Справочник Индивидуальный дом "Платформа" by Дмитрий Супрун

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1. 3EMNflH6IEPAEOT6I - eanKadepeebee

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6. OKHAN HAPVKH'IE EBEPI4

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Puc, 23 a OmMemKadonxua 6umt odnosua+oi, o6o3HaqaHHaflodHoi nuHuei. lluHulo omMemKu nyrtwe HaHocumbc noMoubp yeonbHuKau ruupe, qeM monuJuHacmeHH c meM, ,1mo6] oHa 6bna eudHau e moM cnyqae, KozdaycmaHoâ&#x201A;ŹneHHuxHuti mnK. Puc.23 6 HaHeceHueomMemKuHa nnumy gepHoeo nona. KoHeq pynemKu ycmaHaanueaemcn e moM Mecme, om Komopoeo 3anenflemcn pa3Mep, PynemKapagMambBaemcqB HanpaaneHuunuHuu pasMepa (He eKocb),nomoM denaemca omMemKa. nonSydmecb omMemKaMu, o6nezqarcquMu 3anoMuHaHue.

Puc.24au6 npuMeHeHue eepeaKu dng omduaaHuqnuHui. BHa,lanedenanmcg omMemKu o6oux KoHqoe cmeHbt. BepeeKa Hamqeueaemcs M Kdy omuMu KoH\aMu, nodHuMaemcs u npu omnycKe ocmaBnnem Ha ocHoeaHuu mogHyro npflMyo nuHuro.

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BepeeKadns omdueauusnunut Bepeexa 4nn or6naaunr nuHni, ncnonb3yercg AnF HaHeceH[n Ang orMerKuHa qepHoMnony Mecr AnrHHbrxnhHhi, HanphMep, noporxoK, Anc ycraHoBKhcreH. Ha BepeBKerMeercf, xpacnuqurri KOTOpbtMOTMeqaeTCg nUHU9.

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Puc.25 a u 6 HaHeceHuenuHuti npnMoeayera Ha cmo1KyKapKacau nepeHeceHueomMemoKHa nonepeqHbtecafl3uc noMou.bnyeonbHuKa.

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Ua6non Puc. 26 a u 6 npuMep npuMeHeHufl ua6noHa. C pacnoroxeHrgKapxacHbrxnoMouJbto odHo?o u moeo t<e wadnoHa Mox<Ho lLlaoroH cnorb3yercs Ann pa3MerK[ o n o o u 6 a n o r H a n o n e o e q H b r xc B f 3 q x . T a K o l 4u a o n o H M o x H o omqepmumb noto)t<eHue KapKacHdx cmoeK u tl3TOTOBt4Tb l4 CaMOCTO9TenbHO 143TOHKOTO CTanbHOrO n[Cra t4Ft4 6anoK. r,43Apyroro TBepAofo MaTepxana, HanpuMep,u3 fir]acTMaccbltlru d3aHeDbr.

Pauerra rrxei (nonepevxsx censei) HaKapKacecreH C noMou.lbopa3MerKhyKa3brBaorcr Mecra u KoJr4qecrBocroeK B KoHcrpyKqr4r4 l,l no cropoHaM npoeMoB.Pa3MepbrorMeqarcrcq ToncrbrM,xopoulo 3aMerHuMKapaHAauoM.Oruerxu Aenatorcc oAHoBpeMeHHo h Ha BepxHt4x, u Ha HrxHr4xr9.r,<ax.Ang aroro ux nyque yKnaAbrBaru ua pe6po. Ecnu orMerKuHaHeceHbr Ha pe6po, To oHtanyque gnAHbrB npoqecce c6opxr'r.9ro6u pasuerxa 6urna roquoi, clont gocnorb3oBarbcnyronbHriKoM. Pasuerxagonxra 6urruogxoaxavrof , HenporuBope.rlaBofi . OAhH n ror xe cnoco6 o6ogHa.leHug cfieAyer [cnonb3oBarbnocrogHHo. KapxacHsre onopu cran,qaprrori4nnHsro6ogHaqaolcs6yreoi X, a KoporKhe- 6yKBoi O. CrorlKn,ycraHaBnuBaeMbre B HanpaBreHnr rrxa, o6osHavanrcnuupoxofi 6yxaofiX. B nepayo ovepqgu orMepFlorcq,r orMe{atorcq Mecra pa3Meu-[eHnfl npoeMoB14fleperopoAo(.OAHoBpeMeHHo orMeqaercFKonhqecrBo cToeKI Mecra no KpagMnpoeMoB,B conpf,xeH]4t4neperopoAoK n Ha KoHqaxcreHoBbtxKap(acoB.PacnonoxeH[e r Kon[qecrBo qepTexoMc yKasaHueM KapKacHbrx KapKacHbrx cToeKonpeAenFeTc9 pa3MepoB. B nocneAH|ooo.{epqAbc noMoulbroua6noHaorMe{aercg pacnpeAeneHueKapKacHbrx HOpManbHoe cToeK.

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H a u n y v u l n i c n o c o 6 p a c n u n o B K t 4n e c o M a r e p n a n o B- o r o 3aKpenneHHaF Ha crone ropqoBar qhpKynbHaFnt4na,cHa6xeHHac necoMarepxanbl BcnoMorarenbHbtM cronou r ynopovt.Cee noMot4brc MoxHo pa3pe3arbbbrcrpo x roqHo no paaMepy.l-l[pKynbHaenuna .qonxra 6sns cnoco6Hapa3p6arb 6anxu LtjnpuHotl220 MM.,.rro y,+4TbrBarb Heo6xo,qhMo npn aur6opemo4enu. pacnhnoBKt4 necoMarephanoB MoxHo nonb3oBarbcnraoKe Enc HoxoBKof rnn pyvrori r.lxpKynbHoinhnof. BaxHo ronbKo, .{To6bl nonoxeHHbrepflAoM MarephanbroAHoriAnnHbrcoorBercrBoBarr 6brnunpt[4brMr.r. Apyr Apyry no pa3Mepy,14r4xKoHr.lbr pacnnr nunoMarepuanoBoAHoi Aflr4Hbr MoxHo l-lonepe.lHbrf npolr3BoAr4Tb oAHoBpeMeHHo, ecnu pacnunoBKah pacKpoicBf,saHbl c rpygHocrqMu.Heo6xo4uvue peranu qenecoo6pa3HoHape3arb 3apaHee,vro6u npn c6opxe creH He HyxHo6stno pas or paey npepbrBarbcnt43-3aHeAocralou.l,rxqacrei. Pa6ora craHosr4tcg gce 6onee o@SerrheHofiB 3aBrcnMocrhor KoJl,rqecrBa 3apaHee Puc, 28 HoKoaKa u pysHas L|upKynbHannuna Han neHHbrxAeranet. f'lpu gToMecru 6onuue Bo3MoxHocrei coKparnrb KoJl4qecrBoorxo,qoB.Ecnu pacnunoBKanpoh3BoAl4Tct co c6opxoi creH,-To Mecro, rAe npolrcxoAl4T oAHoBpeMeHHo pacnnnoBKa,ecrb cMbrcnpacnoflararbno6nnxe x n,tecryc6oprn.

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Puc. 29 a Toptloean u,upKynbHaflnuna Puc, 29 6 u B npuMeHeHuemopqoeod LlupKynbHoi nund. nuny nyqwe noMecmumbHa ycmodqueoM cmone, c Kaxdoi cmopoHbr Komopoeo ycmaHaanuaaemcg ecnoMozamenbHuu cmon. Mamepuan nodaemca edonb ecnoMoeamenbHoeo cmona. BcnoMoaamenbHbte cmonH donxHbt ycmaHaenueambcfl cmpozo Ha moM xe ypoeHe, gmo u cmon c nunoi, dnq mozo, 9mo6u Mamepuan 6uno nezKonepedeuaambu nogepxHocmbpa3pe3a 6bna pogHoti. K cmony npuKpennqemcsnuueiaas docxa, np omue Komopod ycmaHaenueaemcfl pa3pe3aeMH i Mamepuan.nuHeiHaq doa<a(u ecnouozamentuafi cmon) pacnonaeapmcfl maKuMo6pa3oM, qmo6bl noeepxHocmbpacnuna 6bna npnMoyeonbHoti. KpoMenuHedHoi docKlt MoKHoucnonb3oeamb mapKe ynop, no docmuxeuuu Komopoao cpa3y nonyqaemcs Hyxubtd pa3Mep pacnunueaeMoeo Mamepuana.npu Hatuquu ynopa ece depeesHHbe demanu odHoeopasMepa MoxHo Hape3ambodHy sa dpyeoi, a pegynbmame qeeo omnadaem xeo6xoduuocmt Kaxdui pa3 omMettamb pagMepH; gmo gHaqumenbHoy6ucmpqem pa6omy. PaccmosHue do ynopa omMepflemcq om ne3eun nunbr (npu abrKnnqeHHoMMomope), ynop 3aKpennflemcq c noMoabn 3 t(uMa unu npu6ueaemcseeBdsMu, Hado npoeepuma,tmo6u ynop 6bn saKpenneHnpoqHo.

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lt Pacnnnoexannur (qnroe) unu qnpKynbHox ,Qnrpacnnnoerunlrnr [4oxHononb3oaarucnpyvr-rori pasnaMbrBaHueM nunofi.HexoropsreBuAbrnnur MoxHopacKpanBarb no n^Hnu,npoBeAeHHoi HoxoM. Py.rHoi nhnoi crour nonb3oBarbclToJrbKo 4nn re6onuLurx yrny6neHui. HaApeoB,HanpxMep, nonyqeH[e flpn noflb3oBaHIu Anfl py.{HofqupKynbHoinunofi Hanflure Heo6xoAl4Mo npoBoAr4Tb nuHuro, pacnrnoBKa.MoxHo rcnofl b3oBarb BAonbKoroporlnporl3BoAl4Tcg raKxe HanpaBflflrou.tyn,BAonb Koropoi ABhxerca nuna. nflnrbl MoxHo paspe3arb u c noMou.lbroHacroribHoriqnpxynrroi nnns,, ecnh HanpaBnstou-tuh cton y HeeAocraroqHo6onbuofi. frnco(aproHHbrenrnrbr MoxHo pa3naMbrBarb. ,Qnneroro Ha nnhre c noMou.lboHanpaBnsou.letnpoBoAurcaHaApe3HoxoM. flnrra DagnaMuaaerccno eroi naHnvnoa cru6aaun. pacrpaneatu6onuuoe KofluqecrBonj'rur,Tooro Ecnx nplxoAr4Tcfl cror4TAenarboAHoBpeMeHHo. npr 3ToMBbrMepeHHac u pacKpoeHHaF nnura Moxer cnyxurs ua6noHoMAnr ocranbHbtx.Pa6ora raK[M 06pa3oMycKopqercr,a nnrrbr nonyqaorcs oAHoropa3Mepa.

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flpr xpenneHnncoe4uHeHnirsos4an,tu B chcreMe([harQopMa> BcerAanpr[4eHqercr oArlH14Tor xe nptaHr]un. Cnoco6 3aB]4cr4T or B|/|Aa COeAUHeH|4fl.

KpenneHrerBo3Aqurueo6xogr,rrrro no Bo3MoxHocr[npou3BoAl4Tb BcerAaB oAHoMx roM xe nopFAKe.B grou cnyqae KpenneHue coeA[HeHut craHoBr4Tcfl ero ycxopner pa6or"', AenoMpyruHHbrM, h rBo3Al4aBToMarrqecKr3a6uBarcTcn B HyxHbrxuecrax. Ecnr sa6reaHre reos4eri nporaao4urcr 6ecnopngovHo,B coeAIHeHu!4 qTOyl\ileHblllaeT MOryrOCTaTbCg MeCTa,HeAOCTaTC,IIHO SaKpenneHHble, ero nDoqHocTb. Huxe nphBeAeHbrnprMepbr KpenneHr/'rc f Bo3iqFMnocHoBHbrx coe4uHeHuri 6anox u creH. flocxonsxy coeAuHeHun g 6anxax HuxHeTo I Mex,qygTaxHoro nepexpbrrr4i oAuHaKoBbr,MeXAy Hr4r\4r, He AenaeTcg pa3ruq 9.

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Puc. 32 Kocoe KpenneHueeeo3dqMuo^effioeHoi 6anKu c nonepeqHori ceF3bto. Kocoe KpenneHue cnedyem npouseodumb ocmopoKHo, nomoMy qmo noseneHuempeu,uHyaenugueaemnpoeu6 dDeeecuHbt.

Puc. 33 a u 6 Kocoe KpenneHue 6anKu K nonepevHoi ca43u. O6effioqHaB6anKa Kpenumcq x dpyeuu aanxau maKuM o6pa3oM, .mo eeosdu npo6uearcmcg cKeo3t o6easotxyn 6anrcye xouet4 6anKu

Kocoe rpennexue 6aroK K nonepeqHbtM cBr3rM tl GKBO3HOe KpenneHxe o6Bg3oqHbtx 6anoK K KoHqaM 6aroK 6anxuurxpero n uexeraxHoro nepeKpblrl4i(penflTcrKnonepegHbtM cB939MHaKOCO TBO3AqMC O6eUXCTOpOH. ObeqSOqHaC 6anxa KpenurcsrBo3AqMhx KoHqaM6anoK.

Puc. 34 CdeoeHHbre6anKuucnonfiypmcl npexde eceao KaK 6oKoebteu nepedeuxHbre 6anKu. B HUXHeMnepeKpbtmuue Mecme pacnonoKeHuF QyHdaMeHmaoqaea Heo6xoAuMonpoeepumb, ynupaemcn nu 6anoqHbttiHacmun e +yHdaMeHm unu a HeM6ydem cdenaHcnequanbHbli npoeM1nn ocHoeaHu90qaea.

Cgeoeusre 6anxn C4eoerrue 6anx[ c6neaorcf, rBo3AflMl4. PacctoaHneuex4y rBo3iqflMIonpeAen9eTcgqepTexaM!4 KoHcTpyKt-ll4 t4_ FA

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CoeAuxexre c noMorqbxl <6anoqxoro 6auMaKaD 6anoqHure6auiraKu ucnonusytorcqB coeAhHeHnrxMe44y6anxaun n ocroeHuvn $epuavr, e 6anovrotvtHacT[neB MecTaxnpoeMoB14 6anxaun, BblcrynoB,BcoeAl4rerunxue4qy 6anxaMnu o6sqgoqHsllittt 6onee npoqHbtM. ecnn coearHeHhereo6xo4uuo cAenarb

Puc. 36 a u 6 KpenneHue nnum qepHoeo nona K 6anKaM. no KpasM nnum u K o6e%Hoi 6anKe KpenexHoepaccmosHueeceedacocmaennemk 150 MM.KpenexHoe paccmonHue K npoMexymoqHbtM onoDaMcocmaanqem k 250 MM

KpenneH[e nrnr qepnoro nona K 6anraM .lepHoro nonaKpentrcnx 6anxauuypynaM[hnuc noMotlbto flnl4Tbr no xlen r reoa4efi.Cnoco6rpenneuur reo6xoguvonpoBepgTb qeoTexv. nfy\

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E KpennexueHltxHlrx lr BepxHlrxnonepeqHbrxcBr3efi K cToiKaMKapKaca flonepevHure cBq3r4 KpengTcq K croiKaMKapKaca c noMou-tbK) tBo3Aei, KoTopbrenpo6uBanTcq c(Bo3b nonepeqHyo cBc3b B KoHr-lbl KaoKacHbtxcToeK.

Puc.386 KpenneHueKpenexHux onop o6pewemKu nomonKa K nonepeqHdM ce939M e cmeHax napannenbHo 6anKaM. Puc. 38 a Kpennenue nonepeqHoi ce93u K Huxe noKaqei. feo3du 3a6ueapmcF no oqepedu c o6oux Kpaez nonepeqHodcangu.

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Puc. 71 a-e Cmaduu nodueua. ITpu nodteue HapyxHo0 cmeHH ucnonb3yemcn peMeHb 6e3onacHocmu,,tmodb!cmeHaHenepeeepHynacb. a - a Haqane nodbeMa cmeHa HeMHozo npunodHuMaemca, HanpuMep, c noMoulbto nepeeodHoeopb!,raea,u nod eepxunn nonepetnyn cen3b nodKnadbreanmcn He6onbuue KycKu depeea. TaKUMcnoco6oM MoKHo u36examb 3auleMneHugnanbueeMoKdy cmeHoi u nnumoi qepHozo nona. llodteu neo6xoduuo eblnonHqmb c npfrMoi cnuHoti. 6 - ug nonoxeHuq <Ha KopmoqKax, HyxHo ecmamb, ebtnpqMueHoeu. e - nodbeM npousBodumc, maK, '1mo6bt nodHuMapulue cmeHy pa6omHuKu Moenu no odHoMy cMeHumb nosy nodbeMa Ha no3y monKaHUtt. e - cmeHa nodmanKuaaemcaa aepmuKanbHoe nonoxeHue. Henb3n no3eollqmb cmeHe ecmamb Beca, Puc.73 ycmaHoeKaKocbtxnodnopoK.CmeHacpa3y aepmuKatbHonod deicmaueM codcmeeHHoea gmo6u oHa He 3aaanunacb e npomueononoKHoM ,<e Kpenumcfl K cocedHuMcmeHaM,a c noMoulbto HanpaeneHuu. Kocblx nodnopoK - K nllumaM 'lepHoeo nona. AnF gmoi qenu K nony cmoum sapaHee npu6umb depeeFHHhti dpycoK dnF ynopa, HanpuMep,mom xe KycoKdepeea, Komopbti 6bn nodfloxeH nod cmeHy e Haqafie nodbeMa. K KapKacy Kocyn nodnopxy uoxno npu6umb do HaqananodbeMa.

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HavanbHoe cocmosHue Ha nnurax qepHoronona orMeqeHbrMecra pacnonoxeHngcreH !,1 npoeMoBB Hr4x.H|4xHFcnonepeqHatcBn3bHecraHAaprHox sreHbl roToBa.

KoHevHoe cocmosHue C r e r a H e c r a u g a p r H o i B b r c o r b rc o 6 p a u a , y c r a H o B J r e H aH 3aKDenneHa.

Codepxanue

q =

= =

- Ha nJ[4TaX qepHoronofla BbrqepqlBaeTcfl (popMacTeHbr; - KapKacHble croliKh yKflaAbtBaprc9Ha orBeAeHHoeuM Mecro x obpe3a|orcFB coorBercrB1414 c SopMoi; - BepxHuenonepeqHbtecB93l, |/r3roToBngoTcc B cooTBeTcTBr4t4 c 14 Kpenrrcq Ha Mecro; SopMol4 - oOu|,BKannnraMnh noAreMcreHbr- KaKAnfl o6brqHof,cM. nn.

= = =

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He o6xod uu u e u Hcm py MeHm b, MepHaq pynerKa, KapaHAau,yronbH,lK,BepeBKaAnr orbhBaHl4q nuHuu,rrrononrox/nHeBMaTu.recKri MofloToK,nunal qrprynsHan nrna. cxo6xlr.ttox.

Onucanue

l - I

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74e

Ecnn creHa uveel HecraHAaprHyro Bbrcory,HooAHyh ry xe no ecefi gnuue, ro oHaco6npaerceraKlxe,Kaxr o6urvrar. KapxacHble crofKh oopesarcTca Te Ao HyxHoropa3Mepa.flpr pe3KecroeKrcnojrb3yrcTcg ynopnpx nonb3oBaHxr xe npreuu (HanphMep, L4upKynbuoi nnnoi), .rro6u crorZxunonyqxntacboAHoriAnrru. ,QnncreH uecrau4apruoft BbrcorbrHr4xHuenonepeqHbrecBfl3r4 Aenaorcfl TaK xe, KaKu 4nn o6uvuurx creH. C6opxa creusr HaqnHaercgc roro, qro HaqepHoMnony BbrqepquBaercr ee SopMa. Ognr u ror xe qeprex cneAyer ucnonb3oBarbAns c6opxn ecex oAuHaKoBbtx creH, TaKrMo6pasov oHr noryqatorcn oArHaKoBbtMt4 no pa3Mepy. lllar xapxacusrxcroex pa3MeqaercsHa nflurax nona a aepxueri qacTfi cTeHbr,nocKonbKyBepxHFflnonepeqHaflcBfl3b, rAe TaKaF pa3MerKaAenaerc9 4nn o6uvnurx creH, Ang HecraHAaprHori creHbt.qer]aercFno3xe. ycraHaBnrBaorct KapKacHbte croiKt4 u xopo6xr,rflpoeMoB. KapKacHbrecroiKr4 143roroBngnrcg143 coorBercrByrouleroMarepnana. OHU obpe3a|orcf,Ao HyxHblx pa3MepoB.flpr43ToMyqr4TbrBaercg noKarocrbcreHbr.B nocneAHrc|o oqepeAbh3roroBngnrcg u KpengTcgBepxH e cgqgu. Ecnu creHa o6uhsaetcq, ro gro Aenaercq HopMaJrbHbrM cnoco6ou (cru.pa:4en ob 06r|114BKe).

Puc.74 a-z l43aomoeneHue cmenu uecmandapmuoi ebtcomH. a - qepmaK QopMbr cmeHbt 6 - yKnadbleapmcfl u o6pe3apmcs cmoiKu a - Kpenumcfl eepxHnq nonepeqHaq ce93b e - cmeHa o6uuaaemcq.

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6anoqHoro

Codepxanue - rgroroeneHne coeA[HeHue;) 6anor (sauepu, pacnnnoBKa, - nepeMeuleHue MaTep[aJloB; - KpenneHue HaMecTo; H eo6xo d u mue u Hc m py MeHm bt MepHaflpynerKa,yronbHuK,nunal qupxynuHal nrna MofloroK/ laonoror, ua6nos. nHeB[,raruqecKni

Onucauue En9 6anoK,KoropbteKpengTcgK creHaM,[4oxHoucnonb3oBarb ne4qy co6oi 6anKuAnr MexgraxHoronepeKpblrl4e, GoeA HeHHbre KneeHbleunn 6anxu us $aHepu. 6antn ns qenbHoroAepeBaMoryT cocronrb n3 HecxonbKhx6anox 4nn MexoraxHoronepepblrlrg, co6oi. B erou cnyuae6anrn nnotto c6t/saorcn coeAnHeHHbtx Me)l(Ay Tnnst 6anor u rx pa3MepbtHeobxopttvtonpoBepqrbno rBo3aflMt4. qeprexaM KoHcrpyKr-ll4i. vrexAy co6otl 6anox coeArHeHHbtx B cny,rae ucno.nb3oBaHus HaAo coeAuH9Tb B cooTBeTcrB1414 nepeKpblTl4t 14x Ang MeXSTaXHOTO qeprexaM[ pa3p$aorcc 6anxr roHcrpyrqni. 3areu c Ao HyxHbrx pa3MepdB.6anK[ l4s+aHepbl h KreeHbreo6utqHo6stealor roroeut Itrlf ucnonb30BaHu9. flo ycraroexr Ha 6anKecrohr sapaHeecAefiarb pa3[rerKyLxara Ha KapKaccreHbt14Kpenhrcq 6anox sacrnna. SanKayKnaAbrBaercq rBo3asMl4 unn c noMolt]bnMeranruqecKnxcrtxex. Ha oroi xe Puc. 75 a u 6 nDouecc MoHmare 6anoK tltMeorcn. 6anKr,ecnu raKoBbre cragIu KpengrcgqeHrpansuute

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E 2.9 KpennexuecreH x gyx4auenry nnu KaMeHHOMyHxxHeMy nepeKpbrTyilo Haqananoe cocmonHue qacrhKapKacoB OyHgauerrroroB,t43ToroBreHbt creH. Kone,ruoecocmosHue CTeHaco6paHa,ycraHoBneHau nphKpenneHaK SyHAaMeHTy nta K KaMeHHOt\4y Hr4XHe[4y nepeKpbtT|/|]o.

Codepxanue - cBepfleHue orBepcr4riB Hl4xHefnonepe.rHoi cBg3r1 |/rxpenneHhe npr Heo6xo4ruocrux xpenexroi onope; - ycraHoB{a pynoHHor4 u 3 o n q \ t 4 nM e x A y ( p y H A a M e H r o M r,1 KADKACOM:

- c6opKa KapKaca ycraHoBKa creHbr, x KpenreH[e. Heo6xoduuate uHcmpyMeHmbt yrolbH14K, Mepuarpynerxa, nuHtil, Aperb,aepeexa 4nno16nBaHuF, pa3BoAHoixntorl,Hox,noMhKc pacnnrculeHHbrM14 KoHLlaMu.

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noMou1bosaberourpoearuux e Qyugaueure uraHr c peou6ora nnu ga6ltsaevurxBnocJreAcrB14l,4 aHKepoB.,qo Ha.rarac6opxucrel B Hl,lxHefrnonepeqHoft cB93xnpocBepnreaorcnorsepcrua (cv. (KpenneHr4e KapTy-xHcrpyKr-I4ro nonep.{HoicBe3xKQyHAaMeHry>). Me44y urxuerl nonepeqHoicBq3bo14KpenexHblM ocHoBaHxeM npoKnaAbrBaerccpyfloHHacu3o|9ql4e Ane npeAorBpaqeH e npoHl4KHoBeHtac anaru. Kapxacco6upaercnraK xe, KaKu KapKac o6br,rHoricreHbru npI Heo6xopr.tr,locru o6uiIeaercs. Ecnn Hnxtee ocHoBaHheHe orruro vnv n He aonxuo 6srru ornuro (HanprMep,B HaBeceAflr aBToMauuHbr), ro pnn c6opxu creHH Aenaercs cnquansusri noMocr ltr]u ora co6r,tpaetcnna BbtpaBHeHHoM 3e[4tqHol4ocHoBaH[r. .qfls noMocra nogotiAyr poBHonofloxeHHbre o6brqHbre napannenbHo creHe.CTeHy AocKr4, tr,toxHoco6paru u B ApyroMMecTe,HanpuMep,Ha noMocTecaMoro cTpogqerocfl Ao[4a, 143aTeMnepeHecT[ Ha HyxHoe MecTo,Ho B TaKoMcnyqae Hago o6paruru oco6oe eHuMaHhe Ha Bec creHbt. flpr orcyrcranu HrrxHeronepeKpbtl4qcreHy npuxoAl4Tcs craBurb npeMo Ha SyHAaMeHr.B oroM cnyqae uago o6parrrs ocoboe BHr4ftraHue HanoAnopKyHt4xHefoKpar cTeHbt npeAynpe4qeHueee cocKalb3btBaHug. Ha KaMeHHo[,t ocHoBaHuIcreHy ftiloxHocABIrarb c noMou.lbo roMnKac pacnnou{eHHbtMr4 KoHLlaMu [r]t4pe3[HoBofo pbrear N4orora.flepeBoAHoi HeJrb3flhcnorb3oBarb,TaKKaKoH He qenjlterct 3a KaMeHHoe pa6oveeocHoeaune. B cnyvae ltcnorbsoBaHt,lltrraHr c Br4HToBoi Hape3KoxoHt4 3apaHeeBcraBjltlorc9 B orsepc 4g B HxxHei nonepevHofrcansu. B erou cnyvae uraHla pa6oraer KaKuapHxp. Creua no4uutraercn u ycTaHaBn[BaeTcF HaUTaHTIl4nuTaK,qTou]TaHr[cpa3ynonaAaoT n p c M o B o r B e p c r [ s A n q K p e n r e H u r .f l o c a e n o A b e M ac r e H y noAnupaoru nepeABhraorc noMUlb€roM14KoB Tax,vro6urLlraHru nonannB orBepcTlrg.npoqecc npoAonxaercsno nopFAKyor oAHofo KpagcreHbrAo Apyroro.CreHyHecror4TAenarb cnuulKou6onsuotl, noroMyr.rroee Bec 6yAer 3arpyAHqrbnepeABhxeHne. B c n y v a e I c n o J t b 3 o B a H h f l s a 6 t , t e H s r xa H k e p o B p , n A H u t x npocBeprhBaoTc9 oTBepcTl4FcKBo3bnonepeqHbte cBF3l4,KorAa creHa co6para u noAHgTa.AHXepbt3a6[Baorcr B orBepcrt4r, 14

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KoHeqHoecocmogHue ocHoexute 6anxnAnq6ano.{Horo I noAfleprbt, CreHbrBbtnpqMneHbr MoHTax Hacruna. MoxHoHaquHarb Hacr!4na nptiKpenaeHbr. Codepxanue - npoBepKa BepruKanbHocrl,l creHn rx noAnopKa; - ycraHoBKa HacrrflanoBepxKapKacoB 6anor6anoqHoro ocHoeHutx CTEH.

H eodxoduntue uHcmpyweHmbt MepHaa pynerxa, yronbHrK,HuBent,lp, Monorold nHeBftlarrqecxlltl MOnOTOK, HOX,reCTH14qa-CTpeMtHKa.

Onucanue

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Puc. 77 a u 6 npoeepKa pa3Mepoe u npfrMusHbt cmeH a - eHnyKnocmb e eopu3oHmanbHoM u eepmuKanbHoMHanpaaneHuu,coomaemcmeue QopMb! BepxHed u HUKHei qacmu cmeHbl (KpuercHa) u eePmuKanbHocmb. 6 - nepeKpecmHbtepa3Mepbl noMeuleHuq, u3MepeHHbteom aepxHe2ou HuKHeeoyena. Ha Puc.77 e fnaeHan 6anKa, 3aKpenneHHaF KapKacecmeHbt.

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Codepxanue

ycTaHoBKy' - npoBepKa ToqHocTh creHc Toq{u3peHu9t4xnp9Mrl3Hbl14 saAo6uocrr; ucnpaBteHueB cnyqae - ycTaHoBKa Ha cTeHblnofloc napol43onqqru; - ycraHoBKaHeo6xoAl4[4blx AononHurerbHblxynopoBA.nt QepM; - p a 3 M e r K aM e c r y c r a H o B K hS e p M , 1 , n p u x e o 6 x o g tv' to c r n , KpenneHrecTanbHblxGTfxeKHa BepxHl4x npeABaphTerbHoe cB939x14QepMax. nonepellHbrx Puc.79 a Mecmo ycmaHoeKuQepMb!,omMeqeHHoe Ha BepxHeinonepegHoicessuu npuKpenneHHbti Heo6xoduuse uHcmPYMeHmu MemannuqecKuuyeonoK MepHaf,pyrerKa, yrorbHl4K,nrna/ qupxynslaf nhjla, N'orloroK'

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Puc. 79 B nonoca napo-u eo3dyxou3onq\uu, nponoxeHHaF noeepx nepeeopodKu. no30Hee nonoca 6ydem coeMeuleHac ocHoaHo0napo-u eo3dyxorconnuuei eepxHeeonepeKpbtmufl.

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3.2 Ycraxoera Sepu Ha,iatanoe cocmonHue K a p K a c b tc r e H B b r n p g tn e H b t u 3 a K p e n r e H u t .Y c t a H o s n e H s t lononHurenbHbre ynopbr. OrMeveHH Mecra ycraHoBK[ QepM I npeaBaphTerbHo npuKpenrleHbl, ecnh HyxHo, MeTarrl/|qecKl4e yrorKu. oepMbr MoxHo ycTaHaBnhBarbHa npeAHa3HaqeHHoe Ann Hl4X MECTO.

Koneqnoe cocmogHue ycraHoBreHbr. Oep[,ibr Codepxanue - noArena 6epru; - KpenreHue KoHbxoBoro npofoHa; - KpenfleHue (pep[4Ha Mecro; - ycraHoBKa ynopoBnpor4Bnpo4onsrorouoru6a. H eodxodu ntate uHcm pyMeH m bt Mor]oroK, faiKoBepr,HIBenup,necrHhqaMonorod nHee[aaru,]ecKufi crpeMqHKa(rosnsr,no4reuHoe ycrpoicrBo).

Onucanue He6onburoiKpaH. ,!nn no4avn QepnrHaBepxoOu,{Ho14cnoflb3yercg KToMyr\4oMeHTy, KorAanocraBultlK 3axas$epu xopor.llonpvypoq|/|Tb (pep[rbrnpgftroHaKapKacbr creH. cMoxer noAHFTb geyun cnoco6anar. VcraHoexa+epM Moxer npo[3BoAr4Tbcfl pa3Mepa(KoropbreMoxHonoAqrb epyvHyro) QepMbrHopNranbHoro MoxHoycraHaBnuBarbraK xe, rax lt 6anxlt. B oroM cryvae qacr[ nocnet]erooHI yKnaAbrBaorcfl SepM noAHt[4aorc9HaBepxBcBq3Ke, cren. OepusryKnaAbrBaprcF TaK,.rro6br na pe6ponoBepxKapKaca eepxHr'rrl nonc cnepyoqetZ SepMbronuparca Ha HtaxHhfnosc ynopbrHeAaEyr creHI BpeMeHHbre npeAsrAyulefi QepMbr.KapKacbr ycraHaBrhBaercg nepeBepHyrbcq. HuxHui norc *epMbr SepMaM Ha npeAHa3HaqeHHoe Ha BepxHe[ AI]9 HeToNtecTono oTMeTKe nonepeqHoficBg3t/creHbr.Ha Mecro craBsrcs raKxe noAKocbt.Ha yKnaAbrBaTb Ha BepxHue 8 0 6 nl4H|/lr4 cTeHux r\4oxHo Ao 3aKpenneHrg ltx npu6taBaor K +epMa[4cpa3y. nonepeqHbre cBr3u.Ha KoHbKe KpenneHre npousBoAl4Tcr B coorBercrB1414 c KoHcrpyKTopcKrlrvrl qeprexaMu.OHo HaqrHaercnc roro KoHqa(Beepa QepMD,rpe Ha HeToHaxo,qsrSepusr Qporrora. CHa.ranaKpengTccQepMbl N4arcTcfl A cra3ArcA Beprr KanbHo. $polroua, KoropbtenoAHl4 nocfle oror-oSepN4brnoAHl4N4aorcr 14KpenflTcrno nopsAKyoAHa pacnonaraer+epMbl sa gpyroi. KoHrroes|linporoHaBToMarhqecK|/| Ha npaBhnbHoMpaccroFHl4r4 or Apyr Apyra. flpurpenneHHuex nonepel{HbrM cBq3suMerarlr4qecKueyronru o6nervamrycraHoBKy, HuxHeMyno;cy. K BHeLUHfi creHe noAxocbl He AaBagcKorb3t4Tb K Kpensrcsrao{e, KaKI K KoHbKy. floAKocbrcryxar ocHoBaHueM, KoropoMynpu614BaorcF Berposau.{4THbre nnrrbr. Pe6pa xecrKocfl, ycraHaBJlrBaoTcF no NilepeycTaHosK[QepM. |.| ycraHaBn!4Baorno-oAr4HoqKe. Sorbul4e QepMbrnoAH|,|Mator y n o p b r n p o r , r Bn e p e B o p o r au n p o q u e K p e n e x H b r sen e M e H T b l ycraHaBnuBaorcn no MepeMoHTaxaSepv. 9acru u3 Hl4xMoxHo np[Kpenurbx Seprvrarvr eu]e Ao noAbeMa,sTo yueusLrut o6teu 80e pa6orsr xaeepxy.

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3.3 KapxacurcBecoB BepxHeronepexpbrrnf,

peurervaroi $opnur

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Haqantuoe cocmouHue QepMbrycraHoBneHbr.

Koneqxoe cocmosHue

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Codepxanue

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826 caeca. Puc- 81 KapKacHDKHeeo dnuHoi MeHee Puc.82a KapKaccBeca@poHmoHa 400 MMPuc.82 6 KapKacceecahpoHmoHadnuHoi 6onee 400 MM. B 3moM cnyLraehpoHmoHHaqQepMa pacnonoxeHa Huxe dpyzux QepM.

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Onucanue qTo6ur pa6orucocro'lT Cuurcn no4rgroeurenutoi BToM, o6ner.tnrs t4 ycKopl4Tbonepaltu14no ycraHoBKe6anor, onepaquu, Koropbte np xoAl4TcflBbrnoriHf,Tb B oofiee cnoxHbrxycnoBrrx, qeM B Apyrux MecraxKapKaca,HaBepxycreHoBoroKapKaca Harecax. Sbtcrpag ycraHoBKa6anor ycxopnerraoKe yKpbrrue3AaHnsor HenoroAbt. B n a q a n e n p o B e p s e r c s n p q M n 3 H ac r e H o B o r o K a p K a c a npaBnnbHocrbMecra ero ycraHoBKx.flpu aeo6xo4uuocn4Kpr4Bbte ycTpaHgDTcrc noMou-lbto cTeHblBbrpaBHuBa|oTcF, BbtnyKnocTt4 pacKocoB(cM.TaoKepasAen(npoBepKacreHoBoroxapxaca>). KoHbKoBac 6anxa n ee ynopbtycraHaBnhBaprcg14Kpencrcg qeprexaMn. Ecnl4HyxHbl B coorBercrBr4r4 c KoHcrpyffiopcKt4Mr4 craflbHbreKpenneH[FAnq 6anxr, ro ux nyque np[6hrb eqe Ao ee Puc. 83 a u 6. OdHoepeMeHHoeHapesaHue6anoK HyxHoeopa3Mepa. noAleMa HaBepx. Ha nonepeqHbrxcBcgqx creH Aenaorcq orMerKn Anq Mecr ycraroexn 6anor. O,qHoBpenrerro x uun,luoxuo np16utu 6ano,{HHe 6auvaru u ymoBue MerarruqecKne KpenfleHufl4na 6anox. Ecnu 6arK[ AonorHurenbHoychnrBaorca 6anKaMunoBepxKapKacoB creH, To oHl4Toxe KpenFTcr Ha oroM erane. floBepx KapKacoB neperopoAoKc noMou.lbto cro6ox xpenrrcn nonocu napoaauqnrxoi u3on9.qvlt[ u.rr,rpnHoi He MeHee600 MM. 6anxu voxHo l43roroBngTbt43qerbHoro AepeBa, u3 KfleeHoro AepeBaI h3 SaHepbt.6anxn us qenbHoroAepeBanpuxoAl4rce o6sr.fHocnna,ihgarb h3 HecKonbKux 6pycsee. 6anRAn3 KfleeHoro AepeBa u h3 QaHepbtobbtrlHonocraBnrETcFyxe roroBbtMt4 AJtfl ycraHoBKl4. Ecnu pnuaa 6anox 6onsule HyxHoro pa3Mepa,hx ornhnrBaor Ao HyxHof AnxHbtrr OopMbt. O6srvno6anxunp xoAl4TctcraunBarb B coorBercrBtt4c yKnoHoM Kpbrru14. B oroM cjryqaeecrb cMbtcnl43roroBt4Tb cHaqana6anovuyro napyu nocMorperb,KaKoHanoAxqArr.flocne groroocranbHbte6anKx MoxHoh3roraBflrBarb,hcnonb3yFnepBynnapyB KaqecrBeuaonoHa. EariKl4 MoxHoraoKecKnaAbtBarb Bnyqor n o6pesaruoguoBpeMeHHo, B p$ynbrare qerc nx pa3uepbt6ygyr ogutaxosuttr,ttr. flo ycraHoeru 6anox x sun,lKpengTctcroiKt4 cBecoB,ecfln oHr Puc. 84 KOHCTpyKTT4BHO BO3MOXHbT.

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3.6 Kapracur cBecoB BepxHeronepeKpbrrr4e

6aro.{xoi $opuur Ha,taitnoe cocmogHue 6anKh3aKpenneHbr. KoHeqHoe cocmogHue KaoKacbtcBecoBroroBbr.

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V n o p s rc n e g y e r a u 6 u p a r s r a x , , r r o 6 s r e e H r u r r q u o H H s r f i npoMexyroKcocraBnin He MeHee100 MM.ynopbrMoxHoKpenhrb KbanKaMAo x noAbeMaHaBepx,14Hr4xH[ennnrbrAn9 HapyxHoro noKpbrrl4s MoxHoKpenhrbcpa3ynocneycraHoaxu6anoK.KpenleHhe Berpo3au-{l4rHoi l43on9qunMoxer npon3BoAr4Tbcn no3xe cHusy.Ecnr B npoMexyrKrrMeXAybanKaM ycraHaBn[Baorcc y3Kuenonocbl eerposau.luruoir43onrqhu(ronuluHori12 uu), ro r.uauHeo6xo,quuo yKpennnrbonopHuun6pycran,tn. B ocranbHoMonopH cBecoBBblnouH9orcqraK xe, KaKh nprl KoHcrpyKqhu BepxHero nepeKpbrl4e c ucnon$oBaHheM Sep[4.

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ycraHoBKa nn[To.]Hoi AsonAqAtAB HhxHeM nepeKpbtrl4til ycraHoBKa nnriro,{Hoi r43onquru creH ycraHoBKa nnlroqHot t{3onF.|],vnB MexoraxHoM nepeKpblrl4l4 ycraHoBKa nnuro,{ioi n3onAtluy' B BepxHeMnepeKpbtrttt4 ycrporicrBo HarHeraeMoti v3ong.:]fiu B Hl4xHe[4nepeKpblrl4l4 ycrpoticrBo HarHeraeMoi t43onqqhu creH ycrporicrBo HarHeraeMoi usonqqli.u B MexgraxHoM

nepeKpbrT14l4 4.8 Ycrpoicreo HarHeraeMoi x3or9t-lt4tlB BepxHeMnepeKpblrtll4 4.9 ycraHoEKa napo- x Bo3Ayxoh3onqqhu BepxHero nepeKpblr!4q qh I B MexoraxHot\,t nepeKpbtrl4h 4. 10 ycrpoicrBo Bo3Ayxol43onfl 4.11 ycrpofcrBo napo- u BosAyxox3oJlflr-lrrhcreH

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Puc.89a,6uel43ons\us

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A H A A s v A y a n b H br ,r,r q o M( n f l A T O O P M A )

101

O6qee o6 usonn$uu Tennousonnqun o6qgarenuHo B uHguangyanuHbrx AoMax reflnoh3onFqt,rn

BaxHo Bnaea u3 HapyxHozo eo3dyxa unu rc Bo3dyxa a noMeueHuflx npoHuKaem e KoHcmpyKquue pesynbmame dubhwuu, ah3aHHoi pa3Hu\ed e nap\uanbHoM daeneHuu eodgHoeonapa unu a p*ynbmame eogdywHoeonomoKaunu KoHeeKluu, eH3eaHHOapagHuuei e daeneHuu eo3dyxa. KoHcmpyKuuuAonxHbt6umb cnpoeKmupoeaHdu ebnonHeHbrmaK,qmo6u conpomueneHueux cnoee npoHuKHoaeHuneodnHoeonapa yMeHbuanocb no HanpaaneHun u3Hympu K Hapyxe, qmo6bt anaxHocmb, nonae e KoHcmpyKtun, Moata u3 Hee abreempumbcz.KoHcmpyKt lug Hu e KoeMcnytlae He donxHa eKtro'tamb e ce6, deyx nnomHbu nneHoK, ycmaHosteHHbrxmaK, 9mo6H Mexdy HuMuMoena ocmaSambcsenaea,He uMenu.pn eo3MoxHocmu ebteempumbcfl HappKy. noHf,mun Au &Qy3 ufl eodq,r ozo napa BbpaeHueaHuenapquanbHoeodaaneHufl napa a pa3Hbrx gacmqx utlu Ha pa3Hbtx cmopoHax BOdFHoi nap cmpeMumcf KOHCmpyKtlUU. npoHuKHymbu3 noMeuleHug, zde ezo daEneHue eeruKo, myda, ?de oHo Huxe. nap\uanbHoe daeneHue eoo6qe eaae maM, ede e axdyxe coAep)Kumcn6onbae enazu (eh'f ). KoHeeKqus eodn Hoeo n apa nepeMeueHue eodflHoeo napa c nomoKoM eo3dyxa. nomoKu eo3dyxa eo3HuKanm u33a pa3Hu\br e daaneHuu eudyxa c pa3Hbx cmopoH KOHCmpyK\uu.

y c r a H a B f i h B a e T cB9 H a p y x H b t xc T e H a x ,H n x H e MH B e p x H e M ynyqueHltn3ByKoh3ongquh MoxHoycraHasnuBarb nepexpurruu..Qrn r43oflsq€ TaoKeB neperopoAKaxh MexoraxHbrxnepeKpbrrrqx.B 14c6noxupoaaHHstx 4oMax 3onupytorceIpoMeroro AByxKBaprhpHbrx crponLqhxctno creHblMe){(Ay KBaprupauu.B naguanpyanbHbrxAoMax, cncreMe(fltar$opMa), MoxHohcnofl$oBarb KaKMIHeparoBarHyto u3 ApeBecHoroBonoKHar3onqlluto,TaK!4r43on9q|/||o usonsqug Moxer uMerb SopMy nn[T, 14 Apeeecuoeonoxuucmaq [3oret-1,re B nepeKpbrl4qx HarHeraeMae uoxer 6srrs HarHeraeuoi. l4sonrqnna nepeKpbtrl4e. noAaercgBcyxoMBu.qeBHyrpbKoHcrpyKr]ui oh usonaqnu creHblHaTHeraercn BMoKpoM BuAe.flocraBKaHarHeraeM MoHTax. MuHepanoBarHar Bxnb,{aer s raKxe ee o6br,lHo ce6q rconf,qt,llycraHaBnheaercq o6urqronnnraun. B eepxHeenepeKpbtrIe oHa Moxer raoKe HarHerarbcfl.flfinrH u3on9llt4l4o6st.tFtot4iileot pa3MepaMctoex u 6anox pa3MepbrB npuMeHeHh[K HopManbHbr\r pa3[4epbr To nrnrbr pa3pe3aorceB k 600. Ecnl4 He craHAaprHbre, x 6anKaMu. c npoMexyrKaMu Melt14y croiKaMta coorBercrBur4 p a c c M a r p n B a o r c f l M e r o A b ty c r a H o s K | 4K a K B IHcrpyKql414 nnuro.{Hoi,TaKh HarHeraeMoiu3onqqvu.

flapo- u eo3dyxo3au4umHasu3onsqun B HapyxHbtx llapo- u aosgyxoaau]urHaru3ongqhrycraH€]BnIBaercc nepeKpbtrt4r MexgraxHoro creHax h B BepxHeMnepeKpbrl4l4. Anf, v3onq\L4vt. h neperopoAoK Aocraro,rHooObr.{Hoiaos.qyxoaaqnrHoh Bo3Ayxor naposaqrruoi B snxsev nepeKpbrrl4[ Aocraro,]Hori gBncoTct nt|/|Tbtr{eoHofonora. h30ncuue14 n o A n a p o s a q u m u o i n t o n e q u e i n o H u [ 4 a e r c Fo A h H u r I HecKonbKo cnoeB l4arepraJ]oe,ocHosFroiSyHxtluetl Koropbtx BoAsHoro sexenatenssoti At4QQy3t4l4 I Bnqercq npe,qoBpauleHt,te B Ka.tecrBe napa ug BHyrpeHruxnover4elri B KoHcrpyKr-ll4l4. B qacTHocTr,nnacThKoBag napoh3oJr9r-I414 MoxeTl4cnor]b3oBarbcg, n J r e H K a ,n p e c c o B a H H a sn n a c r u $ u q u p o e a H H a F6 y Ma r a , o6nuqoaoururiKaproHhnu 6yuara, crponrenuHutennuru, o6on, B orAenbHocl4r4rnBceBMecre.Tun xpacovHsrficnoi I rn. KarKqbrfi yKa3uBaercnB KoHcrpyKTopcKnxqeprexax. OHaecerga napo3au{hrbr ycraHaBnIBaercgHarenfloi unh BHyrpeHHefcropoHeKoHcrpyKtlr'I4, ue44y o6nuqosxohu v'sonnlueit. n a p o - r 4B o 3 A y x o 3 a q h r H a q 3 o r q L l [ F y c r a H a B n u B a e r c qc B H y r p e H H e tc r o p o H b rr e n n o h 3 o n qL l tt44 e e n a p o 3 a u . l l 4 T H a e cnoco6socruponxHa 6urru no MeHbuei [4epeentmepo Bbrue, r{eM ora cnoco6Hocrby Marep[afloB HapyxHoi noBepxHocrl4 xoHcrpyKqxu.f1epe4 ycraroaxoi usonaqnn cnepyer y6eprrscn,

Conpo m u eneHue eodn HoMy n apy 9.TOCmpOUmenSHa9 BtaXHOCTb He CnUUKOM BblCOKa. Cnoco6Hocmbeeu|ecmea npenflmcmeoeamb OcHoBHoi SyHKr-ll,1eieosdywuod t1sorq\un tBnFerce du66Fuu napa. Cmpo u men bHaa ena)KHocm b Bn KHocmb, o6pa3oeaewaqcq e KoHcmpyK\ugx unu e cmpoumenbHbrxMamepuanax eo epeMq cmpoumenbcmea unu 0o He^o, u npeeHwapulag coomeemcmeynu.lue3HatteHu, enaKHocmu Bo epeMfl 3KcnnyamaL4uu.

Bo3AyxaI BoAFHoro conporhBneHlte HexenatenuHotiKoHBeKqu[ Eonbuoe 3HaqeHheuNreernnorHocrb napa cKBo3bKoHcrpyKt-ll414. BxonoAHoeBpeMfl aosgyuHofisaulurbr,noro[,ryqro B oco6eHHocrt4 B KoHcTpyKLl,|14 r.r3BHyrpeHHhx roAaKonuqecTBo Bnaru,npoHvrKaloqen pa3npeBbruraer noMeuleHrfic noToKoM Bo3Ayxa, Bor\4Horo AuQQy3r4ro BoArHoro BoAgHoro napa.O6bt,lHot{3onqq|,|q npor/B npoH14KHoBeHug rHoril43onqqu[. napa BbrnonHrer I ponbBo3Ayxo3au]

fudpou3ons4ufl Cnoi Mamepuanoe, Komopbti eMecme co caouMu weaMu eHdepKueaem nocmonHHoe yenaxHeHueu npenflmcmeyem HoKenamenbHoMy npoHuKHoeeHupeodH (u eodgHoeonapa) e KOHCmpyKUUU.

Bnaxnue noMeuleHuf, IlnF creH 14nofloBBraxHbrxnoMeueHIi o6qgarenuHonDrMeHgercg eudpousonn4un.B creHax oHa ycraHaBruBaerct Ha BHyrpeHHeti cTopoHeKoHcTpyKr-li|l,l, Hanp[[4ep,noA nfinro,{Hofio6nhqoBKoi. B oro[, cny.rae cneq anbHoi napo3au]urHotir43ontqr4 MeXAy Tennou3oncuuei h BeoxHt4M o6nhuogo.lt-turr.4 cJroeMHe HVXHo.B

102

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1 ,H 1 g H a A y a - n b H b ir A o M ( n I l A T O O P M A )

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mfly n{Aporfilongusg MoKeTycTaHaBnllBaTbcf,rH6o noA nuqeBblM nOA3Tl4M rrxpbtnaeM hnll c ]lcflonbsoBaHIeMHaKroHHOtOTnUBKn e$Serrlteuyn txxpbrfl{eM. flnn noronra ltcnonb3ylor AocraroqHo cBolicrBaMnapon3onf,qxo,Koropat napo3aqHTHbtM no cBor,rM ycraHaBnrBaercg Ha HnxHei noBepxHocrl46ano'lHoro Hacrura r HaKraAbrBaercflBHaxnecr nphMepHoHa 150 MM. Ha cnol4 ruApot.€oncqull B cTeHax.

4.1 YcraxoeKannnroqHofrnsonnqnne Hl.|xHeMnepeKpblTt414 HasanbHoe cocmof,Hue

ycraHoBneHbtHt4xH[eonopHbteflrurbl noA n3ongqulohnu nnl4rhl ,repHoronona.ycraroeneHaxpstua.Koncrpyxtlnncyxue.flpoBeAeHbl Heo6xo4uvuerpybbt u KaHanbt.

KoueqnoecocmosHue

90a

ycraHoBneHa ngonA|']IA Ht4xHeronepeKpblrl4fl.

Codepxanue - npoBepKa: AocTaToqHonh Bblcoxnn KoHcTpyKqrll4; - paborbl no ycraHoBKe n3onflwy', - MOHTaXnn r LrepHofonofla, rcpMeTu3aqhq uBoB l4n ycraHoBKa nr|nT. HlrXHl,lxOnODHbIX

H eo6xod u u src u Hcmpy MeHm bt Hox c,qflhHHbtMne3BueM, pa6oqne nepqarKn, AblxarenbHaf, MacKa, JtecrHuua-cToeMtHKa.

Onucauue

ocHoBaHuu BHl4xHeM MoxHoycraHaBnuBarb t43onnq}4to nntaTo,{Hylo pa6oruHeo6xogt4Mo npoBepurb, nn6ocnnsy.,[oHauana nn6oceepxy, nh CyXr4Mr4 Cranu KoHcTpyKl-lrll4. AOCTaTOqHO MoHrax h3on9qrh cBepxynpou3BoAhrcFcpa3y nocne roK), KaK ycraHoBneH6anoqHHf Hacrrrt t4 Ht4xHneonopHblennurbl. Ho npn yBepnrbcq B ToM.9To Hl4xHeenepeKpblrueHe arou neo6xo4r'rvro cpasy 6yAer yBnaxH9Tbcn.flnursr veptoro nona ycraHaBnuBaK)rcfl r43ontqnu,nocne qero uBbl repMeTh3l4pyloTca. nocne ycTaHoBKl4 f l o B e p x H o c r b M o x H o A o n o n H h r e r l b H o3 a K p b l r b3 a q n r H b l M 906 noKpbtTheM. TonbKonocne MoHTax r3on9qnn cHu3yMoxer npoh3BoAl4Tbcfl noAKpbluJy. roro, xar apaxne 6y4er noABeAeHo Art raxoro cnoco6a qro6g 6utno noA nepeKpbtrueM ueo6xoguvo, 4ocrarovHo BblcoKoe ycrauoBKrll43oll9Lltl14 pa6orars. flocne ttoxxo B KoTopowt noAnonbe, ,l AocKt4.OnopHble onopHbte nflhrbl npu6naanrcn cru:y r 6anxau 6anox nh6o B oAHoMc noBepxHocrt4 4ocxr npu6naaorcF K HuxHefi uaroM k 600 MM. B nonepeqHoM c nu6o Hr4Mu HanpaBneHru, ycraHaBruBaercq ei Mecro n nnorHo Ha orBelleHHoe l4sonsqur nnnrbl HeobxoAl4Mocrr nnrroi. flpu uuxHefi npuxuMaercc crnsy l43onqllt4fl 3anoflHnrb HyxHof obpe3anrcq Ao AonxHa QopMbt. Bce npeAHa3HaqeHHoe Ant Hee npocrpaHcrBo.OcraBuuecc B yTeLlKyTenna u oulyqeH[e cKBo3HflKa. HeM nycToTbrBbr3brBarcT noroMytlro nph cMxHarbB Kyt1y, nnhrbr He cneAyer l43onsqnoHHbre nph pa6ore c cBofcrBa cHnxalorcg. rennou3ongql4oHHbte oroM rx pa6ovnur 3al4hrHbltuu nonuaoBarbcq aaroi cne4yer urHepansxoi nepqarKaMun AbrxarenbHoiMacKof.

/A "ry\

V t a p v a u A y a n h H bftr A o r r l< f lI l A T O O P M A >

908 Puc. 90 a, 6 u a ycmaHoeKa u3onfluuu HuxHeao nepeKpbtmu7ceepxyu cHusy.npu Heo6xoAuMocmu weu eepMemusupynmcn KtedKoi neHmoi unu MacmuKod.qmo6bt u3onqllun He HaMoKna.

103

4,2 YcranoeKa nrryrroqHoh nsonntlnu cr.en Haqantnoe cocmosHue ycraHoBKr4 KapKacbr creHs N4ecrax r43on9quh roroBbr.Heo6xqAlrMbte rpy6uru xanansrycraHoBneHH. 34aure no4eegeHonoA Kpblrxy. KoHcrpyKqhu cyx[e.

Koneqnoe cocmosHue

CteHst gangon ooeaHul.

eodepxanue - npoBepKa:AocTaToqHo n|4 Bbrcoxr KoHcTpyKr-lr4l4; - paoorbrno ycraHoBKeu3onFqrn. H eo6xod u u arc u Hcm py Me Hm bt Hox c gnnuuun,t nesaneu,pa6ouuenepqarKrl, MacKa, AbrxarenbHae necTHuqa-cTpeM9HKa.

Onucanue tl3onqquo creH [4oxHo HaquHarb,KorAasAaHuenoABeAeHonoA Kpbrrry.B 14HAr4Br4AyanbHbrx Ao[4ax l43ongqhtocreH ecrb cMbrcn npor3BoAhrb3a oA H pa3. Ao Haqanapa6or cneAyer npoBep[To, AOCTaTOqHOnU BbTCOXnUKOHCTpyKt-lXt4.

Vlsona4uaycraHaBn[BaercqHa npeAHa3HaqeHHoe Anc Hee MecToh nIoTHo npxxuMaeTcf,K pacnoJtoxeHHbtM no3aAuHee Berpo3au{}trHbrM nnrrau. f1pr,rHeo6xoAuMocr nnrrsr o6peaaorcn HyxHoi npoMe]qfrKhMex(Ey Ao +op[abr.V vexsraxHoTonepeKpbrruq oanxauu n3or,4pylorcrnphMepHoHa paccrogHr4r4 500 MM. Ecnr 6anxu ugyr B roM xe HanpaBreHhu,qro h creHa, To l43oflr4pyercfl paccroflHhelre4qy 6anxavu acero xpairero pnga. VlzonaqnnAonxHa 3anorHqrh Bce npeAHa3HaqeHHoe Anq Hee yreqKyrenna npocrpaHcreo.OcraBtt.lrecnB HeMnycrorbrBbr3brBalor 14ou.lyr4eHt,te cKBo3Hgxa. Oco6oe eHIMaHuecneAyer o6pau]arb Ha la3oneqlttoymoe n He6onsu[x 3a3opoBuexgy croixaur. l4sonrquouuurennlrbl HecreAyer cMuHarbB Kyqy,noroMyqro npu oroM t4xrenno!3oflcr-ll4oHHbre csoficrea cHhxaorcg. Ilpn pa6ore c pa6oquMx MhHeparbHoiBarei cre,qyernonb3oBarbcq3arl.l|.|rHbtMu nepqarKaMIh AbrxarenbHoiMacKoi.

Puc. 91 U3onqt4ufl cmeH.

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E E E E E E E E E

Puc. 92 npaeunbHbrd u HenpaeunbHui cnoco6bl yc maHoaKuu3onFquoHHo0 nn umu.

104

51f,\

A a p n e u A y a n b H s rr i g o r ' r(rn f l A T o O P M A D

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4.3 YcraHoeKanruroqHoi usona4uu e MexSTaxHoMnepeKpbrTl4vl Haqantnoe cocmoflHue KapxacvexeraxroronepeKpbrl4q roros.3garre noABeAeHo noA KpblLUy. KoHcrpyKr-lvrt cyxve.CMoHfl,rpoBaHbr Heooxogrvure rpy6"' tl KaHa|bt.

Konegnoe cocmogHue YcraHoereHa n3ors1-1149 MexgraxHoTonepeKpbrr14g.

Codepxauue -

npoBepKa: n Bbrcoxnrl KoHcTpyKr-ll4l,l; AocTaToqHo paoorblno ycraHoBKe v3oFqutAt/t; l\4oHTax Bo3Ayxo3aul[rHori v3ortnluv(Kapra-uHcrpyKq F 4.10); xpenneHreo6peuerxr no4o6unexynoronxa(xapra-14HcrpyKl14F 63)

H eo6xodu ru ste u Hcm py MeHmbt Hox cAnuHHbtM tteoerett,pa6ovrenepqarKL4, AblxarelbHatNracKa, rlecTH14ua-cTDeMtHKa. Onucauue Vsorta\ua [lex3TaxHoro nepeKpbtrrt He I Bngercg o6q3aretbHot4. no oHa TeN,,r He N4eHeeyryquraeT 3ByKol,43or9 [.114 ro 1,4 AenaeT B o 3 N 4 o x H opie r y f l ! 4 p o B a H e r e N 4 n e p a r y p bnro K o M H a r H o[ r. g ygo6craa Mex3TaxHoenepeKpbrrfieMoxHo 3a 3orl4poBarbv B 14HAl4Br4AyajrbHOM AOMe. Pa60rbt no l43ol]Fq!414 MexoraxHoro nepeKpbtrt4qMoxHo HatlrHar-, xor4a 6y,qerroroa erc KapKac.K groMy BpeMeHx3AaHue4onxHo 6srrs yxe c xpsrri.lei.[o Ha,]anapa6or cneAyer npoBep rb, AocraroqHo .n14Bbrcoxr KoHcTpyKr-.Il414. /l3OnFrjr4NC HaqxHaoTycTaHaBr BaTbcHl43yB npoMexyrKax MeX(Ay 6arKaMr. flnrrbr rlsorqqh ycraHaBr BatorcsAo Haqara KpenreHL{9 o 6 o e u . L e r x r. D . . r t3Fa u v B K A n o r o r K a , o r a p a 6 o r a B b r n o r H s e r c q fo '.fepe Fpo.tBl,4xeFfiI ycTaHoBKl,ft/t3ortq\u\. oAHoBpeN4eHHo j,C-aHaB-r l.'iBaerCF BO3lyXo3aqtlTHas 3OIl9l-11,49, eCIll/ OHaHyXHa.

Puc. 93 a u 6 Usonsqus Meromdt<Hoeo nepeKpblmuq. BonFqub. O6pewemKacHu3y,noddept<uaapulaA

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105

E 4.4 YcraxoeKa nnrroqHoir uzonnquu e BepxHeMnepeKpbrTl4l4 Haqantnoe cocmogHue B peuer,raroi OepMbrKpbrrrhn HapyxHaqKpoBnflycraHoBneHu. yCTaHOBneHa napo SOAnLlUs 14BbrnorHeHa KOHCTpyKT.$4|4 KpbrUI4 noroflKa.KoHcrpyKquIcyxr,re.Cuoutrpoaauor o6peuerxa o6urr,rBXn ueo6xo4uvuerpy6uru xatanst.

KonguuoecocmosHue

ycraHoBneHavgon9.\nABepxHeronepeKpbtn4c.

Codepxanue - npoBepKa:AocTaToqHo KoHcrpyKr-.ll4r4; ru Bbrcoxn!4 - pa6oru no ycraHoBKe (Kaprau3orqql414 napo-14BoqAyxo3aulurHoi 14HcrpyKlthe 4.9); - BbrnoflHeHne o6peuerxu o6uusxri noronxa(xapra-nHcrpyKtlrs 94a

o.J I

- pa6oru no r3oflflr.ll4r4 riepeKpbrn4q. BepxHero Heo6xod u u ue uHcmpy MeHm bI Hox c AflrrHHbrMne3BueM, pa6o.the nepqarK[, Abrxarej]bHag MacKa.

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946 Puc. 94 a u 6 ugonnquq nnumaMu eepxHeeo nepeKpbtmunpeaemqamozo u danotlHoeomuna.

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flnr uexeraxroro nepeKpblrrlgcyxux noMeuleHut napota3olttLll'l9 KaK TaKoBag He HyxHa. 143-3aoOLxtlBKl4noronKa u B cny.lae Moxer noHaAo6hrbcc HaTHeraeMotiTenr]o[3or]9Llt111 nphMeHeHt,tq crpo rerbHag ycraHoaneHHac fhorHo orAe|bHag Bo3Ayxo3aul ra. p o r b , n p e n f l r c r B y q' Hanp[Mep' 6 y v a r a v o x e r B b t n o n H t , t Tobr y n O M e U l e H h 9B A p y r o e . O A H O T O n p o H 1 4 K H o B e H u3r ca n a x o B t l 3 B npnN/leHeHL4n oHa co3Aaer Bo3MoxHocrb Alq OAHoBpeN,,reHHo HarHeraeMotTenro143oJIcl-ltl11. neDeKDbtr|.,|14 SyMara KpenfiTcs x tvxHei noBepxHocrtl 6auox cKo6KaMl,t. Ha crsrxax oHa HaK|aabtBaercFBHaxrlecr Ha uupl4Hy 300 vtt'l t't 3aKpenrqercfl xneoulei reHToi. y creH 6yMafa 3aBoAr4TcsHa tlt.rpl4Hy300 MN4noBepx croeK u KpenurcgraKxe cKpenaMu FlpoxoAut,ecnu oHu Aerlaorce a 6yvare, 3aKpblBaorcl xneoqei neHTot. nBaercc ua nony. Or PyroH crpol,4TerbHoi 6yMarn pa3BopaLl pynoHa oTpe3aeTcc noAxoAgulaff no ArhHe nonoca Arl9 ycTaHoBKll' MoHTax ecrb cMbtcI] nporl3BoAl,lTbnoKoMHarHo,TorAa noAXoAsule,1 KoMHarblnnrcc garr6st Ha creHbl An Hoi nol]ocbt6y4er LuupraHa Syvara nogaercr HaBepxh KpenurcF cHaqara c oAHofo KoHqa, nocfle \reroee pacnpgMrenr u np,lKpenngot x 6anxav, npoABfiraFcb

flpasnnuusticnoco6- eroxpennrs6yuary or o4Hori6anxrxgpyror.l.

Puc. 102 6 Aed e cmpoumenbHoti 6yMaae npu Heo1xoduMocmuynnomHsrcmcgKneQulet nenmoi.

B oAHoMHanpaBreHt4 c 6anKaM L4Aenarb ulBbl Ha 6alKax OAHoBpeMeHHocrol4T Bblnofl Hl4Tuo6peuerxy,qfi I o6LUt4BKI'4 noTo|Ka, norolvy qro B oAt4HoLlKyBO3AyXO3aqUTHat 3onqqht He BbrAepxhT Beca TenI]ol43on9qh . B KoHqe onepaqltu npoBepeercq qenocrHocrb vt3ort'e\uv v o6peuerxlt KaqecrBoee KpenI]eHn9,a raKxe npoLlHocrbycraHoBKt'l (cM. TaKXe pa3Aer <KapKacblnoABecHblxnoronKoB l't o6peuerxa o6uvaxt,t noroflKoB)). a 14ena xH bx n o Me uP Hu it napo3a BJt4r B vexeraxrotrt nepeKpblrl,4 ycraHaBnfiBaercg B cyu-lHocruTaKXe, KaKrl B BepxHeMnepeKpblrl414 BHaxr]ecrHa uhp14Hy150 [3oneq!49HaKnaAblBaercfl flapo3aulr4THafl MM Ha rlliqpo[3on9lll4tocTeH.

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CTEH Haqananoe cocmosHue T e n n o r s o n n q u nc r e H r o r o B a . ( H a u e c e u n a nB M o K p o MB n A e HarHeraeMaev3onAt-lL4A asrcoxna).flapo- u aos4yxotrcon*uv+ BepxHero MexoTaxHoro nepeKpbtTr4g BHno|HeHH. Kone,tHoe cocmonHue ycraHoBreHa npoBepeHanapo- 14Bo3Ayxol43orFq[s. MoxHo HaliuHarb o6u.tuexy creu c eHyrpeuneicropoHbt.

Codepxauue - ycTaHoBKanapo-

Bo3Ayxot4soligt-ll4t4.

H eo6xod uu ste u HcmpyMeHm b, Cxo6xu, sox, necrHnqa-crpeMsHKa. Onucauue BcyxlrxnoveqeuuqxnnorHafl crpo14rerbHaq ycraHoBneHHaH 6yMara, noAHapyxHoi o6uraxoi creHc BHyrpeHHei cropoHbr noMeuteHr4e npeAcraBneer cooollAocraro..rHyro nperpaAy AneBrlarutaBo3Ayxa. Ecnh s xarlecteeMareprajtapnn euyrpeHtei o6L!r,rsxr cteH l4cfloflb3yloTcgcTpouTe|bHbte ntirTbt c noKpblTl4eM,napo'|3oI]9r-1149 BHnonHfleTI ponb BoqAyxorr3onrqh u, npeAoTBpau.larnpoHt4KHoBeHue BO3AyXaCBO3bCTeHbt,TaK KaK BHyTpeHHl4e CTpOUTeflbHbte nnuTbl B[recre c noKpbtrreM o6na4anr AocraroqHbtM conporuBneH eM Puc. 103 llapo- u eosdyxou3onsuus cmeH nporhB AnQSy3lalr. Tnn napo- t4 Bo3Ayxo3au-{l4rbt onpeAenneTc9 B KOHCTpyKTOpCKt X qepTexax. flapo- la Bo3Ayxo3a4hrHbli Marephari Kpenqrce K KapKacHb\4 cror4Ka[4cKpenaMu. [IlBbt Aeraorce c Haxfiecrot\4Lluoruoi 300 MM u ynrorHqrcTcr Kne}oulei neHToli. B HuxHei,{acrh creHbl napo- 14Bo3Ayxot 3onqlple 3aBopaquBaercq Ha LUupuHyi500 MM Ha nrurbt qepHoTonofia. y neperopoAoKl43ontlll493aBopaq[Baercq Ha u!4puHy 600 MM Ha HxxHtolonoBepxHocrb6anoqHoro Hacrura 14nprKpenflHercq K 6aflKaM cKpenaMr,t.B aepxlena nepeKpbtn4r:oHa HaflafaeTcf BHaxnecT Ha n a pon3ongLu4lo. Ecnu B napo- 14Bo3Ayxorr3on9qurrqenaorcr orBepcfl4q, To noroM oHu ynnorHFtorcs Kneoulehca I]eHToi. PynoH nrarepllalaAJrs napo- 14Bo3Ayxon3onl[1nupa3BopaquBaercg Ha nony. Or pynoHa orpe3aercq noAxoArqae no ArnHe noroca alg ycraHoexu. Ecnr uoHTax npo 3Bo4t4TcflnoxoMHarHo,To noAXoAgulei Arr,tHoi noflocbt 6yAer Lut4phHaKoMHarbrnnloc aarr46btHa cTeHbt. Marephan Anc napo- tr Bo3Ayxo3au{urbt ftoAHl4[raercs HaBepx u Kpen Tcg cHaqa|a c oAHoToKoHLla,nocfle qero efo pacnptMnqrcT u nPuKPenngOT nO BCeLlCTeHe. B xoHqe onepaqur4 npoBeprercr qefiocrHocrb napov3on'juvtu n KaqecrBo ee KpenJteHr,tt,a raKXe npoqHocrs o6peuerxr.

Puc. 104 a HanoxeHue eHayaecmHa uBax

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Puc. 104 6 napo- u aosdyxousonqque eepxHeeo nepeKpbrmufl ycmaHaenueaemcfldo napouson, quu cmeH.

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Puc. 105 a, 6 u e O6wueKannumaMu

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5.1 O6nuqoBKanrrraMr creH Haqantnoe cocmosHue Kapracur creHroroeu,reo6xo4lruana3oneqna, napoaaulura, rpy6ur h KaHaflbl cMoHTr4poBaHbt.

Konegnoe cocmogHue CTeHbloOt!!4TbtnnrraMn. MoxHo Ha.lnHarbBHyrpeHHueorAero'rHbre

oa6orsr. Codepxanue - nepeMeu-leHhe MaTepuanoB; - ycTaHoBKa nnuT. H eo6xod u u st e u Hcm py Me Hm bt Mepuan pynerxa, N4eranfluqecKas n HeiKa, Hox, raiKoBepr,nunal r-{4plryJrbHaq nhra, recTH14Lla-crpeMFHKa.

Onucanue ObnrqoBKyBHyrpeHH[x noMeu{eHt4i nnuraMuHaqnHaorco cren. Hapyxusrecreusr,qonxHbr KsroMy BpeMeHn sausonhpoBaHbr 14 6brrb e xuxgonxua 6srb ycraHoBreHanapo3au.lura. KapKacbr neperopo,qoK ToxeAonxHbt6grs rologut,rpy6sl n xauanucMoHTr4poBaHH. flnr suyrperrei o6nuqoaxu B cl4creMe<f1nar$opua> nprMeHclorcnnucrsr xeofiHofi$arepu ronqnHofi I M[,r,Koropbte n c n o n b 3 y o T c gB K a q e c T B eo c H o B a H h f ,u r n n c o K a p T o H H b l e nnhrbr ronqlHoi 13 rvru.3rn nnl4Tbrno pa3MepycoorBercrBytor BbrcoreKapKacoBcreH u HopMaJtbHoMy uary croer, Moryr 6srrs Puc. 106 a OdwueKa cmeH nnumaMu. OKoHHue ncnonb3oBaHbt r.iApyrre BapuaHTbr 06rhqoBKr4. npoeMbt ebtpe3atomcaunu abtnunuaanmc8 no flnnru nyvue AocraBnrrb Bo BHyrpeHH[enoMeqeHhf,sAaHllF Mepe npodeuxeHuF pa6om. runcoKapmoHHbre cpa3y nocne nocTaBKhB npoqecce co3AaHngKapKaca.TaKUM nnumH Kpenflmcg auHmaMu K KapKacHbtu o6pa3oMMoxHo coKoHor\fl4Tb AoBonbHoMHoroBpeMeHn,TaKKaK cmoiKaM u nonepeqHblMcesssM c uazoM k = 200 nnnTbr He nprAeTcg nepeMeqaTb no cTpoxnfioqaAKe. = MMom Kpafl u k 300 MMom cepeduHbt. flnursr no4rruaorcq us uJra6ens u npucnoHcrorcsK creHaM. l4x MoxHo noAnxparbK creHe cneqnarbHoi noAnopKoi,,rro6bl oHh He naAaJru.[ln|,|TbtKpengTcqK creHe c noMot4bF Bt4HToB B npouaBoA[Teneiu KoHcrpylfiopcKxMI coorBercrBr414 c nHcrpyKqnqMu veprexaur. CHavanarpennrcno6pe3Hbre KycKunrt4TByfnax, 3areM qenbrennnrbr. B uecrax npoeMoBnntaTbrpa3pe3aprcnAo HyxHof noMeuleHue $opuu no Mepe npoABnxeHuapa6ot B gaxnto,{eHue oceo6o4qaercnor o6peoroau B HeMnporsBoAurcny6opxa. flpu o6nuqosxe AByMf,cnofll4r4nrrr BHaqafleKpengTcenucrbl nrurbr unu ppyrni uarepuan SaHepbr,3aHnMr- runcoKaproHHbre A n g B H y r p e H H e foi r A e n K [ . f l u c r b r x B o i H o f r Q a H e p b r[ 4 o x H o ycraHaBflrBarbno Bcei noBeppxHocTu creHuflu rorbKo BorAenbHbrx MecTax,Hanpt4Mep - raM, rAe 6yAer BcrpoeHHaFMe6enb; - Ha creHax,xoropsre6y4yr o6nhqoBbrBarbcg nnnrxoi: - TaM,rAe 6yAer Kpenr4rbca MHoronpeAMeroB. Ecnh SaHepa Hehcnonb3yercs,To yxe B npoqeccecoopyxeH[f, KapKacaHyxHo npeAycMorperbAocraroqHonpo.rHbre6pycxn 4nn Puc. 106 6 EeyxcnoiHaF o6uJueKa. nucmhl KpenneHt,tq o6opygoeaHuru rn. QaHepH Kpengmcfl K KapKacHbtMcmoiKaM u rex creH, KoropbrenorlAyr noAoKpacKyt,tnunog o6on, cronr .Qnn noneDegHbtMcegssM c wa20M k = 150 MM om ucnonb3oBarbrrncoKaproHHbre nnursr. l-uncoxaproHHag nr]hra KDanu k = 300 MMom ceDeduHbr. obpa3yer HenoAB[xHoeocHoBaHqenoA orAenKy,TaK ,]To o6on, Hanpl4Mep, HerpecKarcrcc.Anq creH,xoropbre6yAyrorAenbrBarbcq nnurKoi, 'lcnonb3y|orcFoco6o npovrsre rl4ncoKaproHHbre nr,lTbr.

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5.2 O6urnexa nrHTaMlrnoronKoB Ha,tanbHoe cocmogHue O6peuerxanoAnrtaTbr roroBa,rpybbrh KaHanbr cMoHTr4poBaHbr. Konevnoe cocmogHue fioronKta o6lunru nr[TaMr. MoxHo HaquHarbBHVTDeHHUe orgenovxuepa6orsr. Codepxauue - nepeMeqeH4eMarephanoB; - ycTaHoBKa nthT. H eo6xod u u ate u Hcmpy MeHm E MepHag pynerxa, MerannhqecKag n!4HeriKa,Hox, raiKoBepr, nl4fla/ nhna, necTHrrqa-cTpeMqHKa. ur4pKynbHafl

Onucanue noronKri o6ul4Balorc9 nrhraMunocnecreH.K erouyapeueHu roroBa npoBe.qeHbr 6hrrb 06peuerKa, rpy6uru xaransr. EorxHa

(flnar$op[4a) MoxHoucnonb3oBarb,B riacrHocrr4, .qrq cl4creMbr runcoKaproHHHe nnhrbrroflulhHorZ 13 MM.MoxHorcnonb3oBaTb I ApyrheBapuaHTbr, ApyrhennuTbr,naHenuu AocK|/|. flfltaTbrryque AocraBnqrb Bo BHyrpeHHuenoMeu]eH[nsAaHltq cpa3y nocne nocraBK[ B npoqecce co3AaH[fl rapraca. Tarru o6paaou MoxHo cgKoHoMl4Tb AoBonbHor\4HoroBpeMeH[,Tax KaK nnurbr He nphAercs nepeMeqarb no crpofinnoqagxe. Marepuanur HyxHoKaKcneAyeTyKpbrBaTb. flnnrbt nogHl4[4aorcqhg ura6ens n KpengTcqx o6peurerre.,[nn o6nerqeFtnqpa6or uoxHo ucnorb3oBarbnoAbeMHuK Art nrxr nnurbr KpennrcaK KapKacyc noMorlbroBr4HToB B coorBercrB[r4c l4HCTpyKr-I4gMr4 npOr3BOAhTeneX 4 KOHCTpyKTOpCKT4 ru14qepTexaft'14. funcoKaDToHHbte nnurbt Koenqrcc Br4HTaM|,. B gaxnnqetre g noMeuleHIunpouseogrrcry6opxa.

Puc. 107 O6wueKa nomonKa nnumaMu. funcoKaDmoHHaennumbr KDenflmcfl euHmaMuK odpeuemKec uazoM k 200 MMom Kpaeeu k 300 MMom cepeduHbt.

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PA,EOTA HHCTWKIIM1M KMTA / CIIEI]UANAME

6.1 r|ecrnnqa c npf,MbrMlrKpanux Harrantnoe cocmogHue foroB KapKac MexoraxHoro nepeKpbrTl4e.

q rl

KoHeqHoecocmogHue qacrunecrHhr-lbt roroBbr, MoxHoHaqIHarborAenKy. flepeBFHHHe

Codepxanue - onpeAeneHhe pa3MepoB necrH14qbr; - u3roroBreHhe KocoypoB, cryneHeih noAcryneHKoB; - c6opxanecrruqu.

H eo6xo d u u ue uHcm py MeHm bt pynerKa, yronbHIr(, MeraflnuqecKae nxHeiKa, MepHae KapaHAau, MonoToK, ratiroeepT,nHeBMaT|/l,]ecKui tvtoltotoldnHest\,raru,recKhtl pacnbrJrrTenb Kneq, necTHrlqa-cTpeMfHKa. 108a

Onucanue , q n n A o M o Bn o c u c r e M e ( f l n a r $ o p M a ) M o x H o [ c n r b 3 o B a r b llo xenaHulo MoxHonecrHl4l-lyr3roroBl4TbHa roroBbtenecrHl,fl-lbrl4HcrpyKtlhtroAurct Mecre, KaKnoxa3aHoB AaHHofi[HcrpyKr-ll4l,r. KaKAnF u3roroBneHu[oAHonponerHotuecrHxtlbt,TaKu necrHl4t-lbl c HecKorbKl4Mrln poneraMu. Veprex necrHr4r-lbrBbrnonHtercF npoeKTupoBrlr4KoM HaoTAenbHoM n cTe. Csaqana h3rorosnqorcfl Kocoypbr,Ans KoropbtxonpegeJtstorcg pa3Mepbr3anoxeHugu noAbeM.Kocoypbrwtoxttocobnpars ns 4erarei ns qensroro AepeBal4nxBbrnunusarbl4sKneeHofiQaHepbt. CHa,lanacrot4Tt43roroBt4Tb oAHyAocKy,ocrarbHbteu3roroBafl|.lBarb, x c n o n b 3 y f le e r a x u r a 6 n o s .C T y n e H hh n o A c r y n e H K uM o x H o [3roTaBfll,|BaTbl43KneeHoroAepeBa.. KpenneHuenpou3BoAtlrcq CuavanaxocoypsrKpenflTcflKKapKacy. Ha B[HTaxt,tru rBo3AqMh. Ecnr necrruqa ycraHaBfiuBaercs Ao o6urr,rgxr,r creH, To MeXAycroixaMu HyxHoycraHaBruBarbynopbl necrHt4t-l Ane nocneAynu]eiycrauoarunnur CTyneHuI noAcryneHKu KOenFTCq Ha BUHTaX hJ[4 Ha Kneo.

1086

nnou.laAKr,To oHt/ Ecnl,lHa necrHr4qeecrb npoMexyroqHbte ycraHaBnhBanrcq Ao ycraHoBKrnponeroa.flnoqagrr coopyxanrcc TaKxe,KaKu MexoraxHoenepeKpbtrre.Salxll xpennrcnBrHTaMVAnA rBo3AflMr1 x croirau xapxaca.flnoqagKa Moxer no4AepxhBarbcn KapKacoM. TaoxeoTAenbHbrM

E E E E E E E E E E E E -

E E E E E E E -

Puc. 108 a, 6 u e a - Kocoyp u3 \enbHoeo depeea u deyx molrcmbtx flucmoB QaHepbL HaseaHut pa3Mepoe necmHuqbr 6 - KocoypbrycmaHoeneHbrHa Mecmo e - ycmaHoeneHHcmyneHu u nodcmyneHKu Puc. 109 npoMoKymoqHannnouladKa necmHuL\bl

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Codepxanue - ycraHoaxa 6anox; - MoHTaxqepHoronona (ornhBKa). Heo6xoduuue uHcmpyMeHmb, KaKAn9 6aroK 14creH, Hox, crennep, uHcrpyMeHTbt Anq oeroHHbtx pa6or (uerannnrecxhirunaxresoqHbri Hox).

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Puc. 110Pa3nuquee ebrcome6ano4HozoHacmuna

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KonerruoecocmonHue l-orogsrHt4xHueKapKacbrnoABecHbrx noroflKoBn o6peuerra no4 o6LuraxynoroJlKoB.

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- pa3MerKa uara o6peuerxu; - o6peuerxa; - y6opxa.

H eo6xod u u se uHc mpy MeHm br fl nnalqupxyrurae ntara,Monorox/nuesn,taruqecx rl MonoroK, '13MepITenbHbre uHcTpyMeHTbt.

Onucanue Cnequanuxue KapKacbr noronKoBr43ToroBrF€Tcq Ann noABecHbrx nl,r'.6o Ha CraAtAu co3AaHuqBceroXapKaca,fil46oTorAa,KorAacTeHbl yxe o6uurst nnaraMtA,KaKoro Aenaercq, Hanp[Mep,Bo BflaxHbtx noMeuleHuflx. P a 6 o r a H a , r I H a e r c nc o 6 u e p a n o [ 4 e q e H I F . O r u e p n e r c n BbrcoTanoABecHofonoToIKaI oHa oTMepuBaeTcr B Kax4ol4ToqKe KpenneHhs. flpn erou uoxxo ttcnotb3oBarbBepeexygnno16raaurn nvHni v HuBenvp.K xapxacHsrru croiKaM KpengTce ropu3oHTarbHbte 6pycru, x xoropuu Kpenrrcf,ynopbrArr noABecHblx noronxoe.flpu Heo6xoAl4Mocrr4 KKapKacynoABecHoro nororKa KpenurcnorAeflbHo o6peuerxa4nn o6uIerh nororKa. O6peLuerxagnr o6uuarn noronKaKpenurcr r 6anxanarBosggMlt. Ular o6peuerK[ 3aB[cr4Tor rnna o6u:ngrn, oH ycraHaBnnBaercq B coorBercrBr414 c r4HcTpyKrlt4rMt4 rcroroBureaqobuhBo.]HoroMaTepnana. OburuuonpnueHrercr uark 300,k400 u k600.flnn o6peLr-rerKu MoxHo [cnorb3oBarbAocKr4 21 MMx 100 vrrrrnr6o pefixu48 x 48 vu. Ular o6pelUerKu3apaHeeorftileqaercaHa HuxHei noBepxHocrt4 xpariHux6anox. npn Heo6xoAh[aocr pa3MerKyMoxHo cAer]arb h HaApyrhx 6aflKaxc noAxoAsu.llirM14 npoMexyrKaMu. 0 6 p e u e r r y 4 n n o 6 u n a x u B e p x H e r on e p e K p b t r t 4 M q oxHo npu Heo6xoguvocrh Aenarb xpecroo6pasuo, ,rro no3BoAqer npoKna4blBarbrpy6sr, re Hapyual napo3aulllTHoiu3ort+l1,vtu. flepaoi rpenrrcn vacrs o6peureruuB nonepeqHoM HanpaBleHhta no orsorueHrrcx 6anxau. OHauoxer 6srs 6onee pe4roi, qeMHr4xHflF, ecnu o6ui[exa noronKa npeAnonaraer6onee vacryo o6peuerxy. B nocne4utorooqepeAbBbtnonHqercno6peuerra, napannenbHat 6anxau. finuHa reos4ei eu6rpaercq c raKrM pacverou, vro6sr our He MOrnI npoAbrp9Bt4Tb napo3aLi.lt4THyo 143oJt9t-ll4to. Puc. 112a,6 u e U3eomoeneHue KapKaca nodaeceHoeo nomonKa Puc. 113a u 6 O6pewemKanomonKadocKaMu/ peiKaMucHu3y.

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npu npuMeHeHuup@u4oeo, neHmbt EPDM cnedyem yaedumbcF e moM, qmo oHa nnomHo ycmaHoaneqa Ha npedHa3HaqeHqoM dnq Hee Mecme.

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127

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gnn Trnur KoHcrpyKqnil nHtrnBnqyaflbHbrx AoMoB ,[epeenrroe Hnr(HeeneperpurrueHII 1 1. MareouannoKobtrhg nora. 2. [IlnyHToBaHHac xBorZHag +aHeparor]u-ll4Hoi18 MM.,HanpaBfieHne HapyxHoro spHoHanpaBneHno crog nepneHAuKyfl 6anox. 3. SafJ] o.fHbli Hacrvn 48 x 22Orvrru, uar 6anox re MeHeek 600 MN,r., yTOqHeHUl.o. B KaX(qOM KOHKpeTHOM CnyqaenOAneX|/lT 4. Tennon3onflLll4g 195 N4M. 5. Berpo3ault4rHan nr[Ta roflu.ll4Hoi25 MM,nophcrae nnuTa. ApeBecHoBonoKHt4cTa9 6. OnopHuri6pyc nognonsn. KoHcrpyrqrn yAoBfierBopser rpe6osaFrltqr\4 Tenflo sor]rr-l1414 k= 0,22WIM' k Musuuanssasesrcoranonnonsc800 M[r.

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r fiepeenxxoeMexoraxHoenepeKpblr[eMn 1 1. MarephannoKpbtrusnora. xeoirar QaHeparonqruoi 18 vn,t.,uanpaBneHue 2. UlnyHroBaHHac Hanpaenelun6alox. HapyxHoro cnoq nepneHAIKynspHo 3. Eano.{HbliHacr[n 48 x220 MM,uar 6anoKHeMeHeek 600 MM., CnyqaenoAnex[r yroqHeHno. KOHKpeTHOM B KaXAOM - t43oneqnnronultlHoi 100 MM. 4. f'lph Heo6xoAt4Mocrri 45 MMx 45 MMxnr 21 x 100MM,ulaf k40H00 5. Pegxano6peLuerKa ot o6u: extanoronKa. B 3ag[ct4Mocr!4 6. locKa 4fl9 eryrpenuei o6uirexn rru crpol4renbHa9nnhra.

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flepeennxoe BepxHeenepeKpbrrheBfl 1 1 . H a p y x H o e n o K p b r re K p b r L x I c e r o H , l x e n e x a u ] l , l M 1 4 KOHCTpyKr-.114I rvr 1,4 2. l.llnyHroBaHHafl xeoiHar Sarepa 15 n,lu Bara vrtu 3. Tennousonrqug250 M[4,cBepxy Berpo3au]urHag nnvTa 4. OepMbrKpbrrull v3onqw,A 5. napo- 14Bo3Ayxo3aul[THaq (MecroArF npoKraAKnoJreKTpl4qecKLlx 6. nepeKpecrHaF06peLUerKa rpy6) 7.,!ocxr.rl4n crpoxrer]bHbre nrfiTbrBHyrpeHHer4 oOLUrlBKr,4 yAoBnerBopflerrpe6oBaH14sM KoHcrpyKrlue Tenr or.4 3oflqLlurl k = 0,22 WlM' k. B Aaruov peueH h Hr4xHl4l4 nogcOepMbrpacq[TaHKaKHecyu]aff KOHCTpyKT-1149 HaCny,ral4 noxapa.

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BepxxeenepexpbrrreBII 3 npr nauoxsoi HapyxHol4 KpoBne 1. HapyxHoe noKpbrrue Kpbrurrdc ero HuxenexarqrMl KOHCTpyKr.I4s M14. 2. UlnyHroBaHHaF xBoiHafi +aHepa 15 MM. 3. O6peLrerra 48 x 97 n,tu(aeprunrpyeMoenpocrpaHcrBo). 4. Berposaqrruan nnnra 25 MM/Tennox3onFqxF25 MM. 5. Tennonsonrqng250 MMr{ Hecyulre6anxueepxHeroneperebrr}rs, paSMepH- B saBncuMocl4oT KoHKpeTHOTO Cnyqa9. 6. napo- 14BosAyx@aqurHafla3onaqna. eneKrpuqecKr4x 7. flepeKpecrHaso6peuerKa(Mecro,qfle npoKnaAKn

rpv6). 8. Eocxu unn crpo[TenbHbrennurbr BHyrpeHHeio6uxBKl4. qq14u yAoBnerBoprerrpe6oBaHnqMren'ro143ofl KoHcrpyKqr4s k= 0,22WlM2k

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Hecyqan HapyxHarcreHaHC 1 r4xronu{nHaHeMeHee 1. Happrurano6Luuexa(npno6urare AocKaMu 21 MM). 2. BeHTunrqhoHHaF npop$b. 3. Berpo3aq[THasnnara,25 MM.,noroAoycrotiqueasnop crag nrnTa. ApeBecHoBonoKHt4cTag 4. Tennonsonrqne147 MM u Hecyu.[4iKapKaccreHbr48 x 147 MM., uar MaKcuMyM600 MM, noAnexnr yroqHeHuo B KaXAoM KOHKpeTHOM Cflyqae. 5. napo- 14Bo3Ayxo3au{hra. 6. XBoriHarQaHepaI ruru(npu reo6xoAuruocrn). 7 . Aoct<vunu crpohrenbHbrennurbr BHyrpeHHefo6ulrBKr4. yAoBnerBopgerrpeboBaHnqMTennon3ongqnn KoHcrpyKqt4g k = O,22WlM2k.

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1. HappxHano6Lrraxa(nprao6LurexeAocKaMh taxronu{t,tHa HeMeHee 21 MM). 2. BeHrrnnquoxuaenpope3b. 3. BerposaulrrHaqnnara, 25 MM.,noroAoycroi.thBarnopxcras nnhTa. ApeBecHoBonoxHt4cTa9 4. Tennorsonrqnn147 r,r,ta I Hecyqxi KapKac creHbr48 x 147 rvrrvr., uJar[4aKcuMyM k 300 MM. 6. XaoiHaqSaHepa9 uu (npr ueo6xo4uruocrr). 7. Oco6onporrHaq runcoKaproHHac nnxra 13 MM. 8. Fugporsonrqun, KoropaecoeArHrercn c rhApol43onf,qt,teli nona, a ra${e c napo- 14Bo3Ayxo3aulurHoli n3onqquei noronKa. 9. Kepa[4nqecKaq nflurKa+ pacrBopAne KpenneHuq. Korcrpyxqrn yAoBnerBopqerrpe6oBaHr4qM Tenflot43onqquI k = 0,28 Wtu' k-

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