napoleon troops, in which Maximilian relied on.

Again this is another conflict within France in 1871, within this piece it again presents a similar composition to is ‘The Execution of Emperor Maximilian’ and The Barricade in the Rue de la Mortellerie, June 1848’ with there being a presentation of power and division through the use of weapons.

‘La Barricade’

La Barricade, Édouard Manet, 1871 Lithograph, 46 × 33.2 cm National Gallery of Art, Washington

‘La Barricade’ was a piece of by Manet that was created between 1871 to 1883 as a result of the Franco-Prussian War, which created a conflict between the working class of Paris and the French Government in 1871. This was known as the Paris Commune and lasted around two months, which resulted in around thirty thousandpeople being killed in total, many of them being the socialists that were patrolling barricades at which they were stationed at.

It was this scene that Manet wanted to recreate within this piece with further inspiration from his previous politically led pieces including the ‘The Execution of Emperor Maximilian‘ created in 1867.

The Paris Commune The Paris Commune is found to be known as one of the first incidences in which the working class people are know to take control. They were able to achieve this by claiming the Parisian National Guard’s cannon left after the Franco Prussian war.

They were able to do this before the French Government and once this was discovered by the Government the working class people refused to return them, this then caused the government to order violence was used in order to reclaim them.

However, the soldiers refused to shoot their own people which resulted in them focusing the violence towards their officers.

As well as this, there was a new council elected through free elections and it ended up with it most consisting of Jacobins and Republicans.

Self portrait With Palette, 1879, Manet Oil On Canvas, 208cm x 264cm Musée D'orsay

The Franco Prussian War The Franco Prussian war was a war between France and Germany (who at the time was under the power of Prussia) between 1870 to 1871. It broke out as a result of the Prussian statesman Prince Otto Edward Leopold von Bismarck wanting to eliminate the influence France had on Germany as well as instate the power the Prussians had over Germany. From this, he then instigated The French army to attack on the Germans in which they were able to produce an army of 400,000 to begin with compared to the French army of 200,000 soldiers.

As a result of the short war it helped establish the German Empire as well a demolish the French empire of Napoleon III.

Manet was an artist during the 19th century and was most known for his controversial work dur to his new method of painting known as the alla prima method, which involved applying paint in singular layers as oppose to building up a number of them.

Édouard Manet

During his schooling life, he spent half of his time taking studies from established artists work from museums such as the Louvre which he then used to inspire his works compositions and theories. For example, one of his most famous works includes ‘Olympia’ which can be seen to be inspired from Titan’s ‘Venus of Urbino’. Although, there are also other key inspirations for his work including Caravaggio, Francisco Goya, and Dieg o Velazquez.

Authority Figures On the left side of the image, there can be seen to be the figures of authority which can be seen through the way they are surrounding the boundary that has been created through the other figures. As well as this, they can be seen to be holding guns which presents the crowd is being repressed through violence, thus reflecting the events of the Paris Commune. Furthermore, their authority is also visible through the fact they are all wearing hats, due to the symbolic meaning of them, therefore when paired with the guns it can be seen that they are the members of the Government.

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Public Figures

On the right side of the piece Manet has used mark making in order to represent the crowd at the barricade and due to this it helps present the

The Boundary

http://www.manet.org/ http://francoprussianwar.com/ http://history-world.org/franco_prussian_war.htm https://libcom.org/history/1871-the-paris-commune https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/34179/la-barricade Harris, N (1994). The Life and Works of Ed Manet. Great Britain: Parragon Book Service . p5-7, 13-14.

commotion of the event at the time. Although, in order for the audience to understand what element of the image this block of mark making represents he has included one clear face of the front of it. This face can be seen to present fear through the faecal expression being made, thus in doing this it can help reflect what the whole of the working class at the time may have been feeling like. In addition to this, through Manet inly presenting one man it can help reflect how unfair the violence was with the authority figures having an advantage over the working class due to the guns they own which can give the impression they are overruling them.

Furthermore, between the two sets of figures there can be seen to be a definitive divide through the use of the uncoloured area. Therefore, through this, it helps present the boundary between the different groups of people at the time.

Despite in the previous paintings there has been a clear separation between the two sides to the two opposing forces due to the use of weaponry. However, within this painting ‘The Defence of Sevastopol’ it can be seen that the two forces are more equal with them both having weapons and the only difference being the direction they are facing and the colours of their uniform.

‘The Defence of Sevastopol’

The painting by Alexander Alexandrovich Deyneka is a visual representation of the Battle of Sevastopol that took palce between the 30th October 1941 to 4th July 1942.

The Defence of Sevastopol, Alexander Alexandrovich Deyneka 1942, oil on canvas, 200cm x 400cm, State Russian Museum, St Peterburg, Russia

Alexander Alexandrovich Deyneka Alexander Alexandrovich Deyneka was a Russian painter, graphic artist and sculptor, born in 1899; he firstly began to find inspiration from magazines and graphics although his work was also influenced by the Second World War. For instance, whithin his work it showed ‘bitterness’ as well as the strain on the cities. In addition to this, he was a Soviet artist (part of the former federation of Communist

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The Siege of Sevastopol

republics that owned the northern half of Asia and part of eastern Europe), although within this work he created it was accused of modernism.

As well as this he also created works for the Theater of the red Army.

The Siege of Savastopol is a conflict that took place within the second world war between German forces and the Red Army from 30th October 1941 to 4th July 1942.

However, before this there was the battle of Crimean Peninsula which began on the 24th September 1941. within this battle there were two stages, the first stage lasted five days it was this stage that many of the Soviet forces were eliminated. This meant that in the second stage

there were twice as many German troops and despite this stage lasting ten days it ended with the German troops winning the battle on 28th October. From this, the German troops then went on to Sevastopol as this was the only part left under soviet power and also claimed that part of the land

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MqzLjtPAoc4 https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/soviet_union https://arthive.com/artists/2180~Alexander_Alexandrovich_Deineka http://allart.biz/photos/image/The_Defense_of_Sebastopol_1942.html http://allart.biz/up/photos/album/D/Deyneka%20Alexander/the_defense_of_sebastopol_1942.jpg https://i1.wp.com/ww2-weapons.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/rast-de-inf2.jpg?w=1200&ssl=1

to be within their power.

However, in doing this there were a large number totalling 106,000 members of the Soviet garrison defending Sevastopol showing the mass human barricade that was created, for this reason it too the German Army much longer than anticipated to claim the land.

The German troops can be identified in the painting due to their distinctive green uniform

Division of Troops Within the painting there can be seen the Soviet (in the white clothes) and the German forces (in the green clothes). Due to the large number of troops that were prepped for the attack on Sevastopol 106,000 it can be said that they created a barricade between the city and the German troops. This can be seen in the painting from the clear division of the white and green clothes. For instance, the contrast in shades can also reflect how intense the division of the forces was to show the reasoning behind their violent nature.

The Red Sky

Overlooking the whole scene there has been a red background that represents the sky over the city, therefore the fact that red has been chosen can indicate danger as well as violence due to the association of the colour and blood. As well as this, when paired with the images of dead soldiers as well as injured ones and weapons it can heighten this association, specifically when they are pictured in the foreground of the painting

Foreground Figure

In addition to this, there is another figure that is seen in the foreground of the painting, this figure can be the initial figure to present the violence.

This is because of his forceful body position as well as the weapon in his hands and the cut on his cheek, all of which reflect violence.

From all of these paintings they all reflect an image of violence through a strong division between the two forces, however there is one image ‘The Barricade in the Rue de la Mortellerie, June 1848’ there can only been seen to be the losing force, therefore it seems very one sided. However, in this painting by Paul Nash the aftermath of World War 1 can be seen, for instance he has painted the no mans land. Therefore, the mounds and dips in the ground can present the violence of bombs and what had occurred previously, thus these can reflect the boundaries that have been created as a result of the violence and even though the two forces are not visible the impression they had on the land can indicate these boundaries that were created as a result.

‘We Are Making A New World’ The destruction of war is additionally presented in this work, however the destruction is shown through the environment as opposed to through people. This painting by Paul Nash was painted in 1918 in reference to the no man lands in Ypres Salient, Belgium during WW1. In the painting Nash has presented a scene of what was once a living forest, however, now, after the war, the area is destroyed and damaged resembling little similarities to the area it was once known as, for instance there has now been impressions of barricades as a result of the bombs and violence.

We Are Making a New World, Paul Nash 1918, oil on Canvas 71.1 cm x 91.4 cm Imperial War Museum

World War 1 In Europe Germany was growing in power thus he balance of power between the nations was becoming unstable so the Triple Alliance (made up of Germany, Austria and Italy) and the Triple Entente (made up of France, Britain and Russia) were created. As well as this in 1839, a treaty was created that Britain had promised to defend Belgium in events of war.

Before the war began Germany had developed a plan if war was to break out as it was thought that they would be at war with France and Russia at the same time, this was called the ‘Schlieffen Plan’. This plan involved the German soldiers first invading France as they believed they would be easy to defeat quickly and then invading Russia as they would be stronger, thus taking longer to defeat, as they would take longer to mobilise its army.

In 1914 Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand (the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary) was assasinated by a young Bosnian Serb, thus Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Also, as a result of the alliances all of

Ypres Salient, Belgium There were a total of 5 battles in the ancient town of Ypres that occurred between began in 1914 (when the German troops first arrived there) and ended in 1918 (when they were finally pushed to leave by the British, French, Canadian and Belgian Forces) as part of WW1. In this time the town was destroyed leaving all the known buildings demolished which included

The European countries in alliance were immediately involved in the war and conflict to begin world war one.

As a result of Belgium being situated between France and Germany, the German soldiers had to pass through there to reach France therefore, Britain became part of the war to defend Belgium and abide by their treaty. As a result of this Belgium was a the war ground in which the English and French soldiers fought the German soldiers.

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well know landmarks of the town.

Despite this the town was never in German occupation during the whole of the war it was just used as a battle ground causing the destruction of most of it.

After the war in 1919, the people of the town began to rebuild the demolished town to a likeness of before.

Paul Nash

Nash first discovered his enjoyment for landscapes when he was growing up in Buckinghamshire and later developed an interest in subjects like ancient history. However, when WW1 started he began to get involved in the war efforts by at first becoming a private for home service in the Second Battalion until later in1916 training to become an officer.

Later in 1917 he was sent to Ypres and based there until he was returned back to England as a result of an injury, therefore during his time in England he recorded the scenes and events he witnesses mostly in ink, chalk and watercolours. This work was later recognised and he was appointed as an official war artist to be sent back to Ypres in late 1917 it was at this time he started using oil paints in addition to his other mediums, and when he painted “We Are making A New World”.

The Trees Firstly, Nash has painted the trees so the side the audience sees are in the shadows making them excessively dark therefore, given them a morbid tone. Also, the way the trees are shaped is unnatural, with most of them drooping, in doing this Nash has ensured the trees are seen as damaged with no life. In addition to this, as well, the lack of colour that is seen on the trees supports the fact they are lifeless. As a result of this, they reflect the soldiers of WW1 (their main bodies still exist, but all life is removed from them). In addition to this, they are seen to be growing out of the barricades to indicate how the soldiers did pass in these diches.

However, one of the trees resembles an arm with a hand that appears to be reaching out of the ground. This could therefore show how the scene is beginning to regrow giving it a sense of life or, as there is only one tree demonstrating this association, the little life left in the scene. Although, the fact a hand and arm is incorporated into a tree in the image creates a sense of fear which is reflected onto the audience.

Furthermore, in the painting there are irregular mounds throughout that have become apparent as a result of the war and the machinery weapons used, therefore these mounds can further reflect the dead soldiers that witnessed the events as well as barricade that have ben made.

Additionally, the mounds can be seen to resemble gravestones for the soldiers that died there so they can be remembered, however the fact that the scene that is left reflects the soldiers even though no figures can be seen is what makes Nash's work most powerful.

Mounds

is emphasised through the rays), it also revels the destruction it has experienced. Through this, it is one of Moreover, in addition to the sun (that the most important subjects to the can represent fire) all the other ancient painting, as it allows Nash to share elements are shown in the painting the effect of war which is also suggesting, that over time the subject presented through the barricades that matter in the scene will eventually have been created. For this reason it regrow and “make a new world”, is especially important he has used a regardless of human interference. For brighter colour compared to the rest instance, a lake can be seen to of the dull palette as it draws the represent water; land to represent audience to acknowledge it first, and earth and air is everywhere in the therefore follow the equally bright painting. However, as the forest is rays into the rest of the painting, shown to be destroyed and the dark ensuring the whole scene is viewed by shades of the scene can indicated the audience. Also, it one of the first there was a fire, these dark tones and apparent signs of existing life and deformed objects can also reflect the therefore optimism of “making a new fire. world” The most lively subject in the painting is the sun, that is shown to be rising or setting over the hills however, due to the fact it illuminates the scene (which

The Sun

“We are making a new world” was based on a ink drawing Nash completed before, however also in 1918 called “Sunrise, Inverness Copse”.

In many ways the composition of the two pieces of work with the “Sunrise, Inverness Copse” including all the subject matter demonstrated in “We are making a new world” such as: the irregular mounds; misshaped trees; the sun over the hills and the lake in the background. Despite this, in the

“Sunrise, Inverness Copse” Nash has demonstrated a limited colour pallet, only including shades of brown and blue. By doing this it makes the scene look even less lifeless than the one in “We are making a new world” and creating a more depressing tone to reflect the events of war and death.

Logo Research

I decided to see what the latest trends were with logo creation, I was able to access this at : https://99designs.co.uk/blog/trends-en-gb/logo-trends-2018/

Grid-based Logos

Fundamental Geometric Shapes

The first trend I have seen is the , I think this would be relevant as it can represent art as most of it is contained within square frame, as well as the fact it can represent the structure of the museum and museum space that the work is concealed in.

As well as this, fundamental geometric shapes are also something that has been used. For instance, the logo Is kept very minimalistic which will be useful within my promotional material as it will not distract from the main design.

To being with I decided to create a shape of a conventional building which was inspired by the fundamental geometric shapes, for instance I not only created the outline, however I also decided to include wide steps at the base of the shape.

This is because, I think they help represent a museum the most, but is still minimalistic.

After that, I decided to add text to the logo this included my chosen title of ‘The Big Museum of Art’. The font is mainly the same size, although I decided to increase the size of the B from the word ‘big’ as it helps emphasise what the word means. As well as this, I decided to increase the word ‘Art’ because it helps reflect that this is the main subject of the museum and when pared with the design of the logo it shows that is is about art. Furthermore, I decided to position the of next to the art in order to emphasise the size increase of the word ‘Art’.

To begin with I decided to take inspiration from the trend of grid-based logos. From this I decided to position three squares although I decided I was going to layer them over each other as oppose to having them in line with each other. In doing this it creates more boxes for the text to fill as well as help represent an art gallery more as it looks like frames that paintings would be in.

Next, I decided to add the text which is the title of the museum, with this design I decided to incorporate the text with different sized for instance the lager the text the more significant the word. For example, I decided to make ‘The’ in larger font because it helps draw the attention to the logo title and makes it apparent, as well as this I decided to continue the technique of the different lettering sizing for the words ‘Big and ‘Art’ for the same reasons as in the previous poster.

Overall, I think this logo design is more successful due to there being more variation in the size of fonts as well as the blocks being more simplistic which is what I think is needed within a logo in order to not distract from the promotional material it may be on.

Font Research I decided to look at film posters for war films in order to see what the relevant characteristics are for the font on them, this is because of the constant reference to war within the boundaries I have studied in the historical paintings.

Noticeably, within the text on the film posters it can be seen that all the letters within the titles are all in uppercase and all meet the same ascender and base line as a result. This gives it a block effect making it bold, which can relate to the barriers that are seen within the films, therefore this can be relevant within my work as it presents the impression of a barrier.

However, as well as this, there can be seen to be different sizes of the font, this has been used to emphasise elements of the title through the use of some of it being larger than others. As well as this, the extra information about the film has been added in a smaller font which again does not distract from the title of the poster (the significant and rememberable element).

Therefore, from this I am going to take inspiration from this style of text which includes the uppercase and bold use of letters and the use of the different sizes to create my own design and use it throughout my promotional material.

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Font Ideas

Here I have chosen three font in which I think are most relevant to my research, For instance, they are all bold to corroborate with my research on war posters as well as the fact they all meet the same base like and ascender line.

The first font I concidered is ‘Edmund’; this font presents to have rounded edges throughout the letters which gives it less of a harsh tone. This therefore, can give a false impression as to the work in the exhibition as the work all presents the harsh realities of war.

The next font that I have considered is ‘Evogria’ this font is similar to Edmund, however the edges of it are harsher with the overall font looking square this gives a more aggressive and abrupt tone.

The final font I have considered is ‘Yonky Black’, within this font there are brackets included on the characters, this as a result gives it a historical tone to reflect the paintings made in past time periods, however like the Ednund font it has rounded edges which limits the harshness of it.

For my final font I have chosen to use ‘Evogria’ as I think it reflect the realities of war most effectively due to the limited use of rounded edges. However, I have decided that I am going to increase the spacing of the letters as it creates a more disconnected feel in which is a feeling that war can create as a result of the destruction specifically.

Poster Research

I decided to research what the latest trends were within graphics in 2018 to make my posters most relevant to the time period. From this I was able to access this information at: https://graphicmama.com/blog/graphic-design-trends-2018/ .

Double Exposure Duotone The fist effect that I have found is the double exposure this involves layering two images over the top of each other in two different colours. For example, a cool colour has been used as well as a warm colour in order to create a contrast. As well as this, the background that has been used is also minimalistic as it is a complementing yet simplistic block greyscale tone.

From this I am going to create a poster that uses this technique and captures an element of one of the paintings.

“Color Channels�

Effects

Another design that is fashionable in 2018 is using different colour channels as well as layering the different distorted layers. This can create a holograph effect as well as distort the image.

This is something I can continue into my work as it makes the historical pieces in which I have studied seem relevant to the current audience. As well as this, it can also reflect the effects of war through the distortion it can cause to land and groups of people. Therefore I am going to use this technique to create a poster design.

Firstly, I decided to use the field segment from Paul Nash’s ‘We are Making a New World’ as it most replicates the impact of war visually due to the mounds and ditches. For instance, I began by inserting it and mirroring it to create this pattern, from this I then put a red colour mask on it.

Following this, I then I then put a blue colour mask on this new layer to recreate this colour channel as a result of my original inspiration o f current trends.

After that, I duplicated the layers and moved them so they are not directly under the bottom layer, thus as I changed the opacity as well both the layers were visible.

Following this, I then I then put a blue colour mask on this new layer to recreate this colour channel as a result of my original inspiration o f current trends.

In addition to this, in order to emphasise and enhance both the layers further I decided to add another two layer that included one with highlights and one with shadows.

To finish off the design I decided to add the title, in my chosen font, over the centre of the image in white as it will contrast with the textured background.

Also, I decided to have one word from the title to a line so each word is considered differently, thus that audience will be more likely to remember it as well as the fact I can have the title in a larger font.

In addition to this, I decided to add limited information to not distract from the main title and the background; this includes the date as well as where further information can be found. This extra information is also in a smaller font which as it indicates the importance of it also.

Finally, I decided to add the logo to the bottom right corner of the poster this is because all of the font is on the right side of the poster so it would ensure the poster is balanced.

Negative Space Typography Another design that is trending in 2018 is negative space typography this involves having a image within a letter. With this design, it allows multiple images to be on the same poster which would be useful to advertise an exhibition as all of the paintings can be included on the poster.

For this reason, I am going to take inspiration form these designs and create my own poster designs.

To begin with, I started with using both of the research designs, for instance I used a figure from one of the paintings and clip in masked it into the B, although I allowed the figure to overlap out of the letter. I decided to do this to emphasise the first letter of the work to draw attention to it and encourage more emphasis to the rest of the word.

Next, I began to map out how the rest of the letters, although I realised that there were less paintings that letters so, if I didn’t want repeats I would have two spare. From this, I decided to use this application which found common colours within all of the paintings, therefore from this I was able to decided on what colours to use for the blank letters. I decided to use the mid-tone colours so It didn’t distract from the rest of the letters containing the images.

After that, I began to add the rest of the letters that each were a clip in mask of the paintings that I have researched. Many of the paintings include dark colours that contrast with the background, however there is one that includes mainly pale colours as a result of this I had to include a darker block border around it to differentiate between the letter and the background. The colour I decided to use for this was a pale grey as it still creates a contrast, however is neutral to not distract from the rest of the poster.

Next, I added all of the letters to the poster, with them evenly spaced for instance, I decided to include four letters in the middle line and three above and below because it makes it look even thus more aesthetically pleasing.

However, I ensured that there was space left at the bottom so I could add the rest of the title as well as extra information such as dates and contact detaileds.

Finally, I added to rest of the extra information in my chosen font ‘Evogria’, which is also what the title is in, to show uniformity within the poster. I decided to us the size of the font to highlight the importance of it as the larger it is the more likely the audience is to see it, therefore, the rest of the title is the largest. Although, I also decided to use the shade of

the text to differentiate between the title and the rest of the extra information with the rest of the title being in a darker grey to create more of a contrast with the background and thus, make it stand out more than the extra information. As well as this, all of the text at the bottom is positioned centrally in order to maintain this balanced look throughout the poster. This was also supported through where the logo is positioned as well with it being on the top right corner opposite to the ‘B’ with the layered figure.

To begin with I entered a large B as it is the first letter of the title of my exhibition. From this, I then used this to create a clip in mask to crop the background image (one of the paintings I have researched) and sustain the ‘B’ shape. After this, in order to emphasise the foreground figure, that helps present the violence within the paintings I have studied as well as introducing the audience into the scene of the divide of the people, I have cropped around this figure. After this, I layered this cropped image over the clip in mask to help recreate the technique from my researched posters.

After this, I then entered the text, firstly I added the title of the exhibition. I did this in a black font so it would be possible to see it clearly not only over the background but over the image as well, also I positioned it over the image to present how the ‘B’ is related to the title. As well as this, I entered some extra text with information about the dates and where to find information on the exhibition, this text was in a lighter tone in order to not distract from the main title and image as well as being smaller. Therefore, from this it means that the title will be more memorable specifically with the connection to one of the paintings in it. As well as this, I decided to add my logo design to the top right of the poster, I have positioned it here as is balances out the poster as the mans hand is on the left as well as the text being along the bottom.

Ticket Research Within this ticket design there can firstly be seen that there has been a title included this has been positioned at the top left of the ticket to show it is some of the main information.

As well as this there has been other information included on the ticket such as the date of the admission, the entrance and they group. This has also been added on the left hand side of the ticket to resemble a list format, which is efficient in ensuring each part of the information is seen separately. As well as this, the font size is smaller than the title again, like in the poster designs in order to ensure it is differentiated. This is something I will continue onto my ticket design as it is also seen on my chosen poster as well.

In addition to this, there has been a logo included on the bottom left hand side of the ticket which is also next to the contact information which is in a smaller font to the other information so it can be differentiated. This is something that will be included in my design as it continues most of the features form my poster design also.

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This design also includes a cut out image that resembles the clip in mask ‘B’ that I have used on the rest of my designs, for this reason I will take further inspiration from this design to include it on my ticket design also in this way.

http://momi-canada.blogspot.com/2009/06/tickets-gallery.html

In addition to this, they have a included a strip of block colour that creates a division between he two parts of the ticket and creates a background for the image. This is something that I want to continue into my design as it can help to emphasise the image that I will include, however I will change the background colour to a more neutral colour to not distract from the saturated colours of the image.

The first thing that can be seen on this design is that there is a lack of colour and images which makes it simplistic although there is lots of information.

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Some of the writing that can be seen is the title of the event, the date and time of the exhibition and where it is. This is something that I plan to include in my design, however the place of the exhibition will be seen through the logo. As well, as this I will present the other information differently so it will replicate the rest of my promotional material, thus consumers will be able to associate them together.

http://iranianheritageday.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Ticket1.jpg

One of the other more noticeable elements of the ticket is that it contains a barcode, this is something I will continue onto my design as it will make it look more formal. However, most notably with this design they have included two designs barcodes, one that is ripped off and one that is n the main ticket.

Finally there can be seen a line which resembles where the ticket will be ripped, this is also something that I will continue into my design.

Ticket Design

To begin with following the inspiration from the first ticket design I have started by creating a block of colour on the right hand side of the ticket. I decided to include this using dark grey colour as it is neutral to firstly allow a contrast between the saturated image as well as contrast with the rest of the white background. Then I layered they ‘B’ that I have included on my poster design as it firstly continues the theme of promotional material as well as being inspired form the first research ticket design.

Next, I decided to add the title of the exhibition in the ‘Evogria’ font as it will continue the theme of the promotional material again. However after inspiration from the ticket designs I decided to include I on the left hand side of the ticket and put each word on an individual line. This allows me to have a larger font thus meaning there can be more of a contrast between the title font size and the extra information font size.

After, I added the extra information to the ticket this included the date and times being next to the title although in a smaller font in a paler colour to not distract from the title and the contact information in a smaller font again at the bottom next to the logo. This has been positioned like the researched designs to make it more authentic.

Finally, I have added some barcodes that I have created which were inspired by the second ticket design. I decided to put on the right hand side for the ticket which has also been paired with a ‘rip line’ which is also inspired by the second ticket.

Exhibition Research

I am going to look at different museum designs to give me inspiration when creating my own.

Korean Stone Art Museum The first museum I decided to research is one that displays sculptures although it can be seen that it contains sperate rooms to display the different sculptures. As well as this, it contains many glass panels with allows the rooms to be partitioned but still allows them to be well lit. To further support this light and specious look, the rooms are also coloured to be pale with beige and stone, Furthermore, this museum has multiple floors, which will allow more paintings to be displayed. Therefore, taking inspirations from these designs I will look to include these elements mentioned.

Shimane Art Museum The second museum I looked at also includes glass panels to illuminate the room as well as pale coloured walls from this it then allows the room to look larger as well as allow the paintings to be clear.

However, the rooms are larger and more spacious than the other museum with limited furniture, this allow focus on the paintings. This is something that I will also include in my designs as I think it will be more successful.

Exhibition Design 1 Ground Floor Following inspiration from my researched exhibitions I decided to create an exhibition that firstly includes a reception area. Within this area I decided to make it symmetrical through including the same features on each side of the room, this makes it more organised thus making it also more aesthetically pleasing. As well as this, I decided to use a plain colour scheme with the wall being white and the floor being a pale grey to replicate the researched museums as well as allow there to be a nondistracting room for the different images.

Furthermore, I have added benches to the rooms also as this helps make it look more like a museum as it was in my researched museums also.

These benches also follow the same colour scheme as I have made them grey for the same reasons.

First Floor

I decided to add another floor to the exhibition as it is something that has been included in the researched museums also, and it follows the same colour scheme and floor plan as the previous floor.

This is because it continues the theme of the museum as well as the reasons included previously.

On this floor, I also included a sitting room which is something that was similar within a researched museum.

Within this room, I replicated the use of multiple windows in order to create a more modern look like I had researched.

This use of large windows is something that I have additionally continued throughout the museum to allow natural light illuminate the room.

Leaflet Research For instance, within this page there is a blue colour scheme with a block colour shape across the page.

This is something I could incorporate within my design through using the different colours that are included within the paintings.

Within this booklet it is more graphically aesthetic with there being more colours and images, although as well as this the different elements are layered over each other as well as being angled in varied ways. I think this would be more successful in capturing the audiences attention as there is a variation in the pages design, this will ensure each individual painting is regarded separately. As well as this, there is a separate colour scheme for each page which further supports this point.

As well as this they have ensured the text is in columns with a dashed line separating them which gives an impression that it is a newspaper, thus a published document. This is something that I will use within my work also.

Additionally, I like that fact that the page context is mentioned at the top of each page and it is in the colour of the theme of the page, again I will use this idea within my work as a result.

Furthermore, the booklet pages also have layered images which I something that makes the booklet more interesting sue to t adding a unique feature to each page, which is again something that I can use. However, I can make the different shapes relevant to the painting by, for example, using elements from each of them.

Within my guide, I ensured there was an individual colour theme for each page which Included colours from the paintings (which I found previously using the application that finds commend colours) as well as using multiple cropped parts of the paintings to create features on each page, thus making it more interesting and highlighting the different elements of the booklet. As well as this I used many of the ideas from my researched guide; this included the use of the summery headings at the top of each page although I also used page numbers in this part as well as making it block coloured to make it easier for the audience to find each page and also it made the text stand out more. Furthermore, I also decided to use the column system in the guide although only on some pages so it still allows the individuality on each page as it is based on the spaces created. As well as this, I also used the same font from the rest of my promotional material throughout them booklet as well as a similar from cover to follow the theme of all of it and allow associations from the audience.