The Essentials Swiss Edition
Learn From the Masters Emil Ruder Armin Hofmann Walter Herdeg Wim Crouwel Joseph-M端ller-Brockmann
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Swiss Design
Page 8 Emil Ruder
The Art of Typography
Page 16 Armin Hofmann
The Color of Precision
Page 24 Walter Herdeg
The Creative Line
Page 32 Wim Crouwel
The Rational Grid
Page 40 Joseph M端llerBrockmann
The Expressive Grid
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Credits
Swiss De Often referred to as the International Typographic Style or the International Style, the style of design that originated in Switzerland in the 1940s and 50s was the basis of much of the development of graphic design during the mid 20th century. Led by designers Josef M端ller-Brockmann at the Zurich School of Arts and Krafts and Armin Hofmann at the Basel School of Design, the style favored simplicity, legibility and objectivity. Of the many contributions to develop from the two schools were the use of, sans-serif typography, grids and asymmetrical layouts. Also stressed was the combination of typography and photography as a means of visual communication. The primary influential works were developed as posters, which were seen to be the most effective means of communication.
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References and More Information: Wikipedia Swiss Graphic Design Basel School of Design
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White Space White space can never be underrated. It’s a very important element for both visual impact and readability. Swiss style is all about using less. This is often acheived by removing as much as possible rather than adding more elements to work with. This is a great example of the ‘less is more’ principle.
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Uniformity and Geometry Even a quick study of classic Swiss style works reveals a strong attention to uniform design elements and strong geometric shapes. Graphic artists have experimented with abstract geometric patterns, atypical color combinations, text manipulations, and striking abstract visuals that were used to clearly convey their purpose in a very remarkable way.
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Photography Despite it not being one of the more well known elements of Swiss Style, the remarkable use of photography became frequent in many famous pieces of Swiss design. Following the modernist ideas, photography was a much better tool to portray reality than drawings and illustrations.
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Structured Information If Swiss Style is known for one thing, it is the effective use of the grid system. It is easy to embrace the grid purely as a visual framework but it is essential in order to have the structured information that was imperative to Swiss Design. The posters (above and left) were created by Josef M端llerBrockmann and are an excellent example of how he used the grid system to successfully deliver information in a structured layout.
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01 The Art of Typography
Emil Rud Emil Ruder was a t ypographer and graphic designer who, born in Switzerland in 1914, helped Armin Hofmann form the Basel School of Design and established the style of design known as Swiss Design. He taught that, above all, t ypography’s purpose was to communicate ideas through writing. He placed a heavy importance on sans-serif t ypefaces and his work is both clear and concise, especially his t ypography. Like most designers classified as part of the Swiss Design movement, he favored asymmetrical compositions, placing a high importance on the counters of characters and the negative space of compositions. A friend and associate of Hofmann, Frutiger and Mßller Brockmann, Ruder played a key role in the development of graphic design in the 1940s and 50s. His style has been emulated by many designers, and his use of grids in design has influenced the development of web design on many levels. 10
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Typography The typography introduced by Emile Ruder focused on the shapes created by the letter using different weights, typefaces and values. Emile Ruder focused primarily on four principles which are: creating rhythm, emphasizing empty spaces, creating different shades of grays with type sizes as well as creating contrast within the composition. Rhythm In typography there are many opportunities to create rhythmic values. The different parts of letters; the straights and curves, verticals and horizontals, slopping elements, starts and finishes all work together to produce rhythmic patterns. Rhythmic values are present in abundance in an ordinary composition. Ascenders 12
and descenders, round and pointed forms, symmetry and asymmetry are all elements that create rhythm within a typographic composition. If a simple piece of text is well composed, it’s own accord will give the work a rhythmic appeal. Empty Space Emil Ruder believed that empty space should be viewed as an element of equal value in design. The space that flows around the surface creates surface tension. The empty space, or the white surface is enriched with tension and the empty space is activated up to the edge of the format. Following the Swiss Movement, which focuses on empty spaces activating the composition, Emil Ruder introduced it in his typography.
Shades of grays There are multiple ways of creating different shades of grey with type. Lines of equal thickness with different distances between them can create different shades of grey. Lines with different thickness with the same distance between, screen surface of a half-tone block, gradation of type size, changing the type sizes, light, bold and extra-bold cutting of a sans-serif, and composition with variable leading are all ways that Emil Ruder introduced to create shades of grays. The image above is a great example of using these elements. Contrasts Combining different values with the laws of contrast changes and enhances the effect of both
values. When thinking in terms of contrasts, there is no hesitation to be confused. Contrast is present to help unite the composition in an harmonious whole. Contemporary designers think in contrasts. For modernists, surface and space, far and near, inner and outer are now compatible. When designers combine contrasting values, they must be careful that the unity of the whole remains unaffected. If the contrasts are too strong and violent, such as light and excessive dark, or large and excessively small, one element can be too dominant and the balance between it and the contrasting value can be upset, or never comes into being at all.
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Contemporary Swiss
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02 The Color Of Precision
Armin Hof By the age of 27 Armin Hofmann had already completed an apprenticeship in lithography and had begun teaching typography at the Basel School of Design. His colleagues and students were integral in adding to the work and theories that surrounded the Swiss International Style, which stressed a belief in an absolute and universal style of graphic design. The style of design they created had a goal of commu足足足nication above all else, practiced new techniques of photo-typesetting, photo-montage and experimental composition and heavily favored sansserif typography. He taught for several years at the Basel School of Design and he was not there long before he replaced Emil Ruder as the head of the school. The Swiss International Style, and Hofmann, thought that one of the most efficient forms; of communications was the poster and Hofmann spent much of his career designing posters, 18
in particularly for the Basel Stadt Theater. Just as Emil Ruder and Joseph M端ller-Brockmann did, Hofmann wrote a book outlining his philosophies and practices. His Graphic Design Manual was, and still is, a reference book for all graphic designers.
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The Color of Precision A significant component Hofmann brought to Swiss Design is the minimal use of color. The majority of his work conveys precision and simplicity. Hofmann almost always produced black and white posters, and if he included a tertiary color, it was with meticulousness. The poster on the right uses solely black and yellow. The yellow in this piece was meant to stimulate positivity and hopefulness. With the absence of yellow, the poster is reduced to purely text and geometric forms (as shown above). The yellow contracts the integrity of the forms in the composition, making them appear moderately inconsequential.
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In the poster at left, Hofmann used only black and white. The lack of color helps the viewer focus on the form of the ballerina as well as the text. Hofmann said, “A primary in black and white posters is to counteract the trivialization of color as it exists today on billboards and in advertising.� His poster does not feel trivial or overpowering because there is no color to distract the spectator. The poster below used red text, but the remainder of the composition is black and white. The hierarchy of the red text communicates the essential information to the viewer, while the lack of color of the hands makes their forms pure and the message undefiled. Color can be paramount in numerous cases; however, if it hinders the form or message of a piece, it may be unnecessary.
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Contemporary Swiss
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03 The Creative Line
Walter He Walter Herdeg was very much a graphic designer. He studied at the Kunstgewerbeschule in Z端rich, created many different corporate identities (just as the practice was beginning to become a standard), and even formed his own design company with Walter Amstutz. What he is best known for, however, is the creation and publication of Graphis. An international journal of visual communication, Graphis was first published by Herdeg towards the end of the second World War. The magazine showcases work and interviews from designers and illustrators from all over the world in an effort to share their work with other audiences. In the beginning it served as one of what were, at the time, only a few vessels which exposed the western world to the design work being done in Europe. Herdeg served as the editor of the magazine for 246 issue 26
(the magazine is still in publication) as well as the Graphis Design Annuals which showed the best and brightest work from the year prior to their publication. Graphis was a seminal force in the shaping of design culture and it continues to educate, expand and foster the world of graphic design today.
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The Creative Lines A line represents a “path� between two points. A line can be straight, curved, vertical, horizontal, diagonal, or zigzag. Lines imply motion and suggest direction or orientation. A line can also be implied—that is filled in by the mind when several points are positioned geometrically within a frame. Placing four dots on a page in the shape of a square can imply the points are linked as the mind searches for recognizable patterns. The direction and orientation of a line can also imply certain feelings such as fear or confu-
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sion. Horizontal lines imply tranquility and rest, whereas vertical lines imply power and strength. Oblique lines imply movement, action and changes. Curved lines or S shaped lines imply quiet, calm and sensual feelings. Lines that converge imply depth, scale and distance; a fence or roadway converges into the distance provides the illusion that a flat two-dimensional image has three-dimensional depth. A line is an effective elements of design because it can lead the viewers eye.
form them into extremely informative infographs. These infographs would depict many different topics he felt people needed to know about. The variety of lines in all of his works allows these infographs to become extremely dynamic. By doing this he was able to depict the different topics in many different ways that were unique to the information he was trying to portray.
Walter Herdeg was able to take lines and trans-
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Contemporary Swiss
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04 The Rational Grid
Wim Crou Crouwel is a graphic designer and typographer born in the Netherlands. In 1963 he founded the studio Total Design, now called Total Identity. His most well known work has been for the Stedelijk Museum. His typography is extremely well planned and based on very strict systems of grids. He has also designed expositions, album covers and identity systems. He has published two typefaces Fodor and Gridnik, digitized versions of both are available from The Foundry.
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References and More Information: Total Identity Blanka IconofGraphics Creative Review
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The Rational Grid A grid system is a rigid framework that is supposed to help graphic designers in the meaningful, logical and consistent organization of information on a page. Rudimentary versions of grid systems existed since the medieval times, but a group of graphic designers, mostly inspired in ideas from typographical literature started building a more rigid and coherent system for page layout. Nowadays grid systems are an established tool that is often used by print and web designers to create well-structured, balanced
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designs. When we learn from the Swiss Style literature, it’s very easy to embrace the grid system as a purely visual framework. However, upon a further examination we can see that grids are more than just the art of placing elements; there’s a subtle layer of semantic organization of data which, despite not being inherent to the use of the grid, is a big part of the Swiss Style’s essence. These posters have a very welldefined structure. It definitely feels like tabular data and tabular data is one such case that the disposition of the information extrapolates the realm of graphic layout and starts hinting on the meaning of data and how various chunks of data relate to each other. In both of these pieces Crouwel uses a very structured grid and is able to form unity between the different elements. By aligning many elements together the pieces feels more cohesive and structured so the information is not lost in the design and the design is not covered by the information.
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Contemporary Swiss
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05 The Expressive Grid
Joseph Müller-Bro As with most graphic designers that can be classified as part of the Swiss International Style, Joseph Müller-Brockmann was influenced by the ideas of several different design and art move ments including Constructivism, De Stijl, Su prematism and The Bauhaus. He is perhaps the most well-known Swiss designer and his name is probably the most easily recognized when talking about the period. He was born and raised in Switzerland and by the age of 43 he became a teacher at the Zurich school of arts and crafts.
Perhaps his most decisive work was done for the Zurich Town Hall as poster advertisements for its theater productions. He published several books, including The Graphic Artist and His Problems and Grid Systems in Graphic Design. These books provide an in-depth analysis of his work practices and philosophies, and provide an excellent foundation for young graphic designers 42
wishing to learn more about the profession. He spent most of his life working and teaching, even into the early 1990s when he toured the US and Canada speaking about his work. He died in Zurich in 1996.
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Expressive Grid The grid defined by Brockmann: “The grid determines the constant dimensions of space.” The grid creates analytical designs and logical solutions to problems. The grid used above is displayed to the right. Within each section of text there is a middle alignment. Meaning there is a white space dividing the words in each group. Unity is created because that alignment is constant within the piece. The more elements placed on an alignment the stronger the design will be. The above poster functions because of these alignments.
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The use of a grid will bring symmetry, objectivity, rationalization, as well as the smart usage of color, form, and material. The image above is an experiment for the poster to the right of it. The word grid is not always synonymous with vertical layouts. The image to the right is in alignment which allows for the tilted axis and legibility to coexist. When a grid and it’s alignments are used properly inspiring works can be created.
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Contemporary Swiss
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Credits
Camie Beaulieu-Brunet
Emil Ruder Credits Typographie Design is History
Rachel Greene Bass
Joseph Muller-Brockmann Design is History Grid Systems, in Graphic Design
Bethany Greene
Swiss Design Chapter Pages Smashing Magazine Lessons From Swiss Style Graphic Design Design is History
Julie Laxton
Armin Hofmann Table of Contents Thinking Form Desgin is History
Stephen Pisano
Wim Crouwel Walter Herdeg Design is History Smashing Magazine Photoinf
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