Megan Holman BAS(Hons) Mini-Thesis 2015

Semonkong_Self Build

Beyond_Building_Studio Studio Instructor | Garret Gantner Course Number | ARPL4000 Megan Sharland | 366708 26.03.2015

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Table_of_Contents Chapter

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01 | Statement of Intention and Definition of Issues.................................................................5 02 | Application of Research....................................................................................................7 03 | Documentation and Analysis of Precedents, Programme and Site......................................11 04 | Conceptual Design Process and Iteration..........................................................................23 05 | Final Design Development................................................................................................43 06 | Annotated Bibliography....................................................................................................53

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01 | Statement of Intention and Definition of Issues

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Statment of Intent: This project aims to design a veterinary clinic in the rural Lesotho town of Semonkong in which materiality and building method is conducive to a community self-build project, which creates or nurtures community skills, creates ownership through involvment and feeds resources into the community.

Questions to be asked: Main Question: Which Materials are most conducive to a self-build project in Semonkong?

Sub-questions: - Which material choices will create or nurture community skills?

- Which material choices will make community involvement across a broad spectrum of people acheivable?

- How will these choices benefit the community?

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02 | Application of Research

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Before discussing the application of research, we must first establish which research was undertaken. Our initial research was performed as a group and took place in situ, in the town of Semonkong, in the Maseru district of Lesotho. The primary research techniques we employed were as follows: Several interviews conducted with our hosts and members of the local community; Typology studies through sketching and photography; Site investigations including soil sampling and basic surveying; Brainstorming and mind-mapping as a group in order to establish key points within the process of a self-build community project; The beginnings of material investigations through sketching, photography and interviews.

Once returned from Semonkong, we split to work on our own. This self work began with a loose statement of intent and definition of programme, and initial mapping. Personally, I became interested in the qualitative and quantitative properties of locally available materials, and persued this thoroughly. I also began programme investigations through sketching, and through reviewing information gathered in our primary research session in Semonkong. As a result of this I determined that I would not stray too far from the programme set out for us by the studio supervisor, which is a Veterinary Clinic, including housing and admin portions. As a result of this established programme, we took the opportunity to visit a large animal veterinary hospital based in Midrand called The Society for Animals in Distress. They have recently had a new hospital built, which was designed by Gapp Architects. It was an informative and enlightening visit, giving us a more thorough understanding of the requirements for running a successful large animal clinic.

Thus far I have found our initial interviews to be the most valuable resource for informing concept design, as they are insights from directly within the community, and allow for extrapolation and summisation of key points that we established to be of import, namely Programme, acceptability, and ownership. Using the initial materiality study I performed to inform my design choices, I wish to explore these ideals more thoroughly.

A key factor in the materiality ideals that I establish through the research are the results established through testing surrounding the suitability of the soil samples we took from our sites for applications in stabilised Earth building. Through a battery of tests, it was established that the soil collected from our sites is suitable for this application as it has the correct mixture of clay, silt and sand necessary for a low-level stabilizer-mix (5% stabilizer or less) - see the bibliography for the full test results. The compressed Earth Blocks we produced yielded a compressive strength of 1.492mPa. This is in the ordinary range for this type block and suggested that building with stablised earth sourced from the site is a viable construction method.

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uncompressed sifted soil sample

Compressed earth block made with hand operated press

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03 | Documentation and analysis of precedents, programme and site

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Site A Location In Semonkong

Site A is essentially barren in terms of vegetation - there are no trees or shrubs at all on the site. It is a relatively flat site which is currently a grazing site for local herders.

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Site A Conext Panoramas

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Material Sourcing Locations

Because the right portion of the sight slopes more significantly than the rest, it makes sense to allocate that portion to a wetland water treatment system (the West corner is already very marshy), and feed growth, while allocating the left portion of the site for the built form. As the wind comes most strongly from the North, South and West, those faรงades should be used to create sheltered areas as far as possible.

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Initial Site Analysis

The Climate Data indicates strongly that attention must be paid to the passive thermal capabilities of the building, as temperature fluctuations are very large – the high daytime and low night-time temperatures, and the very cold winter temperatures ensure that creating a pleasant internal environment passively is important – especially as there is currently unreliable electricity infrastructure on Site A, and actively heating and cooling is very expensive, particularly in a rural community. The high daytime temperatures and low rainfall amounts indicate a proclivity for sunshine, implying that Photovoltaic and Solar energy are a viable energy source in this area. The low rainfall amounts, especially during winter, indicate that water capture should be integrated into the design – especially as there is currently no piped water infrastructure at Site A. The wind data for Maseru can be applied at Site A as well (from interviews and site observations). This data indicates that it is desirable for sheltered spaces to be integrated into the design in order to protect people and animals from the biting and often very strong winds.

Climate Data

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As established from the interview with our hosts, the Semonkong Hospital Trust, the programme should respond to their needs, as well as the community needs. The established programme as a result of the interviews we undertook is as follows:

• 1 surgical suite including: 1 prep room for large animals,

minimum 40 m² and accessible to the exterior, with access

to the operating theatre through a vestibule; one prep

room for small animals, minimum 9 m², with access

to the operating theatre through a vestibule; 1 operating

theatre, minimum 35 m²; one large animal recovery stable HOUSING:

with minimum 2 stalls, partially exterior; 1 small animal • 2 family units, each with minimum: 3 bedrooms; 2 bath

recovery stable with minimum 2 stalls, partially exterior; 1

rooms; living room; dining room; storage

canine recovery kennel with minimum 2 cages.

• Individual units totalling 6 bedrooms • 1 ICU unit - 30 m² • Common areas including kitchen, dining and ‘exterior • 1 large animal isolation unit, partially exterior

rooms’ as needed • 1 small animal isolation unit, partially exterior • Stables for minimum 4 horses.

• 1 large exercise paddock for recovering animals, proximal OFFICES AND WORKSHOPS:

to isolation units • Office space for 10 people – 150m² • 1 laboratory - 40 m² • 1 conference room – 20m² • 1 diagnostic imagery room, including radiation shielded • 1 kitchenette and break room area – 20m²

area for vet - 30 m² • 1 maintenance workshop for farm equipment and ma • 1 post-mortem exam room - 25 m²

chinery – 40m² • 1 food storage and prep area, impervious to vermin - 8 m² • 1 fabrication workshop for prototyping and construction • 1 linen and material prep room - 8 m²

of furniture, fencing and/or other needs – 30m² • 1 laundry and sterilization area, with adjacent clean and VETERINARY CLINIC: dirty material storage - 8 m² • 1 reception area with a reception desk and waiting area • 1 pharmacy stock room - 20 m²

for minimum 10 people, with adjacent public toilets – • 1 male and female staff toilets

30 m² • Maintenance closets – 8 m² • 1 small kraal or paddock for production animals, mini • Storage - m²

mum 100 m², easily accessed from road or pathway and SITE:

with access to crush and treatment facility • Additional paddock space as needed • 1 large kraal or paddock for large production animals, • Area for growing feed during the summer months

minimum 300 m², easily accessed from road or pathway • Wetland area for waste-water treatment and water

and with access to crush and treatment facilities capture • Hitching posts throughout the landscape for horses, • Parking for 5 cars

some sheltered, with access to the clinical area • 1 bovine/equine exam area, exterior but sheltered, en

closed on not more than 3 sides; minimum 60 m², with

built-in-storage, clinical sink etc.

• 1 small livestock exam area, same requirements as

equine exam area - 40 m² • 1 interior canine consultation room, with access from

reception/waiting areas. Include BIC’s and clinical sink

- 16 m² • 1 Shared office space for 3 people – vets etc, proximal

to the exam rooms and treatment areas - 20 m² • 1 shared office for 3 support staff - 20 m²

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Programme

Precedent Study

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The Rammed Earth technique shown in this building indicates that an ancient technique can be applied in beautiful, modern and sleek way. There is also a particularly interesting “reed mat� insulation technique used in the roof construction which is a viable method of insulation in Semonkong.

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House Rauch - Lehm Ton Erde

Precedent Study

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This House sits beautifully in its landscape – something which I wish to achieve in this design. Its form takes cues from local construction methods, but adapts them slightly for interest. The material palette is limited, but very well considered, and includes locally sourced granite for the stonework. The stonework is also an exemplary example of masonry. The climate is also similar to that of Semonkong, so the cues given in wall thickness and ceiling air spaces are applicable to Semonkong. These are all aspects from which I can draw inspiration and attempt to apply in my own design.

Sun Valley House

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Rick Joy Architects

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4 | Conceptual Design Process and Iteration

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Outcomes These graph studies weigh up the pros and cons of each material,on a scale of 1 - 10, with 10 being respectively the best or the worst score achievable. The criteria were weighted by their relevance to my research topic. The more important they were, the more exagerated the pro or con. The less important, the less exagerated. The criteria deemed most important were Thermal Insulation,in relation to the harsh climate in Semonkong, and particularly looking as the measurable R-value; Sourcing distance locally sourced materials scored more highly than those which had to be imported from Maseru or even South Africa, as wel as materials which could be purchased from members of the community, thus feeding monetary resources back into the community for the duration of the construction project; Material Cost - more so than a standard project, a community project needs to keep material costs as low as possible in order to pour monetary resources into the upskilling and employment of local community members - that being said, the materials which were cheaper scored more highly than those which were more expensive.

As a result of this weighting, the materials which presented the best results in each category of walling, roofing and flooring are: Rammed Earth, Stabilized Earth Blocks and Improved Basalt Masonry in the category of walling; Earth Tiles and Strooi Thatch in the roofing category, and clay flooring and local Maseru Screed in the flooring category. This is clearly demonstarted by the comparison graph on the next page.

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Material Graphs

Material Comparison

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Walling:

Rammed Earth, Stabilized Earth Block and Improved Basalt Masonry

Flooring:

Roofing:

Earth Tile Roof, Strooi Thatch Roof

Clay Floor, Local Screed Floor 27

Material Study Outcomes

Orientate all volumes onto flat, east side of the site, allowing for easy access to the buildings as they are closer to the main road and access road. This also leaves the rest of the site available for planting of feed during summer months as well as a wetland water treatment area

Decentralize workshops towards main vehicular access points, as a result of their noise production levels

Layout Rationale

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Decentralize residential area to the back of the site, away from the major access points, in order to create privacy. Arrange them in a courtyard arrangement to create a sheltered and private courtyard area for a garden and outside rooms.

Decentralize the isolation units away from other functions to keep infectious diseases at bay and provide a paddock area for exercising the animals in isolation.

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Arrange all other volume by programme and necessary inter-relations, into a courtyard arrangement to create a sheltered zone.

Locate paddocks for animals within the sheltered courtyard zone.

Layout Rationale

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Split corners of the block apart to allow public access from all directions

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Initial Programme Layout

Inspirations

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Building System Concept

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Construct stone piers. These are flexible lengths to allow for the fixed widths in the rammed earth and window infills.

Attach the timber sub-frame to the piers – this sub-frame acts as a permanent formwork for the rammed earth. Ensure the same ‘keyed’ surface on the side taking the rammed earth as on the mortar portion.

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Finish the edges of the piers with mortar to achieve a smooth surface to attach formwork and window sub-frames to. Include a ‘keyed’ portion on the edge taking the rammed earth to avoid slippage later.

Prepare the formwork to be fastened to the portion to be infilled using steel ties.

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Once the formwork is in place, fill the cavity with a layer of stabilised earth and pound into place. Build up the layers rather than trying to fill the whole cavity at once.

Continue ramming and moving the formwork upwards until the infill portion reaches the height of the underside of the wall plate

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When the formwork cavity is nearly full, remove the ties and move the formwork upwards, fastening it so that the lower edges sit below the top of the newly rammed portion.

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Proposed Construction Method

Elevation Rhythm Iterations

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A good façade, in my case, is one in which the proportion of thermally massive elements (i.e. stonework and rammed earth) is greater than that of the glazing, because of the cold climate conditions. Aesthetic and rhythm is also important – to me, the best iterations are those in which there is a strict rhythmicity of materials, even if the length of those portions varies. That is because there is a logic which exists to the arrangement, but not a rigidity which limits active design-decision-making.

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All external walls are 430mm thick in order to take full advantage of the materials’ thermal mass.

The increments for all infill portions are from 500mm wide to 2500mm wide, in increments of 500mm.

The stone piers form the flexible corners and portions which are necessary to accommodate the fixed portions without unintentional rigidity. They may conform to the increments for uniformity’s sake.

The rammed earth portions conform to the increments in order to reduce the amount of formwork required - the formwork can be re-used again and again if the sizes are consistent.

Wall System Catalogue

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Window frames are designed to take advantage of the depth of the walls.

These have a portion which is at counter height. A sink or counter top can be accommodated on the ledge. It can also be adjusted so that the ledge is at desk height.

This is the shelving unit, intended to serve as additional built-in storage.

Clear glazing can be placed at the outside edge of the frame where views are required and privacy is not an issue, and the desire is to use the window frame as a purpose-server.

Glazing Treatment Catalogue

Clear glazing can be placed at the inside edge of the window if a small level privacy is required, as it creates a deep reveal, particularly with the shelving unit.

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Frosted glass can be placed at the outside edge of the frame where privacy and usability are required.

Frosted glass can be placed at the inside edge of the frame if intense privacy is required, as well as no need to use the frame surfaces.

Here are the examples of clear and frosted glass, on both the inside and outside edges for the different levels of privacy.

Glazing Treatment Catalogue

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External landscaping alternates concrete paver with grass infill for a gentle transition from landscape to built form.

External landscaping which is covered alternates concrete pavers with gravel and screed infill to indicate the approach to an entrance, and bridge the divide between hard- and soft-scape.

Internal floor covering in spaces which are internal/ external spaces are pavers infilled with screed to complete the transition from hard- to soft-scape.

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Floor Covering Catalogue

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05 | Final Design Developement

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Housing Isolation Units

Feed Planting Veterinary Clinic Wetland System

Workshops

Site Plan

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Veterinary Clinic Floor Plan scale 1:200

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Section C-C scale 1:200

Section B-B scale 1:200

Section A-A scale 1:200

Veterinary Clinic Sections

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East Elevation scale 1:200

North Elevation scale 1:200

South Elevation scale 1:200

West Elevation scale 1:200

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Veterinary Clinic Elevations

Housing Complex Plan scale 1:200

Family House Back Elevation scale 1:200

Communal Housing South Elevation scale 1:200 Family House Front Elevation scale 1:200

Communal Housing North Elevation scale 1:200

Family House Left Elevation scale 1:200

Communal Housing Side Elevation scale 1:200

Housing

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Family House Right Elevation scale 1:200

Stables/Isolation Unit Common Side Elevation scale 1:200

Stables/Isolation Unit Front Elevation scale 1:200

Stables/Isolation Unit Rear Elevation scale 1:200

Stables/Isolation Unit Front Elevation scale 1:200

Isolation Units Plan scale 1:200

Stables/Isolation Unit Back Elevation scale 1:200

North Elevation scale 1:200

South Elevation scale 1:200

Workshop Plan scale 1:200

West Elevation scale 1:200

East Elevation scale 1:200

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Outbuildings

Courtyard View

South Entrance View

North Entrance View

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Aerial View from the North West

Courtyard View

Plan View

Courtyard View

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External Courtyard Rendering

External Entrance Rendering

Internal Reception Rendering

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06 | Annotated Bibliography

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Bibliography as per chapter - NOTE all images not referenced were produced by me Chapter 2 Interviews as referenced in Appendix A. Soil Data as referenced in Appendix B.

Chapter 3: Climate Data: http://www.worldweatheronline.com/v2/weather-averages.aspx?q=SOK. Accessed 08.03.2015 Precedent Study House Rauch: Drawings and Photographs: http://www.architonic.com/aisht/rammed-earth-house-rauch-family-home-boltshauser-architekten/5100620. Accessed 11.03.2015 Climate Data: http://www.worldweatheronline.com/Schlins-weather-averages/Vorarlberg/AT.aspx. Accessed 11.03.2015 Precedent Study Sun Valley House: Drawings and Photographs: http://archrecord.construction.com/residential/recordHouses/2014/1404-Sun-Valley-House-Rick-Joy-Architects-slideshow.asp.

Accessed 11.03.2015 Climate Data: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Valley,_Idaho#Climate Chapter 4: Material Study: Quantitative Data gathered by Ruan Bosman A GUIDE TO GOOD THATCHING PRACTICE. (1998). 1st ed. [ebook] Pretoria: The Division of Building and Construction Technology, pp.2-11. Available at: http://sans10400.co.za/download/AGuideToGoodThatchingPractice.pdf [Accessed 8 Mar. 2015].

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Yourhome.gov.au, (2015). Rammed earth | YourHome. [online] Available at: http://www.yourhome.gov.au/materials/rammed-earth [Accessed 8 Mar. 2015].

Inspiration Images: Rammed Earth: http://www.sirewall.com/wp-content/themes/sirewall/images/wallpapers/NkMip-Texture-1280x1024.jpg. Accessed 25.03.2015 “Rammed Earth and Stone”. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rammed_Earth_and_Stone.JPG. Accessed 09.03.2015.

“Oaxaca School of Plastic Arts”. http://inhabitat.com/rammed-earth-and-stone-buildings-make-up-oaxaca-school-of-plastic-arts/ luis-gordoa-oaxaca-plastic-arts-taller-de-arquitectura-mauricio-rocha-8/. Accessed 09.03.2015.

“The Cave”. http://www.dezeen.com/2015/03/05/the-cave-greenfield-rammed-earth-stone-villa-wildlife-conservation-facility-mexico/. Accessed 09.03.2015.

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APPENDIX A

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