URDU - A step by step guide (SAMPLE PAGES)

Urdu A step by step guide Part 1

Mawlana Hashim Muhammad

Al-Qalam Publications

Contents CONTENTS ...............................................................................................................................................................3 LESSON 1 SUBJECT PREDICATE ...................................................................................................................................6 SENTENCE STRUCTURE ...................................................................................................................................................... 6 JOINING WORDS ............................................................................................................................................................. 6 CHECKLIST & KEYWORDS ................................................................................................................................................... 9 LESSON 2 GENDER .................................................................................................................................................. 10 MARKED NOUNS ........................................................................................................................................................... 10 UNMARKED NOUNS ....................................................................................................................................................... 11 CHECKLIST & KEYWORDS ................................................................................................................................................. 12 LESSON 3 POSSESSION ............................................................................................................................................ 13 POSSESSIVE PHRASE ....................................................................................................................................................... 13 POSSESSION IN SENTENCES ............................................................................................................................................... 14 NUMEROUS POSSESSIONS ................................................................................................................................................ 17 CHECKLIST & KEYWORDS ................................................................................................................................................. 19 LESSON 4 PLURALS.................................................................................................................................................. 20 MAKING PLURALS.......................................................................................................................................................... 20 IDENTIFYING UNMARKED MASCULINE PLURALS ...................................................................................................................... 22 CHECKLIST & KEYWORDS ................................................................................................................................................. 23 LESSON 5 ADJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................................. 24 UN-MARKED ADJECTIVES ................................................................................................................................................. 24 DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN ADJECTIVES AND PREDICATES......................................................................................................... 25 MARKED ADJECTIVES ...................................................................................................................................................... 26 ADJECTIVES WITH SUBJECTS AND PREDICATES ........................................................................................................................ 29 ADJECTIVES WITH POSSESSION........................................................................................................................................... 31 POSSESSION AND ADJECTIVES: PERSIAN FORM ....................................................................................................................... 32 CHECKLIST & KEYWORDS ................................................................................................................................................. 34 LESSON 6 PAST TENSE ............................................................................................................................................. 35 CHECKLIST & KEYWORDS ................................................................................................................................................. 40 LESSON 7 PAST TENSE: INTRANSITIVE VERBS ............................................................................................................ 41 TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS .................................................................................................................................. 41 SENTENCE ORDER .......................................................................................................................................................... 42 CHECKLIST & KEYWORDS ................................................................................................................................................. 46 LESSON 8 PRE-POSITIONS / POST-POSITIONS ............................................................................................................. 47 PRE-POSITIONS............................................................................................................................................................. 47 SENTENCE ORDER .......................................................................................................................................................... 47 PREPOSITIONS AFTER NOUNS............................................................................................................................................ 49 PREPOSITIONS AFTER POSSESSION ...................................................................................................................................... 56 COMPOUND PREPOSITIONS .............................................................................................................................................. 57 CHECKLIST & KEYWORDS ................................................................................................................................................. 61 LESSON 9 PAST TENSE: TRANSITIVE VERBS ................................................................................................................ 62 SUBJECT MARKER .......................................................................................................................................................... 63 OBJECT MARKER ........................................................................................................................................................... 64 SENTENCE ORDER & TRANSLATION TO ENGLISH ...................................................................................................................... 64 VERB OBJECT AGREEMENT ............................................................................................................................................... 65

3

VERBS ENDING IN VOWELS............................................................................................................................................... 66 IRREGULAR VERBS ......................................................................................................................................................... 77 CHECKLIST & KEYWORDS ................................................................................................................................................. 79 LESSON 10 ADVERBS ............................................................................................................................................... 80 ADVERBS OF PLACE ........................................................................................................................................................ 80 ADVERBS OF TIME ......................................................................................................................................................... 82 ADVERBS OF MANNER .................................................................................................................................................... 86 ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY ................................................................................................................................................. 89 CHECKLIST & KEYWORDS ................................................................................................................................................. 90 LESSON 11 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS ................................................................................................................. 91 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS BEFORE PREPOSITIONS ............................................................................................................... 94 CHECKLIST & KEY WORDS .............................................................................................................................................. 100 LESSON 12 PERSONNEL PRONOUNS........................................................................................................................ 101 PRONOUNS AS SUBJECT ................................................................................................................................................. 102 PRONOUN AS OBJECTS.................................................................................................................................................. 104 PRONOUNS AS POSSESSION ............................................................................................................................................ 107 PRONOUNS BEFORE PREPOSITIONS ................................................................................................................................... 110 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS .................................................................................................................................................. 111 CHECKLIST & KEY WORDS .............................................................................................................................................. 115 LESSON 13 INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS ................................................................................................................. 116 POLAR QUESTIONS....................................................................................................................................................... 116 NON-POLAR QUESTIONS ............................................................................................................................................... 119 CHECKLIST AND KEYWORDS ............................................................................................................................................ 132 LESSON 14 GENDER PART 2.................................................................................................................................... 133 GENDER OF LIVING THINGS ............................................................................................................................................ 133 GENDER OF NON-LIVING THINGS ..................................................................................................................................... 134 GENDER OF ARABIC WORDS USED IN URDU ........................................................................................................................ 141 REVIEW OF GENDER ..................................................................................................................................................... 151 LESSON 15 PLURALS, NUMBERS, & TIME ................................................................................................................ 152 ARABIC PLURALS ......................................................................................................................................................... 152 PERSIAN PLURALS ........................................................................................................................................................ 156 OTHER RULES REGARDING PLURALS .................................................................................................................................. 157 SUMMARY OF PLURALS ................................................................................................................................................. 160 NUMBERS ................................................................................................................................................................. 160 TIME ....................................................................................................................................................................... 167 DATE ....................................................................................................................................................................... 169 LESSON 16 SUBJECT PREDICATE PART 2 ................................................................................................................... 171 OTHER TYPES OF SUBJECT PREDICATE SENTENCES ................................................................................................................. 171 NEGATIVE SENTENCES ................................................................................................................................................... 173 OTHER JOINING WORDS ................................................................................................................................................ 176 SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT ............................................................................................................................................ 180 SUBJECT WITHOUT A PREDICATE ...................................................................................................................................... 181 CHECKLIST & KEYWORDS ............................................................................................................................................... 182 LESSON 17 POSSESSION PART 2 .............................................................................................................................. 183 TO HAVE .................................................................................................................................................................. 183 RE-ORDERING POSSESSION ............................................................................................................................................ 189 OMISSION IN POSSESSION .............................................................................................................................................. 190 OTHER USES OF POSSESSION .......................................................................................................................................... 190

4

CHECKLIST & KEYWORDS ............................................................................................................................................... 191 LESSON 18 ADJECTIVES PART 2 ............................................................................................................................... 192 ADJECTIVE INTENSIFIERS ................................................................................................................................................ 192 REPETITION OF AN ADJECTIVE ......................................................................................................................................... 194 REPETITION OF A NOUN ................................................................................................................................................ 195 ADJECTIVE OF A PRONOUN ............................................................................................................................................. 196 ADJECTIVES OF NUMBER................................................................................................................................................ 196 PREFIXES................................................................................................................................................................... 201 SUFFIX ..................................................................................................................................................................... 208 COMPARISON ............................................................................................................................................................. 213 LESSON 19 SUBJECT, PREDICATES, ADJECTIVES, OBJECTS & ADVERBS AS SENTENCES ................................................... 219 SUBJECT & PREDICATES AS SENTENCES .............................................................................................................................. 219 ADJECTIVES AS SENTENCES ............................................................................................................................................. 220 OBJECTS AS SENTENCES ................................................................................................................................................. 228 ADVERBS AS SENTENCES ................................................................................................................................................ 230 LESSON 20 PARTICLES AND MISC. ........................................................................................................................... 232 CONJUNCTIONS........................................................................................................................................................... 232 INCLUSIVE PARTICLES .................................................................................................................................................... 236 EXCLUSIVE PARTICLE..................................................................................................................................................... 238

‫ وت‬............................................................................................................................................ 241 VOCATIVE CASE .......................................................................................................................................................... 242 THE EMPHATIC PARTICLE

5

Lesson 1 Subject Predicate SENTENCE STRUCTURE A simple sentence, in English and Urdu, is made up of three words; subject, predicate and a joining word.

The thing you are talking about is called the subject.

The information is called the predicate.

The teacher The teachers subject

is are joining word

pious. pious. predicate

JOINING WORDS In Urdu, the words “‫ ”ےہ‬and “‫ ”ںیہ‬are used as joining words and instead of coming in the middle of the sentence, as in English, they come at the end of the sentence.

‫ےہ‬

‫کین‬

joining word

‫رمع‬

predicate subject

The word “‫ ”ےہ‬is used when the subject is singular.

The word “‫ ”ںیہ‬is used when 1. the subject is plural or 2. when it is someone who is due respect, like an elder.

‫ںیہ‬ ‫ںیہ‬

joining word

‫کین‬ ‫کین‬

‫ہبلط‬ ‫ااتسد‬

predicate Subject

Notes: 1. In Urdu there is no word for “the”, however when translating from Urdu to English, the subject will have “the” before it; and when translating from English to Urdu, it will have to be omitted.

‫ااتسدکینںیہ‬ (The) teacher is pious.

2. Even though Allah is a being that demands respect, both ‫ ےہ‬or this is that

‫ ےہ‬is singular, so to emphasize Allah’s oneness the singular word is used. The singular

is more popular, however both are correct.

6

‫ ںیہ‬can be used. The reason for

‫‪Exercise 1‬‬ ‫‪Fill in the blanks with the correct joining word and translate.‬‬

‫‪ )1‬اہللاکی ۔۔۔‬

‫‪ )7‬اترجقفشم ۔۔۔‬

‫‪ )13‬اہللرب۔۔۔‬

‫‪ )2‬اطبلِملعکین ۔۔۔‬

‫‪ )8‬ااسذتہکین۔۔۔‬

‫‪ )14‬ہبلطکین ۔۔۔‬

‫‪ )3‬اطیشندنمش۔۔۔‬

‫‪ )9‬ہتختایسہدمعہ۔۔۔‬

‫‪ )15‬ااسذتہقفشم۔۔۔‬

‫‪ )4‬ااتسداصبحاعمل۔۔۔‬

‫‪ )11‬امںرہمابن۔۔۔‬

‫‪ )16‬دمحمیلصاہللہیلعوملسیبن۔۔۔‬

‫‪ )5‬ملق رخاب۔۔۔‬

‫‪ )11‬رھگاصف۔۔۔‬

‫‪ )17‬رضحتاوبرکب ریضاہللہنعّدصقی۔۔۔‬

‫‪ )6‬رھگدمعہ۔۔۔‬

‫‪ )12‬اھبیئزمکور۔۔۔‬

‫‪ )18‬رضحترمعریضاہللہنعافروق۔۔۔‬ ‫‪Exercise 2‬‬ ‫‪Translate into Urdu‬‬ ‫‪1) The pen is good.‬‬ ‫‪2) Ahmad is weak.‬‬ ‫‪3) The students are pious.‬‬ ‫‪4) The board is clean.‬‬ ‫‪5) The house is broken.‬‬

‫‪6) The brother is kind.‬‬ ‫‪7) Zakariya is a scholar.‬‬ ‫‪8) Ismail is a student.‬‬ ‫‪9) The student is pious.‬‬ ‫‪10) Riyaz is a business man.‬‬

‫‪Exercise 3‬‬ ‫‪Study the sentences below. If there are any mistakes, explain what is wrong and correct them.‬‬

‫‪ )1‬اعملکینےہ۔‬

‫‪ )6‬امںرہمابنےہ۔‬

‫‪ )2‬ملقرخابںیہ۔‬

‫‪ )7‬اھبیئرہمابنںیہ۔‬

‫‪ )3‬رھگدمعہےہ۔‬

‫‪ )8‬دنمشزمکورںیہ۔‬

‫‪ )4‬آدیمدنمشےہ۔‬

‫‪ )9‬اطیشندنمشںیہ۔‬

‫‪ )5‬ااسذتہکینںیہ۔‬

‫‪ )11‬اترجکینےہ۔‬

‫‪Urdu‬‬

‫اکی‬

‫‪7‬‬

‫‪Pronunciation‬‬

‫ک‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫اے ْ‬

‫‪Vocab‬‬ ‫‪Plural‬‬

‫‪Translation‬‬ ‫‪adj‬‬

‫‪one‬‬

‫‪m‬‬

‫‪student‬‬ ‫‪pious‬‬

‫اطبلِملع‬

‫ْ‬ ‫لَع‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اط۔ل۔ےب۔ ل ْ‬

‫کین‬

‫ےنک‬ ‫ْ‬

‫‪adj‬‬

‫اطیشن‬

‫ْ‪،‬اطن‬ ‫یش ْ‬

‫‪m‬‬

‫‪Satan‬‬

‫دنمش‬

‫ُدش۔نَم‬

‫‪adj‬‬

‫‪enemy‬‬

‫ااتسد‬

‫اس۔اتد‬

‫َط‬ ‫ل ل لب‬

‫ِ‬ ‫ا للس ِاتذہ‬

‫‪m‬‬

‫‪teacher‬‬ ‫استاذ‪,‬ذ ‪note: the Arabic is written with a‬‬

‫یظفللیھک‬ Find the words in the word search below.

‫ع‬

‫خ‬

‫ی‬

‫م‬

‫ق‬

‫ن‬

‫ی‬

‫ک‬

‫ی‬

‫ا‬

‫ا‬

‫م‬

‫س‬

‫ط‬

‫ا‬

‫ل‬

‫ب‬

‫ع‬

‫ل‬

‫م‬

‫ل‬

‫ی‬

‫د‬

‫گ ع‬

‫ق‬

‫ک‬

‫ت‬

‫م‬

‫خ‬

‫م‬

‫ل‬

‫ق‬

‫ہ‬

‫ق‬

‫م‬

‫ر‬

‫ا‬

‫ت‬

‫ھ‬

‫خ‬

‫ا‬

‫گ ص‬

‫ز‬

‫ص‬

‫ھ‬

‫ج‬

‫ف‬

‫ل‬

‫ر‬

‫ق‬

‫خ‬

‫و‬

‫ا‬

‫ا‬

‫ت‬

‫ر‬

‫م‬

‫ع‬

‫ا‬

‫ز‬

‫ر‬

‫ا‬

‫گ‬

‫ف‬

‫ل‬

‫ز‬

‫ھ‬

‫ھ‬

‫ب‬

‫ھ‬

‫ا‬

‫ء‬

‫ی‬

‫م‬

‫ع‬

‫ت‬

‫ص‬

‫گ‬

good house clean brother weak one scholar pen student pious business man broken

CHECKLIST & KEYWORDS Keywords o Subject o Predicate o Joining word

Do you know o The difference between ‫ ےہ‬and ‫?ںیہ‬ o How to translate “the?” o What joining words can be used for the word ‫?اہلل‬

9

wide

adj

lazy

adj

active

adj

easy

adj

difficult

adj

noble

‫ک۔اش۔دہ‬ ُ ْ ‫س‬ ُ ‫ست ت‬ ‫ُ​ُ ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫چ ت‬

‫اشکدہ‬ ‫تسس‬ ‫تسچ‬

‫آ۔اسن‬ ِ ‫مُش‬ ‫۔ک‬

‫آاسن‬

adj

‫ش۔ریف‬ َ

‫رشفی‬

evil

adj

‫ش۔ریر‬

‫رشری‬

beautiful

adj

‫۔رت‬ ‫وخب ُ ت و‬ ‫وخوصبرت‬ ‫۔ص ت‬ ‫ت‬

ugly

adj

‫دبرورت َ​َدب۔رورت‬

brave

adj

‫ب۔اہ۔ ُدر‬

‫اہبدر‬

coward

adj

‫زب۔ ِدل‬

‫زبدل‬

generous

adj

‫س۔یخ‬

‫یخس‬

stingy

adj

‫نک۔وجس‬ ‫ت‬

‫وجنکس‬

sick

adj

‫یب۔امر‬ ‫ت‬

‫امیبر‬

healthy

adj

ْ ‫س‬ ‫۔ر ت ت‬ ُ ‫دنترتس نت۔ ُد‬

less

adj

‫مک‬

‫مک‬

a lot

adj

‫ز۔ای۔دہ‬

‫زایدہ‬

correct

adj

‫ص۔یحح‬

‫حیحص‬

correct

adj

‫د۔رتس‬

‫درتس‬

in-correct

adj

‫غ۔لط‬

‫طلغ‬

hot

adj

‫گ۔رم‬

‫رگم‬

‫لکشم‬

DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN ADJECTIVES AND PREDICATES The predicate and the adjective are the same set of words. However, the difference is that the adjective comes before the noun and the predicate comes after. Also, the predicate has ‫ ےہ‬after it.

Subject and Predicate

Noun and Adjective

‫رھگاصفےہ‬

‫اصفرھگ‬

The house is clean.

the clean house

25

Exercise 3 Translate into English and put a (P) after sentences with a predicate and (A) after sentences with an adjective.

‫) زایدہدوتل‬21

‫) وکہناصفےہ‬11

‫) آدیم رغبیےہ‬1

‫) زنیماشکدہےہ‬22

‫) کیناترج‬12

‫) رغبیآدیم‬2

‫) اتکرشریےہ‬23

‫) اترجکینےہ‬13

‫) ااتسدقفشمںیہ‬3

‫) حیحصراے‬24

‫) اطوتقردوتس‬14

‫) قفشمااتسد‬4

‫) رکیسرخابےہ‬25

‫) دوتساطوتقرےہ‬15

‫) دمعہانم‬5

‫) رخابڑھکیک‬26

‫) زمکوراتال‬16

‫) انمدمعہےہ‬6

‫) ڑھکیکرخابےہ‬27

‫) تمیقزایدہےہ‬17

‫) اپینزایدہےہ‬7

‫) ڑھگیدمعہےہ‬28

‫) رگمرویٹ‬18

‫) زایدہاپین‬8

‫) دمعہڑھگی‬29

‫) ڑسکاصفےہ‬19

‫) آاسنمکح‬9

‫) اپتیئاصفےہ‬31

‫) اصفڑسک‬21

‫) مکحآاسنےہ‬11

Exercise 4 Translate into Urdu 1) clean house 2) The class is clean.

3) The man is pious.

4) the pious man 5) the active mother 6) The mother is active.

7) the lazy brother 8) The brother is lazy.

9) The business-man is noble.

10) the difficult book 11) The book is difficult.

12) the stingy friend 13) The friend is stingy.

14) the generous mother 15) the evil man 16) The man is evil.

MARKED ADJECTIVES Adjectives, like nouns, are of two types; marked and unmarked. Marked adjectives are those ending in

‘‘‫ ’’ا‬and unmarked are those not ending in ‘‘‫’’ا‬. Just as the possession words ‫ اک‬and ‫ یک‬change due to the gender of the word after them, marked adjectives also change. Unmarked adjectives do not change.

Marked Adjective

‫ڑبا‬ ‫ڑبیامں‬

‫ڑبےااتسد‬

‫ااتسدڑبےںیہ امںڑبیےہ‬ 26

‫ڑبیاتکب‬

‫ڑباملق‬

‫اتکبڑبیےہ‬

‫ملقڑباےہ‬

Unmarked Adjective

‫کین‬ ‫کینامں‬

‫کینااتسد‬

‫کیننہب‬

‫کیناھبیئ‬

‫امںکینںیہ‬

‫ااتسدکینںیہ‬

‫نہبکینےہ‬

‫اھبیئکینےہ‬

In the above examples, ‫ ڑبا‬is a marked adjective. When the noun following it was masculine, like ‫ملق‬, it remained with an ‘‘‫’’ا‬. However, when the word following it was feminine, like ‫اتکب‬, the ‘‘‫’’ا‬changed to

‘‘‫’’ی‬. Similarly, when the word after it was plural it changed to ‫ے‬.

Note: Feminine adjectives remain the same for singular and plural.

‫ڑبںیاتکںیب‬،‫ڑبیاتکںیب‬،‫ڑبیاتکب‬ Translation

Marked Adjectives Pronunciation

Urdu

good

adj

ُ ‫ت‬ ‫۔چا‬ ‫اچ ت‬

‫ااھچ‬

evil

adj

‫رُبا‬

small

adj

‫ب۔را‬ ُ ‫چ۔اٹ‬ ‫ُ​ُ و‬

big

adj

‫ب۔ڑا‬ َ

‫وھچاٹ‬ َ ‫َبڑا‬

new

adj

‫ن۔ای‬

‫این‬

old

adj

‫پ۔را۔ان‬ ُ

‫رپاان‬

cheap

adj

‫اتسس‬

expensive

adj

‫سست۔ات‬ ‫ں‬ ‫م۔ہ۔اگ‬

wet

adj

‫یگ۔ال‬

‫الیگ‬

dry

adj

‫وُس۔اھک‬

‫وساھک‬

honest

adj

‫چس۔اچ‬

‫اچس‬

liar

adj

‫وھج۔اٹ‬

‫وھجاٹ‬

beloved

adj

‫پ۔ای۔را‬

‫ایپرا‬

cold

adj

‫نھٹ۔ڈا‬

‫ڈنھٹا‬

long

adj

‫مل۔اب‬

‫ابمل‬

wide

adj

‫وچ۔ڑا‬

‫وچڑا‬

‫اگنہم‬

27

‫وماٹ‬

‫ومٗ۔اٹ‬

‫‪adj‬‬

‫‪fat‬‬

‫رفہب‬

‫رف۔ہب‬

‫‪adj‬‬

‫‪fat‬‬

‫دالب‬ ‫وجان‬ ‫وبڑاھ‬

‫ُدب۔ال‬ ‫ج۔وان‬ ‫وبڑ۔اھ‬

‫‪adj‬‬

‫‪skinny‬‬

‫‪adj‬‬

‫‪young‬‬

‫‪adj‬‬

‫‪old‬‬

‫الیم‬

‫ےم۔ال‬

‫‪adj‬‬

‫‪dirty‬‬

‫دنگا‬

‫نگ۔دا‬

‫‪adj‬‬

‫‪dirty‬‬

‫رہگا‬

‫گِہ۔را‬

‫‪adj‬‬

‫‪deep‬‬

‫اکلہ‬

‫لہ۔اک‬

‫‪adj‬‬

‫‪light‬‬

‫اھٹیم‬

‫یم۔اھٹ‬

‫‪adj‬‬

‫‪sweet‬‬

‫ڑکوا‬

‫ڑک۔وا‬

‫‪adj‬‬

‫‪sour‬‬

‫آداھ‬

‫آ۔داھ‬

‫‪adj‬‬

‫‪half‬‬

‫وپرا‬

‫وُپ۔را‬

‫‪adj‬‬

‫‪whole‬‬

‫وھتڑا‬

‫وھت۔ڑا‬

‫‪adj‬‬

‫‪a little‬‬

‫ڈنھٹا‬

‫نھٹ۔ڈا‬

‫‪adj‬‬

‫‪cold‬‬ ‫‪Notes:‬‬

‫‪ means bad. These two are commonly mixed up. As a clue, remember that‬ربا ‪ means big and‬ڑبا‬

‫‪1.‬‬

‫‪.‬ڑ ‪ has a topi on its‬ڑبا ‪big people wear a topi, so‬‬ ‫‪2. There are some words which are unmarked even though they have endings of marked nouns.‬‬ ‫‪.‬اھبری ‪ and‬رفہب ‪,‬اشکدہ ‪,‬دمعہ ‪Hence, they will remain unchanged. Some are‬‬

‫دمعہاتکب‪،‬اشکدہالکس‪،‬رفہبڑلیک‪،‬اھبریملق‬ ‫‪Exercise 5‬‬ ‫‪Translate into English‬‬

‫‪ )1‬رشفیڑلاک‬

‫‪ )6‬ےچسڑلےک‬

‫‪ )11‬ڑلیکرشفیےہ‬

‫‪ )16‬ڑلایکںیچسںیہ‬

‫‪ )2‬رشفیڑلےک‬

‫‪ )7‬یچسڑلیک‬

‫‪ )12‬ڑلایکںرشفیںیہ‬

‫‪ )17‬ربادوتس‬

‫‪ )3‬رشفیڑلیک‬

‫‪ )8‬یچسڑلایکں‬

‫‪ )13‬ڑلاکاچسےہ‬

‫‪ )18‬رکیسایھچےہ‬

‫‪ )4‬رشفیڑلایکں‬

‫‪ )9‬ڑلاکرشفیےہ‬

‫‪ )14‬ڑلےکےچسںیہ‬

‫‪ )19‬ایھچاتکںیب‬

‫‪ )5‬اچسڑلاک‬

‫‪ )11‬ڑلےکرشفیںیہ‬

‫‪ )15‬ڑلیکیچسےہ‬

‫‪ )21‬اکیپوھچیٹےہ‬ ‫‪28‬‬

‫) اچایبںیتسسںیہ‬36

‫) یلیمڑگپی‬31

‫) رپاانرھب‬26

‫) وھچےٹاھبیئ‬21

‫) یکلہیلیھت‬37

‫) یلیمڑگپایں‬32

‫) اپتیئرپاینےہ‬27

‫) وھچاٹاھبیئ‬22

‫) یکلہایلیھتں‬38

‫) اگڑایں یلیںیہ‬33

‫) اپتایئںرپاینںیہ‬28

‫) ڑھکیکیئنےہ‬23

‫) یئناکایپں‬39

‫) یگنہمداکںین‬34

‫) ومیٹڑلیک‬29

‫) یئنالکس‬24

‫) اکیپیئنےہ۔‬41

‫) اچیبیتسسےہ‬35

‫) ومیٹڑلایکں‬31

‫) رپاےنرھگ‬25

Exercise 6 Fill in the blanks using the words in brackets and then translate into English.

)‫ےہ(آاسن‬.....‫) اہللاکمکح‬8

)‫اکیپ(الیگ‬..... )1

)‫ےہ(وھچاٹ‬.....‫) دوتس‬9

)‫اگڑی(اگنہم‬..... )2

)‫ںیہ(رشفی‬.....‫) امں‬11

)‫اچیب(ابمل‬..... )3

)‫اتکبےہ(اچس‬.....‫) رقآناہللیک‬11

)‫ےہ(وچڑا‬.....‫) رکیس‬4

)‫روسلںیہ۔(اچس‬.....‫) روسلاہللﷺ اہللےک‬12

)‫ےہ(کین‬.....‫) آدیم‬5

)‫تنسےہ(ایپرا‬.....‫) وسماکروسلاہللﷺ یک‬13

)‫ےہ(دمعہ‬.....‫) انم‬6 )‫ےہ(اھٹیم‬.....‫) اپین‬7

Exercise 7 Translate into Urdu 1) Sweet water 2) The water is sweet.

3) dirty place 4) dirty places 5) The places are dirty

6) The place is dirty.

7) the expensive pen 8) the expensive pens 9) The pen is expensive.

10) The pens are expensive.

ADJECTIVES WITH SUBJECTS AND PREDICATES The subject and the predicate join to make a whole sentence whilst the noun and adjective join to become a subject or predicate.

‫ںیہ‬ Joining Word

‫قفشم‬

‫ااتسد‬

‫کین‬

Noun Adjective Predicate Subject

29

‫ںیہ‬ Joining Word

‫اعمل‬

‫ڑبے‬

‫زدی‬

Noun Adjective Predicate

Subject

Exercise 8 Translate into English

‫تسچےہ۔‬،‫) ڑبااھبیئ‬17

‫یقیقحرغتبےہ۔‬،‫) اہجتل‬9

‫) اچسڑلاککینےہ۔‬1

‫) یلیمالکسربیےہ۔‬18

‫اامیناکاکیہصحےہ۔‬،‫) ایح‬11

‫) ےچسڑلےککینںیہ۔‬2

‫) یئناکیپیگنہمےہ۔‬19

‫) ڑبےرھگدمعہںیہ۔‬11

‫) یچسڑلیککینےہ۔‬3

‫) رپایناکایپںیتسسںیہ۔‬21

‫امدلارےہ۔‬،‫) کیناترج‬12

‫) یچسڑلایکںکینںیہ۔‬4

‫) اصفڑگپیوخوصبرتےہ۔‬21

‫) زبدلڑلےکامیبرںیہ۔‬13

‫) وھچاٹہچبرباےہ۔‬5

‫) اپیکاامیناکآداھےہ۔‬22

‫) اہبدرایٹیبںدنترتسںیہ۔‬14

‫) وھچےٹےچبربےںیہ۔‬6

‫تسسےہ۔‬،‫) وھچاٹاھبیئ‬15

‫) وھچیٹیچبربیےہ۔‬7

‫) ےبململقرخابںیہ۔‬16

‫) وھچیٹایچبںربیںیہ۔‬8

Translation

Vocab Pronunciation

Urdu

‫اہجتل‬

‫اہجتل‬

‫یقیقح‬

‫یقیقح‬

ignorance

f

real

adj

poverty

f

‫رغتب‬

‫رغتب‬

modesty

f

‫ایح‬

‫ایح‬

part

m

‫ہصح‬

‫ہصح‬

cleanliness

f

‫اپیک‬

‫اپیک‬

Exercise 9 Translate into Urdu 1) The cheap topi is dirty.

2) The cheap topis are dirty 3) The long turban is clean.

4) The long turbans are clean 5) The old book is difficult.

6) The old books are difficult.

30

7) The new book is easy.

8) The new books are easy 9) The small gifts are light.

10) The small gift is light 11) The big boy is pious.

12) The big boys are pious.

ADJECTIVES WITH POSSESSION Sometimes an adjective and its noun can make up part of the possessive phrase.

Example

‫ںیہ‬

‫اعمل‬

‫ڑبے‬

‫ااتسد‬

‫کین‬

noun adjective noun adjective owned

Joining word

Predicate

‫ےک‬

‫زدی‬

Possession word Subject

Owner

Note: The last word of the subject will affect the joining word.

Exercise 10 Translate into English

‫) ااتسدیکوجانڑلیکتسسےہ۔‬7

‫) دخہجیےکڑبےڑلےککینںیہ۔‬4

‫) زدییکوھچیٹنہبتسسےہ۔‬1

‫) ااتسدیکوجانڑلایکںتسسںیہ۔‬8

‫) ااتسداکوجانڑلاکتسچےہ۔‬5

‫) زدییکوھچیٹںینہبتسسںیہ۔‬2

‫) انانیکوبڑیھامںزمکورےہ۔‬9

‫) ااتسدےکوجانڑلےکتسچںیہ‬6

‫) دخہجیاکڑباڑلاککینےہ۔‬3

Exercise 11 Fill in the blanks using the correct form of the words in brackets and then translate into English.

)‫ںیہ‬/‫(ےہ‬..... ‫) رغبیاطبلِملعیکامںکین‬7

‫(اگڑی)اصفںیہ۔‬..... ‫) اھبیئیک‬1

‫ےک)ملقدمعہںیہ۔‬/‫یک‬/‫(اک‬..... ‫) رشفیاعمل‬8

‫(اپتیئ)یبملںیہ۔‬..... ‫) اصفالکسیک‬2

‫ےک)رھگاصفںیہ۔‬/‫یک‬/‫(اک‬..... ‫) زمکوراھبیئ‬9

‫(اتسس)ےہ۔‬..... ‫) اریمآدیمیکداکن‬3

‫ (اکلہ)ےہ۔‬.....‫ےک)رپایناچیب‬/‫یک‬/‫(اک‬..... ‫) ااتسداصبح‬11

‫(رویٹ)رگمںیہ۔‬..... ‫) تسچامںیک‬4

‫ےک)زبدلویبیدبرورتےہ۔‬/‫یک‬/‫(اک‬..... ‫) وجنکسآدیم‬11

‫(ڑھکیک)وخوصبرتںیہ۔‬..... ‫) رھگیک‬5

‫ےک)ویبیںیہ۔‬/‫یک‬/‫(اک‬..... ‫) آدیمیککینڑلیکیخسااتسداصبح‬12

‫(اگنہم)ےہ۔‬..... ‫(این)اتکب‬..... ‫) کیناعملیک‬6

Exercise 12 Translate into Urdu.

1) the bad death of a kafir 2) the good death of a believer 3) the true love of the sahaba 4) The city’s new street is wide.

5) The city’s new streets are wide.

6) The strong brother’s big books are cheap.

7) The pious man’s beautiful turban is clean.

8) Rasulullah Q is the truthful prophet of Allah S. 9) The clean shop’s business-man is a pious man.

10) The good house’s clean water is expensive.

31

‫‪Exercise 13‬‬ ‫‪Match the adjectives in column 1 with their opposites in column 2.‬‬ ‫‪Column 1‬‬ ‫‪Column 2‬‬

‫رغبی‬

‫امیبر‬

‫زمکور‬

‫رشری‬

‫اصف‬

‫اریم‬

‫اھبری‬

‫ربا‬

‫گنت‬

‫وخوصبرت‬

‫ڑکوا‬

‫اطوتقر‬

‫رگم‬

‫وھچاٹ‬

‫تسس‬

‫ااھچ‬

‫اکلہ‬

‫ڑبا‬

‫وساھک‬

‫رپاان‬

‫اتسس‬

‫اگنہم‬

‫زبدل‬

‫اصف‬

‫الیم‬

‫رشفی‬

‫دبرورت‬

‫الیگ‬

‫یخس‬

‫این‬

‫اھٹیم‬

‫اہبدر‬

‫لکشم‬

‫ڈنھٹا‬

‫حیحص‬

‫اشکدہ‬

‫وجنکس‬

‫وجان‬

‫مک‬

‫وبڑاھ‬

‫دنترتس‬

‫تسچ‬

‫طلغ‬

‫دنگا‬

‫زایدہ‬

‫آاسن‬

‫‪POSSESSION AND ADJECTIVES: PERSIAN FORM‬‬ ‫‪In Urdu sometimes the Persian (Farsi) version of possession and adjectives are used. This is formed by‬‬ ‫‪switching the order around and adding a zer to the first word.‬‬

‫زبسدبنگ‬ ‫دبنگِرضخاء‬ ‫اقلتزرہ‬ ‫زرہِاقلت‬ ‫دخاےکروسل‬ ‫روسلدخا‬ ‫ِ‬

‫‪Green dome‬‬

‫‪Fatal poison‬‬

‫‪The prophet of Allah‬‬

‫‪Exercise 14‬‬ ‫‪Translate into English‬‬

‫‪ )1‬ذرکِدخا‬

‫‪ )6‬روہضِادقس‬

‫‪ )2‬اغ ِررحاء‬

‫‪ )7‬روہضِاپک‬

‫‪ )3‬دجسمِوبنی‬

‫‪ )8‬درو ِداپک‬

‫‪ )4‬دجسمِابقء‬

‫‪ )9‬نسحِاالخق‬

‫‪ )5‬دجسمِایصق‬

‫‪ )11‬نسحِاعمرشت‬ ‫‪32‬‬

‫‪ )11‬نسحِاخہمت‬

‫رہاقلتےہ۔‬ ‫‪ )17‬ربیتبحصز ِ‬

‫‪ )12‬ملعِدحثی‬

‫وبحمبدخاںیہ۔‬ ‫‪ )18‬دمحمﷺ‬ ‫ِ‬

‫‪ )13‬ملعِرقآن‬

‫اانیمطنبلقےہ۔‬ ‫‪ )19‬ذرکِدخا‬ ‫ِ‬

‫‪ )14‬ولع ِمرقآن‬

‫اابتعروسلﷺ املسمنیکاکایمیبےہ۔‬ ‫‪ِ )21‬‬

‫‪ )15‬وس ِءاخہمت‬

‫‪ )21‬تبحصِاصحلدیفمےہاورتبحصِدباصقنندہےہ۔‬

‫‪ )16‬راضمنامہِایصمےہ۔‬ ‫‪Vocab‬‬ ‫‪Urdu‬‬

‫‪Pronunciation‬‬

‫زبس‬

‫زبس‬

‫رضخاء‬

‫رضخاء‬

‫‪adj‬‬

‫‪green‬‬

‫)‪adj (arb‬‬

‫‪green‬‬

‫ذرک‬

‫ذرک‬

‫‪m/f‬‬

‫‪remembrance‬‬

‫دخا‬

‫دخا‬

‫‪m‬‬

‫‪Allah‬‬

‫اغر‬

‫اغر‬

‫‪m‬‬

‫‪cave‬‬

‫روہض‬

‫روہض‬

‫‪m‬‬

‫‪garden‬‬

‫ادقس‬

‫ادقس‬

‫‪adj‬‬

‫‪most sacred‬‬

‫اپک‬

‫اپک‬

‫‪adj‬‬

‫‪pure‬‬

‫درود‬

‫درود‬

‫‪m‬‬

‫‪salutations‬‬

‫نسح‬

‫نسح‬

‫‪adj‬‬

‫‪good, beautiful‬‬

‫االخق‬

‫االخق‬

‫‪m/pl‬‬

‫‪character‬‬

‫‪f‬‬

‫‪social behaviour‬‬

‫اخہمت‬

‫اخہمت‬

‫‪m‬‬

‫‪ending‬‬

‫ملع‬

‫ملع‬

‫‪m‬‬

‫‪science/ knowledge‬‬

‫ولعم‬

‫ولعم‬

‫‪m/pl‬‬

‫‪sciences‬‬

‫وسء‬

‫وسء‬

‫‪adj‬‬

‫‪evil‬‬

‫امہ‬

‫امہ‬

‫‪m‬‬

‫‪month‬‬

‫ایصم‬

‫ایصم‬

‫‪m‬‬

‫‪fasting‬‬

‫تبحص‬

‫تبحص‬

‫‪f‬‬

‫‪company‬‬

‫اعمرشت اعمرشت‬

‫‪33‬‬

‫‪Translation‬‬

poison

m

‫زرہ‬

‫زرہ‬

fatal

m

‫اقلت‬

‫اقلت‬

beloved

m

‫وبحمب‬

‫وبحمب‬

peace, tranquillity

m

‫اانیمطن‬

‫اانیمطن‬

heart

m

‫بلق‬

‫بلق‬

following

f

‫اابتع‬

‫اابتع‬

success

f

‫اکایمیب‬

‫اکایمیب‬

pious

adj

‫اصحل‬

‫اصحل‬

beneficial

adj

‫دیفم‬

‫دیفم‬

bad

adj

‫دب‬

‫دب‬

harmful

adj

‫اصقنندہ‬

‫اصقنندہ‬

CHECKLIST & KEYWORDS Do you know…? o The difference between marked and unmarked adjectives? o The difference between an adjective and a predicate? o How the adjective is affected when its noun is followed by a possession word? o How the Persian possession and adjective is used?

34

‫‪Lesson 6‬‬ ‫‪Past Tense‬‬ ‫‪To change a sentence into the past tense, the joining word must be changed.‬‬ ‫‪In the present tense there are only two joining words, one for singular and one for plural, whilst in the‬‬ ‫‪past tense there are four joining words, different words for masculine and feminine along with singular‬‬ ‫‪and plural.‬‬ ‫‪The joining words for the past tense are as follows.‬‬ ‫‪Past Tense‬‬

‫‪Present Tense‬‬

‫آدیمکیناھت‬

‫آدیمکینےہ‬

‫اھت‬

‫‪Singular‬‬

‫ہبلطکینےھت‬

‫ہبلطکینںیہ‬

‫ےھت‬

‫‪Plural/ Respect‬‬

‫ڑلیککینیھت‬

‫ڑلیککینےہ‬

‫یھت‬

‫‪Singular‬‬

‫ںیھت‬

‫‪Plural/ Respect‬‬

‫ڑلایکںکینںیھت ڑلایکںکینںیہ‬

‫‪Masculine‬‬

‫‪Feminine‬‬

‫‪Exercise 1‬‬ ‫‪Change the following sentences into the past tense.‬‬

‫‪ )1‬آدیمرغبیےہ← آدیمرغبیاھت‬

‫‪ )11‬اتکرشریےہ۔‬

‫‪ )19‬اھبیئےکااتسدکینںیہ۔‬

‫‪ )2‬اپینزایدہےہ۔‬

‫‪ )11‬رپاینرکیسرخابےہ۔‬

‫‪ )21‬اعملاکملقدمعہےہ۔‬

‫‪ )3‬وکہناصفےہ۔‬

‫‪ )12‬ااتسدقفشمںیہ۔‬

‫‪ )21‬ااتسدیکامںزمکورںیہ۔‬

‫‪ )4‬ااتسدیکاتکںیبزایدہںیہ۔‬

‫‪ )13‬اھبیئیکاگڑایںاصفںیہ۔‬

‫‪ )22‬الکسےکااتسدقفشمںیہ۔‬

‫‪ )5‬اتکبیکتمیقزایدہےہ۔‬

‫‪ )14‬زدییکڑھگیدمعہےہ۔‬

‫‪ )23‬زنیماکاپیناصفےہ۔‬

‫‪ )6‬کینامںیکروایٹںرگمںیہ۔‬

‫‪ )15‬اپتیئاصفےہ۔‬

‫‪ )24‬آدیم یکدوتلزایدہےہ۔‬

‫‪ )7‬ااتسدیکیئنرکیسدمعہےہ۔‬

‫‪ )16‬اترجےکملقزمکورںیہ۔‬

‫‪ )25‬وادل‪،‬ااتسدےکدوتسںیہ۔‬

‫‪ )8‬آدیماکڑبارھگاصفےہ۔‬

‫‪ )17‬اطبلِملعیکڑھگایںرخابںیہ۔‬

‫‪ )26‬تمیقزایدہےہ۔‬

‫‪ )9‬اعملےکاھبیئکینںیہ۔‬

‫‪ )18‬اھبیئیکاگڑایںاصفںیہ۔‬

‫‪ )27‬ڑسکاصفےہ۔‬ ‫‪Exercise 2‬‬ ‫‪Translate into English‬‬

‫‪ )1‬رضحترمعریضاہللہنعافروقےھت۔‬ ‫‪ )2‬اوبلہجروسلاہللﷺ اکدنمشاھت۔‬ ‫‪35‬‬