Campus WU - A holistic History

A HOLISTIC HISTORY

by BUSarchitektur

7 ROLES ON CAMPUS WU: COMPREHENSIVE MASTER PLANNER, GENERAL PLANNER, TEACHING CENTER ARCHITECT, OPEN SPACE DESIGNER, PARKING PLANNER, DOCUMENTALISTS AND COMMUNICATORS

BUSarchitektur & BOA office for advanced randomness BUSarchitektur was founded in 1986 in Buenos Aires by Claudio J. Blazica (1956-2002) and Laura P. Spinadel. In Vienna, the architectural firm has been run jointly with Jean Pierre Bolívar and Bernd Pflüger since 2003. The firm’s Master Plan for the Mataderos district of Buenos Aires won the 1988 Outstanding Artist Award for Experimental Trends in Architecture. Work that began as research for the Compact City project in Vienna won the Otto Wagner Urban Architecture Award. BUSarchitektur has developed master plans for STAR 22 - A Center for Everyone, for the densification of the Oberlaa Neu spa park, for Forum Schönbrunn in Vienna, as well as for the Hoffmann takes a walk in Purkersdorf and for the University of Medicine campus in Graz. BOA office for advanced randomness was established as a collaboration between Laura P. Spinadel and Hubert Marz in order to encourage alternative approaches to the communication and discussion of spaces and urbanities.

In 2008 BUSarchitektur won the Master Plan and General Planning Competition for Campus WU. In addition to designing and planning the Teaching Center, BUSarchitektur also undertook the open space and parking area projects, while BOA produced all the documentation and communication materials.

BUS

III

a book by BOA ofямБce for advanced randomness

TO THE ECONOMISTS OF THE WORLD

A HOLISTIC HISTORY

by BUSarchitektur

050

020

132

GENERAL PHOTOS

152

LUCAS KULNIG

BETWEEN SPACES: CONFIGURATIONS 170

LOUNGE RELAX EXPO PLAZAS STAGE PATIO FORUM MICROSYSTEMS OUT

LAURA P. SPINADEL

LANDSCAPE AS PRECURSOR 142

112

SNAPSHOTS

MANUEL MARTÍNEZ

MAKING VISIBLE 104

ERNST NÖBL

ENERGY 098

SANTIAGO SÁNCHEZ

FLOWS 092

LAURA P. SPINADEL

RANDOMNESS, PLAYING FROM THE INSIDE 084

INTEGRAL MASTER PLAN

MACROSYSTEMS

MASTER PLAN THEMES

LAURA P. SPINADEL

A SPECIAL PLACE FOR EDUCATION AND RESEARCH 014

LAURA P. SPINADEL

CAMPUS WU IN VIENNA: A HOLISTIC HISTORY 006

URBAN SETTINGS ACTIONISM

POSTCARD ROXANE LEGENSTEIN LOCATION

MASTER PLAN MICROWORLDS

GENEALOGICAL WALL POSTCARD ROXANE LEGENSTEIN

GENERAL VIEW

AERIAL PHOTO

MASTER PLAN GRAVITATIONAL SYNERGIES

POSTCARD ROXANE LEGENSTEIN

NIGHT PHOTOS ACTIONISM

POSTCARD ROXANE LEGENSTEIN GENERAL PLAN

LANDSCAPE MICROWORLDS

ACTIONISM

ZAIDA MUXÍ

180 THE UNIVERSITY SPACE AS A SPACE FOR SOCIETY

166

150

ACTIONISM

FERNANDO DIEZ

118 CAMPUS WU: FROM UTOPIA TO REALITY

108

102

096

090

ACTIONISM

ILA BERMAN / MONA EL KHAFIF

058 MODEL PHOTO 060 MULTI-SCALAR NEGOTIATIONS: MASTER PLAN AS MEDIATOR

046

042

POSTCARD ROXANE LEGENSTEIN

TABLE OF CONTENTS

198

228

260

MICROSYSTEMS IN MODEL PHOTOS & DRAWINGS

284

328

374 TEAM AND THIS IS HOW IT ALL BEGAN...

364 PHOTOS

JEAN PIERRE BOLÍVAR

TRAVEL DIARY 356

BUILDING ELEMENTS

BERND PFLÜGER

EVACUATION 310

FLORIAN PFEIFER

ENVELOPE 298

ARNO REITER

LISTENING 292

SPATIAL SIMULATIONS - CONCEPTUAL DRAWINGS

JUAN SEBASTIÁN GÓMEZ

WHAT IS LOCATIONAL COMMUNICATION? 278

252

SPATIAL CONCEPTUAL DRAWINGS

LAURA SPINADEL - JEAN PIERRE BOLÍVAR - BERND PFLÜGER

TEACHING CENTER, DEPARTMENTS & FOOD COURT 246

LOUNGE RELAX EXPO PHOTOS STAGE PATIO FORUM LIGHTWELLS

BARBARA KAVC

PARALLEL WORLDS 222

STEFAN SCHMIDT & HANNES BATIK

VEGETATION 212

ALEXANDER FURTMÜLLER

FAMILIES 206

SPATIAL CONCEPTUAL DRAWINGS

MICHAELA RENTSCH

INTERACTIVE CONFIGURATORS 192

POSTCARD ROXANE LEGENSTEIN

ACTIONISM

HAPTIC SNAPSHOTS

AERIAL PHOTO

LIGHT DAY / NIGHT

308

326

ACTIONISM

ACTIONISM SKETCH

ISABELLA MARBOE

314 PHOTO 316 EDUCATING THE INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY

PHOTOS

RENDER

302

296

ACTIONISM

POSTCARD ROXANE LEGENSTEIN

ACTIONISM

JOSEP MARÍA MONTANER

268 HOLISTIC ARCHITECTURE ON CAMPUS

216

210

ACTIONISM

POSTCARD ROXANE LEGENSTEIN

ARCHITECTURE MICROWORLDS

CAMPUS WU IN VIENNA: A HOLISTIC HISTORY

To create architecture today is a nomic game. The rules of the game are paradoxical, players are continually changing their minds and every operational process ends up being self-referential 1. The basic democratic rights pertaining to the built environment are: the right to natural light, the right to YLVXDO SHUFHSWLRQ DQG WKH ULJKW WR ZDWHU 7KHUHIRUH WKH MRE RI DQ DUFKLWHFW QRZDGD\V LV WR ÛQG D QHZ balance between ecology and urban planning. Our aim as thinkers and operators should be to once again play an active role in environmental quality optimization by acknowledging the complexity of this process and searching for sustainable changes.

BUSarchitektur has been working on issues affecting our contemporary society since it was founded LQ %2$ RIÛFH IRU DGYDQFHG UDQGRPQHVV KDV EHHQ GHYHORSLQJ FXOWXUDO LQWHUDFWLRQV VLQFH LWV establishment in 2003. Through their proposals both companies develop realistic utopias that help us WR YDOXH DQG UHGHÛQH RXU LQKHULWHG OHJDF\ LQ D FRQVFLHQWLRXV DQG FRPPLWWHG ZD\ The new Campus WU project was launched in 2005 within the academic setting of the Vienna University of Economics and Business. The project culminated in 2013 with the handing over of WKH ÛQLVKHG XQLYHUVLW\ FRPSOH[ ZLWKLQ LWV EXGJHWDU\ IUDPHZRUN RI (85 PLOOLRQ ,W LV WKH ODUJHVW University of Economics in the European Union with a population of 25,000 students, teachers and administrative staff and is moving into a neighbourhood with approximately 100,000 inhabitants.

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7KLV LV ZKHUH IXWXUH JHQHUDWLRQV RI KRSHIXOO\ FRPSHWHQW HFRQRPLVWV ZLOO EH WUDLQHG ,W LV D VWUDWHJLF example of a star system, employed by the user, which seeks to obtain the necessary funding by DZDUGLQJ WKH SURMHFWV WR =DKD +DGLG $UFKLWHFWV +DPEXUJ t &5$%VWXGLR /RQGRQ t &DUPH 3LQĂŽV %DUFHORQD t 12 PDG 0DGULG t +LWRVKL $EH 6HQGDL DV ZHOO DV WR WKH 0DVWHU 3ODQ ZLQQHU 9LHQQDpV BUSarchitektur.

7KH GHPRFUDWLF RUJDQL]DWLRQ RI XVHUV WKH SRZHU VWUXFWXUHV RI WKH VWDWH OHDGLQJ DJHQFLHVp LQVSHFWLRQV PRQLWRULQJ FRVWV DQG EXGJHWV EUDQGLQJ LQĂœLFWHG RQ DUFKLWHFWXUH PXOWLSOH UHJXODWLRQV FRQWUDFW DZDUG mechanisms, the historical burden of a privileged place, the social tensions associated with one of the established centers of prostitution, the dissatisfaction of the student population, etc. – these are some of the factors causing stakeholder interests to be in permanent unstable equilibrium. $V D UHVXOW WKH 0DVWHU 3ODQ DXWKRUVp FRQVWDQW VHDUFK IRU D KROLVWLF HTXLOLEULXP FRQWLQXHG WKURXJKRXW the entire project process and into the execution, with an unstable balance of power between users, residents, developers, politicians, experts and author design implementers. We will present WKH DUFKLWHFWpV UROHV LQ WKUHH PLFUR ZRUOGV ZKLFK VHHN WR SXW IRUZDUG WKH LGHD WKDW D VXVWDLQDEOH balance between the Four Quadrants 2 is not a pre-existing element of our work as architects and urban planners.

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8OWLPDWHO\ VWULNLQJ WKH EDODQFH EHWZHHQ SHUVRQDO DFKLHYHPHQW REMHFWLÛDEOH WHFKQRORJ\ FXOWXUDO interaction and social urges, means recognizing the importance of permanently changing our point of view and encourages us to take other factors into consideration. Every single detail should IRUFH XV WR UHFRJQL]H WKH PDQ\ GLIIHUHQW ZD\V LQ ZKLFK D JLYHQ LQWHUYHQWLRQpV PLFUR DFWLRQ FDQ be interpreted and to proceed accordingly. However, our open-minded approach to searching for added-value, which must necessarily incorporate our actions, often leads us to adopt casual strategies for managing projects. The imbalance between the four quadrants is the starting state that compels us to set off interrelated chain reactions in an attempt to awaken the potential for coOpetition 3. This potential is present both in the direct actors and in the domino effect that will occur once we take control of the reality in which we act. CoOpeting public and private actors that acknowledge the simultaneous presence of both cooperation and competition when talking about Laura P. Spinadel Director of the Master Plan and the Executive Project for the

quality of life and capital repayment. Competing cooperatively in order to successfully invent and develop alternative design mechanisms to those of globalization. ,QWHOOHFWXDO FXULRVLW\ DV D MRXUQH\ WR GLVFRYHU QRW VR REYLRXV JDPH WKHRU\ DSSOLFDWLRQV LQ DUFKLWHFWXUH

New Campus WU in Vienna

– this is our way to play an active role in our daily productive output. The game played is a game of

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society since it leads to the socialization of the individual in a virtual community and, as a consequence,

BOA office for advanced randomness,

to the development of a real community. The only way the Campus to have a future is if we activate the

Vienna – 2013

urban potential of the educational habitat.

1

Peter Suber 1990 The Paradox of Self-Amendment: A Study of Logic, Law, Omnipotence, and Change ISBN-13: 978-0820412122

2

Ken Wilber 2000 A Theory of Everything. An Integral Vision for Business, Politics, Science and Spirituality ISBN 3-924195-79-X Adam Brandenburger, Barry Nalebuff 1996 Co-Opetition : A Revolution Mindset That Combines Competition and Cooperation ISBN 0-385-47950-6

3

8

ISBN-10: 0820412120

9

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THEMATIC MODULES FOR INTEGRAL PLANNING • ENERGY FOLLOWS ENERGY ? • BETWEEN EFFICIENCY AND EFFECTIVE 24/7 RHYTHM • RECOMMENDATIONS FOR AN INTELLIGENT A NEW VALUES SYSTEM • PASSIVE OR ACTIVE ? • LIVING WITH CAMPUS WU • ECOSYSTEMS BETWEEN URBAN SPACE AND NAT WITH NATURE • FIVE ELEMENTS IN HARMONY: WOOD, FIRE, RESOURCES • MOBILITY AND ENVIRONMENT • SELF-ORGA HUMAN BEINGS, CONSUMER GOODS AND CULTURAL LANDSC FLOWS • SECURITY AND GENDER MAIN-STREAMING • FREED RESOURCES • UNIVERSITY BETWEEN GLOBALIZATION AND ED SUSTAINABILITY • ART AND ECONOMY • SOCIAL ART ON THE • ALTERNATIVE ECONOMIES, ALTERNATIVE SOCIETIES •

RCHITECTURE SHAPING SOCIETY ?

EFFICIENCY OF THE NEW CAMPUS WU IN VIENNA • FORM ENESS • QUALITY OF LIFE AND INDIVIDUAL COMFORT IN THE ARCHITECTURE • RENEWABLE ENERGIES AS A BASIS FOR A H NATURE • EMERGENCE OF A MICRO CLIMATE FOR THE NEW TURAL SPACE • RECYCLING RESOURCES ? • METAMORPHOSIS EARTH, METAL, WATER • RECOMMENDATIONS FOR REUSING ANIZED SYSTEM ? • SPACE AND RESOURCE OPTIMISATION • CAPE RESIDUES • RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CROSS-LINKED DOM WITHOUT CONTROL ? • SOCIETY, CITY, TECHNOLOGY AND DUCATIONAL LANDSCAPE • RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SOCIAL E CAMPUS ? • THESES FOR PROMOTING SELF-ORGANIZATION RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CULTURAL SUSTAINABILITY •••

INTEGRAL IN THE DEVELOPMENT

ECOLOGICAL URBANISM AS A BASE The environmental matrix is a tool inspired by interrelated circuit systems, meant to display and harmonize its own balance.

Our aim as thinkers and operators should be to once again play an active role in environmental quality optimization by acknowledging the complexity of this process and searching for sustainable changes.

CAMPUS WU A SPECIAL PLACE FOR EDUCATION AND RESEARCH With its present roster of some 23,000 students, the Vienna University of Economics and Business is practically bursting at the seams, which does not make it easy to study, work or carry out research.

That will change in 2013. There will be space for every student, every professor and every single faculty member. There will be space for communicating, for discussing, for exchanging ideas, for studying, for teaching, for researching, for discovering and relaxing.

The new 91,000m2 location in-between the Vienna Fair and Prater Park provides more space plus the opportunity to set up a campus with multiple buildings. It is easily reachable via public transport and has direct access to the recreational area of the Prater Park. A great place is starting life in superb surroundings.

The organizational concept of the Vienna University of Economics and Business places its focus on the departments. Each of these departments is to be characterised by a main entrance area capable of providing personal assistance. While there need to be contact zones for conferences and discussions, there should also be opportunities for retreating, especially for academic staff. An ideal research setting comes into being.

The Library and Learning Center (LC) is to interlink referencing and reading facilities, thus facilitating all aspects of studying in all its functions. A university without books, without a traditional library, is inconceivable; at the same time a university without the latest technology cannot be state-ofthe-art. Both of these meet and complement one another ideally in the LC, which stays open

14

for students and employees 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Optimum working conditions are formed.Universities need lecture halls, not large ones, but rather small and medium-sized ones that make it possible to cultivate a good communication style. Break-out zones are also essential to enable small groups to work separately before rejoining the main gathering. An ideal place for studying is created.

The Aula represents the center of communication that stimulates student life. The university, however, must also connect with its surroundings and with society. It is a social space where people meet, communicate, study, work and even relax. Attractions on site and outside routine university operations guarantee urban life on campus, thereby enabling an artistic and intellectual center to evolve for political debate and cultural events – and at a reasonable price.

A new interactivity space is forged.

Campus WU is a special place for research and education with a unique atmosphere. This H[FHSWLRQDOLW\ PXVW EH UHĂœHFWHG LQ WKH FRXQWHQDQFH RI LWV DUFKLWHFWXUH 7KH XQLYHUVLW\ FRPSOH[ seeks to become a landmark, radiating beyond the city limits. Its architecture should be conceived as a subject of collective fascination.

The new Campus further aims to suggest an alternative economic and ecological paradigm, while at the same time treating the subjects of gender mainstreaming and universal access with the utmost care.

15

MASTER PLAN GOALS FOR CAMPUS WU URBAN DEVELOPMENT ASPECTS

CAMPUS WU IS AN ENTITY The Campus WU site lies hidden away between the Prater Park and the Vienna Fair, embedded LQ D FLW\ VWUXFWXUH ZLWK VXIÛFLHQW RSHQ VSDFH WR GHYHORS DQ XUEDQ FDPSXV FRQFHSW 1RW RQO\ VKDOO the new WU function just like any other modern university, it will also shape the opportunities for an active educational landscape.

The Campus shall be an internally coherent oasis with pavilions in the university ‘Garden’ and with its edges featuring green open spaces. The interior life of this very special place must be explored and discovered. Contact points with the city form part of this university park concept: one of the entrances to the academic complex is via a sculpture garden near the Vienna Fair plaza; an entrance with terraced wooden platforms is located on TrabrennstraĂ&#x;e; another features D WRSRJUDSK\ FRPSULVLQJ D ĂœLJKW RI FRQFUHWH VWHSV YLVLEOH IURP 3UDWHU 3DUN THE FLOWING SPACE ALLOWS YOU TO BREATHE The Campus is designed as a “Walk along Parkâ€? with different stations and interconnected squares IURP ZKLFK WKH VSHFLĂ›F DUHDV DUH DFFHVVLEOH WKURXJK JUHHQ DOOH\V 3URJUHVVLQJ DORQJ WKLV VHTXHQFH of plazas, each educational path becomes a journey of adventure. One path takes you from the topographic modelled landscape near the Executive Academy between the individual departments to the Administration building and specialised libraries. Another progresses from the wooden folded terraces between the Teaching Center and the Students Center, past the departments and the Food Court to the plaza in front of the Library and Learning Center. ‌.and in between you can always catch a glimpse of the Vienna Prater.

MASTER PLAN RULEBOOK FOR THE ENTIRE AREA During the modern era, the campus concept, which dates back to the Greek Agora and the tradition of the campus university, has developed into a complex urban entity.

The campus system is composed of the following principles: balanced proportions, and equilibrium between separated buildings.

16

The character and diversity of each autonomous Campus piece accentuate their individual identities.

The open space in between these parts is organised by platforms, parks, ponds and walkways.

The Campus layout is open and integrates nature.

The individual buildings are connected through proximity and proportions.

7KH FRPSRVLWLRQ RI WKHVH VSDFHV DQG UHODWLRQVKLSV LV GHÛQHG LQ WKH 3ORW 5XOHERRN %RWK WKH EDODQFHG GLVWULEXWLRQ RI FXEDWXUH DFURVV WKH ÛYH SORWV DQG WKH HTXDO DOORFDWLRQ RI PRYHPHQW ÜRZV DUH D EDVLF principle of the Campus.

Within this educational landscape the different architects do not compete but complement each other.

7KH VSHFLDO IXQFWLRQV DUH H[WHUQDO WR WKH V\VWHP DQG GHÛQH WKH FKDUDFWHU RI HDFK EXLOGLQJ DQG LWV corresponding plazas.

7KH GHSDUWPHQWV DUH YDULDWLRQV LQ WKH V\VWHP DQG FRQÛQH WKH RSHQ VSDFH LQ D ORQJLWXGLQDO GLUHFWLRQ The walkways are free and multi-optional at every point on the Campus.

The meandering structure proposed in the Master Plan invites pedestrians to stroll through and discover the Campus.

7KH 0DVWHU 3ODQ FDQ EH WKRXJKW RI DV GHÛQLQJ DQ HGXFDWLRQDO JDOOHU\ LQ ZKLFK WKH RSHQ VSDFHV SOD\ the role of connecting the images. This strong context welcomes different types of architecture, a variety plaza designs as well as artistic endeavour, providing them all with a stage on which to shine.

The result might eventually resemble the concept presented by Siegfried Giedion and Le Corbusier at CIAM 6 – that a campus is a space for the synthesis of the arts.

The Master Plan is based on the expectation that the input of different architects will support the Campus WU model and will help realise sustainable solutions. In addition to examining the buildings’ physical and spatial aspects, other factors must also be harmonised, such as the function

Laura P. Spinadel

of their social spaces and their contributions to the creation of an overall Campus identity.

BUSarchitektur & BOA office for advanced randomness

The different approaches of six architectural teams, as well as the various artistic design elements

in cooperation with specialists

in the different plazas, should together create sustained added value for all parties involved

for the comprehensive Master Plan,

in this process.

Vienna – 2008

17

Art of Roxane Legenstein

What are economies?

What’s down here?

Where do we stand and on what ground? How did we get here? Some of us made it to the moon and, currently, robots are sent to Mars but we don’t know what is under our own earthly feet. What is under the deep sea? We know so little yet have experts for everything. We call those who drill oil, oil producers even though they don’t produce oil. Mankind had nothing to do with the production of oil. The price tag on natural resources is totally artificial and cannot be questioned enough. We have to put up with the fact that we are dependent upon the environment and not vice versa. Nature doesn’t need us.

LIGHT & SAFETY

Potentialities for Freedom in the Educational Field

INTERNAL Safety Zone Highly Restrictive

5

Technical Rooms: - Data Center - Security Engineering

Safety Zone Restrictive

4

- Administrator Office Areas - LAN-Rooms - IT Infrastructure (UPS, Emergency Power Aggregate) - Building Services (Heating, Climate, Ventilation, Sanitation) - Archive

Data Center

Safety Zone

3 Vienna Fair

Internal - Event Areas - Office Areas - Stock Rooms - Meeting Rooms - Building Services Shafts

U Office Areas Relax

PUBLIC Safety Zone Semi Public

LAN-Rooms

2

Generally usable areas within the Campus: - Food Court - Underground Parking - Third Party Areas

Safety Zone On Campus

Meeting Rooms Administrator Office Area Archive Engineering of security

1

Public area within the Campus - Outdoor Facilities - Sidewalks - Event Areas - Relax Zones

Outdoor Facilities

Sidewalks

Safety Zone

0

Surrounding Outside Campus WU - Ernst Happel Stadium - Krieau Racing Track - Würstelprater - Red-Light Areas - Vienna Fair Light fitting Type 2 2/35W/830 HC I-T;Lph~4,5m

Light fitting Type 1 2/35W/830 HC I-T;Lph~5,5m

In-floor projectors 1/35W/830 HIT

Light fitting Type 2 2/35W/830 HC I-T;Lph~4,5m

In-floor projectors 1/35W/830 HIT

In-floor projectors 1/35W/830 HIT

PHILOSOPHY OF RISK MANAGEMENT One of the principles of safety planning is to inhibit prospective risks by means of preventive and anticipatory planning strategies. This ensures the Campus WU to remain sustainably activated.

Ernst Happel Stadium Krieau Racing Track

CRITERIA FOR ILLUMINATION • Comfort and cosiness / sense of security (avoidance of “dark corners,” pleasing colour temperature) • Ensuring a sense of (quick and easy) orientation by incorporating the technique of field recognition • Amenity values (zones for communication, Plazas)

IT Infrastructure Event Areas Third Party Areas Stock Rooms Food Court 3,500K

Table tennis / 24h/7days Safety Zone 1 / Conflict: Prater Park (Safety Zone 0)

Safety zone 1

Red-Light Area

nderground Parking

Zones

Event Areas

Shaft

4,000K

Conflict: Vienna Fair (SZ 0) / Open space: layout of paths that allow for fast passage (walk, bike, skateboard), stay and linger / Security: mix of functions and uses, facilities, psychological barriers / Light: illumination of paths and effect lighting (LED for maximizing LUX amount)

Fitness, Basketball / 24h/7days Safety zone 1

Building Services

3,000K

Conflict: Prater Park (SZ-0) / Open space: mix of amenities: signage, furniture, bicycle facilities / Security: psychological barriers (topography, greenery), video surveillance / Light: illumination of spatial components (furniture, vegetation), visual dynamics (colour, intensity, orientation)

Plaza 4, Stage / 24h/7days Safety zone 1

2,500K

Conflict: road space (RZ-0) / Open space: layout of paths that allow for fast passage, stay and linger / Security: mix of functions & uses, video surveillance / Light: effect lighting, illumination of lawns and paths / Orientation: signage, visible emergency call box

Lawn for sunbathing / 7am to 6pm

Prater Safety zone 1

CRITERIA FOR VISUAL COMFORT In-floor projectors 1/35W/830 HIT

Light fitting Type 1 2/35W/830 HC I-T;Lph~5,5m

In-floor projectors 1/35W/830 HIT

Lighting of spatial components (objects, vegetation) Colour temperature generally 3,000K (warm white)

4,500K

Open Space, furniture / 24h/7days

Conflict: on Campus (SZ-1) / Open space: mix of amenities: signage, info posts, furniture / Security: mix of facilities, video surveillance / Light: illuminating spatial components (furniture, trees), visual dynamics (colour intensity, orientation) Orientation: signage, effect lighting, vegetation

ENERGY & LIFE CYCLE

Self-sustainability within the Existing Ecosystem

RAIN WATER CYCLE / YEAR 55,000 m3 precipitation

Food

Sewer

Sub-Center of the respective plots

7,000 m3 irrigation

14,000 m3 processed water

Centralized water supply

Extraction supply

34,000 m3 return ow - ground water

Tapping point

HOT WATER SUPPLY The emphasis is on reducing energy loss by decentralizing supply (based on a demand of 100 units / year) HOT WATER SUPPLY use of solar energy for bulk consumers

DE-CENTRALIZED WATER SUPPLY 125%

CENTRALIZED WATER SUPPLY 350%

Bulk Consumer (Food Court, Gym, Beer garden / Brewery ~70% of total demand) / Energy Loss 25% 95%

1 Long-distance Heating / 39% 2 Solar / 57% 3 Electricity / 4%

Individual Consumption 30% (e.g. Departments, with ~30% of total demand) / Energy Loss 0%

30%

350% 1 Long-distance Heating / 35% 2 Solar / 51% 3 Electricity / 14%

1 Long-distance Heating / 0% 2 Solar / 0% 3 Electricity / 100%

HEATING / COOLING SYSTEM Court

An optimum use of energy resources can be derived from the groundwater, which is found under the site. This is achieved by utilizing the heat storage capacity of the entire mass of the building site. The difference in thermal energy between heating and cooling demand is stored in the ground and flows back to the tapping point with a 6-month frequency shift, resulting in a substantial improvement in energy efficiency.

Gym Beer Garden / Brewery

During the heating season, waste heat from the data center and groundwater will be primarily utilized for supplying energy for the low-temperature heating. Only peak loads ( ~20% / year) are covered by long-distance heating.

During the summer months, dissipation of operational waste heat and cooling of the buildings happen almost exclusively with groundwater. Due to the required temperature level, only the dehumidification of the ventilation systems and the redundancy of the heat dissipation are assured by compression refrigeration.

Return supply

Return ow within 1/2 year

Cooling system SUMMER OPERATION

Heating system WINTER OPERATION

4:03pm / beer garden / brewery

>> Tobias, please! We really have to go home. We will come back tomorrow <<

>> Why don’t we apply to both faculties? Do you agree Franz?... <<

6:47am / green periphery >> That’s good, water fountains all over the place... how refreshing! <<

5:01pm / stage plaza

2:28pm / kindergarten

>> Look! - We can have ravioli with pesto and a chocolate cake <<

At All times of the Year

>> There is a concert starting at 8pm today. The group is from Sao Paulo <<

8:22pm / table tennis

11:15am / food court

SPACES FOR APPROPRIATION

>> Shh Lisa, look at him. Do you know if he has a girlfriend? <<

SPRING

SUMMER

In spring when the flowers begin to bloom, they clearly highlight the rhythm of the vegetation as a guidance system. In regard to the rain water cycle, fertilization meets ecological requirements not to contaminate the groundwater.

During semester break other user groups populate the area, taking advantage of all water. Additionally to the water posts, two water basins regulate the micro climate of the Campus.

2:38am / public living room

>> I´m still here at the lounge, are you coming? We can go to the bar <<

6:53am / passage 8:15am / parking garage access

>> Good morning Professor Kiesbaur-Beelitz. Do you want a chocolate? <<

>> It’s a pleasure meeting you! Will you join our group for BM? <<

10:42am / eastern access

10:27pm / bike facility 12:10pm / lounge plaza

>> I’ll be in Madrid for one semester. I might take flamenco classes <<

>> I’ll have to skip classes tomorrow, it’s already 3am! It was nice to see you! <<

>> So silent, compared to the bustle in the hall. I enjoy this very much <<

AUTUMN

WINTER

In autumn the dominant bright yellow of the Ginkgo trees, clearly marks the boundary of the Campus area. At this time of the year the character of the park clearly contrasts with the colours of its surroundings.

A special organic substrate (expanded clay) is used in order to reduce the possibility of repeated icing, thereby considerably decreasing the operating and follow up maintenance costs.

INTEGRAL MASTERPLAN

Open Space as Interlinking Protagonist CONNECTION TO VIENNA FAIR

EXECUTIVE ACADEMY

EA

LIBRARY & LEARNING CENTER

LC WESTERN ACCESS

D4

1

2

HOTEL (PROJECT)

D3 AD

3 4 RESEARCH INSTITUTES

SPECIAL LIBRARIES

PRATER

CONNECTION TO PRATER

NEIGHBOURHOOD CHARACTERISTICS Urban space / green space

Visual relations

Urban architecture

Green zone with walkways

Green zones in an urban environment

Park with trees

Urban campus

IDENTITY TRAITS Access to the Prater

Scene which is visible from each façade

The orientation of the façades requires a different façade structure

Seeing tree-tops

Close proximity to the Prater

Park with walkway

From a building or an elevated area

Through a building

Unobstructed view of green spaces

Sun protection required

Plaza with buildings on one side

No sun protection required

Direct view

Direct access

Passage to the Prater

PERSPECTIVES OF THE PRATER These refer to the visual relation with the Prater, from different perspectives and directions.

Also each access to the Prater is shown individually.

Executive Academy Special Libraries Library and Learning Center

Master Plan recommendation The significance of the building as derived from its distant countenance and its close relation to the locale.

Teaching Center

Remote visual relation

External Service providers

Effect on the plaza

Buildings on both sides Urban environment

URBAN RELATIONS These describe the relation of the Campus buildings to each other and to the buildings in the urban space.

Also the layout of the green areas is visualized internally and in relation to the city.

Functional significance

QUALITY OF WORK This describes the orientation of the façades and the related viewpoints and perspectives.

It also takes into account their exposure to light, light quality and intensity as well as their effects.

In addition to accommodating t the development on each plot h creates its unique identity.

Independent The special function does not extend beyond each plot

Cutting across the plots The special function is utilized by other plots

IMAGE CARRIERS

SPECIAL FUNCTION

These define the function, architecture and external countenance of the building as well as their impact on the plaza in front.

The special function indicat orientation cutting across the p independently of the others.

D1 TC

Building plot 8,200m² Variations of Competition Phase 1 based on Master Plan

Departments International Business

D1 TC

Special Functions Teaching Center Local supplies & services Food Court

ACCESS TO VIERTEL ZWEI QUARTER

22% Open Space

Building plot 7,650m² Variations of Competition Phase 1 based on Master Plan

LC Departments

LC-01

LC-02

LC-03

22% Open Space

15% Open Space

29% Open Space

LC-04

LC-05

21% Open Space

0% Open Space

Special Functions Library and Learning Center Local Supplies & Services Bookshop, Center for educational materials, Restaurant Copy Shop

VIENNA FAIR

Building plot 10,300m² Variations of Competition Phase 1 based on Master Plan

D2 SC ACCESS FOR TRUCKS AND CARS

EASTERN ACCESS

D1 TC

Local Supplies & Services Bookshop, Kindergarten, Mini-market

5

tes if there is a special plots, or whether it operates

D2 SC-01

D2 SC-02

D2 SC-03

40% Open Space

12% Open Space

39% Open Space

D2 SC-04

D2 SC-05

D2 SC-06

68% Open Space

18% Open Space

48% Open Space

Special Functions External Service Providers

TEACHING CENTER

the University departments, has a special function which

Departments Foreign Language Business Communication Information Systems & Process Management Marketing Strategic Management & Innovation

D3 AD

6

Building plot 9,650 m² Variations of Competition Phase 1 based on Master Plan

Departments Research departments Accounting Public Law and Tax Law Business, Employment and Social Security Law

D2 SC

47% Open Space

Departments Finance Social Sciences Statistics and Mathematics Economic Policy Special Functions Executive Academy 50

100m

37% Open Space D3 AD-05

44% Open Space

Building plot 6,900 m² Variations of Competition Phase 1 based on Master Plan

EA/D4

20

26% Open Space D3 AD-04

Local Supplies & Services Bakery

EXTERNAL SERVICE PROVIDERS

0

47% Open Space

Special Functions Administration

D3 AD-03

D3 AD-02

D3 AD-01

D4-01

D4-02

D4-03

66% Open Space

41% Open Space

44% Open Space

D4-05

D4-06

42% Open Space

24% Open Space

D4-04

Local Supplies & Services Café

55% Open Space

INTERFACE AREAS Spatial synergies

11

With public areas

Plaza 1: LOUNGE

Public transit routes

22

Plaza 2: RELAX

Passages

33

Plaza 3: EXPO

Access areas

44

Plaza 4: STAGE

55

Plaza 5: PATIO

66

Plaza 6: FORUM

With intermediate zones

TYPES OF PLAZAS The six public locales and the zones between the buildings and Campus sites are categorized and characterized.

This is where selective interventions and artistic inputs are sketched.

Internal (University)

Public

Possibility of occupying open spaces in relation to the building

Seminars

Seminars

Café

Café

Study Area

Study Area

Auditorium

Auditorium

Special Libraries

Local Supply

Open Space Open space flowing into the building

Optional Space Open space flowing underneath the building

Local Supply

FLOWS OF PEOPLE The first sub-item of Interface Areas concerns flows of people on the ground floor.

Which transit, access routes and passages are available and necessary?

USE OF GROUND FLOOR The exact arrangement of shops, lounges and seminar rooms.

OCCUPYING EXTERIOR AREAS The third item is about opening up interior areas to the exterior, about finding additional opportunities and options for the use of such open space and optional space (the latter being independent of the weather conditions)

Open space

CONFIGURATORS

Novel Tools for Negotiating & Evaluating Spatial Qualities

Set Up 1 “Master Plan Browser” / Configurations (projects 22+1) from pedestrian perspective. Assessment: Open Spaces - Entry Situations, Proportion - Skyline and Human Scale

June: 09:00am

June: 09:00am

June: 09:00am

June: 04:00pm

June: 04:00pm

June: 04:00pm

Set Up 2 “Configurator” / Configurations (projects 12+1). Assessment: Open Spaces – Sequential Spaces (Walk-through), Composition of Masses, Open Spaces – Shadow, Light Situation

Config. #1: 30% Open Space

Config. #2: 36% Open Space

Config. #3: 31% Open Space

Config. #4: 34% O

Open Space

MASTER PLAN BROWSER The MASTER PLAN allows you to immerse yourself into the wide scope of projects submitted for the MASTER PLAN competition.

Entries are being presented in their original format.

Feel free to choose in between different competition phases and a variety of architectural offices.

choose the competition phase

return to main page

choose the architectt

1 2 3 4 5

navigator pan zoom

To present and assess the outcome of the 1st round of architectural competition, an interactive 3D visualization interface – the “Master Plan Browser” – was developed.

It allows to combine the competition entries for the 5 building plots and to visualize the architectural situations.

Open space concept, entrance situations and in-between spaces are examinable from 4 different viewpoints.

concept & design:

CONFIGURATOR Especially designed for the jury of the Campus WU competition’s second round, the CONFIGURATOR allows to experience all possible combinations of competition entries.

For each building plot there is a choice out of three building proposals that then can be seen and evaluated within the entire setup of the Campus.

By the use of a 3D realtime engine an immersive environment is created to turn a possible future into something tangible and real.

Animation 1 Animation 2 Animation 3 Animation 4

Front

7

8

9

4

5

6

1

2

3

-

Shadow On / Off

+

Free Camera

Right

Back

Enter

Change in between ‘Walkthrough’ Mode / ‘Orbit’ Mode Reset Camera

0

>>

Faster / Slower Pan Left / Right

‘Walkthrough’ Mode

concept & design:

Zoom-Wheel Rotate

>>

Left

‘Orbit’ Mode

programming: realtime 3d GmbH

June: 09:00am

For the 2nd round of the competition a standalone application was developed.

It incorporates the possibility to virtually walk through the campus at particular times of the day and to assess natural lighting situations from arbitrary angles.

SELECTED ARCHITECTS LC : Thom Mayne / Morphosis Architects - Zaha Hadid Architects - Massimiliano Fuksas Architetto - Prof.

Hans Hollein - Univ. Prof. Arch. DI Klaus Kada D2 SC : Atelier Hitoshi Abe - Josep Llinás i Carmona, Architect - Greg Lynn FORM - Bevk Perovic Arhitekti D.O.O. - Giencke & Company - querkraft architekten ZT-GmbH EA / D4 : NO.MAD Arquitectos, S.L.P. – Eduardo Arroyo - Wiel Arets Architect and Associates - Holzbauer + Partner ZT-GmbH - Estudio Carme Pinós - AllesWirdGut ZT GmbH - Max Dudler Architekt

June: 04:00pm

Config. #5: 38% Open Space

D3 AD : Vazquez Consuegra Arquitectos - Eric Owen Moss Architects - CRABstudio - Wolfgang Tschapeller ZT GmbH - Dietmar Feichtinger Architectes

Config. #6: 39% Open Space

Config. #7: 35% Open Space

Config. #8: 33% Ope

SCENE OF ACTION

APPEARING

URBAN SOFAS

Eastern side between D4 & D3 AD

LAYERS INTERACTION SCREENING

EXPERIMENTING WATCHING EXCHANGING DISCOVERING EXPLORING LAYERS

EXPO

CONTEMPLATION

Western side between D4 & D3 AD

OBSERVATION

RELAX

Western access to the Campus

URBAN SOFA

LOUNGE

Sampling Educational Life to Emphasize Collaborative Knowledge

WATER BASIN

WALK ALONG PARK

RETHINKING EXCHANGING EXPLORING STUDYING DISCOVERING LISTENING

RELAXING

MIRROR IMAGES

MEETING AT THE PLAZA

VIEW FROM BALCONIES

REPRESENTATION PLATFORM

ACTION RELAXING

TAKING A BREAK LOOKING

Movement ямВow

Fork

Eastern access to the Campus

HAPPENING

INTERRUPTION TASTING

FORUM

MOVEMENT

BEING SEEN

Between D2 SC & D1 TC

THEATRE

LISTENING SPECTACLE

OPEN

PATIO

Central location in front of the LC

STAGE

SCENE SOUND

EXPLORING SOUND

SCENE SUPPORTING

BRIGHT DARK

Interface with open space

Access area

CONTEXTUAL SYNERGIES

Regional Significance and Community Building

Residential Area Viertel Zwei Complex

Messecaree North

Teaching Center

Gastronomy

Vienna Fair

Executive Academy

Fair Hotel

Vienna Fair SYNERGIES- INPUT VIENNA FAIR

SYNERGIES INPUT CAMPUS WU

Completion 2004 / 70,000m² in 4 Halls / Capacity 25,000 People / 20 Events per Year The Teaching Center’s location on Campus allows for possible synergies with the Vienna Fair.

The Library & Learning Center, together with its event rooms, should be available for external visitors, such as exhibition and fair attendees. A permeable boundary between Campus and Vienna Fair allows for mutual exchange.

Fair Hotel SYNERGIES- INPUT VIENNA FAIR HOTEL

SYNERGIES- INPUT CAMPUS WU

Ground floor +8 Stories / 251 Rooms / 800m² lettable area / Restaurant capacity: 180 / Projected Planned use and users: In addition to the general tourists and visitors of the fair, target groups for future guests include attendees to the Executive Academy, external lecturers of the WU and audiences of the business domains.

Messecarree North SYNERGIES- INPUT MESSECARREE NORD

SYNERGIES- INPUT CAMPUS WU

Gross site area of building 15,400m² / Gross floor area above ground 50,000m² / Under Development The area plays a special role in the urban development plan. It links the Vienna Fair to the Campus WU and the adjacent (primarily) residential areas of the Second District.

Planned use and users: offices, assisted living facilities, student hostel, hotel, kindergarten, community center, restaurants and cafés.

Residential Area SYNERGIES- INPUT CAMPUS WU

SYNERGIES- INPUT STADIUM

Viertel Zwe SYNERGIES- INPUT VIERTEL ZWEI

SY CA

The new functions of the WU site will make a positive contribution to life in the surrounding areas of Vienna’s Second District.

Size of Plot: ~40,000m² / Lett Expanse of water: ~5,000m² / - 4,000 / Projected

The Campus WU offers activities, such as work, study and rambling, plus cafés and restaurants.

The Viertel Zwei Complex is project with a 92,000 m2 usa individual buildings which jointl zone. The complex, inaugurate OMV headquarters, who has a with the WU.

Residents of the Vorgartenstrasse quarter will contribute significantly to the vigour of Campus life.

The Campus WU site lies hidden away between the Prater and the Vienna Fair, embedded in a city structure with sufficient open space to develop an urban campus concept. The new WU shall therefore not only function as any other modern university, but shape the options for an active educational landscape.

Stadium

UNIVERSITIES IN VIENNA Students: 48,836 Staff: 7,876 Total: 54,921

r

Vienna Univ. of Economics & Business Students: 21,828 Staff: 1,488 Total: 23,316

External Service Providers

ei

NERGIES- INPUT AMPUS WU

Source: Web page of the particular University (annual report 2008)

CAMPUS WU ACCESSIBILITY

Prater Park

U

BY UNDERGROUND

Praterstern Schwedenplatz Stephansplatz Karlsplatz

2 min 5 min 7 min 10 min

TRAM Rochusgasse (U3)

13 min

BY BICYCLE Jesuitenwiese Praterstern Stephansplatz Donauinsel

5 min 5 min 13 min 13 min

FOOT Vergnügungspark Hauptallee Riesenrad Jesuitenwiese Praterstern Stephansplatz

Source: Website of the City of Vienna, Fahrplanauskunft (Public Transport Schedule)

Prater Park SYNERGIES- INPUT PRATER

SYNERGIES- INPUT CAMPUS WU

Stadion Center & Ernst Happel Stadium SYNERGIES- INPUT STADIUM

LEGEND: REGIONAL SIGNIFICANCE

SYNERGIES- INPUT CAMPUS WU

Interior facilities with high relevance Interior facilities, subordinate relevance Function is not available Exterior function

able area: ~92,000m² / / Working places: 3,000

Open from mid-March through to the end of October, the Wurstelprater attracts 4.2 million visitors annually.

an urban development able area. It consists of ly embrace a pedestrian ed in 2008, houses the cooperation agreement

It is the world’s oldest amusement park, offering some 250 attractions; ranging from nostalgic merrygo-rounds to modern roller-coasters, and cafés, restaurants, buffets and food stalls. The Prater Park provides vast meadows, quiet paths and shade trees.

Its main artery is the Prater Hauptallee, a 4.5 km avenue used by cyclists and joggers.

Stadium: capacity 50,000 persons / 3,000 Parking spaces / Neighbourhood shopping facility for 13,000 people / Retail area: 21,000m² / Catering: 2,000m² / Children’s play area: 300m² / 70 Shops / Opened 2007 The second district (95,000 inhabitants) has a new shopping center in addition to the two shopping streets – Praterstraße and Taborstraße. The area anticipates some 9,000 visitors per day; its catchment area encompasses some 600,000 people.

2 min 4 min 8 min 10 min 15 min 30 min

The functional synergies of the respective project in the neighbourhood of the WU site are highlighted in the matrix.

USES Café

Auditorium

Student Hostel

Kindergarten

Sports

Concerts

Shop Medical Center

Day-care Center

Seminars

Relaxation

Hotel

Restaurant

Offices

Leisure Area

Bicycles

Jogging

Nature

Information

Conferences

This legend illustrates potential synergies with particular areas adjacent to the Campus WU. The two icon boxes display the active usage or function of the respective area.

The site map on top indicates which of the topics or places the respective area may activate on the Campus.

OPEN SPACES

0

10

25

50

Green Oasis â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Pavillions in the University Garden

100m

Meadow, Gravel, Water, Grasses and Bushes

Concrete Paving Slabs

Trees

Walkway, Flow

Walkway, Special Surface

Platform (Ready-mix Concrete)

Buildings

Composition of basic elements that constitute the open space

The Campus is a sequence of spaces that engage with one another and are qualified – in architectural terms – by the buildings. The guiding principle of the Master Plan has also determined the design of these spaces. A fabric of internal and external areas defined by the position of the entrances in relation to a succession of plazas generates the desired atmosphere.

GAMEBOARD OF REALIZATION

Multiplicity of Stakeholders Activating the Space

Campus Safety

Maintenance - Cleaning

Accesses

Green Periphery

Guidance System

Furniture

Benches

Advertisement Space

W1-E

1 2

3

55

6

4

Energy Requirement

Plazas

Fire Protection

Puddle Scheme

Special Functions

Emergency Exits

Event Areas

Water Posts

Materials

Video Surveillance

Smoking Areas

Bicycle Facilities

Western entrance

„LLC Plaza“

Eastern entrance

Barrier Free

Air Balloons

Master planners Architects Site Manager Engineers Dimension Philosophy Form Realization REALIZATION OF A COLLECTIVE VISION - PARTICIPANTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

Building Site Cameras

Managers Process

Acoustic Comfort

Lighting Ambience

Landscape Environment

Welcome!

Portier Is the library open 24 hours / 7 days a week?

Student

Ground Floor Functions

Transit Routes

How to disseminate information widely?

Energy Concept Rector

I need to work concentrated!

Professor Ventilation Constructions

Shadow Survey

Controlled Exits

Where am I having lunch?

Secretary

Illumination

Load Capacity

Logistics GRUPPE 2_ Nordost

Where shall we take the press photo?

Mayor

W1-E

Ginko biloba Straßenbaumqualität Einstämmig Kronenansatz ab 3.5m

G2

Bautafel

GRUPPE 3_ G5

GRUPPE 4_ Nord

Fitness

Ginko biloba " Autumn gold" Einstämmig Kronenansatz ab 3.5m

GRUPPE 1_ Erweiterung Restaurant W1-E

Planung

W1-D/ West LLC

GRUPPE 5_

Ginko biloba Straßenbaumqualität Einstämmig Kronenansatz ab 3.5m

Bautafel

GRUPPE 6_ Nord / Ost LLC

GRUPPE 7_ Nord O1

Ginko biloba Straßenbaumqualität Einstämmig Kronenansatz ab 3.5m

Ginko biloba Straßenbaumqualität Abwechselnd einstämmig/ mehrstämmig Kronenansatz zwischen 2m bis 3.5m

Tilia tomentosa West LLC

Ginko biloba Straßenbaumqualität Zweistämmig Kronenansatz 2.5m

Ginko biloba zweistämmig Kronenansatz max. 2.5m Großbaumverpflanzung

12

LOUNGE: Gleditsia triacanthos inermis Prunus padus

Is the campus safe for my daughter at midnight?

G1 Corylus colurna Gleditsia triacanthos inermis

3 x 10 Planung

Planung

GRUPPE 19 _

100 Ausführung

Sophora Japonica Großbaumverpflanzung

Abgrenzung Lounge

Ginko biloba Abwechselnd zweistämmig / mehrstämmig Kronenansatz max. 2.5m Großbaumverpflanzung

32 BBW 36 BBM

Quercus frainetto

32 BBO

Acer tataricum ginnala

EXPO

7 Wegweiser Infopoint GRUPPE 18_

W2 sudost

PATIO Ginko biloba Straßenbaumqualität Einstämmig Kronenansatz ab 3.5m

32 BBO

Prunus padus GRUPPE 17_

RELAX

W2 Fassadenseite

INFOPOINT

Platanus acerifolia

Platanus acerifolia

Zelkova serrata

Ginko biloba "Princeton Sentry" Großbaumverpflanzung Kronenansatz ab 3.5m

Gewista Zaun

FORUM

Corylus colurna Prunus padus GRUPPE 16_ G4

GRUPPE 14_ GRUPPE 15_

W2 Fassadenseite

Ginko biloba "Princeton Sentry" Einstämmig Kronenansatz 2.5m

55

GRUPPE 12_

W2 Fassadenseite

Ginko biloba "Princeton Sentry" Großbaumverpflanzung Kronenansatz 2.5m

Quercus frainetto

O2 Fassadenseite

Ginko biloba "Princeton Sentry" Großbaumverpflanzung Kronenansatz 2.5m

Bautafel

GRUPPE 10_

O2 Fassadenseite

Ginko biloba "Princeton Sentry" Einstämmig Kronenansatz 2.5m

Planung 32 BBW

Cercidiphyllur japonicum

Tischtennisplatz

Ginko biloba " Autumn gold" Einstämmig Kronenansatz ab 2.5m

Prunus padus

100

21 BBM

Pinus nigra

15 BBM 32 Frei

GRUPPE 13_

GRUPPE 11_

Sud W2

Ginko biloba Straßenbaumqualität Einstämmig Kroneansatz ab 3.5m

Sud O2

Ginko biloba Straßenbaumqualität Einstämmig Kronenansatz ab 3.5m GRUPPE 8_

Sud/Ost O2

Ginko biloba Straßenbaumqualität Abwechselnd Einstämmig/ mehrstämmig Kronenansatz zwischen 2m bis 3.5m GRUPPE 9_ G3

Liegewise

Ginko biloba " Autumn gold" Einstämmig Kronenansatz ab 3.5m

Konzept Werbeplanen Bauzaun, campus WU BOA, 27.1.2011

Hoarding

Trees

Mother

Water Irrigation

Councillor Landscape

Event Scenario

What do I see from my window?

Supply and Waste Management

Neighbour

Standardization

Everyone should have the same opportunities!

Safety Zones

Motorized Transport

Feminist

Technicians Verification

Safety Liberty

Fire security Certitude

Builders Artisanry

Client Desire

PROTAGONISTS OF NEW REALITIES

How to facilitate people´s lives?

HETEROTOPY OF PERCEPTIONS The project genesis of the Campus WU is understood, composed and conducted as the collective production of new realities to invite and embrace the largest possible amount of diversity.

ECOLOGICAL URBANISM

Intensities & Densities: Encouraging Interaction in Public Spaces

9,900 m² of bushes, perennial herbs, flowers enhance the liveliness of the Campus on a micro level – adding to the background atmosphere of vitality.

1,659 m² of lawn emphasize the non-programmed quality of the open spaces, allowing the freedom of circulation in winter and sunbathing, picnicking and playing in warmer seasons.

720 m of bicycle routes 982 secured bicycle facilities support clean mobility through the city and the Campus along a ring of 1,200m.

232 trees become protagonists in providing shade during the hot summer days, participating in daily and seasonal usage patterns.

83 benches invite people to rest, communicate, study or contemplate.

48 waste bins help to maintain the Campus clean. They are the beginning and the endpoint of the waste separation system established in the whole Campus.

9 water fountains help to preserve a clean Campus, and are the starting point and the endpoint of the water system.

An open field for actionisms and on-site interventions was established throughout the design and planning process in order to keep the community informed and encourage people to get involved, to participate and to contribute.

Table Tennis 3 tables EA Coffee Bar Outdoor area 180 m² ~ 45 seats Fitness Basketball D4 Coffee Bar Outdoor area 165 m² ~ 40 seats Stage Open air events ~ 500 people LC Coffee Bar Outdoor area 160 m² ~ 40 seats

Lawn Sunbathing area D1 TC Food Court 700 seats 2,000 meals/day Outdoor area 210 m2 ~ 50 Seats D2 SC Beer Garden / Brewery Outdoor area 110 m² ~ 30 seats D1 TC Teaching Center Total seats 3,370 Film Festival 5 screens ~ 3,050 people Parties for Students ~1,950 people

Art of Roxane Legenstein

What are economies?

The aspect of Beauty

Beauty is not complaisant. It is the source for lust born by longing souls. In art and architecture beauty has been ousted by questions of truth and the necessities of modern society. Beauty became a mere phenomenon of luxury. Taken over by advertising companies it creates even more desire instead of satisfaction. But shiny and glossy with no regard to quality or content the product selling aesthetics is just a promise of beauty. It is the chance of our man-built surrounding to fulfill that promise.

PROJECT

CONCOMITANT CONTROL

Campus WU for the Vienna University of

FCP - Fritsch,

Economics and Business

Chiari & Partner ZT GmbH

Welthandelsplatz 1, 1020 Vienna EXECUTIVE GLOBAL PROJECT Start of the construction works

2009

ARGE Campus WU

Project completion

2013

BUSarchitektur /

2

Usable area

100,000 m

Total cost

492.0 Mio €

Vasko + Partner Ingenieure

ARCHITECTS OWNER

Atelier Hitoshi Abe, Sendai

Projektgesellschaft

BUSarchitektur, Vienna

Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien Neu GmbH

CRABstudio, London Estudio Carme Pinós, Barcelona

PRINCIPAL

NO.MAD Arquitectos, Madrid

BIG Bundesimmobiliengesellschaft m.b.H.

Zaha Hadid Architects, Hamburg

Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien (WU) LOCAL CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISION PROJECT MANAGEMENT

ARGE ÖBA Campus WU

ARGE PS WU Neubau

InGenos.Gobiet.ZT GmbH

Drees&Sommer / DELTA

iC consulenten

U STEPHANS7 PLATZ

U

min

30 min 13 min

U

VIENNA, AUSTRIA 48° 12’ 0” NORTH, 16° 22’ 0” EAST

U

NA

DO

U

U

5 min

U

15 min 7 min

PRATER

8 min

0

500

1000m

S Y S T E M S

PROCESS DESCRIPTION, QUALITY ASSURANCE, THEMATIC MODULES ST. PETERâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S BASILICA, ROME

The Master Plan outlines the principles and major structural

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divisions, such as the designation of construction sites, building

guidelines and design manuals but also includes the entire

locations and open spaces.

planning and creation of open spaces as an essential part of

It is the basis of the architectural project and provides

Viennaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Campus WU.

recommendations for individual buildingsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; designs.

An integral Master Plan is the goal of the entire process. Designs,

By developing this control system as a CI project, overall

cooperative planning methods and visionary models are not only

orientation across all the individual building sites is ensured â&#x20AC;&#x201C;

developed to meet building and development regulations but to

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embark on an overall coherent planning and execution process guided by the Campus WU Master Plan â&#x20AC;&#x201C; a plan that hopes

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account the complex logic of its creation.

modules developed throughout this process:

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44

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WORKING IN AN ENVIRONMENTAL MATRIX

economic and contextual goals and requirements. It is the master

An environmental matrix serves as a tool for achieving balance

plannersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; task to stop negative trends and to initiate positive

by interlinking different system cycles in order to clarify and

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harmonise. The matrix concept comes from the computer

create long-term planning assurances, to foster cooperation and

sciences and takes into account a group of equally important

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MACROSYSTEMS

â&#x20AC;&#x153;NEW WUâ&#x20AC;? MASTER PLAN TASKS

RESULTS AND THEIR IMPLEMENTATION

To elaborate on concepts for different topics that should discuss

Representational scenarios should be created through a

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combinatorial analysis of the environmental matrix and visualisation models.

INTEGRAL MASTER PLANNING HYPOTHESES ARE DEVELOPED TOGETHER WITH EXPERTS

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE PLANNING PROCESS

Ecology means the absolute integration of systems.

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Therefore, interaction rather than the individual entity is the

in order to ensure a sustainable contribution to the Campus

deciding factor.

development.

WORKING HYPOTHESES CASE STUDIES

QUALITY ASSURANCE CHECKLIST

These

are

strategic

projects

that

promote

a

holistic

Operational force analysis of the parameters is an analysis of

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for personal interpretation.

occur in the open spaces or inside the Campus buildings.

SCHĂ&#x2013;NBRUNN PALACE, VIENNA

MUSEUMSQUARTIER, VIENNA 0

100

200m

EA/D4

D3 AD

Building plot 6,900 m2

Building plot 9,650 m2

WESTERN ACCESS

1

EA FAIR HOTEL

2

1 WESTERN ACCESS

D4

2

A

HOTEL (PROJECT)

B

3 D3 AD

HOTEL (PROJECT)

PRATER

WESTERN ACCESS

EXECUTIVE EA ACADEMY

1

FAIR HOTEL

DEPARTMENTS

2

1 WESTERN ACCESS

D4 HOTEL (PROJECT)

B

A

2

3

DEPARTMENTS

D3 AD SPECIAL LIBRARIES

HOTEL (PROJECT)

DEPARTMENTS

RESEARCH INSTITUTES

PRATER

WESTERN ACCESS EA

1

FAIR HOTEL

2

1 WESTERN ACCESS

D4

2

A

B

HOTEL (PROJECT)

3 D3 AD

HOTEL (PROJECT)

PRATER

EA D4

LC

D3 AD D2 SC

46

LC

Building plot 10,300 m2 CONNECTION TO VIERTEL ZWEI EASTERN ACCESS

Building plot 7,650 m2

CONNECTION TO VIENNA FAIR

NEIGHBOURHOOD CHARACTERISTICS URBAN RELATIONS Urban space

6 5

Green space

C LC

D2 SC

OPENING TO THE PRATER Visual relation

D

Accessibility

4 PRATER

QUALITY OF WORK

KAISERALLEE

Orientation CONNECTION PRATER View

CONNECTION TO VIERTEL ZWEI EASTERN ACCESS

CONNECTION TO VIENNA FAIR

IDENTITY TRAITS IMAGE CARRIERS Functional signiямБcance

6 5 C D2 SC

DEPARTMENTS

LC LIBRARY & LEARNING CENTER

EXTERNAL SERVICE PROVIDERS

Architectural accents External appearance and relation to the plaza

SPECIAL FUNCTION

D

Self-contained

PRATER

KAISERALLEE

Cutting across plots

4 PLAZAS Public areas / intermediate areas CONNECTION TO PRATER Spatial synergies CONNECTION TO VIERTEL ZWEI EASTERN ACCESS

1

CONNECTION TO VIENNA FAIR

INTERFACE AREAS FLOWS OF PEOPLE Public transit routes

6 5 C

Passages LC

D2 SC

Entrance areas USE OF THE GROUND FLOOR D

PRATER

Internal (University)

Public

KAISERALLEE

4 EXTERIOR AREAS OCCUPANCY Open space CONNECTION TO PRATER

Optional space

2

URBAN SETTINGS

D2 SC

IDEALISM

ABSTRACTION Jury session of the Architectural competition Campus WU 2nd September 2008

AND IT ALL BEGAN WITH AN IDEA ... TO CREATE A DIFFERENT EDUCATIONAL LANDSCAPE

CASTLES IN THE AIR

ENTHUSIASM

DISCUSSION

Compilation by Daniela Kobel, BUSarchitektur Vienna – 18.07.2013

INTEGRAL MASTER PLAN

50

ABOUT THE WIND ANALYSIS

ABOUT THE LIGHTING CONCEPT

“...The simulations carried out with flow-mechanical computer models provided results in 3D showing the spatial distribution of the wind speed and direction. The computer model calculates these distributions based on a predetermined wind profile (trend of the wind speed and direction compared to the height) at the edge of the area under investigation. The profile was obtained through climatology.

“...The relevant guidelines for the lighting of outdoor facilities are largely found in regulation ÖNORM EN 13201. Depending on specific criteria such as “typical speed of the main user,” “traffic flow” or “risk of crime,” a differentiated requirement catalogue is established.

The systems for lighting the main traffic pathways are directly

The Campus WU area was analyzed from four different wind direction profiles: northwest, west-northwest, southeast and

mounted on construction building facades. The so-called LED luminaries (light-emitting diode) are equipped with halogen vapor lamps (color temperature of approx. 3,000 K). Since these

east-southeast. Any points of conflict identified were offset by

luminaries are rotatable and swivable, they can be individually

adjusting the plans for open spaces and vegetation planting…”

aligned and adjusted...”

Wind channel analysis:

Lighting planning:

Bodo Ruck, Karlsruhe

Markus Peskoller, Innsbruck & Gerhard Zimmel, Vienna

ABOUT THE DRAINAGE CONCEPT

ABOUT THE TRAFFIC CONCEPT

“...Rain water falling on sealed surfaces or roof surface areas should be recovered and used, where possible, for irrigation or flushing toilets. This idea should therefore be included in the technical concept of the construction. Rainwater falling on unsealed surfaces or open spaces drains naturally.

“...The Campus is a pedestrian area; access to the garage for cars and for suppliers is located to the east. Street access is via Trabrennstraße and is provided for cars and small vans as well as for larger lorries and the refuse collection vehicle requiring the loading zone or main waste disposal area.

Water falling on paths is directed to adjacent green areas, as

The slope of the ramps at the entrance area is not greater than 12% (Viennese Law for Garages, sect. 10 (6) and OIB guidelines 4 / 2.7.3).

is the downhill gradient of paved surfaces. The designated drainage area is built according to ÖNORM regulations.

The only deviation from the ÖNORM recommendations in this

The garage is a zigzag shape building in the midst of the different

project is the drainage channel, which was deliberately made

construction sites. Four staircases with natural light function as

shallower but wider…”

connecting links to the open spaces….”

Water management:

Traffic planning:

Dipl. Ing. Ernst Nöbl, Steinabrückl

Dr. Werner Rosinak, Vienna 51

52

ABOUT THE FIRE PROTECTION CONCEPT

ABOUT THE MAINTENANCE CONCEPT OF GREEN AREAS

“...The fire protection concept had to be included in the architectural competition.

Should a fire start, buildings are evacuated via escape routes, not by using the fire brigade’s ladders. Each building therefore has a main and a second escape route according to the Building Code of Vienna and the OIB guideline 2. Fire trucks can access the different buildings and must be able to park within 50m of the main entrance.

“...The basic principles for reducing the cost of maintaining the green areas were included in the landscape plans.

The following maintenance-related principles were taken into account: - Selection of hardy site-appropriate tree and shrub species

While working on the design, the exact parameters are defined:

- Selection of robust, long term, site-specific planting areas - No small planting areas, instead large sections of contiguous vegetation enable efficient maintenance

there is a drive-through passage (“fire route”) with two

- Precise planting of green areas to avoid dirt tracks etc.

opposite entrances…”

- Automatic irrigation system....”

Fire protection planning:

Planning of green areas:

BrandRat Frank Peter & Martin Tomek, Vienna

Landschaftsarchitektur Stefan Schmidt & Hannes Batik, Vienna

ABOUT THE GASTRONOMIC CONCEPT

ABOUT THE LIGHTWELLS

“...The critical success factors for Vienna’s new Campus WU restaurants revolve around the challenge of coping with vacation time (lecture-free periods). Currently, additional courses are offered at the university during the winter, Easter and summer breaks. Moreover, summer academies and similar programs should bring about more movement during recess. Food-related businesses must expect lower income per hour during vacations.

“...Pedestrians as well as cyclists reach the buildings via the central car-free area.

The entrances to the underground parking are located in the Relax, Stage, Patio and Forum-WU plazas. These entrances’ glass staircases bring daylight to the basement and make

Therefore, Campus WU’s other external target groups must be engaged all year-round so that they continue to visit its restaurants during vacation time. Students should also be encouraged to visit

orientation easier in relation to the open space above (Campus).

Pedestrian flows are directed from the parking areas to the buildings by passing through the lightwells. There are two reasons for this: on the one hand, safety (no public underground lift access except for barrier-free access) and, on the other, the

the Campus during their time off by means of attractive study

creation of an urban setting that facilitates the possibility of

areas and additional offerings….”

informal contacts….”

Gastronomic concept:

Logistical concept:

Kohl & Partner, Martin Schaffer

BUSarchitektur, Laura P. Spinadel & Jean Pierre Bolívar, Vienna 53

ORIENTATION CONCEPT

SMOKING AREAS

“...At the heart of the Campus WU Master Plan is its approach to

“...Smoking is not allowed inside the buildings.

tailoring the design of the open space and buildings to the users.

An orientation system will make it easy to move around intuitively

Therefore, a concept for the open spaces had to be developed so

due to its integral design.

as not to exclude any target group while still respecting these standards in an intelligent manner.

Building upon the Corporate Identity (CI) elements of the Campus

54

WU in Vienna, the system creates a common identity with a distinctive design, while also remaining unobtrusive and blending in with the architectural landscape. In addition to providing the guidance system, digital topographic areas are also created. In

Smoking areas can be found near the main entrances. Eating areas are protected from the main wind direction. Where

this manner, Campus WU’s modern image satisfies both today’s and tomorrow’s needs...”

They are equipped with rubbish bins and objects to lean against...”

Orientation concept: BOA, Laura P. Spinadel & Hubert Marz, Vienna

Open space planning: BUSarchitektur, Laura P. Spinadel & M. Martínez

possible, the architecture (passageways) provides roofing for the smoking areas.

WASTE MANAGEMENT

FURNISHING CONCEPT

“...Rubbish bins are found all along the green border on the

“...The attractive open spaces invite users to stay and make the

Campus at distances of approximately 50m apart. They are

Campus come alive. This is the basic requirement for informal

located close to passageways, easy to find and equipped with

social control. The open space features are based on the concept

ashtrays in the smoking areas. An E-Car empties them regularly.

of “Families”. Families serve as tools for creating order and

Rubbish is collected in a decentralized waste-disposal facility

a structure, as well as contributing to the global identification

in the basement and from there brought to the loading yard in

of the Campus. The elements spread around the Campus are a valuable tool to regulate its scale. The members of one Family change the intensity of the area they occupy by means of their

the underground parking. Waste-disposal rooms located above ground with an access road needed to be built for the Executive The central waste disposal area consists of two waste

connectedness or disconnection. They act as reference points for pedestrians and thereby make it possible to maintain the human

compactors, an area for recycling materials and a refrigerated room for food leftovers and fats/cooking oil...

scale of perception (the maximum height of the elements is 3.0m = horizon), in contrast with the architectural scale…”

Logistical concept: BUSarchitektur, Laura P. Spinadel & Bernd Pflüger, Vienna

Design concept: BOA, Laura P. Spinadel , Vienna & Mariana Renjifo, NY

Academy and the western part of construction site D3 AD.

55

MULTI-SCALAR NEGOTIATIONS: MASTER PLAN AS MEDIATOR Ila Berman / Mona El Khafif*

The Master Plan for the Vienna University (WU)

wide range of architectural authors. In this sense, the

Campus by BUSarchitektur is by nature as complex as it is

Master Plan operates as an interactive device and abstract

evolutionary. It embodies a multivalent negotiation of scales,

machine, a living body that is, in the end, a subject of its

conceptual principles, architectural territories and operative

own material evolution.

methodologies. Its success as a highly accomplished work

60

of architecture and urbanism is attributable not only

CONTEXTUAL PARAMETERS

to the intricacies of this multifaceted negotiation, the

AND INSTRUMENTAL FRAMEWORKS

comprehensiveness of its approach, and the high standards to

The central location of the Campus WU site, in a key

which the architecture aspires, but also to the inventiveness

development target area for the city of Vienna, is extremely

with which the Master Plan, as a predefined product of

significant. In order to fully understand and appreciate the

urban and architectural history, was conceptually retooled in

contextual complexity of BUS’s Master Plan scheme, it is

order to challenge its traditional deficiencies and ensure its

therefore also critical to comprehend the connotations of

alignment with the conceptual strategies embedded in BUS’s

the Master Plan from the perspectives of the urban design

design approach to the project. The Master Plan operates as

and planning professions as well as the traditional and

both a large-scale architecturally designed “schema” for the

contemporary approaches to this topic within Vienna’s own

whole campus while also advancing multiple strategies to

evolutionary history. Vienna’s attitude toward urbanism,

catalyze and control its generative processes and evolutionary

as is the case within many other European cities, is highly

development. These include a progressively detailed series of

influenced by the richness of its historic urban form and

Master Plan documents, matrices, guidelines and rulebooks

the emphasis placed on the physicality of its built space.

each containing distinct rule sets to render explicit the

Through the concept of the Master Plan, the built artifacts

conceptual directives of the project, govern the negotiations

of urbanism were traditionally defined by their overall

of interested constituencies and focus the designs of its

configuration, boundary conditions and the delimitation

of building envelopes, figure/ground relationships, density,

As much as the field of urbanism is always evolving—

infrastructural circulation systems, green space and

constantly generating more interdisciplinary approaches to

programmatic land use. These attributes of the civic fabric

read and understand the city 2, the professions of architecture

that define the Master Plan were then usually converted

and urban design are also continuously inventing new

into more rigidified form-based planning regulations that

strategies and design tools that do justice to the complexity of

delineated the zoning plan for the site—a process that has

the urban realm. Within Vienna, two influential projects of

dominated the approach to urban design within this region

note attempted to radically re-think traditional form-based

for many decades.

master planning in order to replace it with more dynamic tools for urban development. The

The Master Plan as a planning tool is by definition intended

first of these was the winning entry

to be flexible in nature. It is meant to primarily establish a

for the airfield Aspern competition

framework that negotiates between the larger configuration

in 1989 by Ruediger Lainer and the

of the city and the scale of the final building development

second, was the realized Master

plan for an individual site. The Master Plan is not a legal

Plan of the Cable Factory KDAG

document, but offers a format for a site’s development that acts

in Vienna Meidling. The latter

as a scaffold to support and strengthen the design in fulfilling

of these, entitled dyn@mosphere, was the winning entry

general principles toward strategic goals, while providing

of the 1998 City 2000 competition by ARGE Rainer Pirker

the opportunity for civic participation during the design’s

ARCHItexture and the Poor Boy’s Enterprise, which, rather

development. At the end of the master planning process, the

than describing urban form, focused on designing processes

design is generally converted into a zoning plan that offers

for its development.

urban

design

a legal structure for

contextual

future development. 1

The Master Plan was set up as a notation—a composition of

It is precisely this

lines and embedded urban prototypes that were less defined

complexity

conversion

from

by their forms, than by what these signifying marks were

a dynamic plan of

meant to accomplish within the urban field. This indexical

spatial

negotiation

form of notation referred to a set of critical concepts, a spatial

into the definitive boundaries of a parcel distribution layout

structure, as well as typologies of private, semi-public and

and rigidified code that very often resist the possibility of

public infrastructure in addition to establishing rules for self-

generating overarching integrative systems or other forms of

organization and flexibility. 3 Because the definition of urban

continuity between and across individuated parcels.

form was intentionally kept imprecise within this project, the

61

conversion of the Master Plan into a zoning plan automatically

composition of building masses, public plazas, infrastructural

led to a negotiation process between the architects, the city

systems, and green space. The design scheme situated

planning department and the developers for the project. In

buildings and public spaces within a park, linking them to

the end, the final zoning plan resulting from this process,

each other and back to the surrounding environment via a

contained a series of new planning codes such as additional

central lateral spine and smaller scale circulatory network.

cubature in exchange for public space development and open

For the architectural competition to follow, the Master Plan

rule sets for building envelope definition that encouraged

divided the larger site into five parcels identifying building

interpretation and an ongoing dialog with the architects

sites for individual departments and university facilities, their

throughout the process.

4

maximum building envelopes including possible extension zones and cantilevers and important entry locations, while also The KDAG Master

demarcating transit routes and passages, view connections

creative

Plan is certainly an

and public interface zones. These were comprehensively

choreography

important milestone

defined by the organizational structure of the Master Plan

in Vienna’s recent

and thoroughly delineated through the competition brief and

urban history, yet

a compendium of drawings, manuals and rule books given to

the

each of the architects.

62

project

also

exhibited a lack of formal and spatial consistency due to the

The full realization of the Master Plan and its six architectural

erasure of more definitive configurative strategies. Although

projects—designed by Estudio Carme Pinós [Barcelona],

not directly influenced by this project, the Master Plan of

CRABstudio [London], Zaha Hadid Architects [Hamburg],

the Campus WU by BUSarchitektur finds affinities with

NO.MAD Arquitectos [Madrid], Atelier Hitoshi Abe

its approach, in particular in relation to its emphasis on

[Sendai]

the creative choreography of processes and programmatic

over a five-year period through an intricately managed

synergies, yet compensates for its lack of organizational

choreography that can be summarized in relation to eight

and spatial rigor by providing a much more comprehensive

critical frameworks, processes and/or methodologies—

and delineated spatial design model that responds to the

understood as “lines of action” or “handlungsstränge”—that

complexity of urban form and its layered ecologies.

organized and directed the project:

BUS’s original winning competition entry for the Master

1. The Master Plan as a Multilayered Urban Field:

Plan (May 2008) suggested a campus typology based on

The original design submission for the Campus WU

an integrated spatial strategy that also identified a clear

proposed an assemblage of dispersed buildings unified by

and

BUSarchitektur

[Vienna]—occurred

extended topography of centralized plazas and an interlinked

Configurator that were used to support

circulation network acting as a connective tissue. Although

the jury process for the architectural

highly defined in its initial configuration and organizational

competition focused on the five building

structure, the Master Plan operates as a flexible and complex

sites. These interactive 3D visualization

multilayered urban field informed and refined by the

interfaces

progressive development of the multiple scales of the project.

performance of the competition entries

facilitated

assessing

the

within the context of the larger Master

urban field

labeled the Master Plan Browser and the

multilayered

a green perimeter and layered surface strategy, a laterally

2. The Zoning Plan defining the Site as a Single Entity:

Plan by enabling their visualization from

Although the Master Plan with its divided parcelization

diverse vantage points while testing

structure could have been converted into a zoning plan with

different combinatorial possibilities drawn from the wide

five individual building sites, BUS maintained the original

range of project submissions. These tools allowed the jury to

zoning category of the “Strukturgebiet”—that, according

walk through a virtual model of the Master Plan and evaluate

to §77 of the Viennese building code, is only applicable to

each project’s massing, proportions, spatial qualities, scale and

a single site—in order to maintain flexibility in the design

solar orientation experienced in relation to the public space

process while ensuring that the campus could be developed

throughout the day and at different times of the year. This

as a comprehensive integrated whole. To then compensate

advanced digital tool can be understood as an evolution of the

for the lack of a legally binding structure in relation to the

Cubic Capacity Model applied during the planning process of

individual building plots, BUS generated rule sets specifically

the KDAG Cable Factory 5. In both cases the tool allowed the

applicable to these areas. Some of these were constraints in

interactive assessment of architectural projects within a larger

relation to the larger zoning requirements that defined the

urban context in relation to a mutable set of parameters.

basic codes for the site [such as maximum height, maximum density, spacing, access, land-use and parking], while others

4. The Introduction of Master Plan Manuals, Rulebooks,

were necessarily treated as critical recommendations [such as

Matrices and Guidelines:

view connections, transit routes and pedestrian passageways,

In order to produce a cohesive campus and ensure adherence

and the location of public programs].

to the master planning principles, to facilitate this process BUS furnished a series of six manuals, matrices and rulebooks

3. The Configurator as an Interactive Urban Design Tool:

to communicate conceptual design directives and spatial and

The Master Plan design process was supported by a series

programmatic guidelines for the campus development and

of plug-ins, in particular, a set of interactive design tools

its individual building sites. The concurrent development of

63

all projects on the site necessitated a commonly shared set

urban campus and the architecture, and the alignment and

of interactive guidelines that were able to evolve in relation

careful development of the interfaces between architectural

to the design progression of the campus as whole. These

projects and the designed public space of the campus, were

included: an environmental scan and programmatic matrix

managed by BUS through two focused workshops with each

defining synergies with the surrounding urban context;

architectural office held during the summer of 2009.

the delineation of the Master Plan within the parameters of an urban model; a master plan rulebook and design for

7. Interaction, Communication and Marketing Strategies:

the entire site; a master plan rule book for the building

During the design and construction phase BUS, and its

plots; a catalog outlining typological design standards and

partner company BOA (büro für offensive aleatorik),

space planning guidelines for the development of repetitive

developed critical interactive communication strategies

building elements; and an architectural manual summarizing

that allowed future users and citizens to engage with the

relevant guidelines from existing Viennese building codes

design process. These included the Architekturzentrum

and regulations directly applicable to the project.

Wien [Az W] exhibition (May 2009) that presented the genealogy of the Master Plan design; the on-site Info Point

5. The Implementation of Integrated Campus-wide Systems:

and exhibition operating from 2010-2013 that offered guided

The comprehensive integration of overlapping systems in

tours, workshops and webcam documentation of the project’s

support of all buildings and public areas for the entire site

development as well as local branding through construction

was intrinsic to the Master Plan structure and developed

signage; the installation count-down located on the existing

under the leadership of BUSarchitektur in cooperation

WU campus to provide an ongoing platform to communicate

with a team of expert consultants. This included the

locally with the student and faculty population; and the

strategic development of campus-wide ecological and

development of a comprehensive website on the project in

energy systems incorporating rainwater catchment and

addition to a broad range of external related activities and

wind protection, as well as integrated systems for security,

events such as, lectures and videos.

lighting, media technology, acoustics, fire safety, façade cleaning and way finding.

8. Comprehensive Project Leadership and Orchestration: BUSarchitektur operated as the general planner for the

64

6. Workshops to Coordinate Synchronic Multi-scalar Design

project, responsible for the design of the entire site’s public

Development:

open space, one building plot (the D1 TC - Departments 1

The design negotiations necessary to ensure the synthetic

/ Teaching Center building) and the implementation of all

integration of systems, the coordination of scales between the

campus-wide systems, ensuring the centralized orchestration

Urban Context: From the competition to the project

and productive oversight of all components of the project

MASTER PLAN STRATEGIES:

and avoiding the fragmentation often attributed to large scale

LAYERED TOPOGRAPHIC SURFACES,

multi-building development.

FLOWS AND CONSTELLATIONS Context and the Urban / Nature Dialectic

These eight trajectories that define the processes and

The campus is situated at a critical juncture where the inner

frameworks of the Master Plan should be understood as

core of the city meets the landscape conservation areas

instruments of organization, activation, and mediation

along the Danube River, located just to the northeast of

employed to direct the design of a range of critical territories

Vienna’s First District and between the historic city center

over the project’s evolution. These territories include: the

and the new Danube city (Donaucity) and Danube Island

site organization and parcelization, the development of

(Donauinsel). Locally, the site is highly influenced by its

massing strategies and the strategic distribution of voids, the

relationship to the adjacent Prater to the southwest and the

manipulation of the ground plane and productive generation

Messe Wien—the Fair, Congress and Exhibition Center of

of topographic and green surface strategies, the delineation of

Vienna—to the northeast, in addition to the neighboring

infrastructural networks and their activation, the distribution

stadium and hotels and the surrounding residential and

of programmatic constellations, the management of material

mixed-use urban development areas to the north of the site.

and environmental flows, and the elaboration and integration

As part of the Master Plan, each of these areas was assessed

of technological systems among others. If the Master Plan is a

to determine urban, architectural and programmatic

complex multi-layered instrument with implicit and explicit

synergies in relation to the new Campus WU to contribute

rule sets through which its guiding concepts and principles are

to its strategic development, promote future relationships

organized, we can understand these territories to constitute

with a larger extended network of constituents and

the architectural assemblages or formed substances out of

ultimately ensure its productive integration within a larger

which the project of the Master Plan is materialized.

urban context.

65

The site is elongated in one of its dimensions positioned as

of the park. Each of these boundaries is a line whose intrinsic

a diagonal extending from the northwest to the southeast

qualities index the specificity of its proximate context while

and running almost parallel to the Danube River. Within

dividing the site’s border into two distinct edges that signify

the Master Plan, however, the site’s co-ordination is subtly

the dialectic operating between the city and its surrounding

re-coded, departing from the global coordinate system

nature. These are synthesized in the changing local geometry

to reveal the dominance of its lateral orientation and the

of the line as it moves from a precise orthogonal edge to a

primacy of the east-west axis that are subsequently employed

more ambiguous anexact spatial boundary, qualities that

to organize and structure the campus. Although relatively

are responded to in the different configurations of building

orthogonal, the detailed configuration of the site complexifies

plots and architectural masses as these are distributed

its relationship to the Cartesian ordering system of a typical

across the site.

urban block, referring instead to its global position situated between the city of Vienna and the Danube Wetlands National

This urban/nature dialectic is a critical concept for the

Park, and its local position between the Messe Wien and the

project and is further elaborated in the Master Plan

Prater, occupying a critical border territory across which

in the larger strategies that delineate the layering of

the culture/nature dialectic is played out. This differencing

topographic surfaces and the gradients of green landscape

across the site is embodied in its perimeter, which,

that wrap the site and penetrate its interior. The idea that the campus would be understood as “pavilions in the garden,” attempts to synthesize the urbanity of the campus as a dense yet diverse collection of buildings with an intensified landscape strategy. This is generated in relation to three significant areas: the dense green perimeter and thickened landscaped surfaces that circumscribe the site; the elaboration of a folded and fractured topography

The open space develops urbanity.

that integrates the central circulation spine with the six public plazas that are central to the campus and

66

although continuous, indexes a subtle yet clear distinction

that define its shared public space; and the attention

between the stepped orthogonal edge to the north that traces

given to the environmental atmospheres, ecological

the site’s boundary as it meets the adjacent urban context and

systems and micro-meteorological attributes of the

the smoothly rounded corners and undulating protrusions

larger territory that re-imagine water, wind, light and air

of the site’s southern edge as it follows the perimeter

to be significant architectural materialities.

The thickened green periphery wrapping the site separates

urban artifact. The reconstruction of this artificial landscape,

the campus from its surroundings in order to produce a

as one moves from the green surfaces at the periphery to the

clearly demarcated boundary and protected sanctuary for

manipulated topography at the center, displaces the notion

learning, while simultaneously reconnecting it with the

of ground as a mute backdrop upon which architectonic

adjacent parkland and larger natural landscape from which

elements might be figured, establishing a new synthesis

it was separated. This tree-lined perimeter thereby registers

operating at the edge of the city that functions to blur, rather

the outer edge of the campus while concurrently enabling

than differentiate this urban/nature distinction.

the

production

of

a

new

synthetic nature—a continuous green

material

circumscribe,

territory—to infiltrate

and

permeate the site. These green surfaces,

architecturalized

through the completeness of their boundary, the monoculture

Landscape Project: From the competition to the project

of their typological and spatial classification (into trees, grasses/shrubs, and meadows for

Although the figure of the site is primarily horizontal,

example), the differing thicknesses of their laminations, and

characterized by its extended east-west axis, three anomalous

the clarity of their layered planimetric zones as they move from

protrusions along the site’s boundary—two at the upper

the periphery to the interior, also signify a relationship with

northwest and lower southeast corners, and one at the

the natural realm through their living material continuities

center of the site’s northern border—transform its dominant

and the ways in which they grow, percolate through, and

orientation and implied organizational structure. The diagonal

saturate the site. If architecture might be understood to be the

orientation of the site in relation to both the global coordinate

art of delimitation and discontinuity, to reimbue architecture

system on the one hand, and the Danube River on the other,

with material continuity—to fill the surface and overflow

is reiterated in the restructuring of the site in the Master Plan

the frame—as the pervasiveness of the landscape is infused

as a diagonal axis is inscribed across its surface. This oblique

throughout the campus, is an attempt to reconnect the urban

axis conjoins the protrusions that mark the entry to the site at

realm with the natural material territory from which it was

the northwest corner where it meets the Messestrasse and the

separated and to draw the natural landscape, and the logics of

southeast corner where it meets the Kaiserallee and extends

its material organizations and processes, back into the cultural

into the Prater. This diagonal is overlaid with a secondary

67

skewed trajectory that reconnects the primary east-west axis

plots. This division of the site into a multiplicity of distinct

with a key entry point to the site at its upper northeast corner

plots and aggregation of buildings rather than centralizing

causing it to bifurcate and bend as it reaches the center of the

the university within a singular object or system intentionally emphasizes the urbanity of the campus as it is positioned in relation to the landscape.

Through the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s division, the total site area (91,000 m2) is divided into 5 parcels of approximately 18,000 m2 each which are similar in area but distinct in their configuration.

This strategy attempts to initially fulfill one of the principle

Spatial sequences and scale apprehension

conditions of the Master Plan which is to ensure a balanced allotment of plots, building volumes and activated

site. Along the northern border, the site also protrudes in the

infrastructure throughout the site that are potentially equal in

center marking a significant north-south axis that not only

size, emphasis, perceptual weight and programmatic intensity

underscores a relationship across the site between the Messe

yet distinct and diverse in their configurations and identities.

Wein and the Prater, but also indexes the conceptual and

This concept of â&#x20AC;&#x153;equal but differentâ&#x20AC;? enables inclusiveness

programmatic center of the campus, the shifted and slightly

and promotes diversity while ensuring a cohesiveness to

skewed positioning of the Library and Learning Center, and

the campus and a balanced equilibrium of isolated elements

the point at which the structuring axes and infrastructural

through the even distribution of both building masses and

pathways of the site intersect and are redirected.

public spaces that collectively constitute a large grained field of solids and voids dispersed across the site.

Organizational Strategies: Site Fragmentation and the

68

Balanced Distribution of Mass, Space and Activity

Despite this even division of the field, a subtle hierarchy is

The dominant local configuration of the site determined by its

maintained within this parcelization strategy. There is a

boundary and orientation, the subtle protuberances along its

tripartite division moving from east to west that is dominated

perimeter, the implied axes and geometries embedded in its

by the central building plot whose north-south orientation,

deeper structure, and the dominant vectors that trace major

linking two opposing borders, distinguishes it from the

infrastructural flows across its surface, generate an initial

other parcels while dividing the site into two relatively equal

plane of organization within which the Master Plan is defined

halves. Each of these is further subdivided along the north-

and according to which the site was parcelized into building

south axis into two distinct plots supporting the D1 TC/D2

SC and EA/D4/D3 AD paired building sites all of which are

that each parcel is conceived as an unstable fragment of a

dominated—through its size, massing and location—by the

larger whole. Each will inevitably refer back to the global form

Library and Learning Center site occupying the main focal

from which it was extracted and the adjacent interlocking

point of the campus.

parcels that complement and complete it, rather than to its own individuated autonomy, assuring, at least within the

The initial edges of each parcel are determined by the site

initial context of the Master Plan, that the part will always be

boundary on the one hand, and the skewed lines that cut

subordinate to the whole in order to strengthen the potential

across and fracture the site on the other. These lines both

cohesiveness of the campus as a single entity.

divide the site into distinct parcels while forming a continuous circulation spine that links a series of six contiguous voids—

The oblique lines that initially divide the site not only render

plazas—that are distributed across the campus forming the

a specificity to the shape and configuration of individual

locus of public space for the university. The fracturing of

building sites, thereby resisting the generic neutrality often

the site into wedge-shaped parcels, whose edges operate as vectors delineating view corridors and circulation routes site, a

traversing collectively

fan-like

directs

series

the form that

movement—both

Decentralized perceptual systems

perceptual and physical— toward the dominant central plaza while linking it laterally

attributed to typical master planning processes, but also

and longitudinally to the major points of entry at the edges of

transform the dimensional edges that frame each building

the site. Although perhaps unseen within the final complex of

plot into directional vectors that intentionally mobilize it,

buildings on the campus, this configuration of parcels forms

moving out of the constraints of dimensionality and into

the hidden plane of organization underlying the shape of

the expressive domain of space. Through this process they

designated building plots and the logic of their relationship.

oscillate between performing two distinct yet contradictory

In addition to mobilizing flows across the site, the irregularity

roles: the binding and delimiting of a specific territory—the

of the shapes produced through this subdivision, and the

definition of the space of the parcel and the particular zone

“differences” attributed to the edges within each plot, ensures

of the building plot located within this—and the mobilizing

69

and directing of bodies and other flows throughout the site.

not only synthesized into the definition of a single element,

The oscillation that one finds between these two readings

but also shared by the perimeters of both solids and voids,

signifies an ambiguity in the Master Plan that is also found

tends to diminish the figure/ground opposition and lead

in the relationship between the configuration of solids and

one to imagine that they—both building masses and public

voids—building plots and plazas—on the site. Within each

spaces—are to be unfolded within, and occupy the same

parcel, and set back from the edges of the larger campus site,

spatial plane.

are six building plots whose figures are initially derived from the overlay of the site divisions (the parcelization structure),

These solids and voids are paired and equal in number, evenly

the circulation of the central spine, and the six voids located

distributed throughout the site and collectively organized in

along this spine that are intentionally carved out of, or located

relation to this main central axis. Although asymmetrical in

directly adjacent to the envelope for building masses.

arrangement, the doubled pairs of building plots straddling the spine to the east and west of the site’s center, and their

As relatively compact entities defined by their adjacent

repetition in the doubled plazas between them (one

building plots, these voids tend to be attributed a strong

designated in relation to each building plot), internalize

spatial and perceptual value that dominates the organization

the focus of the campus toward these public spaces. Along

of the complex. Their ambiguity, however, lies in the

the shared edges separating the building plots from public plazas, the Master Plan sets out parameters defining the characteristics and qualities of their interface, designating recommended entry zones at the ground level of buildings

W1-E

1

to be concentrated specifically along the plaza edges facing

2

3

55

inward toward the spine.

6

4

The six contiguous plazas, linked together by the main Plazas as development milestones

circulation corridor, are critical components of the Master Plan that characterize the outdoor public spaces embedded

70

specificity of their configuration which draws information

within the campus. As intensely programmed “voids,”

from differing sources, at one moment aligning itself with the

these plazas are activated by the building complexes that

oblique trajectory of the circulation route and at another with

open onto them—their adjacency enabling them to act as

the more grounded edges of the surrounding buildings and

extensions of the interior public terrain. The designation and

site. That these contradictory fragments of information are

programming for each of these is highly specific as one moves

from the Executive Academy square at the western edge of

providing precision and relative degrees of closure to the

the site to the Teaching Center square at the eastern edge,

boundaries that determine the nature of a place, while

each designed and animated to complement the constellation

invoking the characteristic attributes of landscape—its

of adjacent building programs. The platform adjacent to the

directionality, extension and continuity—in order to

food court, for example, supports the Patio, a raised outdoor

synthesize these sites within a larger whole. The oblique thus

terraced area to provide shaded outdoor seating for the café;

emerges as a strategy to render specificity to, and activate the

the Forum plaza opposite provides an outdoor lounge area

topography of these public plazas, while imbuing them with

for students going to and from the lecture halls, and the

topological continuities and slippages that mobilize their

Stage at the center of the site and opposite the Library and

surfaces, inflect their boundary conditions and dismantle

Learning Center provides a ramped and multi-functional

their dimensionality.

raised platform for an open-air cinema, concerts and an array of student events. These plazas act as a contiguous series that

Infrastructural Networks and Occupational Flows

emulates the meandering trajectory of a “walk in the park”

This main public pedestrian circulation spine operates to

with a diverse array of locally defined destinations along its

both link up with, and be mobilized by the flows that traverse

path, while simultaneously facilitating a cinematic sampling

the campus. In the initial master plan proposal, this public

of the educational life of the university.

outdoor circulation spine linked six primary access points to the site, each of which constitutes an entry point to the

The development of the plazas is enabled by the extended

campus. The most prominent of these are the two entries at

folds and fractures stretched across the site that are employed

the eastern and western edges of the site each defining the

to manipulate its terrain. An artificial topography is produced

end points of this circulation artery and their connection to

by the folding, peeling and thickening of the ground plane

the surrounding urban environment and transit routes, in

at six distinct locations to index and spatially support the

particular the underground metro. These points also mark

specificity of events occurring within these plazas while

the principle service access points to the site, and the eastern

simultaneously ensuring their integration with the larger

car entrance to the garage. Additionally there are three main

circulatory system traversing the campus. The oblique line

entry points that link to the central plaza and Library and

is a local diagrammatic device that proliferates throughout

Learning Center. These traverse the site in north-south

the scheme in both plan and section through the tilting,

direction providing a direct connection with the park to the

skewing and ramping of convergent and divergent edges and

south and the Congress and Exhibition Hall to the north.

surfaces. Operating between the domains of architecture

The predominant link between the east and west entry

and landscape, the oblique is called upon to simultaneously

points and the southern central access to the Prater is what

71

and that is later repeated in the structured doubling of its elements, as is found, for example, in the doubling of adjacent solids and voids, as well as in the dualism of proximate interior and exterior public spaces throughout the site. This pairing strategically operates to support the continuity and enhance the animation of flows across the site while both Paths systems environmental interaction

intensifying and balancing the relationship between built objects and public spaces.

establishes the shifting and bending of this main circulation axis forming a broad v-shaped spine with its apex centered

In marking a definitive path as the dominant circulatory

on, and directed toward the park. This apex locates a critical

element on the site, the spine also operates as a vector—a major

attractor of the project that acts to organize a series of radial

artery that continuously collects, directs, and redistributes the

trajectories directed from the main campus buildings toward

flows of bodies and goods across the site. In this context, its role

the center plaza of the campus and the Prater.

is to function in support of a larger network of connectivity rather than as a dimensional organizational structure, to

The central spine can be understood to operate in three

free the line from its territorializing functions in order to

distinct ways: as an axis that centralizes and bifurcates the

link up the public spaces and mobilize the flows of the larger

site, as a vector that collects and mobilizes the activities that

campus community while also augmenting their potential for

traverse it, and as a fracture that breaks open and folds the

interaction and exchange. In this context, its role is thus in

terrain in order to enable it to ‘breathe’ while generating

support of the living rather than the regulatory, intentionally

new spatial continuities across and within this landscape.

circuiting all flows through this conduit to ensure that the life

As an axis, the spine creates a bipartite division of the site

of the campus is focused and energized rather than dissipated.

into northern and southern territories while establishing a

72

potential symmetry across the site, evidenced in the pairing

Lastly, the central circulation acts to fracture the larger

of the eastern and western building volumes and the ways

mass of the site—intentionally introducing ruptures into its

in which, as “sets,” these contribute to the definition of the

solidity to aerate the campus with positively charged pockets

public plazas between them. As a dimensional organizational

of occupiable space and to enable these to be rendered

structure that allocates space and defines the primary internal

as elements that are continuous with, and integral to this

territory of the campus, the axis sets up a dichotomy across

circulation system. The perception of the spine as a fracturing

the site initially given by the urban/park dyad of its context

of the site works to ensure that the whole campus maintains

its cohesion despite the complexity of its discrete parts, while

aggregated units whose secondary entry points and exits are

also facilitating the changing speeds and types of inhabitation

then organized in relation to this network.

of the public spaces distributed along the edges of the folded path that traverses it. The bending of this oblique line furnishes

Within the Master Plan, in addition to the mapping of

locally constituted territories for occupation, slowing and

designated infrastructural arteries and defined conduits

speeding up flows as it laterally expands, contracts and shifts

for movement, time-based flow diagrams are employed

direction in its meander across the site.

to test and assess the performance of the site’s internal circulatory network, direct the detail design of its public

Overlaid on the primary circulation spine are a series

spaces and promote their activation. These diagrams map the

of smaller pedestrian passages and micro-transit routes

choreography of the site’s occupation by a variety of distinct

that crisscross the site, penetrating the ground floor of the

users in relation to the range of programmed activities and

campus buildings while increasing the overall permeability

events offered at the university and the different temporal

of the territory. While the main central spine acts as an

rhythms and intervals that define them. This choreography

edge to define the boundaries of individual building plots

is exposed through layered notational fields designating

and connect the major outdoor plazas, these passages cut

the shifting swarms of students and other users populating

across building plots to provide a more complex secondary

distinct territories, on the one hand, and undulating vectors

circulation network used to link the campus periphery and

indexing the dominant directional flows of bodies on the

center and further activate the sequential series of public

campus, on the other. These indexes trace immaterial events

plazas. This connective intricate mesh of pedestrian passages

that refer to the future “life” of the campus, revealing, through

weaving across the terrain also operates as a strategic device

their graphic manifestation, the density, distribution and

to further urbanize the site by establishing directives and

spatialization of anticipated activities on site and the larger

locations to cleave through and therefore break down

programmatic field to which the architecture of public plazas,

each of the campus buildings into a multiplicity of smaller

infrastructures and open spaces must respond.

9:00 BEGINN STUDIENTAG

13:00 MITTAGSPAUSE

17:00 SUBZENTREN UNI-CAMPUS

20:00 ABENDS

Individual movement flows as articulation for the architectures 73

Programmatic Constellations

The Library and Learning Center designed by Zaha

The organizational concept of the Vienna University of

Hadid Architects—as the most significant conceptual and

Economics and Business is focused on the creation of

programmatic hub of the campus—occupies the center,

departments, which are further assembled into six larger

offering state-of-the-art research, study and learning facilities

building complexes distributed evenly across the campus.

that are permanently open (24/7) and available for student

Each of these buildings houses complementary departments

and faculty use. The Departments 1 / Teaching Center

in

Business,

adjacent to this, designed by BUSarchitektur, forms the heart

Communications and Management to Finance and Economic

of communication for the university supporting lecture and

Policy, while also providing special functions such as the

seminar spaces as well as a large auditorium for university and

libraries, lecture halls, and executive academy, and externally-

public use. And diagonally opposite, to the southwest of this

run services such as the fitness center and kindergarten that

complex, lies the locus for research and special libraries. As a

act to identify, brand and characterize the architecture of

critical directive of the Master Plan, each of the buildings was

individual building complexes. The intention is to concentrate

attributed a set of programmatic “identity traits” associated

related and mutually beneficial functions into larger identifiable

with their special functions that were used to not only

wholes while simultaneously dispersing these consistently

distinguish and direct the architectural development of each

across the site to produce a balanced, yet multi-scaled field

distinct component of the campus, but also typologically

of diverse, yet equally activated programs. In addition to the

characterize and brand the programmatic activities to be

educational departments and special functions, each building

allocated to their adjacent public plazas and, by extension, to

complex also houses a series of support programs, such as

also brand, render public and activate the campus as a whole.

programs

ranging

from

International

bookstores, copy shops, small retail outlets and cafés as well as lounges, study areas and seminar rooms generating a finer-

The layering of these distinct programmatic fields produces a

grained field of educational, recreational and commercial

dynamic spatial matrix that attempts to unify a heterogeneous

nuclei that are scattered throughout the university.

aggregation of elements by balancing the overall density, scale and intensity of functions and events across the campus, while still respecting and promoting the identity and specific figuration of each. Field conditions operate through strategies of dispersion and accumulation, on the one hand, and local interconnectivity on the other. The former is assured by the widespread dispersion and strategic layering of programs to promote the site’s full activation, while the latter was instigated

Comprehensive Master Plan stimulating the Campus definition 74

Internal and external relationships as a Hardware for the Buildings

by the Master Plan Rulebook for the building plots that was

overall unity, by foregrounding a set of local programmatic

given to each architectural team, with the explicit intention

and syntactical spatial attributes for each of the building

of establishing programmatic synergies, highlighting critical

plots to be responded to in the architecture for each building.

interfaces in relation to function, space, and site at the ground level, and promoting intricate local interconnectivities

The rulebook operates as a non-spatial communication

between the buildings, the university campus, and the larger

device that attempts to codify a limited set of programmatic

urban context.

signifiers and spatial relationships into hieroglyphic ideograms—symbols intended to compress fragments of

MASTER PLAN RULEBOOKS

local spatial syntax into communicative signifiers—that

AND NOTATIONAL TACTICS

are then distributed as a field of information in relation

Rulebooks and the Hieroglyphic Field

to a planimetric drawing of each building plot. Here, the

Although contained within the physical parameters of a

architectural surface of the site operates almost like a map

highly defined overarching geometrical schema of plots,

or interactive game board to which these hieroglyphic

the flexibility provided by each plot and the potential

symbols are applied. What is of interest are the categories of

three-dimensional volumetric zone for building—each

information that are considered to be important, the ways in

of which essentially defined only the maximum limits of

which these are signified, the implicit rules that determine

a boundary and not its specific form or configuration—

the location and distribution of signifiers (and the signifies

loosened the context that had initially assured the part-to-

to which these refer) across this game board, and the new

whole subordination given by the Master Plan parcelization

field conditions—the patterns of relationships—that their

strategy. The Master Plan Rulebook thus acted as a

frequency, proximity, distribution and layering produce.

complement to the larger architectural design of the site

Although intrinsically non-spatial, the rulebook paradoxically

and its extensive use of geometric relationships to preserve

generates

symbols—cartoon-like

pictograms—that

are

75

themselves signifiers of generic spatial conditions. These

one hand, and non-formal types of information are codified

notational icons initially divide up the boundless material

on the other, the notational structure employed by BUS in the

continuity of the real into discrete intervals and elementsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;

rule book is expanded to include a wide range of spatial and

abstractions of context, spaces and eventsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;that are then

non-spatial referents. In the diagramming and symbolization

used to define a limited typological range of conditions to

of architectural objects, bodies and spaces in familiar code/

be addressed. These are used to rarefy the specific conditions

rule books such as Graphic Standards for architects, for

found on site into universal spatial attributes and relationships

example, the amount of information preserved is what is

while simultaneously limiting the perceptual and material

minimally necessary to ensure that the symbol will function

range of distinct conditions into a closed set of related types.

to communicate, and that it will provide a scaled graphic to

In the absence of being able to directly design the entire

which anthropometric and other data can be attached. In the

project, this is essentially a strategic device employed by

case of the Master Plan Rulebook for the campus, however,

BUS to augment the Master Plan so that it includes, and also

there is little relevance to the scale or organizational structure

communicates, critical spatial and architectural attributes

of the symbol, but rather to the value attributed to the spatial

and to ensure that these are adopted and embedded in the

or programmatic condition that it signifies, the clarity of

final architectural design of each of the buildings on the

its ability to communicate, and its interactive placement

campus. These mapped notations therefore determine,

in relation to the boundaries of the plot and other symbols

not only an explicit highly selective set of conditions and

within the mapped surface of the site.

concerns, but also a specific and implicit set of hierarchies in relation to content, that are used to focus and direct

For the rulebook, three broader categories define the sets

the design process.

of relationships between context, architectural space and programming used to direct the development of each

Although this might be akin to the ways in which, non-

building site: 1. Characteristics of the Neighborhood; 2. Identity

spatial functions are symbolized and communicated on the

Traits; and 3. Interfaces. The first of these, which is divided into

Indoors and outdoors relations as Hardware for the buildings 76

three subsets, reveals the existing or desired interrelation of

relative degrees of autonomy or interrelatedness of each of

each building plot with its environs as a way of summarizing

these special functions by establishing whether or not these

the contextual qualities of the local site. The initial subset of

are shared by different populations across the campus; and

this first category reiterates the conceptual importance of the

defining whether or not the programmed spaces at the edges

urban/nature dyad and attempts to describe the potential

of building plots are architecturally contained or relatively

relationship between campus buildings and green space

open in relation to neighboring buildings on site.

by characterizing five typological mixtures located along a spectrum from the dense urbanity of the city to the natural

The emphasis of the final conceptual category of this rulebook

environment of the park. Following this, the second subset

is the development of the ground floor of each building plot

refers specifically to visual and physical access to the Prater

to ensure that the critical import of this continuous public

in terms of partial, elevated, contained, or direct views on the

landscape—its relationship to infrastructural networks,

one hand, and degrees and types of access on the other. The

programmatic

third subset classifies design directives for building envelopes

consistently and repeatedly emphasized. Entitled Interface

by defining their permeability and orientation in terms of

Areas, this component of the rulebook defines the localized

desired access to views and requirements for solar shading.

flows of bodies, goods and vehicles in relation to individuated

distribution

and

spatial

interfaces—is

building plots by designating specific locations for entry areas The second category within the Master Plan Rulebook is

as well as a hierarchy of public transit routes and smaller

programmatically focused, both defining and highlighting

secondary passages through, toward and adjacent to buildings,

the special functions that are allocated to different buildings

in addition to establishing opportunities to underscore

and establishing directives as to how these functions might

spatial flows between inside and outside, or underneath and

be used to characterize and brand each building. This is

across buildings. The reframing of these at the scale of the

accomplished by recommending that individual works of

building plots enables new structures and relationships to be

architecture act as expressive “image carriers” specifying

foregrounded, in particular the continuities yet asymmetries

their effect on adjacent public plazas and

that exist across the plots as these are focused toward the public

designating the specific distinguishing

domain of the spine and interconnected plazas. Lastly, but

programmatic

of

equally importantly, it classifies and establishes directives for

each of these plazas; determining the

locating six key programmatic typologies—educational areas

nature, visibility and legibility of these

that include seminar rooms, auditoria, libraries, and study

programmatic brands in relation to the

areas, and support functions that include cafés/eateries and

campus as a whole; determining the

commercial outlets—to be potentially used by the university

characteristics

77

and/or the public-at-large. The emphasis on these programs

the design of the system and its methodologies as the design

is in their potential to be exploited as critical activators of

of the objects and spaces to which these refer.

the ground floor of the campus and the importance of the

In the first case, and against the backdrop of semiotics, we

larger populations both within and outside the campus

are reminded of the limitations of signifying systems (as

that they support.

elucidated by de Saussure and Pierce, for example), where, with reference to non-formally motivated symbols, if the

Although spatial in reference, yet non-spatial in nature, these

relationship between signifier and signified is arbitrary, it

notational symbols take on new value when they are allocated,

therefore must not only be fixed but also be learned. Thus,

or perhaps “re-spatialized,” across the maps of the site, marking

in the absence of adopting a set of standards drawn from

points—loosely defined loci rather than specific geo-spatial

existing architectural conventions or a shared system of

references—that signify critical relationships or directives to

language, on the one hand, and the less pictographic the

be architecturally engaged. The rule book is both extremely

attributes of the symbols themselves (in the sense of being

creative in its expansion of typical master planning strategies

figurative or representational) on the other, the more these

and highly valuable in intention and content, however, it is

notational devices become dependent on the interpretive

also prudent to note that the opportunities and challenges

key and the capacity of the reader to be able to decode and

of this system are evident in

decipher their signifying intent in order to function. The

three critical ways. First, in the

moment that these become perceived as opaque markers,

capacity of the icon to readily

which becomes more dominant as the number of layers of

communicate

intention

information and density of fields are increased, is thereby

and content; second, by the

the same moment that the location and relationship of

notational device’s resistance

elements and patterning of the field, subsumes the requisite

to geometric specificity and

transparency of the sign and its role as a communicative

locational ambiguity in relation to either the map of the

device. This doubling of the function of the sign is, however,

building plot or the virtual architectural envelope to which

critical to its operation as it oscillates between signification

it refers; and third, through the complexity of superimposed

and spatial notation, relinquishing its capacity for reference

symbols and the importance of the field conditions and the

in order to foreground the perceived density, porosity and

patterns that they produce in relation to the organizational

distribution of the field.

interface areas

its

structure of the total design of the campus. Although these

78

collectively refer to the techniques of the rulebook rather

In the second case, although the strategy of locating the

than its content, a master plan’s efficacy is as much a result of

icon is highly effective when its referent is point-based, that

of a point of entry, the view from the corner of a building or a discrete element such as a lighting pole, security camera or a centered cluster of furniture, its limitations become evident when used to denote the qualities of linear interfaces such as the conditions of a faรงade, or

strategy

diagrammatic

is, used to notate the relative location

that is highly defined in its architectural configuration and organizational geometry, yet unbound and limitless in terms of the number of layers that constitute its geological strata on the one hand, and the density of information that might be contained within the superimposed fields defining the constellations of a single layer, on the other. The fields and flows that traverse these planes, which emphasize the varied placements, movements and relationships between bodies,

those with extended surface and spatial

elements and spaces rather than their figuration, and the

attributes. Although these conditions are

sheer number of conceptual and physical concerns that they

comprehensively and graphically defined elsewhere within

address (which extend from the definition of ecological

the Master Plan, the decision to employ a notational device

attributes to fire prevention strategies) expose the success

to signify spatial qualities within the building plot rulebook

of the technique and its importance as a strategy. Inclusive

rather than geometry, is perhaps strategic in that it enables

rather than exclusive by nature, this diagrammatic strategy

relationships to be suggested without architectural figuration,

enables the Master Plan to assemble a wide array of seemingly

suppressing the configurative particularity of form-based

unrelated elements and comprehensively integrate these into

codes that might too easily reify the design process (and be

a cohesive whole.

seen to conflate the Master Plan with the end result) while still enabling the inclusion of a specific array of spatial attributes

Typological Taxonomies and Regulatory Addenda

to direct the final architectural design. In the end, this should

The final two critical elements of the Master Plan are given by

be understood as a flexible and inclusive device to support

a catalog of typological design standards that are used to guide

the range of authors contributing to the development of the

the space planning of the departments, and the architectural

architecture of the campus.

manual developed for each of the architectural teams that summarizes important Viennese building regulations

Finally, the importance of the layering of multiple fields of

applicable to the campus Master Plan and its larger context

information and the attention paid to the patterns that they

of urban zoning requirements. These guidelines, which

produce on site, as a methodology that is used both within

frame the legal requirements to be fulfilled in order to obtain

the rulebook and throughout the Master Plan, cannot be

building permits, operate to communicate to an international

overemphasized. As a diagrammatic strategy it supports the

set of architects, non-negotiable code requirements in relation

concept of the Master Plan as emerging from a layered structure

to building classifications and area, envelopes and frontage,

79

floor to floor restrictions, and general provisions for energy

organized set of strategies to be incorporated across the

efficiency, mechanical stability, fire protection, acoustic

whole campus, but also attempts to locally bring consistency

insulation, universal access and safety, hygiene, health and

to the whole by limiting the range of architectural differences

environmental protection that govern the architecture of this

within those components of the campus intended to act as a

specific zone, city and region.

backdrop to its more vital and celebrated traits. This operates to

develop

a

shared

spatial

The former of these, which is essential to the project, is a

language among the architectural

typological taxonomy that constitutes an attempt within the

teams

Master Plan to conceptually, architecturally and economically

their differences through the

emphasize, through the architectonic uniqueness of their

distinguished and iconic features

characterization, individual buildings such as the Library and

intended

typological taxonomy

while

to

also

supporting

characterize

the

spatial

language

Learning Center, Departments 1

special programmatic functions

/ Teaching Center, and Executive

within each building complex. This tactic tended to reduce

Academy, and programmatic

the potential “noise” given by competing authors and their

sub-components such as the

varied forms of expression on site, while also assuring that

research

the architectural design concepts of the Master Plan become

libraries,

institute, fitness

special and

pervasive—consistently embedded within the organization

support

and spatial articulation of each building and integrated

special functions for the university. This is achieved by

at all scales and degrees of design development. That the

ensuring that, on the one hand, these elements are “figured”

Master Plan is articulated at this level of design is extremely

against a ground that is organized through greater regularity,

commendable, fundamentally contributing to the overall

standardization and repetition, and on the other hand, that

architectural success of the project.

kindergarten,

center

that

the economic logic of this distribution ensures that the

80

efficiencies of standardization will facilitate the highlighting

In 2001 Liesbeth Waechter-Böhm published an article on

of, and economic investment in unique architectural

The Homeworkers project by BUSarchitektur entitled “How

features that will act as iconic emblems for the site. This

to build a contemporary City“ 6. She highlighted BUS’s

catalog of design standards, which specifically defines unit

capacity to offer urban spaces that combine values drawn

and aggregative organizational and spatial typologies for

from historic city models with contemporary forms of urban

offices, seminar rooms, lounge spaces, support areas and

living. She also advanced that the critical value of architecture

internal circulation infrastructure, not only ensures a highly

is not solely in the production of creative concepts, but in the

ability to translate these into inhabitable material realities that

specificity that has been invested at all stages of the project

support new programmatic trajectories. This is undoubtedly

to maintain its alignment while stimulating its evolutionary

one of the strengths of BUS’s approach to design that is

development, is an accomplishment that falls outside of

thoroughly evidenced in the Campus WU project. Despite

the traditional boundaries of master planning processes.

that the future activation and assessment of the programmatic

Theirs is an innovative diagram that reconceptualizes the

successes of the campus will ultimately fall to its users, it is

master plan as truly a living architectural body whose

clear that BUS has offered a highly successful, strategic and

growth and development indexes an ongoing negotiation

seminal model for master planning that reflects the firm’s

between the unfolding of a preconceived genetic code

equal commitment to methodological ingenuity, spatial

and the environmental material matrix within which it is

innovation and architectural craftsmanship, where attention

situated. It is thus not only an agent that precedes the making

to design detail is found to be pervasive at all scales and

of the work, by being set out in advance of the project, but

within all territories of the project. The term “master plan”

also finds itself developed over time—as a design would—

is perhaps a misnomer in that the complexity of operative

becoming more and more detailed until the intricacies of

interactive methodologies that BUS has set in place to

the framework itself find a one-to-one correspondence

advance the strategic goals of the project, their comprehensive

with the scale and specificity of the designs that they

multi-scaled approach, and the temporal, spatial and material

are intended to direct, and to which they ultimately refer.

* Ila Berman is a Director of Architecture at California College of the Arts Dr. Dipl. Ing. bei CCA Mona El Khafif is an Associate Professor of Architecture and Urban Design and Project Coordinator of the new CCA URBANlab.

1

Christa Reicher, Staedtebauliches Entwerfen, Vieweg + Teubner, 2012, p. 184-187

2

Oliver Frey / Florian Koch, Positionen zur Urbanistik. Impulse zur Weiterentwicklung der Stadt- und Raumforschung durch die interdisziplinäre Zusammenführung raumbezogener Wissenschaften, in Oliver Frey/ Florian Koch (Hersg.), Positionen zur Urbanistik 1: Stadtkultur und neue Methoden der Stadtforschung, Lit Verlag, 2011, p. 26-27

3

City of Vienna, Kabelwerk. A Development Process as a Model. State of the Art, Vienna, 2004, p. 51

4

City of Vienna, Kabelwerk. A Development Process as a Model. State of the Art, Vienna, 2004, p. 106-107

5

City of Vienna, Kabelwerk. A Development Process as a Model. State of the Art, Vienna, 2004, p. 108-109

6

Liesbeth Waechter-Böhm, Wie man heute eine Stadt baut, in Spectrum, 29.12.2001, http://www.nextroom.at/building.php?id=86&sid=565

81

PROVIDE INSIGHT

INFORM Exhibition about the competition Campus WU - BIG Az W Architecture Center of Vienna 21st May 2009

ARCHITECTURE SHOULD ENCOURAGE SOCIAL INTERACTION BY CREATING NETWORKS AND GIVING M

Compilation by Daniela Kobel, BUSarchitektur Vienna – 18.07.2013

TRANSMITTING IDEAS

ENGAGE IN CONVERSATION

OMENTUM TO DEVELOPMENT

RANDOMNESS

PLAYING FROM THE INSIDE

OPERATIONAL RANDOMNESS

SOCIAL GAMES WITH RANDOM TACTICS

IN AN INTERACTIVE URBANISM

7KH Ă&#x203A;FWLRQ RI D SOD\HU SURYLGHV XV ZLWK D SDWK WR UHFRJQLWLRQ of and liberation from the everydayness of production. The random exchange of roles encourages interrelation during the development of projects, creating dynamic simulation systems.

The results form an â&#x20AC;&#x153;open-thinkingâ&#x20AC;? space, seemingly both multioptional and interactive.

PARALLEL WORLDS Interactions and operational randomness %86DUFKLWHNWXU %2$ RIĂ&#x203A;FH IRU DGYDQFHG UDQGRPQHVV KDYH ZRUNHG RQ WKH SURMHFW IRU WKH QHZ 9LHQQD 8QLYHUVLW\ RI (FRQRPLFV DQG %XVLQHVV VLQFH ZKHQ WKH\ ZRQ WKH q,QWHUQDWLRQDO Competition for the Master Plan and Executive Project of &DPSXV :8r 7KH HIIRUWV DQG ZRUN SHUIRUPHG DUH SDUDOOHO ZRUOGV LQ ZKLFK WKH UROHV RI WKH WHDP PHPEHUV FRPSOHPHQW each other at every stage of the process. â&#x20AC;˘ Role 1: Integral Master Plan: Realistic Utopias Speciality â&#x20AC;˘ Role 2: Systems and Performance: the Art of Constructing Speciality â&#x20AC;˘ Role 3: Visions and Architecture: Architectural Design Speciality â&#x20AC;˘ Role 4: Communication and documentation: Comprehensive Multimedia Specialty

84

intervene in the development of structures

to thinking laterally in all social settings,

DV WKH RQO\ Ă&#x203A;HOG RI DFWLRQ WKDW FDQ WDQJLEO\

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OFFICE

BOA

RANDOMNESS as an intuitive approach seeking to reduce the creative LQGLYLGXDOpV LQĂ&#x153;XHQFH RQ WKH SURGXFW DV PXFK DV SRVVLEOH LQ RWKHU ZRUGV DQG LQ WKH EURDGHVW VHQVH WKH FUHDWLRQ RI XQLQWHQWLRQDO DQG XQFRQWUROOHG ZRUNV

NEĂ&#x161;BDĂ&#x2DC;ENQĂ&#x2DC;@CU@MBDCĂ&#x2DC;Q@MCNLMDRR ADVANCED

as an active provocation of the system

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alternative processes and interrelating

HOHPHQWV LQ XQH[SHFWHG ZD\V

REAL EXPERIENCES 6WUDWHJLF DFWLRQLVP FDQ EH ZRUWK D WKRXVDQG ZRUGV LQ RUGHU WR LQLWLDWH SURFHVVHV IRU SDUWLFLSDWLQJ DQG WDNLQJ RZQHUVKLS RI WKH QHZ &DPSXV :8 LQ 9LHQQD INTEGRAL MASTER PLAN FOR TRANSFORMING A DISUSED AREA 6WUDWHJLHV IRU HQFRXUDJLQJ SDUWLFLSDWLRQ DQG WDNLQJ RZQHUVKLS in Campus WU communication: The challenge of spaces for

Urban configurator: Tablet Off • Urban configurator: Tablet On

2012 Actors: Workers at Zaha Hadid’s girder lifting • 2012 Realities: LC Girder lifting

freedom in a 24/7 campus facing Vienna’s Prater Park.

HOW TO MOBILISE THE UNIVERSITY ? .AIDBSHUD Ø To develop communication tools that enable the academic community to comprehend architecture’s cryptic language and evaluate the spatial qualities of inhabiting.

OOQN@BG Ø&RQÛJXUDWRUV OOKHB@SHNM Ø 7KH MXU\pV ZRUN LQ WKH VWDJH RI WKH XUEDQ DQG architectural international competitions.

Infopoint exhibition with politicians, 30.09.2010 â&#x20AC;˘ Infopoint guided tour for the population â&#x20AC;˘ Explanations overlooking the site for the public administration

HOW TO MOBILISE THE CITY OF VIENNA ?

By managing to communicate that the â&#x20AC;&#x153;object of desireâ&#x20AC;? can have as much added value for the immediate area, as for the city and the country DV D ZKROH WKHUHE\ HQDEOLQJ FRPSOHPHQWDU\ ZRUN

87

%\ GHYHORSLQJ DSSOLFDWLRQV IRU SKRQHV DQG WDEOHWV DV ZHOO DV FUHDWLQJ WKH H[SHULHQFH RI QHZ UROHV HPERGLHG LQ D GLJLWDO Time Machine installation. Visits in 15 days: 2,850 students and professors.

The rector of the Vienna University of Economics and Business next to a student, â&#x20AC;&#x153;travels through timeâ&#x20AC;? and â&#x20AC;&#x153;changes his role at Campus WUâ&#x20AC;?.

88

CountDOWN: The rector and the time-machine â&#x20AC;˘ CountDOWN: WU time machine today - detail â&#x20AC;˘ CountDOWN: WU time machine today - global

HOW TO MOBILISE THE STUDENTS ?

HOW TO MOBILISE THE ARCHITECTS ?

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Infopoint: Animation WU booking system â&#x20AC;˘ Architectural biennial BA11: Interactions

Exhibition at the Cultural Center of Architecture: the Architects â&#x20AC;˘ Exhibition at the Cultural Center of Architecture: the Students

guided tours.

HOW TO MOBILISE THE NEIGHBOURHOOD ? .AIDBSHUD Ă&#x2DC;Ă&#x2DC;7R FUHDWH D EULGJH EHWZHHQ YLUWXDO UHDOLW\ DQG WKH OLYH construction project by using interactive panorama applications for digital tablets.

In each phase there are project animations for on-going communication.

OOQN@BG Ă&#x2DC;Ă&#x2DC;Panoramas and animations.

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Laura P. Spinadel BOA office for advanced randomness, Vienna â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2013

89

proportions

circulation network

architectural competition 1

walk along park

building plots

density height

landscape concept

green border

zoning requirements

urban campus urban development concept connections

prater access

mass

visual

orientation

identity

architectural competition 2

spacing cubic capacity

urban competition

passages interface zones

plazas

viertel 2 complex danube river vienna Fair (messe)

synergies/context stadium hotel residential area underground stations 1st district

boundaries

configurator

context

relationship architecture & public space paths plaza network

shadow survey

Flows

light comfort

Comfort

circulation

acoustic comfort weather conditions energy requirements

media

pedestrian flow

efficiency

Energy ventilation

elements

air

wind

simulations

water puddle scheme water collection

ground

water irrigation water post

infiltration concept groundwater

l

garage technical rooms delivery

lightwell

parking places decentralised waste disposal

benches private cars disabled load/unload

families/furniture

offices

infrastructure wall articulation wall construction technical devices articulation façade/flooring

learning

built area

services

guidelines

project Campus WU

project development optic

6 plazas urban relationships

axis neighbourhood characteristics

6 plots

signage

costs

tactil

video surveillance

hoarding

visual relationships

building site permeability and orientation

2

standardization

building site cameras

façade cleaning

bicycle facilities

Interface areas

materials

design standards delivery areas

parameters

workshops

identity traits

design concepts

Az W exhibition

corporate identity infopoint countdown

interactive homepage fire protection

ground floor functions

Safety

special functions 24/7

emergency exits

Functions technology

safety zones

evacuation strategy

maintenance ground load capacity

event areas

supply and waste management

Logistics

controlled exits

motorized transport

guidance system

advertisement space

transit routes

Universal Design barrier free

illumination simulations

light façade

luminaries

building envelope

andscape central axis bicycle paths topography smoking areas trees location

department 1/teaching center

food court department teaching center

structure transitions interaction aula/forum plaza

continuity public space/terraces space in-between for communication

FLOWS

Of the many subject areas studied by BUSarchitektur as part of

SPATIAL CONTINUITY FOR PEDESTRIANS

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AND THE DISABLED

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principle suggests various public space functions and uses,

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This means that in order to understand and design the Campusâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

LQWHUDFWLRQ EHWZHHQ XVHUV

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to an integral spatial reality.

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Thus, the Master Plan sought to actively integrate both time and

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students can freely move around the Campus.

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92

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In that sense, the signage of the various paths plays a major

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simultaneously over different periods of time.

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People

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09:00 h

mechanical and electronic devices that restrict private cars to HQWHU DOORZLQJ RQO\ DXWKRUL]HG YHKLFOHV DFFHVV WR WKH &DPSXV DW VSHFLĂ&#x203A;F VFKHGXOHG WLPHV

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20:00 h

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Santiago Sรกnchez Guzmรกn, BUSarchitektur

Vienna - 27.06.2013 95

Wind tunnel investigation by Bodo Ruck - Laboratory of Building-and Environmental Aerodynamics Institute for Hydromechanics - Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT - Karlsruhe - Germany

ENERGY

RESOURCE ANALYSIS

BUILDING OPTIMIZATION

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recommendations, such as the necessary U-value, and the PD[LPXP ZLQGRZ VXUIDFH DUHD

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a dynamic simulation based on the architectural designs

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presented. These estimates became more concrete as

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planning progressed.

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ENERGY SUPPLY CONCEPT

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The energy supply concept includes the proper potential use

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energy demand shortfall through connection to a district public

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perforations), spatial necessities and thermo gravimetric

determining the present value.

analyses have been conducted for easy future installation.

COSTS

8,00% 27,00%

OS 30,00%

35,00%

BENEFITS 02-Structural work

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03-Technical equipment

04-Light construction

06-Outdoor facilities

Determination of the Basic Solution

OTHER SOLUTION PROPOSITIONS

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COSTS

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VAR1

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By including on-site storage capacity for the available heat,

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BENEFITS

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to be harnessed.

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and, as a consequence, greater energy content is available

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The variants are not solely evaluated based on acquisition costs, but also bearing in mind subsequent costs. By considering the notional cash value, a variant with higher acquisition costs that bears lower subsequent costs may be the logical, economic and ecological solution.

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Daylight study based on energy and climate concepts developed by ARUP, Berlin, Germany

Amount of hours facades are exposed to sun during summer - North view

Amount of hours facades are exposed to sun during winter - South view

Amount of hours facades are exposed to sun during winter - From above

Ernst Nöbl, Ingenieurbüro für Kultur- und Umwelttechnik Vienna - 12.11.2008 Amount of hours facades are exposed to sun during winter - North view

100

BUILDING COOLING

RAIN

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discharged via a drainage system.

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the correct room temperatures.

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the cooling performed by air conditioning systems in closed

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environments and as a backup or supplementary system.

pipeline given its initial state.

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construction site resources are optimally integrated.

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â&#x20AC;˘ Creation of a tool to evaluate any given solution.

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â&#x20AC;˘ Analysis of variants stemming from different hypotheses.

101

MAKING VISIBLE

NATURAL LIGHT, EXTRACTED LIGHT

ARTIFICIAL LIGHT, CONSTRUCTED LIGHT

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that makes up the Campus WU project site in order to meet its basic

With an average of 5.3 daylight hours per day throughout the

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is mostly vegetation in nature and that hosts bicycle parking and various sporting areas; and secondly the route crossing the Campus

Campus WUâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s logistics force the public space to accept a

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104

differences. The projection of light is diffuse and spreads out over

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manner: The green ring, aimed at pedestrians and cyclists, is

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or glare effects that might make the user feel insecure. The lighting

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also avoids light pollution by taking care not to project light over

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and a temperature/color of 3,000k, the ring represents a luminous

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threshold, situated in front of the Prater Parkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s natural space. This

treatments, thereby making the most of the minimal differences

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osmotic organism that accommodates different activities.

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Comfort and a sense of security (prevention by avoiding dark corners; pleasing light temperatures) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; conďŹ dent spatial orientation (easily recognisable landmarks)

WHAT IS ILLUMINATION?

Marked differentiation in light temperatures between spaces

Temptation to linger in attractive spaces for resting and exercising

Lightwells for accessing the underground parking area

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Illumination of elements located in the different open spaces

Manuel MartĂ­nez, BUSarchitektur Vienna, 02.07.2013

106

To make recognition simpler, lighting in the bicycle parking

substantial energy saving in comparison to conventional lighting

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been increased to 4,000k in the sporting areas. These measures

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orientation more intuitive.

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The main lighting for the route across Campus is directly projected

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the lighting directly into the building faรงades or attics. The post lights

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to illuminate used surfaces. The lights embedded in pavements

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are of minimal potency to avoid glare. They also function as a

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signalling device in order to improve accessibility and orientation.

in the inner areas have a height of 4.5m and alternate asymmetrical

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foliation periods. This avoids unnecessary light diffusion during

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character and differentiated atmosphere, each capable of offering

autumn, light came to mind;

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...natural light

darkness. This type of lighting seeks to highlight the architectural

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qualities of the structures, both in the hope of encouraging use of

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the orientation system.

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appreciate it.

107

10 General Plan

Wiesflecker / Johannes Wiesflecker mit Baumanagement Oswald / Otmar Oswald

CAMPUS WU COMPETITION < 1ST ROUND > AUGUST 2008

Flatz_architects + Architekturbüro Zeytinoglu mit Idealice Landschaftsarchitektur Martin Flatz Architekturbüro Zeytinoglu

< WINNER >MAY 2008

< 2ND ROUND > APRIL 2008

17

pool Architektur/ Schwalm-Theiss & Bresich

General Section

06

17

Heinle Wischer

ARGE Flatz_architects + Architekturbüro Zeytinoglu mit Idealice Landschaftsarchitektur Mag. Arch. Martin Flatz Architekturbüro Zeytinoglu ZT GmbH

19 Architekt Dipl.-Ing. Herbert Bohrn Ziviltechniker

14

MASTER PLAN COMPETITION WINNER

General Ground Floor Plan

AH 3 Architekten Franz Architekten

16

Project Images

ARGE Zinganel / Peter Zinganel

17

General Section

ARGE Flatz_architects + Architekturbüro Zeytinoglu mit Idealice Landschaftsarchitektur Mag. Arch. Martin Flatz Architekturbüro Zeytinoglu ZT GmbH

03 Architects Collective / FCP

23

09

3RD PRIZE

General Plan

BUSarchitektur & partner Mag. Arch. Arq. Laura P. Spinadel Dipl.-Ing. Ewald Pachler Wien

Manfred Maximilian Rieder / Erich Wagner

24 Walter Stelzhammer, Rainer Pirker, Peter Weber Axis Ingenieurleistungen Ortfried Friedrich

23

23

BUSarchitektur & partner Mag. Arch. Arq. Laura P. Spinadel Dipl.-Ing. Ewald Pachler Wien

BUSarchitektur & partner Laura P. Spinadel / Ewald Pachler

12

General Plan

Caramel architekten architekten katherl.haller.aspetsberger

General Section

08

General Ground Floor Plan

08

Berger+Parkkinen Architekten Ziviltechniker

Berger+Parkkinen Architekten Ziviltechniker GmbH Wien

01

MASTER PLAN GOALS FOR THE CAMPUS WU

Project Images

PLOT SETTINGS

23

ARGE WUW Beier + Beck Architekten/ Meinhardt Fulst / Gerald Hannemann

04 ZT Arquitectos

EXECUTIVE ACADEMY

EA/D4

1 W1

ACCESS FROM THE WEST

BUSarchitektur & partner Mag. Arch. Arq. Laura P. Spinadel Dipl.-Ing. Ewald Pachler Wien

B

A

2

DEPARTMENTS

HOTEL (PROJECT)

D3 AD

ACCESS FROM THE WEST

1 DEPARTMENTS

MESSE HOTEL

2

HOTEL (PROJECT)

3 W2 SPECIAL LIBRARIES

RESEARCH INSTITUTES

DEPARTMENTS

PRATER

NEIGHBOURHOOD CHARACTERISTICS

LC

URBAN RELATIONS

IDENTITY TRAITS

INTERFACE AREAS

IMAGE CARRIERS &ƵŶĐƟŽŶĂů ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶĐĞ

FLOWS OF PEOPLE Public transit ƌŽƵƚĞƐ

Urban space

Green space

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Internal (University)

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USE OF GROUND FLOOR

SPECIAL FUNCTION sŝƐƵĂů ƌĞůĂƟŽŶ

Accessibility

21

WƵďůŝĐ ĂƌĞĂ ͬ ŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƌLJ ĂƌĞĂ

QUALITY OF WORK KƌŝĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ

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View

1

2

KƉƟŽŶĂů ƐƉĂĐĞ

3

CONNECTION TO VIERTEL ZWEI QUARTER ACCESS FROM THE EAST

D2 SC

hjp architekten, Jürgen Hauck Adenbeck Gebäudetechnik / Dörflinger Elektroplanung/Mueller Ingenieure

6

5 C

General Plan

O2

DEPARTMENTS

EXTERNAL SERVICE PROVIDERS

D

KAISERALLEE

PRATER

15

CONNECTION TO MESSE (FAIR)

D1 TC

General Section

ONE ROOM – Huber / Meinhart

MESSE

4TH PRIZE

07 Holzbauer & Partner Ziviltechnikergesellschaft

23

20 General Ground Floor Plan Lounge

05

Hörsaalzentrum

Lounge

.

Birken Forum

Birken Cafe

Linden

Dachplatanen Gastronomie

Bibliothek

r

Schnitt 11 Spielen Kastanien

Oberst & Kohlmayer

Schnitt 22

Birken

Departementgebäude

KiGa

m

Birken Bibliothek Einfahrt Tiefgarage

Sport

Birken

Project Images

Linden

Bibliothek Verwaltung

Birken

h Südportalstrasse

Campus

M 1:500 Kaiserallee

02

General Section

05

22 Christoph Karl / Andreas Bremhorst Buschina & Partner Pro Projekt Baumanagement- und Planungs

13 Bietergemeinschaft Berthold + Priebernig M. Berthold Priebernig.P Architekten + Ingenieure

11 DI Markus Pernthaler Architekt

08

2ND PRIZE

Berger+Parkkinen Architekten Ziviltechniker GmbH Wien

General Plan Deubzer König u. Assoziierte – Deubzer König Architekten / M+M AG / GSE Ingenieurgesellschaft / Landschaftsarchitekt Louafi

4TH PRIZE

Oberst & Kohlmayer GmbH Generalplaner Stuttgart

ACCESS FOR TRUCKS AND CARS LECTURE HALL CENTRE

ACCESS FROM THE EAST

6

BUSarchitektur & partner Mag. Arch. Arq. Laura P. Spinadel Dipl.-Ing. Ewald Pachler Wien

Mascha & Seethaler

O1

5

Holzbauer & Partner Ziviltechnikergesellschaft mbH Wien

07

ACCESS TO VIERTEL ZWEI QUARTER

DEPARTMENTS

CATERING

Trabrennstrasse

MASTER PLAN COMPETITION < 1ST ROUND > MARCH 2008

18

Dietrich|Untertrifaller Architekten Terry Pawson Architects thoma architekten und K.L.P. Claus en Kaan Architecten Zechner & Zechner Froetscher Lichtenwagner Léon Wohlhage Wernik Gesellschaft von Architekten Florian Nagler Architekten Glaser Architekten smc Alsop Architekten Schmidt – Schicketanz und Partner Nickl & Partner Architekten AG Architektur Consult ASP Architekten Schneider Meyer Partner Architekturbüro Pittino & Ortner Gerber Architekten Ir Wiel Arets Architect and Associates bv Saucier + Perrotte Architectes Josep Llinás i Carmona, Jürgen Hauck – hjp Peter Kaschnig Syntax Architektur – Barth Spauwen + Partner KMT / n-o-m-a-d NMPB Architekten Ernst Maurer manzl ritsch sandner architekten Szyszkowitz-Kowalski + Partner Johannes Wiesflecker Caramel architekten architekten katherl.haller. aspetsberger Francesco Fresa / Piuarch s.r.l.

Christ & Gantenbei Architekten NO.MAD Arquitectos, S.L.P. CRABstudio Ventura – Cerdá – Alcantud Architects Poos Isensee Architekten BDA Oberst & Kohlmayer Fashion Architecture Taste Eric Owen Moss Architects Heneghan Peng Architects B4FS Stephenson-Bell / Arch.

Mossburger Stephenson-Bell, Architects & Planners Holzbauer + Partner Architekten Sam / Ott-Reinisch Wolfgang Tschapeller MGF Architekten Kronaus - Luger & Maul Staab Architekten kleyer.koblitz.letztel. freivogel gesellschaft von architekten Hong Architekten Planungsgesellschaft Odile Decq Benoit Cornette Architects and Planners Hopkins Architects Vazquez Consuegra Arquitectos Beier + Beck Architekten Nieto Sobejano Arquitectos Jockers Architekten Giencke & Company pointner|pointner Architekten Zinterl Architekten und Arquitectos Zinterl Architekten ZT Arquitectos Riegler Riewe Architekten Grüntuch Ernst Planungsges.otmarhaslerarchitektur Günter Hermann Architekten Ursula Wilms – Heinle, Wischer und Partner Freie Architekten Berger+Parkkinen Architekten Ziviltechniker hke architekten Architekt Martin Kohlbauer querkraft architekten Van der Donk Architekt Georg Driendl / driendl*architects Massimiliano Fuksas Architetto ThomasMüllerIvanReimann Enno Schneider Architekten ARGE as-if / raumzeit Architekten as-if Architekten raumzeit Estudio Carme Pinós Behnisch Architekten Barkow Leibinger Architekten HMC Architects Reiser + Umemoto, RUR Architecture PC zurückgezogen Atelier Hitoshi Abe Greg Lynn FORM Flores & Prats architects Thom Mayne / Morphosis Architects Hermann + Valentiny und Architekt Podsedensek Werkstatt Grinzing – Architektur, Generalplanung, Design & Umwelt, Controlling, Projektentwicklung Architekt Zieser raum-werk-stadt architekten Treusch architecture Andreas Treusch Lakonis Architekten ARGE Knötzl / Knechtl Architekturstudio Bulant & Wailzer Herbert Bohrn Rudolf Prohazka Jürgen Mayer H., Freier Architekt Zaha Hadid Architects AllesWirdGut Architects Collective und Architekturbüro Müller & Klinger pool Architektur Kaufmann - Wanas Architekten Moser Architekten Söhne & Partner – Freudensprung S+P Architekten Freudensprung Engineering Adrian-Martin Bucher Weinmiller Architekten – Gesine Weinmiller / Michael Großmann Boris Podrecca Hawlik + Huss + Hoppe Dietmar Feichtinger Architectes Marte Marte Architekten Totengasse 18 Flatz Architects + Architekturbüro Zeytinoglu Consulting/Engineering Brus / Planet+ esc.

Klaus Kada Teilnehmer Albert Wimmer frauen bauen . urban Max Dudler Architekt Teilnehmer Iroje Architects & Planners kister scheithauer gross Architekten und Stadtplaner Tony Fretton Architects NL Architects LABB Arquitectura / Cristina Fernandez + Markus Lauber Sébastien Duron Schilling Architekten – Johannes Schilling, Architekten BDA Christine Hawley Architects UCL Bevk Perovic Arhitekti D.O.O. MVRDV DAP Studio / Elena Sacco - Paolo Danelli Atelier d’Architecture Chaix et Morel et Associés PPAG Architects Architekten Dietrich – Hanisch – Lang Prof. Hans Hollein Talik Chalabi Zeininger Architekten Neumann + Partner Architekt Heinz Neumann Asymptote Architecture Studio Daniel Libeskind

EA/D4-01

EA/D4-02

EA/D4-03

EA/D4-01 NO.MAD Arquitectos, S.L.P. – Eduardo Arroyo Madrid

EA/D4-02 Ir Wiel Arets Architect and Associates bv Maastricht

EA/D4-04

EA/D4-05

EA/D4-03 Holzbauer + Partner ZT-GmbH Wien

EA/D4-06 EA/D4-04 Estudio Carme Pinós S.L. Barcelona

D3 AD-01

EA/D4-05 AllesWirdGut ZT GmbH Wien

D3 AD-02

D3 AD-03

EA/D4-06 Max Dudler Architekt Berlin

D3 AD-04

EA/D4 D3 AD-05

LC-01

LC-02

D2 SC-01 Atelier Hitoshi Abe Sendai Miyagi

LC-03

LC-04

D2 SC-02 Josep Llinás i Carmona, Architect Barcelona

LC-05

D2 SC-03 Greg Lynn FORM Venice USA

D2 SC-01

D2 SC-04 Bevk Perovic Arhitekti D.O.O. Ljubljana

D2 SC-02

D2 SC-03

D2 SC-05 Giencke & Company Graz

D2 SC-04

D2 SC-05

D2 SC-06 querkraft architekten ZT-GmbH Wien

D2 SC-06

D2 SC D1 TC-01

D3 AD-01 Vazquez Consuegra Arquitectos SL Sevilla

D3 AD-02 Eric Owen Moss Architects Culver City

EA/D4-03 Holzbauer + Partner ZT-GmbH Wien D3 AD-01 Vazquez Consuegra Arquitectos SL Sevilla

D3 AD-04 Wolfgang Tschapeller ZT GmbH Wien

D3 AD-05 Dietmar Feichtinger Architectes Wien

CAMPUS WU EA-01 NO.MAD Arquitectos, Eduardo Arroyo Madrid

3rd PRIZE

The new Vienna University of Economics and Business has been designed as an extraordinary campus, an oasis with pavilions in a university garden, surrounded by green open spaces. It is a special place that has to be discovered individually. Conceived as a Walk Along Park, it connects a sequence of plazas which turn every educational path into one of experience - a path of wonders.

2nd PRIZE EA/D4-04 Estudio Carme Pinós S.L. Barcelona

D3 AD-03 CRABstudio London D3 AD-02 Eric Owen Moss Architects Culver City

2nd PRIZE

< WINNERS > NOVEMBER 2008

< 2ND ROUND > OCTOBER 2008

EA/D4-01 NO.MAD Arquitectos, S.L.P. Eduardo Arroyo Madrid

D4-04 Estudio Carme Pinós Barcelona

3rd PRIZE

With its very special atmosphere expressed in the pictorial language of architecture, it is a unique place of research and education. Each building has its own character, and the entire six-building complex is a landmark that shall shine far beyond the boundaries of the city.

A fascinating architectural space is now emerging.

D3 AD-03 CRABstudio London D3 AD-03 CRABstudio London

D3 AD LC-01 Thom Mayne / Morphosis Architects Santa Monica

LC-02 Zaha Hadid Architects Hamburg

LC-01 Thom Mayne / Morphosis Architects Santa Monica

2nd PRIZE

LC-02 Zaha Hadid Architects Hamburg

LC-02 Zaha Hadid Architects Hamburg

LC-03 Massimiliano Fuksas Architetto Roma

01.10.2007 09.05.2008

D2 SC-01 Atelier Hitoshi Abe Sendai Miyagi LC-04 Prof. Hans Hollein Wien

LC-04 Prof. Hans Hollein Wien

Campus WU Project Schedule

3rd PRIZE

June 2008 16.12.2008 January 2009 D2 SC-02 Josep Llinás i Carmona, Architect Barcelona

3rd PRIZE D2 SC-01 Atelier Hitoshi Abe Sendai Miyagi

LC-05 Univ. Prof. Arch. DI Klaus Kada Graz

Spring 2009 Autumn 2009 2009 2012/2013

Decision on the location at Vienna Fair and Südportalstraße Decision of the Jury in the competition for full construction project design services and award to BUSarchitektur - Architect Laura P. Spinadel Start of the competition: architectural design for four plots Announcement of the winners of the architectural competition Negotiations and award of contracts to architects, beginning of the planning stage Public exhibition of the competition projects Submission of submittal plans Commencement of ground works for the New Campus New Campus preparation for operation

New Location D2 SC-04 Bevk Perovic Arhitekti D.O.O. Ljubljana

LC

• Address: Südportalstraße/Rotundenplatz, 1020 Vienna • Total area: approx. 88,000m² • Length: approx. 560m, width between 150 and 210m • Transport links: U2 Messe Prater and Krieau subway stations • Sourrounding area: Vienna Fair, ViertelZwei and Prater

2nd PRIZE

Campus WU

D1 TC BUSarchitektur Wien

D1 TC

D1 TC BUSarchitektur Wien

D1 TC BUSarchitektur Wien

• Built-up area: approx. 25,000 m² • Net floorspace: approx. 92,000 m² • Open spaces accessible to the public: 63,000 m² • Five buildings grouped around the central Library & Learning Center • 3,000 workplaces for students New Type of Organisation: Projektgesellschaft A new course has been embarked upon in the realisation of the new Campus of the Vienna University of Economics and Business: Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien (WU) and Bundesimmobiliengesellschaft (BIG) jointly established Projektgesellschaft Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien Neu GmbH for the construction and operation of the buildings.

Estoy haciendo una fiesta - con nadie mas I’m having a party, all by myself Having a party with no one else I asked myself at my very own party, “Where have you been all of my life?”

She said to me, “You know, I’ve been right here.

You haven’t bothered to see” So let’s have a little party, all by our selves Have a little party with no one else She said “You started a fire girl you’re crawling through the quagmire into the breeze.

You started a fire girl now you can finally see the forest for the trees.”

We’re having a party - me and myself Having a party with no one else!

Some day we will be one and that’s when all the fun is going to start Some day we will be one - we’ll never know we were apart And I’ll have a little party - NOT by myself No quiero estar sola Have a little party with someone else!!

Art of Roxane Legenstein

What are economies?

Having a Party

Courtesy of Laura Jean Thompson, from her album “River of Doubt”

WESTERN PANORAMIC VIEW DIFFERENT PLAZAS SNAPSHOTS

113

114

SOUTHERN PANORAMIC VIEWS MAIN CENTRAL PLAZA SNAPSHOTS

EASTERN PANORAMIC VIEWS DIFFERENT PATHWAYS SNAPSHOTS

117

CAMPUS WU: FROM UTOPIA TO REALITY Fernando Diez*

When visiting Campus WU at the University of Vienna on

boundary for the great Prater park, honoring and enhancing

a rainy Sunday in June, we were presented with the near-

the green area with a fresh point of interest and movement

complete reality: this multifaceted project that combines

that, at the same time, promises to be permeable by

town planning, landscape and architecture is on the verge

accepting social interaction with the city. In doing so, the

of opening. The barely unfinished result, still empty for

promoters’ confidence in the public domain is revealed,

now, has a timeless quality like the feeling of time-standing-

as well as the designers’ ability to both contain and open

1

still we get at ancient ruins, as pointed out by Soane . This

up the university world. This is a crucial feature, which

highlights the importance of the relationships between the

leads us to consider the characteristics of a contemporary

place and the buildings, between the buildings themselves

university campus together with the close ties between

and between the different viewpoints they have. However,

the concept of education and the chosen urban and

above all, it draws attention to the organization that holds the

building design.

buildings together in a single larger whole – the urban plan that shapes the now visible new campus. Neither agora nor 2

Building a university campus, especially one conceived

acropolis , the Campus WU Master Plan keeps equidistant

as a unifying and foundational project by the educational

from both, revealing the different buildings’ individuality

institution, evokes the inspiration and promise of an ideal

and freedom, whilst simultaneously controlling the space

city, a sort of urban utopia capable of sustaining both a

between them, molding it into plazas and into a focal

community and an education, also visualized as utopias

journey. Campus blends in with the city while also acquiring

of self-improvement. The ex-novo concept and design,

its own distinctive identity.

of a small town built from scratch, is an opportunity to reconsider the possibilities and shifting challenges faced

118

This vision emphasizes the importance of the collective

by educational institutions. Therefore, all project decisions,

and establishes a new space in the city. It creates a new

whether urban, architectural or even stylistic and related

to architectural expression, will be considered as a way to

existing buildings, where Venturi and Scott-Brown, and later

express and interpret this ideal or even to promote it.

Machado and Silvetti, contributed works that demonstrate a contextual respect to precise stylistic, symbolic and

The cloister is the typological approach preferred by the

urbancircumstances 4. In contrast, an orchestral campus, to

cloistered convent, a statement of how vital quiet and privacy

be constructed simultaneously, is a unique challenge.

are to the idea of study understood as a concentration exercise that requires isolation. The cloister approach also,

The monastery cloister plan is noticeable on a large scale

probably, leads to a single building or superblock, in Alan

in some of America’s university campuses. From the first

3

words. Its self-contained character also

precursor in Thomas Jefferson’s University of Virginia,

suggests a single architect, invested with sovereign powers to

where the buildings are sewn together by Palladian galleries,

make decisions pertaining to both urban and architectural

the pattern expands until taking on unambiguously urban

projects, which have merged into one. At the opposite

proportions in the project designed in 1888 by Shepley, Rutan

extreme, spreading out buildings throughout a park enables

& Coolidge together

different architects to become the authors of each part. In

with

the modern tradition, the unity of the whole ensemble could

Olmsted for Stanford

only have been achieved by concentrating the design of all

University in California.

buildings in a single person, as we are reminded of so vividly

This approach is similar

by Niemeyer’s work as the exclusive author of Brasilia’s civic

to that of the agora,

buildings.

permitting individual buildings to have their own identity

Colquhoun’s

Frederic

Law

progressive accumulation

but binding them to the orthogonal discipline of the cloister Centralizing decisions in this way leads to closed and solitary

and to the unit of interior space. At the opposite extreme,

shapes. It cannot, by definition, cope with the idea of an open

the plan of the University of California campus at Berkeley,

campus, in the double sense both of plural contributions and

designed by John Galen Howard and Phoebe Appeson

of enabling continuity through time. A campus developed by

Hearst in 1914, exhibits an independence in the structures

various architects is nothing new but in most cases we have

along the lines of the acropolis model. Here the separation

seen it emerges out of a long process over time, in which

and autonomy of the individual buildings is always enough

the progressive accumulation of buildings allows successive

to prevent interior spaces from developing, in such a way that

authors to tailor their designs to those built previously. This

the buildings resemble pavilions in a garden. The University

is the case with the Princeton and Harvard campuses, which

of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) campus in Westwood,

represent the consolidation of several generations of pre-

represents a mid-point between these two extremes, since it

119

comprises a series of autonomous buildings integrated into

expressive opportunities are strictly controlled and in the

a composition of virtual urban blocks. These are arranged

unilateral vision of the resulting Cartesian and generic

according to a regular layout, ultimately consolidated

urban space.

by David Allison’s urban plan, which crystallized in the 1946 plant. 5

The situation at Campus WU is totally different since all

In an even less flexible contemporary version of the same

the participating architects were presented with relatively

pattern, the Novartis campus in Basel, Switzerland, comprises

unrestricted structural opportunities: they were constrained,

a series of similar but completely isolated buildings, which are

but not defined by a pre-established structure in the Master

constrained by a largely

Plan designed by BUSarchitektur. Each author was allowed

orthogonal grid layout.

to get the best out of themselves and of the space, by being

Vittorio

Lampugnani,

provided with the chance to freely balance their own desires

author of the urban

with the site conditions. At the same time, the degree of

map approved in 2001

freedom was controlled by the Master Plan’s requirement

and designer of one of

that each building blend in with the others. In this way,

the buildings, rewrites a

each contributes positively to the demarcation of the main

new design over the former chemical factory, in which each

public spaces, outlining an imprint that would be variable,

building looks similar to a small-sized city block. The resulting

but predictable. It should be noted that when submitting

buildings, most of them about five stories high, provide the

their projects for competition, the each building’s authors

architects who built them with little space to maneuver.

were unaware of how the others would turn out, except

Consequently, the surfaces of these buildings, more than their

for clues to be found in the lots and generic volumetrics

shapes, are what reveal the contrasting sensitivities of such

sketched out in the Master Plan. With five authors invited

diverse authors as Rafael Moneo, SANAA, Diener&Diener,

to compete for each

Tadao Ando, Peter Märkli, David Chipperfield, Fumihiko

building, the possible

unilateral vision

6

120

holistic

Maki, Adolf Krischanitz and Taniguchi & Assoc. The range

combinations

climbed

of variation in these architects’ boxes is barely detectable in

geometrically

making

the perspective of the main avenue, with the exception of

speculation impossible.

the building granted to Frank Gehry, whose structure stands

As such, the unity of

out from the rest with a kind of sculptural gesture. While we

the

may think of the approach as open with regard to the variety

depend on the Master Plan’s ability to bring about the

of authors involved, it is closed in the way the architects’

buildings’ interdependence, integrating them into a greater

complex

quality

would

Metropolitan stabilizers - Mataderos Neighbourhood Master Plan in Buenos Aires - 1st Prize Experimental Tendencies in Architecture - 1988

whole, visually and functionally, by channeling flows and

The BUS proposal for the Campus WU, however, rebels

movements in urban spaces whose identity and legibility

against this now routine simplicity, by looking back to the

would not rely on the buildings themselves, but on their

complexity of historical Vienna. It evokes the richness of the

interaction. A unity contingent on relationship stipulations

medieval city by crafting a meandering path that produces

in which both the whole and the parts were, from the

ever-changing perspectives, by allowing space to flow but

start, integrated in alignments and perspectives, in visual

blocking views, by inviting exploration â&#x20AC;&#x201C; motion encouraged

openings and closings, in paths and plazas and in the flow of

by the implicit surprise and by the very action of moving.

movement and direction of progress. In short, by way of all

These intense experiences and spatial complexity open up

those questions that arise from the orchestral coordination

many possible paths, always in more than one direction,

of filled spaces (buildings) and gaps (public space), this is

inviting a voyeuristic and exploratory attitude reminiscent

the holistic quality that BUS sought to bring to the campus.

of situational architecture but that, above all, speaks to an open future. Instead of this new urban complexity getting

A CITY IN THE CITY

confused with that of the historical city it actually pays tribute to it and recognizes how significant its events were â&#x20AC;&#x201C;

The development of the 19th centuryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hygienic city featured

the prelude to the meaningful human relationships expected

regular outlines and wide streets that contrasted and opposed

on campus. Instead of fearing tension with urban life, there

both the irregularity of historic medieval towns and their

is trust in the abundance of random encounters, unplanned

compactness. The 20th century continued this trend and

discussions and circumstantial coincidences. As Albert

modern suburban architecture was even more orthogonal

Camus said, the best ideas often arise in common places,

and open, embracing a simplicity that was considered a

just around the corner or at the door of a restaurant. Instead

virtue. This reality predisposes us to always seek a more

of the isolated and controlled aspects of monastic life, it is

regular and open fabric for the outskirts of European cities.

the chaotic and unexpected characteristics of urban life that

121

lead to innovation. If true, then Ilya Prigoyine’s idea of life

The path is flanked by elongated buildings that give linearity

as a distinctive and creative force gives positive meaning to

to the space and offer us a foreshortened view of their facades,

7

chaos , and suggests that the more intense human relations

dramatizing the sense of movement and giving a changing

are, the more interesting and fruitful university life will be.

dynamism to the perspectives. Countless views are possible, inviting us to imagine the range of postcards the campus

exhibition

center,

will be able to offer visitors. This pictorial sensitivity revives

the Campus WU

the romantic tradition of refined picturesque sensitivity

turns the Prater into

that Iñaki Abalos traced in a learned tradition that began

its garden. The campus comes across as a relatively compact

with Alexander von Humboldt and Frederic Law Olmsted.

entity, though still porous and permeable. It invites people

Meanwhile, it also acknowledges the expressionism of Bruno

to cross from one side to the other through numerous

Taut and the work of the last and most interesting expressionist,

gaps, as well as through the more obvious entry points. The

Le Corbusier, causing us to note that “the architectural

perception of an interiority becomes evident in its public

promenade calls attention to two crucial modernist issues

spaces, which always invite movement. The Campus can be

relating to picturesque aesthetics: sequential movement

explored through an arc-shaped path that connects at both

and the customary vertical thrust of a picturesque house

ends with the main entrances, which lead to the nearby

and observatory.” 8

Underground stations: Messe-Prater station to the west, less

The highlight of this changing urban landscape, which feeds

than 200 meters away, and Krieau station to the east, about

off the teachings of Camillo Sitte and his interest in revitalizing

300 meters away. Constrained by this proximity, the path

“civic art”, is the moment when, whether moving from

curves gently, and in doing so presents ever-changing views,

east to west or vice-versa, the Learning Center’s cantilever

framed by the exuberant authored architecture of each of

comes into view, anticipating the

the individual buildings. When arriving from the west, the

presence of the library building

exuberant authored

architecture

Executive Academy building (No.Mad Architects, Madrid) announces the presence of the campus. The building’s shape rises up like a kind of bell-tower, while at the same time acting as a pivot that gently encourages us to veer towards the inner path. In this way, the tower belongs simultaneously to two landscapes – it establishes a visual bond between the neighborhood and the campus, giving identity and presence to the western entrance.

122

urban landscape

With its back to the

designed by Zaha Hadid. Just as tall spires announced the presence of medieval cathedrals by poking out above the narrow medieval streets, the center’s large cantilever serves as a horizontal needle that breaks into sight before the building that holds it can be seen. It is a spectacular and

carefully calculated effect, which functions as a vital campus

Center (Hitoshi Abe, Sendai). These buildings separate the

landmark by pointing out the largest and most important

inner urban space from the flowing and indefinite park space.

plaza, the barycenter. This urban landscaping feature was

Coherence is also achieved through the deliberate tension

strategically conceived within the structural section of the

that the proximity of the buildings creates in the longitudinal

Master Plan itself, which precisely specified its role and to

path, alternately opening and closing the channel of the

which the various alternative library projects responded.

slightly curved route, to make way for a ring of small linked plazas. On the north side, the D4 Departments building

The Library and Learning Center was conceived by BUSarchitektur as a grand cathedral

destined

to

preside over the complex.

It invites classification as monumental due both to its central position, which

IntenCity - Master Plan Brauerei Liesing in Vienna XXIII. - Competition by invitation - 1999

is also perpendicular to the east-west route, as well as to the identity it finally received

(Carme Pinos, Barcelona) combines with the D1 Teaching

from Zaha Hadid Architects (London/Hamburg).

Center (BUSarchitektur, Vienna) to define an edge to the

While far from the single-building closed-cloister model,

public space, while also regulating the relationship with the

the BUS Master Plan is equally far from the pattern of

Vienna Fair, with which it would originally have had complete

detached pavilions in a park. Proposing multiple buildings

permeability. The longitudinal nature assigned by the Master

and recognizing their stylistic and functional autonomy does,

Plan to these four buildings is visible in the winning drawing,

however, create a certain tension between them since they are

in which they resemble train cars abandoned in a loading area.

forced into necessarily close proximity in order to bring unity

The goal was to guide and constrain the east-west route; given

to the public space. The variety of buildings is counteracted

that intensity of space usage is a function of its scarcity, strict

the continuity of the gaps between them. So the secret of the

control of specific circulation spaces would guarantee urban

campusâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; coherence lies in the intensity of its public spaces,

friction and intense encounters, as mentioned previously. It

which is achieved through the Master Planâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s concept of a

is up to us to imagine the flow of people that will cross the

curtain effect comprising the D3 Administration building

campus in all directions once it is occupied by a contingent

(Peter Cook / Crab Studio, London) and the D2 Students

that could reach up to 25,000 users.

123

reason to move on, thereby encouraging movement around the campus and promoting unplanned encounters and interactions. Once again, the idea of intensity proposed by the Master Plan is not restricted to the landscape but represents a kind of stimulus that the landscape and equipment design promises to transmit to the occupants.

Ecological Urbanity - City 2.000 Master Plan - KDAG, Vienna 1999 - Mention

PROCESS

The rich sequence of events offered by the tour is not only characterized by the visual effects, it is also accompanied by

The Campus we appreciate today is the result of a complex

the activities available, alternating linear movement with

hierarchical decision process that included two open

plazas that act as backwaters along the tour. Each of these

contests: the first for the Master Plan and the second to

small plazas has a unique distinguishing characteristic as well

define the projects and architects who would be in charge

as its own vocation, which invites a particular relationship

of the buildings themselves. In the course of this process,

with the place. Lounge, Relax, Expo, Stage, Patio and

BUSarchitektur and its leaders, Laura P. Spinadel, Jean

Forum are the leitmotifs that suggest these particularities,

Pierre Bolívar and Bernd Pflüger, moved from being

made possible by the meticulous architectural landscape,

outsiders to insiders by becoming the professional studio

which was also developed by BUSarchitektur. Alternating

whose presence would ultimately oversee all decision

green and dry spaces, water mirrors and different types of

making stages and whose permanent influence on the

outdoor equipment, each plaza has a different atmosphere

process would be decisive.

and invites diverse situations. Of the six spaces, the one

124

presided over by the great library is the most important,

A jury formed of a dozen architects, specialists and

a sort of atrium to the building. The gateway to the Prater

senior members of the university faculty, with the

is also via this plaza, whose spaciousness frames and

influential presence of Wolf Prix, awarded the first prize to

reveals the presence of the monumental park. The relative

BUSarchitektur’s Master Plan. The plan’s open features, which

specialization of outdoor spaces is another Master Plan

would enable it to integrate

technique for activating human interactions. While the

different actors in the process,

plazas are in obvious proximity relationships with the

as well as the way in which the

buildings around them, serving as the natural first choice

individual buildings’ functions

for moving outdoors, their particular features offer a

were articulated, displayed an

open

spirit

unambiguously urban complexity. This complexity is what

facilitated by combining these two works in the same hands.

set the plan apart from proposals based on repetition and

The architectural contest for the remaining four sites

regularity, as well as from the macro-buildings, cloistered

was offered to six internationally renowned architects,

buildings and superblocks. Its open spirit in the urban,

resulting in twenty-two projects (Daniel Libeskind and

architectural and landscaped sense, combined with the

MVRDV architects have excused their participation after

way it would enable an integrated process, is what earned

the selection) of great interest and complexity, whose

the plan first place. At that moment, Laura P. Spinadel

possible combinations would have to be evaluated in

joined the jury, to contribute her opinion to the subsequent

terms of their mutual influence and impact on the campus’

process, which would determine the architects responsible

urban space. At this point, BOA Office for Advanced

for shaping each of the buildings on the six sites identified

Randomness (member of the wider BUSarchitektur multi-

in the Master Plan. During the preparation of this second

enterprise group) developed a tool that enabled more

contest, BUSarchitektur was assigned three key components

than a thousand possible combinations to be analyzed,

of the overall project. The first was the landscaping, which would enable the studio to complement

the

Master

Plan guidelines by carefully fine-tuning

the

treatment

of outdoor spaces. Next the D1 Teaching Center, which

Osmotic Boundary - UniMed Master Plan in Graz - 1st Prize - 2005

owing to its possession of the main lecture halls and the Mensa Food Court would be

thereby making the jury’s evaluation easier but, above

the building with the most public nature (together with the

all, making it possible for those members of the jury who

Learning Center) and also the greatest public movement,

were not architects to formulate more informed opinions.

would again allow precise adjustments to the ideas already

BOA’s Dynamic Configuration Tool is a digital model

outlined in the Master Plan. Finally, BUSarchitektur was

that would mean the different proposals for each site

also assigned the common parking work located in the

could be assembled, combined and then observed in real

basement, across the entire campus, interacting with all the

time, offering a bird’s eye view as well as numerous other

buildings and public spaces. It was a common sense decision

pedestrian and aerial perspectives as desired. Everyone

since coordinating the parking and Master Plan would be

who saw the Configurator Tool working was left in no

125

doubt as to this device’s remarkable power and by way

by a volume in three dimensions, which were both always

of illustration the Campus WU website includes one of

larger than project’s final volume and built area. In this

the prints it generated.

way, BUS managed to retain a measure of freedom within the architectural contest, which meant the architects could

There was a clear convergence of sensitivities among the

proceed relatively unrestricted, thereby enabling them to

architects invited to design the project for the Learning

deeply express their authorial personality. In this respect

Center: Klaus Kada, Tom Mayne`s Morphosis, Massimiliano

also, the spirit of the Master Plan was open since not only

Fuksas, Hans Hollein and Zaha Hadid, the eventual winner.

could it cope with the variety of architectural proposals, it

Although all proposals included the cantilever specified

actually encouraged it. The final result was strengthened by

in the Master Plan, Hadid’s project was the simplest and

the combination of the twenty-two projects to be compared.

the one with the greatest common sense: a large central space that fulfills symbolic and practical functions, around

Once these works had been assigned, BUS continued to

which activities take place and an architectural promenade

play an active role in coordinating the assembly of each

ascends. Of the six buildings that were ultimately

building’s architectural project within the Master Plan.

constructed (excluding the parking), three were designed

BUS acted proactively on issues that arose by transmitting

by studios led by women, which is interesting and unusual,

a vision that enabled decisions to be anticipated. Had

considering that Laura P. Spinadel was the only woman in

these decisions been delayed, there would have been a

the sizeable jury.

corresponding increase in costs, in economic terms. In addition, the possibility of a satisfactory resolution, in terms

of

design,

would

naturally have decreased.

BUS tackled these issues head-on

by

introducing

them in a discussion that Hybrid Perceptions - Liesing geriatric Master Plan - Developers Competition - Vienna XXIII. - 3rd Prize

unsurprisingly clashed with the autonomy of the artist-

126

Here, it is worth highlighting the Master Plan’s open

architect who is more accustomed to changing rules than

nature. Urban control over the buildings was specified both

to accepting suggestions or complying with common

by an area or plot demarcated at ground level, as well as

criteria requirements. Standard criteria across the campus

for basic generic components (such as electrical plugs, light

criteria. In this sense, BUS’s arguments outlining the idea

switches, door brakes and other components related to

of a holistic vision did not express a desire for uniformity

drainage installations, security and surveillance systems)

but rather a kind of orchestral operation in which each part

would be able to reduce costs and greatly facilitate future

maintains its individuality, while also articulating coherently

maintenance. They were proposed for consideration

with the whole.

by means of specific documents. By resolving these issues of general organization, management and future

OPEN UTOPIA

maintenance, the entire campus, and by implication the buildings designed by such different architects, would

BUS is guided by the spirit of a viable utopia. Not one whose

become a single operational unit, thereby introducing an

shape is clearly defined with dimensions and characteristics

element of realism and practical understanding into its

that could be identified in advance but rather one that

management and control.

possesses certain fertility conditions. This applies to the project and structural

issues, the Master Plan work ventured into delicate

to the life that the

and potentially controversial areas. The comprehensive

campus will shelter.

guidance documents presented as enabling tools to the

Laura

architects in charge of each building were not always seen

returns repeatedly to

as helpful. The perception of these handbooks as hindering

this question of the

the architect’s design freedom forced BUS to reinforce

physical project’s openness. Without walls or railings, the

its diplomatic and communication strategy to focus on

campus will allow free movement, which extends to the

discussing the intermediate steps in the

car parking facilities. Buildings will be reached by driving

decision-making hierarchy. This sought

though the campus itself, not through hermetic private

to highlight the manifestly technical and

corridors. She conceives the Master Plan as a device for

practical nature of these agreements, as well as the precise timing appropriate for discussion and formalization since late

agreements

would

also

mean

limited and partial solutions – patches instead of comprehensive and unifying

operation

works,

orchestral

In seeking a general and unified approach to these

as

P.

well

as

Spinadel

discussion formalization

encouraging and containing university life, as a channeling of actions that will continue to be written throughout its occupation and use. She is not as interested in its specific form as she is in what this urban form will be capable of producing – the outcome is more interesting than the purely formal project management.

127

the project. All the documents relating to the process are available on-line at the new campus website put together under BOA’s supervision. What she provocatively calls a randomness offensive (BOA stands for Büro für Offensive Aleatorik – “Office for Advanced Randomness”) comprises a form of activism that puts its faith in the potential of Metropolitan Stabilizers - Schönbrunn Forum Master Plan - Vienna XII - 2001 - 1st Prize

catalysts. Dialogue and decision tools seek to extract their best from the different actors as well as create interest in and commitment to the process of moving to the new campus.

the technical project and why she also took responsibility

According to Spinadel, this process must be accompanied by

for communication by creating tools to make the features

information and monitoring tools since rather than viewing

of the new campus known to its future users and neighbors

architecture as somehow static she sees it as something that

as a whole. She turned the construction fence into an

needs to be activated. Her commitment with the University

informative wall and had the Infopoint viewing platform

is to follow up the campus project during its first year by

built in the Prater park (now dismantled), from which

opening a permanent studio on-site. Shooting of a 3D film

students and teachers or anyone curious could get a sneak

to record the whole process has already begun, which she

preview of the campus under construction. In the old

does not see as a documentary but rather as a component to

campus, fun and informative devices were assembled to

enhance this urban activism.

encourage interest and provide a space for people’s growing

If open and closed are two dialectically opposite categories

expectations. All these themes reflect a realism that does

that apply to the process as well as to the Campus project’s

not idealize the construction itself, so

morphological configuration, occupation and possible

much as the aspiration for a campus

functioning under the educational community, BUS always

that integrates with the city while also

chose to be on the open side. In this sense, the Campus

allowing activities to be integrated.

WU Master Plan honors openness, uncertainty as a space

her

BOA

communication

office Laura P. Spinadel prepared the electronic documents, the virtual models and the photographs that would show the work progressing as well as the people participating in

128

plurality

From

dialogue

That is why Spinadel believes that her work is not limited to

for innovation, creativity, plurality and the discussion of ideas. If the typical Classicism work is a closed, complete and self-contained shape, which Alan Colquhoun likened to a symphony, then Romanticism discovered how variation allows a work to be open, in the sense that continuity and change are always possible 9. These themes may be suggested

by architecture and BUS decided that the Master Plan design

If you read this list carefully, you will see that each premise

should invite this kind of recognizable freedom in several

is consistent with the next: a concatenation of ideas that

ways that are worth listing:

reaffirm the search for a new educational utopia. Each idea can be correlated with a step in the process that led to

An open and permeable relationship with the existing city.

the campus that we now have the opportunity to evaluate.

A

However, this evaluation will only have the evidence it

campus

with

numerous

and

independent,

yet

interrelated buildings.

needs once the thousands of students and teachers arrive to

A campus designed as a choral composition, with multiple

activate the campus daily in a dynamic that, we hope, will

architects acting simultaneously.

replicate the flow diagrams originally designed by BUS. Only

Dynamically changing visual relationships that encourage

then will we find out if all the components have paid off: the

movement and interaction.

commitment to openness and uncertainty, the confidence in

A range of possible movements, paths and places

the richness of the unexpected, the plurality and dialogue, the

characterized by choices for every relocation and an

noise of discussion and the fertility of exchange. The future

alternative locations for each activity.

is uncertain by definition and knowledge requires an open

The

concept

of

free,

unspecified,

multiple

and

mind, as well as a spirit inclined towards everything new.

overlapping activities.

The experiment is almost ready to begin: all that remains is

A perfectible campus, receptive to continuous improvement.

to mix the elements; the reaction will start shortly.

*Dr. Arq. Fernando Diez Vienna, Buenos Aires, June 2013 1

John Soane was an architect for the Bank of England between 1788 and 1833, and believed that presenting it as a ruin showed the real essence of his work, positioning it among the revered ruins of antiquity. In 1830 he entrusted his collaborator Joseph Michael Gandy with the famous drawing of the ruins of the Bank (Joseph Michael Gandy, coloured washes on paper, 1830. Sir John Soane’s Museum)

2

Colin Rowe had used this opposition as of extreme urbanism paradigms in:: Rowe, Colin y Koetter, Fred. “Collage City “, MIT Press, 1978

3

See Colquhoun, Alan “The Superblock”, in “Essays in Architectural Criticism: Modern Architecture and Historical Change”, G.Gili, Barcelona, 1978

4

von Moss, Stanislaus. “Venturi & Scott Brown. Buildings and Projects, 1986-1998”, The Monacelli Press, New York, 1999 ; and Leston, Eduardo, “Algunas cosas que sé sobre Rodolfo Machado y Jorge Silvetti” (“A few things I know about Rodolfo Machado and Jorge Silvetti”), Summa+67, Buenos Aires, Agosto 2004

5

Bretteville, Peter. “Eight California Campuses to 1945”, The New City, University of Miami, Princeton Architectural Press, 1994

6

Architecture+Urbanism N°482, a+u Publishing, Tokyo, Japan, 2010, 11

7

Prigogine, Ilya (1917 –2003) Russian Physical chemist and Nobel Laureate, also wrote about dissipative structures, self-organizing systems and their philosophical implications, which include life, complex forms and chaotic processes.

8

Abalos, Iñaki. “Atlas pintoresco Vol. 2: los viajes” (“Picturesque Atlas. Volume 2: The Journeys”), Gustavo Gili, Barcelona, 2008

9

Colquhoun, Alan, “Arquitectura e historicismo” (“Architecture and Historisism”), in: Ideas en Arte y Tecnología 1, Universidad de Belgrano, Buenos Aires, 1984

129

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EDITORIAL TEAM AND GRAPHIC DESIGN: BOA office for advanced randomness: Laura P. Spinadel, Hubert Marz, Santiago Sánchez Guzmán, Catalina Pedraza, Laura Ulloa, Joana Guerreiro Silva, Michaela Rentsch, Juan Muñoz, Duarte Oliveira, Juan Sebastián Gómez – Vienna; Lucia Rusinakova – London/Chicago PHOTO CREDITS: BOA office for advanced randomness Hubert Marz, Joana Guerreiro Silva, Manuela Strasser, Lucia Rusinakova TRANSLATIONS AND LECTORATE: Laura P. Spinadel, Santiago Sanchez, Natalie Verbeek, Vera Winitzky de Spinadel, Joanathan Evans, Carola Lehmacher, Pablo Manzano, Gina Urazan Razzini, Marcela de Nardi, Bettina Allen PRINTING AND BINDING: Paul Gerin GmbH & Co KG Printed in Austria This work is protected by copyright. © 2013 BOA büro für offensive aleatorik, Schulgasse 36/2/1, 1180 Vienna, Austria All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher.

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