Logbook

LOGBOOK Constructing Enviorments

ENVS100003 2014 SEMESTER 1

TIANJIAO (JOJO) LI

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Timber Tower 3.7 (1) TIMBER is wood that used for houses building and making furniture.

To compare with the square basic and circle basic.

Because the circle doesn't have a sharp corner. The blocks will give a stronger support to the one above.

Actually, the buildings based as square is much more In order to build the highest tower which could contain a monster. Our group chooses to build the basic as a circle.

The purpose we did like that is to use the curve of the circle to share the pressure of other blocks.

The move in and out makes the tower more artistic and we can use the process of movement to build a higher 2

Because the blocks move in step by step, the pressure in the centre doesn't grows a lot suddenly. Same as the

FINAL!!!

The photo on the left is been taken after we finis the whole tower.

The purpose is to test the stability of the tower.

We can find that even we move some blocks in the building, the woods protect and support each other so that even one of them disappear. it can still stand for a time.

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Knowledge Map

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Reference List: D.K.Ching,F (2008) Building Construction Illustrated (4th ed.) Hoboken, New Jersey : Willey

Newton, C (2014, March 5th ) W01 s1 Load Path Diagrams. Retrieved http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y__V15j3IX4&feature=youtu.be

Newton, C (2014, March 5th ) W01 Introduction to Materials. Retrieved http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4CJ8o_lJbg&feature=youtu.be

Glossary: Tension: A force tending to stretch or elongate something.

Compression: The process by which the working substance in a heat engine, such as the vapor mixture in the cylinder of an internal-combustion engine, is compressed.

Static loads: the force applied slowly to a structure until it reaches its peak value without fluctuating rapidly in magnitude or position.

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Water Tank 3.14(2) Way 2 We try to use triangle as a basic because the stability of a triangle is much better than other partners. ( But problems happened later)

We also consider about using the 3 sticks in bottom to fixed the middle one. The principle is kind a same as the one we ac-

Both way 1 and 2 are trying to The wood stands has been glued by

fixed the standing stick as strong

3 sides. 2 from around and 1 from

as possible.

below. Actually, The 2 small stick around it can protect the standing one.

But for the way 2, because of the satiability of triangle, we

We glue the woods with each other to make sure that they connect as

don't need to worry about the 2 sticks on ground.

There is only one stick may affect the standing stick.

GUESS: The hand drawing of way

the less elements effect means the

1 shows that there are 4 other sticks may affect 6

Way 1

We even sharp the standing For the second floor, we try to stick

one to make sure that it can

the standing one into the 3 horizon-

fit in with the wood abound

tal woods. It a good idea because

it.

the connection of this floor is not only based on glue but also the push from the

There is also a way 3 to solve the problem but Another problem occurs, the oblique stick need to be added in every side. Although the building is built based on the satiabil-

because the hypotenuse must be longer than the right-angle

side,

we

don't have enough long Solution: Way 1 : use stick to connect one of the ground point and the middle point of the opposite standing stick.

Way 2: use stick to connect on of the ground point and the middle point of 7

Tapes are also be used in panel point.

For the top of the tower, we use tapes to connect 3 whole sticks to make sure that we get the enough height.

Here is also a problem that because the 3 sticks on top is so long. The tank seems like breakable.

Next time we should not choose a top like this.

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Knowledge Map

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The buildings 3.21(3) Lot 6 Cafe The main structural used in lot 6 café is concrete and steel. Concrete is strong in compression and weak in tension. Water, sand and gravel makes the hard solid concrete. To make sure the structure are strong enough, the amount of water should be controlled in a suitable level.

Concrete is permeable which means it is not

The concrete of the café used formwork

complete waterproof. As a result, the considera-

in situ. The size of the concrete columns

tion of waterproof becomes an important part.

determined the method it build. Because

The splotch on the concrete shows the problem.

concrete is fluid and shapeless, it’s easy

To solve it we could use paint or cover with a

to shape in any patterns. That’s should

flashing. But the paint will also result health

also be a elements that help concrete to

problems because of it’s chemical characteristic.

be the most popular material.

The school does not use these solutions might because of the consideration of student’s health.

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The control joints in the middle are placed in concrete slabs for controlling the random cracking. The shape of the concreted after cooling will be brittle because of its’ weak in tension. The control joints could help the cracking happen in a straight line instead of randomly.

Beaurepaires Centre Pool The curtain wall plays an important part in the swimming centre. It’s not only a wall but also a window.

The curtain panels bounded by curtain grids. The grids lines support the most and the material they use are aluminums. That’s because the curtain wall is non-structural system and usually use lightweight material to reduce the cost. The curtain wall helps the lighting of the swimming pool and avoids the permeation of air, it also isolate the threat of fire.

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Behind Frank Tate Although the grid edge use alu-

The roof use concrete and designed as

minum. The steel still plays a part

a preventative of sunlight and rainfall.

as the column. The steel is

The roof is build by steel. The disad-

stronger than aluminum and it’s

vantages occurs by its’ weight. The

able to support greater loads and

column, beam and the ground need to

free spans. The steel column is

take the large loads. To solve this

hollow

go

problem, the roof also action as a

through. It save the spaces of

beam. It connect the ground so that

pipelines and make the building

the forces could transfer easier.

to

contain

pipes

looks more simple.

The column is steel and zinc. Zinc is a non-ferrous metal that have high ducThe masonry wall are built on

steel protect the structure against the

glass are in the middle of the

corrosion. The coating helps the steel

masonry bricks which help the

to be more durable and hard to

sunlight of the swimming pool.

scratch.

The masonry wall is like the bearing wall that take the most pressure of the construction.

The glass take the loads from the top and the pressure of the besides.

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tility and low fragility. The galvanized

the other side. The 2 lines of

The grid slab is made by steel

Old Geology

and could be classified as grid cantilever. It only be supported on one side. The vertical lines are thick and lie above the horizontal lines. That’s why the amount of horizontal lines are larger.

Inside here is a drop arch, as for the top outside here is a triangle top. Drop arch is a pointed arch that radius of length is less than the span. The The drainage system are created under beside the concrete roof, the water could fall down because of the inclined angle of the concrete. The drainage system use small holes to filter the rocks, leaves or other garbage have large size. It protects the smooth flow of drainage and avoid the clogging.

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building are made of masonry bricks. Masonry are made by stone, clay and concrete which determine the characteristic of masonry arches. The masonry arches transfer vertical loads into components by utilize the compressive strength of bricks and stone.

MSD building The MSD uses glass for a great part. To prevent with the direct sunlight, reflection and defection. The MSD is built in the direction of north.

The metal board does not finish now.

It’s designed as a baffle plate of

The cantilever carry a load at only one end and a

sunlight. Because curtain wall plays a

large opening room could be achieved by cantile-

large part in the constructions, the re-

vers. The cantilevers are built by steel because of the

flection and inflection of sunlight will

good compression and tension of the material. It

trouble people inside.

avoids the arc downward or break. The cantilever of MSD is not made as a structure but also the room space. It provide a large space in the second floor without the substructure.

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Pavilion The pavilion use timber and steel for the most, the timber plays as the main part of the roof but does not exposure directly. The steel cover it in lateral and top to decreases the impact roof like sunlight and rainfall. The steel’s good compression could also support the ex-

The curtain wall are used for the pavil-

terior and interior loads.

ion, to avoid the directly sunlight, the roof are designed as a ‘hat’. The timber has been cut into little blocks which Only 4 exterior columns used on the front. They support a part of loads from the roof. The number of columns could not be too many because the pavilion use curtain walls. To guarantee enough sunlight, there are 3 column use on the left and one on the right.

The column will resist the sunlight. The eave resist enough directly sunlight so that the columns has been considered as an element of day lighting.

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could help the rain fall faster. Because of timber is not a waterproof material.

The roof is designed with a slant angle.

Otherwise, the timber might be coved with another painting to protect it from the corrosion.

Underground car park The car park is designed as no beam. That’s mostly because it is undergrounded. The car park need to take the load from the ground building. The net weight of the structure is decreased and a higher height can be built.

Base of roof form Upper column cap (These 2 parts spread out instead of go straight so that the slab load could be separated. The column columns form a regular geometric grid, and are evenly spaced throughout the car park.

Column drum Concrete pad footing (It spreads load into an area so that the bearing capacity won’t be exceed and differential setting won’t happened.

The design also considered about the allowing for planting of substantial trees above the ground and how to use the structural to allow the integration soil drainage. Overwatered leading to shrinkage cracking. As a result, the concrete will fall and the lose of column will affect the ground 16

construction directly.

Arts Building The steel structure are built as a triangle. Because when you try to topple a triangle, there will be more weight on the bottom that need to lift up than is being toppled from the top point. When u do this in square or circle, the weight is even on top and bottom currently so when you topple it ,you will have equal weight coming down.

Timber is really popular in Australia might because forest in not hard to find. It could be used for structure and architecture at same time. The grain direction of timber makes this material special and beautiful. Because of the medium to low hardness and medium to high flexibility, timbers are not used for high building normally.

As a timber beam, it connect with the other element to balance with each other. The reinforce between the 2 timber blocks occurs for both appearance and support.

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Knowledge Map

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Case Study 3.28 (4)

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Scale Calculation: The scale is indicated at the right bottom of the paper. It usually indicate as 1:X @A1 because the actual paper size is A1. But to help people keep it, the A1 usually fit into a suitable size like A3 or A4. For our constructing drawings papers, they are A3.

The scale in A3 are indicated as 1:20 @A1, 1:5 @A1, 1:100 @A1 mostly. Because A3 is 1/4 of A1 paper.To make an example as 1:20 @A1. The scale on A3 paper should be indicated as 1:40 @A1. To make a module as 1/20 of the actual building. The scale need to be used as 1:2. In other words, if there is 1 meter on the A3 drawing, for the 21

Knowledge Map

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The model making (5)

The material we used are foam board.

We choose it because

Trusses occur for the most time in our

We used cardboard for the column,

module, to make the correct size of

we roll the board so that the support

trusses, we need to calculate both length

will be more stable. We use super glue

it's not expensive at first. Its very

and angle. The scale calculation are al-

lightweight so that easy to carry.

ready explained in week 3 studio part

The net load could also be de-

and the angel does not effected by the

creased by this advantage. But

to connect the beam and column which in the fact are weld with each other . The melting point Only 3 col-

the disadvantages are the cut edges looks a bit odd and could

The steel is used for the column in the actual building because its strength to weight ratio is excellent, metals join eas-

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画受力分析图

It‘s clear to see that all trusses gather at one point, the shape of trusses are always The trusses are used for the frame of roof in this building. The trusses help the pavilion to be more stable as they move towards the middle and away from the support point. The truss frame use less vertical support. That also provide why there are only 3 columns on the left side of front.

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triangles because the length of the sides of the legs and the measure of angles must correlate, which means it’s difficult to change the shape. It’s able to resist the great deal of weight because the downward force applied to the corner could be easily diffused through the shape. That’s why for the same material,

The bearing board in this photo support the trusses.

It

doesn’t

really occur in the actual one but because the glue doesn’t connect every part perfectly. The bearing board resist the gliding of truss. We put the board in the connection of the structure because the connection point supports the structure in

The trusses in the structure 3D view are showed as a right-angle triangle. The hypotenuse is treated as the bottom but we made some mistake that put the hypotenuse on top. The trusses on the left and right need to be a horizontal line actually, the forces could transfer in the horizontal

The trusses are made separately at first and edges of the module are connect in the end.

If the trusses angle or length go wrong, the edge could not connect perfectly.

The edge is a reinforce of the roof structure, it concatenate the trusses and determine the roof shape. The edge will be covered by steel in the actual building to make sure that

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Other Module: 1

The above part shows one of the main

The structure of this module is also full

support of this group's.

of trusses. The cantilever are built at first and also. They only have one col-

This module is kind a similar with ours.

umn which means they need to make

The difference occurs at materials and

the column more stable.

connection method. They choose timber sticks and use tapes mostly. The material they used is easier to make because the width of sticks are settled, they only need to cut for the length. As for our foam board, we need to cut both width and length. Gules and tapes are kind of

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Other Module: 1

The last group also use board

This module indicate the ground

as the material. The structure of

The flat between 2 column board in these photos

floor and underground system

their module are not as complex

allows the forces transformation in a horizontal way.

mostly. They focus on the room

as ours. The column shows clearly

The joints used mostly in the building is pinned

system rather than the exterior

and because of the normative

joints. The pinned allow rotation but resist transla-

structure. The force transition

shape of the construction. Their

tion in any direction. As a protect, the building will

looks similar in this construction.

cuts look easier.

not buckle easily.

The force transfer from the top to the bottom orderly. There is no board with a inclined angle.

In the edge of the model, the board slant outward.

It shouldn’t happen in the actual building. The design of this must be wrong in some areas like connection of boards or the reinforcement in joints. If the actual one got problems like boards outward, the above structure will lost the support and the building will fall down.

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Knowledge Map

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The buildings 3.21(6)

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Knowledge Map

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No Studio Session (7)

Knowledge Map 31

Pavilion Drawing (8) External timber lining Vapour barrier Thermal insolation (external walls) Impact and fire resistance plasterboard

Form drip edge

fall Flashing Metal deck roof Thermal isolation (roof) Acoustic insulation (roof)

PFC

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Knowledge Map

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Site Visit (9) There are several holes occur in the soldier pipe. The holes are generally concrete and fix into the soil. It help to support the wall up.

The soldier pipes are used in the edge of the car park.

It’s a construction that has wide flange steel and take the most part of horizontal earth pressure. The soldier pipes here are poured into a pre-drilled module. It’s easy and inexpensive to build and it could resist and transfer the load of the retained soil. It could avoid the negative inflection of soil. The building besides the filed will not face the risk of fall down. Because the simple structure of soldier pipes, it could be installed in the filed easily and allowed for accommodate changes.

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Scaffold here to provide a safe place of with safe access suitable

The slab floor are concrete with no beams which is kind a similar as the car park of Melbourne university. The floor is poured onsite and the height of each floor could be increased. But the grid pattern could still be found on the floor.

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for the work being done.

The punching shear is a type of failure of reinforced concrete slabs subjected to high localized forces. It usually occurs at column support point in flat slab structures.

The wall are designed by special

Elbow rod which is a rebar system

material for fire safety. When the

that change their direction from hori-

fire happens in one room, it pro-

zontal to vertical through the column.

The columns are always in a vertical line.

tects other rooms without fire

It help to support the column because

They hold up each other step by step. The

impact in one hour.

the column is so thin. The 2 holes

one in the car park is the thickest one and

should be the entry to adjust the re-

as the increase of level, the column become

bar inside. There is also reinforced

thinner. That’s because the bottom one need

bars inside the column also for the

to take the 3 floors above but the top one

support of the column. It’s a precast

only need to take the top roof.

column.

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Here are pipe works and shower pit. The drainage system need to be design before the construction. The drainage system is different floor are in the same location, so that the drainage could all flow through the pipes in the underground floor.

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Knowledge Map

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3D Drawing (10) External timber lining Vapour barrier Thermal insolation (external walls) Impact and fire resistance plasterboard

Form drip edge

fall Flashing Metal deck roof Thermal isolation (roof) Acoustic insulation (roof)

PFC

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Knowledge Map

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Workshop

Material and tool used: 2 timber plies, 2 timber pines Hammer Drill Tight-angle ruler Saw Nail Cutting board Timber could be separated into softwoods and hardwoods. The hardness of timber is medium to low, same as the fragility. The ductility is low, it’s very durable.

Otherwise, it’s poplar as a building material because the recyclability is really high.

The cutting boards could help cutting board because when the timber puts on it, the cutting side will be out of the cutting board which means there is no support of this part.

The lack of support means the cutting become easier.

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The plan of our build is like the sketch at the bottom.

The pine is more strong that the ply but the amount is limited so that we try to cut the pine into several parts as the photo on the right.

The width and height are the similar for the pine, so we decided to cut the pine into 9 parts as 120 mm for each. We called them footing. The distance between footing we designed are 100 mm.

The reason we determined the module like this because the ply is so weak to curve. The flexibility indicate that we need to take the ply take pressure by their width instead of length. Short sides are harder to break than the long one. As a result, the ply are designed as the lateral of the module. 2 plies are used in both lateral sides.

One of the pipe are used as the beam. The size and shape of pipe determined the strong property. Beam is the structure that take basic load directly which should be as strong as possible.

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The nail connect the lateral, the beam and the column together. To own the strongest structure, the connection between each other must be stable.

Nails are used in different location and direction to

Because the module is made by human

make sure that every part connect with each other

instead of machine. The distance be-

perfectly.

tween the beam could be built as the design perfectly. We could find my group members try to adjust the distance. We choose to separate the distance because when the loads shares in a formula way, each column could share the same pressure. If not, there will be fewer columns that overtake pressure. The module will break easier if that problem happens.

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We connect the lateral first. After doing that, we connect the column. The reason we order like this because after finishing the connection with beam and lateral, a common area of lateral and column occurs. If we connect the beam and the column at first, the nail need to peg from the bottom. It makes the peg more difficult because the nail need to go though 2 pipes now. The correct method let the nail only pass on pipes and one ply which save our energy and time.

There is one more pipe sticks occur. We put it in the middle of the bright because the loads always treated in the middle. We connect this part with ply by nail again. If the length of this block could be a little longer, for example, long enough to connect the other 2 columns beside it, it will be much better. The main beam could share pressure downstairs and the little brick could transfer the loads to the 2 columns beside.

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Final:

When the load increase to 262 kg, the module totally break and the figure of pressure decrease suddenly because there is not anything to take the pressure anymore.

The ply buckling at both side, the middle column break.

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When the load increase to 238 kg. The break

The failure occurs because of the weak middle. The load will occur in

shows more clearly, the second photo shoes

the middle so the middle need to be more strength. We consider about

the buckling happened in the ply, the shape

the average share of pressure which results the ignore of the middle

of ply changed and the column that take

column. It should be reinforced like put 2 or 3 columns together. The

pressure are nearly crash.

stronger it is, the more stable the module will be.

The bridge bend a little when the load increase to 277 kg and break at 322 kg. The structure is better than us. They have more pipes so that they got a stronger support. The break of their module is because of crash.

The bridge bend a little when the load increase to 283 kg and break at 439 kg. The have the strongest structure. Their system share the load through the beam under the pipe.

They take the greatest load which prove the correction of their design. Their break occurs on the pipe. The ply share the force above and does not break in the end. This group did the best by using their material.

The bridge bend a little when the load increase to 72 kg and break at 83 kg. Here is the worst module. They are weak in the material first, ply is not a really strong material to give the support. Their module break because of buckling which means if there is another time to try, they need to more focus on the middle area.

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Newton, C (2014, March 9th ) W02 s2 Structural Joints. Retrieved http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxRdY0jSoJo&feature=youtu.be Newton, C (2014, March 9th ) W02 c1 Construction Systems. Retrieved http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8zTarEeGXOo&feature=youtu.be Newton, C (2014, March 9th ) W02 s1 Structural Systems. Retrieved http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l--JtPpI8uw&feature=youtu.be Envs100003 Constructing Lecture ESD and Selecting Materials http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=luxirHHxjIY&feature=youtu.be D.K.Ching,F (2008) Building Construction Illustrated (4th ed.) Hoboken, New Jersey : Willey D.K.Ching,F (2008) Building Construction Illustrated (4th ed.) Hoboken, New Jersey : Willey

Newton, C (2014, March 5th ) W01 s1 Load Path Diagrams. Retrieved http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y__V15j3IX4&feature=youtu.be

Newton, C (2014, March 5th ) W01 Introduction to Materials. Retrieved http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4CJ8o_lJbg&feature=youtu.be

E N V S 1 0 0 0 3 : C O N S T R U C T I N G E N V I R O N M E N T S BASIC STRUCTURAL FORCES (I) 47

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Glossary Tension: A force tending to stretch or elongate something.

Compression: The process by which the working substance in a heat engine, such as the vapor mixture in the cylinder of an internal-combustion engine, is compressed.

Static loads: the force applied slowly to a structure until it reaches its peak value without fluctuating rapidly in magnitude or position.

Dynamic loads: the force applied suddenly to a structure, often with rapid changes in magnitude and point of application.

Structural system: designed and constructed to support and transmit applied gravity and lateral loads safely.

Enclosure system: the shell or envelope of a building, consisting of the roof, exterior walls, windows and doors.

Mechanical system: essential services to building like water and electric supply.

Superstructure: the top structure in the building.

Substructure: the bottom structure in the building.

ESD: environmentally sustainable design

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