Design for resilience: Planning for disaster recovery and mitigation in Nepal

Zhe Ying Ng SUS E 502 Marwan Ghandour Mentor: Austin Stewart

Design for resilience: Planning for disaster recovery and mitigation in Nepal

Introduction On April 25th, 2015,an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.8M hit Nepal and killed over 8000 people and injured more than 21000. A year after the catastrophic disaster, millions of people are estimated to still be homeless and the country is struggling to recover. The aftermath of the earthquake and the lack of quick recovery uncovered complex underlying issues that pertain to the failure of disaster preparedness. But along with all the frustration during the recovery process, there are still opportunities to create a more resilient community for the future. Due to the analysis, this project proposes developing an urban environment that does not only plan for short-term recovery, but establishes a more resilient environment to prepare for future disasters where damage could be minimized and recovery expedited.

In order to identify the cause of the slow recovery, this project maps the earthquake and its aftermath in Kathmandu focusing on seven basic components in disaster management: damage, shelter, health, food, WASH (water, sanitization, hygiene), protection & education. The relationship and connection between these components were being studied according to the timeline that spanned from days to year.

Nepal has 1/3 of its population living below the poverty line, and is ranked 19th among the poorest nations of the world because of the political instability over the past few decades (Tasch, 2015). After the disaster, the country had slipped further on Corruption Perception Index (CPI) 2015 of Transparency International, with a score of 27th among 167 surveyed countries (Sharma, 2016). The earthquake worsened the humanitarian issues that the country is experiencing. More women, teenagers and children are suffering from high risk of displacement, migration, child marriage, child labor, discrimination, violence and human trafficking. Due to all the underlying social issues, recovery is challenging in Nepal. Hence, the proposal needs to plan not only for the disaster preparedness, but also provide solutions to improve the resiliency of socially vulnerable groups, seeking initiatives for the community betterment. Through this study, I hope to develop a study method(plan) for recovery that could be utilized in other disaster prone contexts. The seven components would be the basic criteria to evaluate the different disaster contexts, but the analysis may present different social issues.

One of the biggest problems that occurred during the emergency relief period was food security. Within the first three days before the international aid arrived, the people around

the city suffered from hunger due to shortage of food. The problem was compounded due to the contamination of water sources and unhygienic food conditions, causing disease outbreaks such as cholera and other waterborne diseases (Ghoshal, 2015). Even a year after the disaster, people who were poor or homeless still have little access to food, which causes an increased risk of disease and malnutrition. Hence, for an agriculture-based country like Nepal, there is an opportunity to design a better food system that could supply the needed food when demand peaks immediately after disaster strikes.

During the disaster, people were being displaced from rural areas within fifty-one districts, who found it hard to apply their farming skills in the city. Most of the displaced communities are still living in poverty due to the lack of job opportunity. For a country like Nepal, which has limited material resources, human resources play an important role in the process of recovery. Through the analysis of the disaster, the idea arose to propose Kathmandu as a model of food city, developing an urban landscape that could provide people with the food needed during normal days as well as during disaster period. These fruit plantings could also offer job opportunities for the socially vulnerable groups by providing skill training in sustainable agriculture practice. The programs include a fruit park, community garden, institutional farming and street planting can be tools that help to deliver the message of awareness in healthy food system, deliver assistance to the locals working to combat poverty and malnutrition.

On the analysis, the findings show that the underlying social issues were the main factor that causes the recovery in slow pace. Hence, the project proposes to develop effective strategies in helping the community to recover from the disaster. The solution is to provide skills training to the locals through community education programs, teaching them about environmentally responsible farming methods to enhance the agriculture production and food sources for the population in need, bringing them out of poverty and malnutrition. Empowering the social vulnerable groups will allows them to achieve economic self-sufficiency, becoming more independent and resilient in their society and more prepared for future disasters. ______________________________________________________________________

Understanding Resilience Natural hazards can lead to large-scale consequences for the nation and its community due to damage of shelter and facilities, disease outbreak, social unrest and other issues.

People will face difficult situations in social, cultural and environmental choices, thriving for the ways to ensure basic security and quality of life against the threat(Cutter, 2013).

One way to reduce the impact of disaster is to invest in enhancing resiliency, having the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from and more successfully adapt to adverse events (United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction). In further explanation, resiliency also includes the ability of retaining the same basic structure and ways of functioning, the capacity for self-organization, and the capacity to adapt to stress and change.�(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)

As a guideline, most definitions of resilience share four common elements: context, disturbance, the capacity to respond and reaction (DFID, 2011). The potential dimension of resilience by Oxfam's Multidimensional Approach to Measuring Resilience, the framework includes criteria such as livelihood viability, innovation potential, access to contingency resources & support, the integrity of natural & built environment, and social & institutional capability (Hughes,2013). The strategies proposed could be examined by these criteria in ensuring its resiliency towards the community.

For Nepal, disaster recovery planning is seeking to improve the community resiliency of the socially vulnerable groups. Through resiliency management, the goal is to assess potential threats to the community, and minimizing the risk by implementing the chosen strategies (Kim, 2015).Likewise, combining strategies while facilitating recovery and improving humanitarian issues in Nepal will actually help to increase the resiliency of the community during a crisis.

Recovery and mitigation should be integrated through planning as they reinforced each other (Kim, 2015). Hence, promoting pre-disaster recovery planning and hazard mitigation will provide further support for community resiliency. In Nepal, since preparedness does not fundamentally alter the existing conditions, it is important to learn how to recover and mitigate from the current situation. Recovery planning involves shortterm restoration, intermediate recovery and long-term redevelopment phases. Recovery planning is the phase of the emergency management cycle that begins with the stabilization of the incident and ends when the community has recovered from the disaster’s impacts.(Lindell, 2013)This process can help to reduce the risk exposed by natural hazards and inherent a better built environment for the communities.

Building the culture and practice of disaster resilience involved short and long-term planning, from individual, communal, systematic to planetary levels. Every case implicates different solutions in addressing different social, economic and environmental problems of vulnerability (Cutter, 2013).From now onwards, mitigation tool is a suitable tool for risk management in recovery planning for Nepal. For future preparedness,any sustained action taken will need to reduce or eliminate long-term risk to human life and property from hazards" (FEMA, 44 CFR Part 201.2- Definitions) It is a loss prevention function characterized by planned, long-tem alteration of the built environment to ensure resilience against natural and human caused hazards."(Hazard Mitigation: Integrating Best Practices into Planning, PAS Report 560). ______________________________________________________________________

Anatomy of a Disaster Under the National Preparedness System, the project adopted the National Mitigation Framework and National Disaster Recovery Framework(FEMA 2011) The concepts and technique outlined in the framework show the linkages between hazard mitigation, recovery and preparedness from short term to long term planning. The framework of this study method could evaluate different disaster contexts, and suggest designated emergency solutions as the strategies that fit different situation. .

Image: Recovery Continuum--Description of Activities by Phase

For example, the following plan demonstrates a study and analysis applied on Nepal's earthquake as case studies. The research and analysis identified a few components that should be concerned: shelter, food, WASH, damage, education and protection.

Comprehensive statement: Analysis of Nepal's earthquake

According to the plan analysis above, the following narrates how each of the components should be considered responding to the timeline.

When the earthquake struck Kathmandu on 25 April with a magnitude of 7.8M, 8000 people were killed and 21000 were injured. (United States Geological Survey,2015). In Kathmandu City alone, the total number of 1222 people killed were among the 0.07% of the entire country population (Keng, 2015). The city lies in the seismic zone, with highly concentrated development and rapid urbanization, making the city highly vulnerable to disaster. Poorly constructed buildings without proper building codes couldn't resist the earthquake, resulting in87726 houses destroyed and a high number of deaths (OCHA Nepal, 2015).

Before the disaster, Tundikhel was a grass covered open space in central Kathmandu with length 518 m x width 304m. It is one of the most important landmarks in the nation. Over time, Tundikhel served multiple purposes such as a military parade ground, horse race track, center for religious festivals and events, rock concert venue ‌etc (Sharma, 2011).

When the earthquake hit Kathmandu, a large number of temporary camps were erected in

open spaces such as parks, soccer fields, parking lots, military areas, schools and open lawns. Tundikhel hosted one of the largest Internally Displaced Person(IDP) camps in the city.

Before & After the earthquake

The first night after the disaster, Tundikhel was completely transformed , 15,000-20,000 camped overnight on its open lawn (Karmer, 2015). By day three, an estimated seven hundred families were living in 200 tents with average of 20 person per shelter. On the grounds, the people had to survive with a temperature around 15 degree Celsius.

Meanwhile, the death toll continued to increase rapidly. In Kathmandu, 63 health facilities were damaged (Drrportal, 2015) and blockages caused by collapsed buildings slowed down the rescue effort. The hospitals became overcrowded with people, where some of the rescue operations had to move outdoor in the tents.

Analysis: water, toilet and health facilities

Basic food and water were beginning to arrive by day three when the international aid became present. A team of 250 Nepalese army officers were running the relief camp by distributing the aid but it relies on local and international NGOs for donations. Each individual received one-liter of bottled water three times a day and food, which consists of biscuits and bread twice a day (Shafi, 2015). As the public water system was broken, the Nepalese government provided water trucks for the camp during the first nine days (Estacaan,2015). water was distributed four to five times a day, making cooking and washing possible for camp residents.

Entering the second week, the earthquake relief effort got better when the planes from India, China and other countries started sending aid and supplies of water, food, tents, medicine, stretchers and other more. The Tribhuvan International airport was still in total chaos and only the medium jetliners on rescue mission or aid supplies were allowed to land. Besides that, the military operations sections were rescuing the badly injured victims from far-off areas with helicopters, allocating them to the city (Buckley, Ramzy, 2015).

Overall, major rescue work had completed. The aid now focused more on helping people who are taking shelter in the IDP camps. Due to the multiple efforts by international NGOs like Oxfam, the international aid helped to install a water tank (11,000 liter) and 20 temporary latrines in Tundikhel (Oxfam, 2015). With the start of the monsoon season which was expected in June, it makes the relief effort more challenging. Floods will move the feces through water to the broken pipes (Kattar, 2015). In such environment, safe water and sanitation facilities are limited. As most of the toilet in the tent camps were just simple holes on the ground, the contaminated water will seep through the ground water sources. These will create health hazards related to waterborne disease.

The contaminated water caused a 25% increased in Hepatitis E, diarrhea and cholera, infecting anyone who drank tap or well water. Within weeks, the waterborne disease infected 5000 people and killed over a dozen (Kattar, 2015).

Photo: Aubrey Wade / Oxfam (Tundikhel during Monsoon season)

Monsoon season with its heavy rains added to the misery of families who were living under difficult circumstances in Tundikhel camp. Nine pregnant women and four new mothers are living at Tundikhel and they have in high risk to catching disease (Kathmandu Post, 2015). The rains forced more than 400 people to leave their tents.

Among the camp residents, there were 1488 people, living in 110 tents, that were displaced from fifty one districts from all over the country (Ojha, 2015). They were forced to leave the camp after living there for two months, returning to home with unsafe building conditions. They feel dangerous staying in houses without proper earthquake resistance standards. Meanwhile, some earthquake victims were left homeless because they could not able to find rooms to move in as their houses were destroyed during the earthquake.

While the people started leaving the camp, there were a bunch of landless squatters, Indian nationals and homeless people who were identified as non-genuine earthquake victims taking shelter in Tundikhel. Upon discovering them using the relief support, the Nepal Army started to evict them on July 20. Out of 706 people living in the shelter, only 350 have been identified as genuine earthquake victims (Bhattarai,2015). The reason why they were not willing to leave the camp was because they have not been able to find places to move in. Especially the people who were poor or were displaced from rural area who found the room cost were unattainable; especially that room prices have skyrocketed. furthermore, the price of grocery and food hiked up and there were even scarcity of vegetables, rice and wheat in the market. This resulted in having more people that are food deprived, homeless, jobless and hopeless. some people have literally lost all of their clothes, house, jobs and money.

Three months after the disaster, the Nepal Army in Tundikhel discontinued their service and evacuated the grounds by August 1, 2015 (Bhattarai,2015). Even though Tundikhel was left empty 3 months after the earthquake, but the recovery process did not work efficiently on managing the impact that causes by the disaster. Especially the vulnerable population are now facing more challenges. Before the earthquake, large amount of women, girls and people are marginalized in society by gender, ethnicity and caste designation system. These discrimination did not provide protection to them during the disaster. Large amount of them , especially women, girls, children and the disabled received unequal distribution of food, shelter, sanitation and health aid during the disaster.

The lack of supplies and support put people at high risk of death, disease and infection.

Besides that, the earthquake had resulted in migration and displacement in large amount of people. This resulted in higher risk of the vulnerable population exposed to existing social issues like child marriage, child labor, human trafficking, and others.

In the aftermath of the Nepal earthquake it is estimated that the country may need more than $5 billion for long-term reconstruction with proper building standards. This sum is 20% of the country's GDP (Harjani, 2015). For the early recovery, only $213.5 million received from the required $ 422 million (UNOCHA,2015). These funding were all mainly international donors, the local government only managed to collect $35 million from the Prime Minister's Disaster Relief Fund. But with all this money, only $53 million had become aid distribution from the government (OCHA,2015). 5 months after the earthquake, people claimed that each household only receiver 15,000 rupees ($223) from the local government. Imagine with 1/4 population on income less than $1.25 per day,

earning an average of $22 income per month, it will be difficult for people to survive in the city with high expenses, for example : a bedroom of $118 per month (Dave, 2013).

Analysis: Needs & Funding

In conclusion, the failure caused by corruption has becomes the root of the social disruption. The people do not rely on government funding or any disaster-specific resources. Hence, they need to embrace using various available resources effectively, and expand the possibility in improving the quality and efficiency of the community’s recovery. Effectively using resources and human skills can increase the speed of recovery.

For short term, the efforts should focus more on recovering the economy of the country and also the psychological well-being of the community. In the long term, the effort should focus more on increasing the opportunity for community betterment. The initiatives are looking for sustainable development as a part of social and economy recovery in assisting the populations to increase their resilience in future disasters. The development would include: infrastructure restoration, housing recovery, economic redevelopment, environmental restoration, health and social recovery.

Other strategies to increase the speed of recovery in this system may include: improved education and political empowerment. Especially in developing country like Nepal, social justice are needed in political boundaries, creating equity between rich and poor, and managing environmental resources as the asset of the country.

In conclusion, the proposal hopes to help direct the community to emerge from the disaster to a more resilient and sustainable environment.

Possible recovery & future preparedness strategies for Kathmandu

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Designing for Resilience

Program planning strategies for Kathmandu

Over the past, the records show that Nepal can expect two earthquakes with magnitude 7.5-8 scale every forty years and one over magnitude 8+ scale every eighty years (Paudel, 2015). Looking at the future, it is important to prepare and predict for certainty and learn how to gain traction for the emergency planning and management. Besides that, continuing to figure out how to improve the current situation, learning how to do more with less will reduce the risk and effects of the issues lead by the disaster.

After learning from the analysis, it comes to the conclusion that there are a few components that have to be fixed and strengthened to prepare Nepal for a better future.

These important components include: Building, Health, Food, WASH, Protection & Rescue, and Education. First of all, the buildings in Nepal requires earthquake resistant ability, especially public buildings like hospital, community hall and school, that could be emergency stations during disasters. Retrofitting buildings with earthquake resistant technology will save lives during the earthquake. Learning how to build houses with cheap and local techniques should be a trend. As an example, recently Nepalese architect Nripal Adhikary is teaching the local to build houses with rammed earth building techniques. This could build earthquake proof houses out of stone, sand and dust, which is local and low cost (Adhikary,2015). Next, improving medical and healthcare facilities are crucial to enhance the emergency rescue. Young people in the country should receive first aid training so that they could perform basic rescue during an emergency.

As for WASH , it is important to improve the water quality in the city. Repairing the piping system in the city is a solution, but also educating the people about water pollution through waste management. For example, introducing the compost toilet can educate people about recycling practices, turning waste into resources like fertilizer, in the same time reducing the pollution to the groundwater in the city. As for protection and education, it plays a very crucial part in improving social issues in Nepal, mainly poverty alleviation and enhancing the security of the people.

The idea is proposing a model for Kathmandu as a food cities, planning an edible landscape that could feed the people during the disaster. The edible urban landscape could be implemented as 3 different purposes:

Fruit park & community garden serve as temporary shelter, providing facilities and jobs for the homeless and vulnerable population.

Location: open space, park, open lawn, military area

Institutional farming serves an educational purpose, educating the teenagers and kids about sustainable agriculture practice related to farming skills.

Location: schoolyard, hospitals, library, community hall Street planting is where the fruits are collected to serve as the economy income during normal days, and food sources during the disaster.

Location: roadside, parking area, streams

Schematic diagrams of park proposal

As for the study, I picked Tundikhel, the largest IDP camp in Kathmandu as a model to study about planning for disasters. The space was designed as a fruit park not only for community uses, but also for emergency rescue. It was equipped with facilities like helipad, pavilion, compost toilet, laundry area, shelter, retention pond, market space, garden, vegetable lot, trail, play space and etc. The park would be planted with trees and

plants bearing fruit, nuts, spices and vegetables. The fruit trees could offer food resources and job opportunities to the community. For example, jackfruit as one of the tree selections, could be replacement for wheat, corn & staple crops, also served as curry, jam and chutney. The women could use their skills to turn these resources into something valuable that could exchange with trading. Tundikhel could also be a space for foreign visitors to visit for tourism purposes, or for the volunteers to give the community any related skill training.

The park would run in a more sustainable practice, like recycling human waste as fertilizer by compost toilet, reusing waste water for irrigation, permaculture gardening, etc. The financial support to maintain the park would come from the sales or production, grants and donation.

Overall strategies & plan for Tundikhel

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Discourse on Sustainability: The three pillars of sustainability in fact are interdependent, overlapping, and can be mutually reinforcing. This tells that sustainability represents the relationship in balancing the needs and the environment. As for Nepal, the social dimensions seems to be a major hurdle to achieve sustainability. According to Brundtland's report, " poverty is a major cause and effect of global environmental problems. It is therefore futile to attempt to deal with environmental problems without a broader perspective that encompasses the factors underlying world poverty and international inequality. (Brutland Commision, 1987)" This further explains that individuals living in poverty tend to rely heavily on their local ecosystem as a source for basic needs and general well-being (Lusigi, 2008).

To archive sustainability, the proposal plans discuss the social, economic and environmental impacts that hopes to achieve in the recovery process. Overall, social impacts were the main focus because they affected the social fabric of the community the most, as their relationship will impact on the built environment. Hence, improving the social aspect of the country will play an important role in speeding the recovery process.

Fruit and food cities create safe spaces for community integration and also improve the physical spaces by beautifying the cities. The form of social network created for the sustainable communities, becomes more integrated through empowerment and mobilization. This much will help to provide job opportunities to the socially vulnerable population, helping to alleviate poverty and hunger among the people. Besides that, job employment can benefit the residents by creating attachments to the space. Community gardens were cited as a place where people built trust (Teig,2009 ). Creating a space that goes beyond the scope of growing food, the gathering and socializing space can promote social interaction that can help to break down the barriers of social gaps and discrimination. Another social impact of urban agriculture is to provide an educational experience, especially for the youth. The learning outcomes will increase awareness towards environmental issues, improving the health impacts on the future generations.

The strategies of improving food security and food safety in the urban context can improve the awareness of food system ecology. The people who are involve with the program will be more alert about food and health literacy. For example, they will learn about healthy eating practices and nutrition information. Besides that, learning about sustainable farming practices and healthy food choices can help the locals to prevent diseases in general. For example, using permaculture practices like compost toilets will help in soil and waste improvement (OAEC,2014). The presence of greeneries will also help to reduce the post-traumatic stress of the people.

Other than that, the urban agriculture project will provide job opportunities and skill training. The catalyst for entrepreneurial opportunities among the socially vulnerable groups, are placing them with their skill related jobs and produce more potential to help on the local economies. Overall, the support received from these strategies hopes to improve the movement of sustainable urban development through the recovery process and for future preparedness.

In conclusion, the proposal demonstrates how Nepal's earthquake was studied, but this analysis and recovery plan can be utilized in different disaster context.

Lessons learnt & Future direction As for a designer, planning lessons and experience can be valuable. Every one of the case studies have significant challenges, lessons and experience. Planning for disaster recovery helps to review the ground rules of disaster management, examine the roles of preparedness and planning, discuss why the scale of the disaster matters, and determine how others can learn from the disaster (Kim, 2015). As realities are much often departed from what can be anticipated, I would like to focus more on improving the understanding towards the strategies that I proposed. The learning process helps to balance the decision making by maximizing the opportunities in each limitation.

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